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de Winne C, Pascual FL, Lopez-Vicchi F, Etcheverry-Boneo L, Mendez-Garcia LF, Ornstein AM, Lacau-Mengido IM, Sorianello E, Becu-Villalobos D. Neuroendocrine control of brown adipocyte function by prolactin and growth hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13248. [PMID: 36932836 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is fundamental for growth and glucose homeostasis, and prolactin for optimal pregnancy and lactation outcome, but additionally, both hormones have multiple functions that include a strong impact on energetic metabolism. In this respect, prolactin and GH receptors have been found in brown, and white adipocytes, as well as in hypothalamic centers regulating thermogenesis. This review describes the neuroendocrine control of the function and plasticity of brown and beige adipocytes, with a special focus on prolactin and GH actions. Most evidence points to a negative association between high prolactin levels and the thermogenic capacity of BAT, except in early development. During lactation and pregnancy, prolactin may be a contributing factor that limits unneeded thermogenesis, downregulating BAT UCP1. Furthermore, animal models of high serum prolactin have low BAT UCP1 levels and whitening of the tissue, while lack of Prlr induces beiging in WAT depots. These actions may involve hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the DMN, POA and ARN, brain centers that participate in thermogenesis. Studies on GH regulation of BAT function present some controversies. Most mouse models with GH excess or deficiency point to an inhibitory role of GH on BAT function. Even so, a stimulatory role of GH on WAT beiging has also been described, in accordance with whole-genome microarrays that demonstrate divergent response signatures of BAT and WAT genes to the loss of GH signaling. Understanding the physiology of BAT and WAT beiging may contribute to the ongoing efforts to curtail obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina de Winne
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia L Pascual
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felicitas Lopez-Vicchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Etcheverry-Boneo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis F Mendez-Garcia
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Ornstein
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabel Maria Lacau-Mengido
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yang R, Cao J, Speakman JR, Zhao Z. Limits to sustained energy intake. XXXIII. Thyroid hormones play important roles in milk production but do not define the heat dissipation limit in Swiss mice. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245393. [PMID: 37767758 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The limits to sustained energy intake set physiological upper boundaries that affect many aspects of human and animal performance. The mechanisms underlying these limits, however, remain unclear. We exposed Swiss mice to either supplementary thyroid hormones (THs) or the inhibitor methimazole during lactation at 21 or 32.5°C, and measured food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), milk energy output (MEO), serum THs and mammary gland gene expression of females, and litter size and mass of their offspring. Lactating females developed hyperthyroidism following exposure to supplementary THs at 21°C, but they did not significantly change body temperature, asymptotic food intake, RMR or MEO, and litter and mass were unaffected. Hypothyroidism, induced by either methimazole or 32.5°C exposure, significantly decreased asymptotic food intake, RMR and MEO, resulting in significantly decreased litter size and litter mass. Furthermore, gene expression of key genes in the mammary gland was significantly decreased by either methimazole or heat exposure, including gene expression of THs and prolactin receptors, and Stat5a and Stat5b. This suggests that endogenous THs are necessary to maintain sustained energy intake and MEO. Suppression of the thyroid axis seems to be an essential aspect of the mechanism by which mice at 32.5°C reduce their lactation performance to avoid overheating. However, THs do not define the upper limit to sustained energy intake and MEO at peak lactation at 21°C. Another, as yet unknown, factor prevents supplementary thyroxine exerting any stimulatory metabolic impacts on lactating mice at 21°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Hoffman JM, Schmitz B, Pfabe JU, Ohrnberger SA, Valencak TG. Lactating SKH-1 furless mice prioritize own comfort over growth of their pups. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:453-459. [PMID: 37243858 PMCID: PMC10985496 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is the most energetically demanding physiological process that occurs in mammalian females, and as a consequence of this energy expenditure, lactating females produce an enormous amount of excess heat. This heat is thought to limit the amount of milk a mother produces, and by improving heat dissipation, females may improve their milk production and offspring quality. Here we used SKH-1 hairless mice as a natural model of improved heat dissipation. Lactating mothers were given access to a secondary cage to rest away from their pups, and this secondary cage was kept either at room temperature (22 °C) in the control rounds or cooled to 8 °C in the experimental groups. We hypothesized that the cold exposure would maximize the heat dissipation potential, leading to increased milk production and healthier pups even in the hairless mouse model. However, we found the opposite, where cold exposure allowed mothers to eat more food, but they produced smaller weight pups at the end of lactation. Our results suggest that mothers prioritize their own fitness, even if it lowers the fitness of their offspring in this particular mouse strain. This maternal-offspring trade-off is interesting and requires future studies to understand the full interaction of maternal effects and offspring fitness in the light of the heat dissipation limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Britta Schmitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes U Pfabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah A Ohrnberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
- Agency for Health and Food Safety, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
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Parra-Vargas M, Bouret SG, Bruning JC, de Moura EG, Garland T, Lisboa PC, Ozanne SE, Patti ME, Plagemann A, Speakman JR, Tena-Sempere M, Vergely C, Zeltser LM, Jiménez-Chillarón JC. The long-lasting shadow of litter size in rodents: litter size is an underreported variable that strongly determines adult physiology. Mol Metab 2023; 71:101707. [PMID: 36933618 PMCID: PMC10074241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Litter size is a biological variable that strongly influences adult physiology in rodents. Despite evidence from previous decades and recent studies highlighting its major impact on metabolism, information about litter size is currently underreported in the scientific literature. Here, we urge that this important biological variable should be explicitly stated in research articles. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Below, we briefly describe the scientific evidence supporting the impact of litter size on adult physiology and outline a series of recommendations and guidelines to be implemented by investigators, funding agencies, editors in scientific journals, and animal suppliers to fill this important gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra-Vargas
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, SJD-Barcelona Children's Hospital, Endocrine Division, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm UMR-S1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jens C Bruning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Egberto G de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Patricia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Welcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Plagemann
- Division of 'Experimental Obstetrics,' Clinic of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases (PEC2) research team, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Josep C Jiménez-Chillarón
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, SJD-Barcelona Children's Hospital, Endocrine Division, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fur removal promotes an earlier expression of involution-related genes in mammary gland of lactating mice. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:171-192. [PMID: 36650338 PMCID: PMC9992052 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peak lactation occurs when milk production is at its highest. The factors limiting peak lactation performance have been subject of intense debate. Milk production at peak lactation appears limited by the capacity of lactating females to dissipate body heat generated as a by-product of processing food and producing milk. As a result, manipulations that enhance capacity to dissipate body heat (such as fur removal) increase peak milk production. We investigated the potential correlates of shaving-induced increases in peak milk production in laboratory mice. By transcriptomic profiling of the mammary gland, we searched for the mechanisms underlying experimentally increased milk production and its consequences for mother-young conflict over weaning, manifested by advanced or delayed involution of mammary gland. We demonstrated that shaving-induced increases in milk production were paradoxically linked to reduced expression of some milk synthesis-related genes. Moreover, the mammary glands of shaved mice had a gene expression profile indicative of earlier involution relative to unshaved mice. Once provided with enhanced capacity to dissipate body heat, shaved mice were likely to rear their young to independence faster than unshaved mothers.
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Anhê GF, Bordin S. The adaptation of maternal energy metabolism to lactation and its underlying mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 553:111697. [PMID: 35690287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal energy metabolism undergoes a singular adaptation during lactation that allows for the caloric enrichment of milk. Changes in the mammary gland, changes in the white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles and endocrine pancreas are pivotal for this adaptation. The present review details the landmark studies describing the enzymatic modulation and the endocrine signals behind these metabolic changes. We will also update this perspective with data from recent studies showing transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms that mediate the adaptation of the maternal metabolism to lactation. The present text will also bring experimental and observational data that describe the long-term consequences that short periods of lactation impose to maternal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lopez-Vicchi F, De Winne C, Ornstein AM, Sorianello E, Toneatto J, Becu-Villalobos D. Severe Hyperprolactinemia Promotes Brown Adipose Tissue Whitening and Aggravates High Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Imbalance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883092. [PMID: 35757410 PMCID: PMC9226672 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of high serum prolactin and increased body weight is positive but controversial, therefore we hypothesized that additional factors such as diets and the impact of prolactin on brown adipose tissue may condition its metabolic effects. METHODS We used LacDrd2KO females with lifelong severe hyperprolactinemia due dopamine-D2 receptor deletion from lactotropes, and slow onset of metabolic disturbances, and compared them to their respective controls (Drd2 loxP/loxP ). Food intake, and binge eating was evaluated. We then challenged mice with a High Fat (HFD) or a Control Diet (CD) for 8 weeks, beginning at 3 months of age, when no differences in body weight are found between genotypes. At the end of the protocol brown and white adipose tissues were weighed, and thermogenic and lipogenic markers studied, using real time PCR (Ucp1, Cidea, Pgc1a, Lpl, adiponectin, Prlr) or immunohistochemistry (UCP1). Histochemical analysis of brown adipose tissue, and glucose tolerance tests were performed. RESULTS Hyperprolactinemic mice had increased food intake and binge eating behavior. Metabolic effects induced by a HFD were exacerbated in lacDrd2KO mice. Hyperprolactinemia aggravated HFD-induced body weight gain and glucose intolerance. In brown adipose tissue pronounced cellular whitening as well as decreased expression of the thermogenic markers Ucp1 and Pgc1a were observed in response to high prolactin levels, regardless of the diet, and furthermore, hyperprolactinemia potentiated the decrease in Cidea mRNA expression induced by HFD. In subcutaneous white adipose tissue hyperprolactinemia synergistically increased tissue weight, while decreasing Prlr, Adiponectin and Lpl mRNA levels regardless of the diet. CONCLUSIONS Pathological hyperprolactinemia has a strong impact in brown adipose tissue, lowering thermogenic markers and evoking tissue whitening. Furthermore, it modifies lipogenic markers in subcutaneous white adipose, and aggravates HFD-induced glucose intolerance and Cidea decrease. Therefore, severe high prolactin levels may target BAT function, and furthermore represent an adjuvant player in the development of obesity induced by high fat diets.
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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9
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Maternal Brown Fat Thermogenesis Programs Glucose Tolerance in the Male Offspring. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108351. [PMID: 33147454 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature is a driving factor in evolution, and it is commonly assumed that metabolic adaptations to cold climates are the result of transgenerational selection. Here, we show in mice that even minor changes in maternal thermogenesis alter the metabolic phenotype already in the next generation. Male offspring of mothers genetically lacking brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis display increased lean mass and improved glucose tolerance as adults, while females are unaffected. The phenotype is replicated in offspring of mothers kept at thermoneutrality; conversely, mothers with higher gestational BAT thermogenesis produce male offspring with reduced lean mass and impaired glucose tolerance. Running-wheel exercise reverses the offspring's metabolic impairments, pointing to the muscle as target of these fetal programming effects. Our data demonstrate that gestational BAT activation negatively affects metabolic health of the male offspring; however, these unfavorable fetal programming effects may be negated by active lifestyle.
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10
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Zhao ZJ, Derous D, Gerrard A, Wen J, Liu X, Tan S, Hambly C, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XXX. Constraint or restraint? Manipulations of food supply show peak food intake in lactation is constrained. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208314. [PMID: 32139473 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactating mice increase food intake 4- to 5-fold, reaching an asymptote in late lactation. A key question is whether this asymptote reflects a physiological constraint, or a maternal investment strategy (a 'restraint'). We exposed lactating mice to periods of food restriction, hypothesizing that if the limit reflected restraint, they would compensate by breaching the asymptote when refeeding. In contrast, if it was a constraint, they would by definition be unable to increase their intake on refeeding days. Using isotope methods, we found that during food restriction, the females shut down milk production, impacting offspring growth. During refeeding, food intake and milk production rose again, but not significantly above unrestricted controls. These data provide strong evidence that asymptotic intake in lactation reflects a physiological/physical constraint, rather than restraint. Because hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) was upregulated under both states of restriction, this suggests the constraint is not imposed by limits in the capacity to upregulate hunger signalling (the saturated neural capacity hypothesis). Understanding the genetic basis of the constraint will be a key future goal and will provide us additional information on the nature of the constraining factors on reproductive output, and their potential links to life history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Abby Gerrard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
| | - Song Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
- CAS Center of Excellence for Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming 650223, China
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11
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Switching off the furnace: brown adipose tissue and lactation. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:18-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Fifty shades of brown: The functions, diverse regulation and evolution of brown adipose tissue. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:1-5. [PMID: 31325457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Ibrahim AHM, Tzanidakis N, Sotiraki S, Zhou H, Hickford JGH. Identification of the association between FABP4 gene polymorphisms and milk production traits in Sfakia sheep. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:413-422. [PMID: 31807652 PMCID: PMC6852875 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-413-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of variation in the fatty
acid binding protein 4 gene (FABP4) on milk production traits in Greek Sfakia
sheep. Polymerase chain reaction – single-stranded conformational
polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis was used to genotype a total of 374 Sfakia
ewes for two regions of FABP4 located around exon 2–intron 2 (Region 1) and
exon 3–intron 3 (Region 2). Each month, for a period of 6 months, milk
samples were collected from the ewes to measure total milk yield, fat
content, protein content, lactose content, non-fat solid content, pH, and
somatic cell count (SCC). A general linear model was used to test the
association between the variation observed in FABP4 and milk production traits.
Four gene variants (A1–A4) were found in Region 1 and two variants
(C1–C2) were found in Region 2. In the first region, the FABP4 genotype
significantly affected (P<0.05) non-fat solid levels, fat content,
and SCC. The presence of the A2 variant was significantly associated (P<0.05)
with decreased SCC, while the presence of A4 was significantly associated with
decreased milk yield (P<0.01), increased non-fat solid content (P<0.05),
decreased fat content (P<0.01), increased lactose content (P<0.05), and
increased pH (P<0.05). In the second region, FABP4 genotype had an effect (P<0.05) on protein content and the presence of the C2 variant was
associated (P<0.05) with increased protein content, decreased SCC, and lower
pH. The results suggest an association between variation in ovine FABP4 and milk
production traits in Greek Sfakia sheep. Nevertheless, further analyses in
independent sheep populations of increased size will strengthen these
findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel H M Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Breeding, Desert Research Center, 1 Matehaf AlMatariya St., AlMatariya, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Nikolaos Tzanidakis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agriculture Organization, Thermi, TK 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agriculture Organization, Thermi, TK 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Huitong Zhou
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, POB 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan G H Hickford
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, POB 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Xavier JLP, Scomparin DX, Pontes CC, Ribeiro PR, Cordeiro MM, Marcondes JA, Mendonça FO, Silva MTD, Oliveira FBD, Franco GCN, Grassiolli S. Litter Size Reduction Induces Metabolic and Histological Adjustments in Dams throughout Lactation with Early Effects on Offspring. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20170971. [PMID: 30916150 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920170971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas P Xavier
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Dionizia X Scomparin
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Catherine C Pontes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara M Cordeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Marcondes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe O Mendonça
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Makcine T da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069, Jardim Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Professor of Human Anatomy, Director, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Adipocytes are lipid-rich parenchymal cells contained in a very plastic organ, whose composition can undergo striking physiologic changes. In standard conditions the organ contains white and brown adipocytes which play opposite roles: lipid storage to meet metabolic requirements and lipid burning for thermogenesis, respectively. During chronic cold exposure, white adipocytes transdifferentiate to brown, to increase thermogenesis, whereas in conditions of chronic positive energy balance brown adipocytes transdifferentiate to white, to increase energy stores. During pregnancy, lactation, and post-lactation, subcutaneous white adipocytes convert to milk-producing glands formed by lipid-rich elements that can be defined as pink adipocytes. Recent fate-mapping data support the conversion of pink to brown adipocytes and the reversible conversion of brown adipocytes to myoepithelial cells of alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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17
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Sadowska J, Gębczyński AK, Konarzewski M. Long-Term Trait Consistency in Mice Selected for Swim-Induced High Aerobic Capacity. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:925-932. [PMID: 29768122 DOI: 10.1086/698213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies show that metabolic rates are usually repeatable at the individual level, although their repeatabilities tend to decline with time and to be strongly affected by physiological changes. Changes in individual repeatabilities may therefore affect putative differences between experimental groups or populations. This problem is particularly relevant to artificial selection experiments that apply the selection protocol at early life stages, running the risk of a poor correlation of the trait with itself throughout the life cycle of individuals. Moreover, significant physiological changes (e.g., induced by reproduction) may affect traits under selection and therefore their postreproductive differentiation between selected lines. Here, using a unique animal model-mice from four lines selected for [Formula: see text] during swimming in 25°C water and four random-bred control (reference) lines-we analyzed the long-term consistency of aerobic capacity as well as postswim hypothermia in primiparous and nonreproducing females at 12, 25, and 29 wk of age. Our results show that significant between-line type divergence in [Formula: see text] and hypothermia persists over time and is only weakly affected by past reproduction. Furthermore, both traits are also repeatable within lines at the individual level. More generally, our results suggest that past reproduction events are unlikely to significantly affect between-population and between-individual differences in [Formula: see text] and related traits.
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18
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Ohrnberger SA, Brinkmann K, Palme R, Valencak TG. Dorsal shaving affects concentrations of faecal cortisol metabolites in lactating golden hamsters. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:13. [PMID: 29335818 PMCID: PMC5769818 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Breeding of golden hamsters is classically performed at thermal conditions ranging from 20 to 24 °C. However, growing evidence suggests that lactating females suffer from heat stress. We hypothesised that shaving females dorsally to maximise heat dissipation may reduce stress during reproduction. We thus compared faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) from shaved golden hamster mothers with those from unshaved controls. We observed significantly lower FCM levels in the shaved mothers (F1,22 = 8.69, p = 0.0075) pointing to lower stress due to ameliorated heat dissipation over the body surface. In addition, we observed 0.4 °C lower mean subcutaneous body temperatures in the shaved females, although this effect did not reach significance (F1,22 = 1.86, p = 0.18). Our results suggest that golden hamsters having body masses being more than four times that of laboratory mice provide a very interesting model to study aspects of lactation and heat production at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ohrnberger
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Brinkmann
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Palme
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Li L, Li B, Li M, Niu C, Wang G, Li T, Król E, Jin W, Speakman JR. Brown adipocytes can display a mammary basal myoepithelial cell phenotype in vivo. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1198-1211. [PMID: 29031720 PMCID: PMC5641686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous work has suggested that white adipocytes may also show a mammary luminal secretory cell phenotype during lactation. The capacity of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to display a mammary cell phenotype and the levels at which they demonstrate such phenotypes in vivo is currently unknown. Methods To investigate the putative adipocyte origin of mammary gland cells, we performed genetic lineage-labeling experiments in BAT and the mammary glands. Results These studies indicated that the classic brown adipocytes (Ucp1+) and subcutaneous beige/brite adipocytes (Ucp1−/+) were found in the mammary gland during lactation, when they exhibited a mammary myoepithelial phenotype. Up to 2.5% of the anterior dorsal interscapular mammary myoepithelial cell population had a brown adipocyte origin with an adipose and myoepithelial gene signature during lactation. Eliminating these cells, along with all the brown adipocytes, significantly slowed offspring growth, potentially demonstrating their functional importance. Additionally, we showed mammary epithelial lineage Mmtv+ and Krt14+ cells expressed brown adipocyte markers after weaning, demonstrating that mammary gland cells can display an adipose phenotype. Conclusions The identification of a brown adipocyte origin of mammary myoepithelial cells provides a novel perspective on the interrelationships between adipocytes and mammary cells with implications for our understanding of obesity and breast cancer. Brown adipocytes can show a mammary myoepithelial cell phenotype in vivo. Myf5+/Ucp1+ myoepithelial cells express an adipose and myoepithelial signature. Mammary-derived epithelial cells can display adipose features after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoqun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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20
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Valencak TG, Osterrieder A, Schulz TJ. Sex matters: The effects of biological sex on adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2017; 12:806-813. [PMID: 28441629 PMCID: PMC5406544 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex and multi-faceted organ. It responds dynamically to internal and external stimuli, depending on the developmental stage and activity of the organism. The most common functional subunits of adipose tissue, white and brown adipocytes, regulate and respond to endocrine processes, which then determine metabolic rate as well as adipose tissue functions. While the molecular aspects of white and brown adipose biology have become clearer in the recent past, much less is known about sex-specific differences in regulation and deposition of adipose tissue, and the specific role of the so-called pink adipocytes during lactation in females. This review summarises the current understanding of adipose tissue dynamics with a focus on sex-specific differences in adipose tissue energy metabolism and endocrine functions, focussing on mammalian model organisms as well as human-derived data. In females, pink adipocytes trans-differentiate during pregnancy from subcutaneous white adipocytes and are responsible for milk-secretion in mammary glands. Overlooking biological sex variation may ultimately hamper clinical treatments of many aspects of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G Valencak
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anne Osterrieder
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 114-116, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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21
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Histological and Metabolic State of Dams Suckling Small Litter or MSG-Treated Pups. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:1678541. [PMID: 28004032 PMCID: PMC5149680 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1678541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation is an important function that is dependent on changes in the maternal homeostasis and sustained by histological maternal adjustments. We evaluated how offspring manipulations during the lactational phase can modulate maternal morphologic aspects in the mammary gland, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets of lactating dams. Two different models of litter-manipulation-during-lactation were used: litter sizes, small litters (SL) or normal litters (NL) and subcutaneous injections in the puppies of monosodium glutamate (MSG), or saline (CON). SL Dams and MSG Dams presented an increase in WAT content and higher plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin, in relation to NL Dams and CON Dams, respectively. The MG of SL Dams and MSG Dams presented a high adipocyte content and reduced alveoli development and the milk of the SL Dams presented a higher calorie and triglyceride content, compared to that of the NL Dams. SL Dams presented a reduction in islet size and greater lipid droplet accumulation in BAT, in relation to NL Dams. SL Dams and MSG Dams present similar responses to offspring manipulation during lactation, resulting in changes in metabolic parameters. These alterations were associated with higher fat accumulation in BAT and changes in milk composition only in SL Dams.
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22
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Abstract
Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, metabolic rate and energy expenditure in animals. While variation in UCP1 and its phenotypic effect has been investigated in humans and sheep, little is known about this gene in cattle. In this study, four regions of bovine UCP1 were investigated in 612 Holstein-Friesian × Jersey (HF × J) dairy cows using polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses. In the four regions of the gene analysed, a total of 13 SNPs were detected. Three sequences (a, b and c) were found in Region-2 and three sequences (A, B and C) were found in Region-4, and these were assembled into three (a-B, b-B and c-A) common and three (b-C, c-B and c-C) rare haplotypes. Of the three common haplotypes, b-B and c-A were associated (P < 0·007 and P < 0·043, respectively) with increased milk yield and tended to be associated (P < 0·085 and P < 0·070, respectively) with decreased fat percentage. Cows with genotype b-B/a-B produced more milk (P < 0·004), but with a lower percentage of fat (P < 0·035) and protein (P < 0·038) than cows with genotype a-B/a-B. Cows of genotype a-B/c-A had milk of low fat percentage (P < 0·017), but tended to produce more milk (P < 0·059) than cows of genotype a-B/a-B. This suggests that UCP1 affects milk yield, milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage.
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23
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Kemiläinen H, Adam M, Mäki-Jouppila J, Damdimopoulou P, Damdimopoulos AE, Kere J, Hovatta O, Laajala TD, Aittokallio T, Adamski J, Ryberg H, Ohlsson C, Strauss L, Poutanen M. The Hydroxysteroid (17β) Dehydrogenase Family Gene HSD17B12 Is Involved in the Prostaglandin Synthesis Pathway, the Ovarian Function, and Regulation of Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3719-3730. [PMID: 27490311 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase (HSD17B)12 gene belongs to the hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase superfamily, and it has been implicated in the conversion of estrone to estradiol as well as in the synthesis of arachidonic acid (AA). AA is a precursor of prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of female reproduction, prompting us to study the role of HSD17B12 enzyme in the ovarian function. We found a broad expression of HSD17B12 enzyme in both human and mouse ovaries. The enzyme was localized in the theca interna, corpus luteum, granulosa cells, oocytes, and surface epithelium. Interestingly, haploinsufficiency of the HSD17B12 gene in female mice resulted in subfertility, indicating an important role for HSD17B12 enzyme in the ovarian function. In line with significantly increased length of the diestrous phase, the HSD17B+/- females gave birth less frequently than wild-type females, and the litter size of HSD17B12+/- females was significantly reduced. Interestingly, we observed meiotic spindle formation in immature follicles, suggesting defective meiotic arrest in HSD17B12+/- ovaries. The finding was further supported by transcriptome analysis showing differential expression of several genes related to the meiosis. In addition, polyovular follicles and oocytes trapped inside the corpus luteum were observed, indicating a failure in the oogenesis and ovulation, respectively. Intraovarian concentrations of steroid hormones were normal in HSD17B12+/- females, whereas the levels of AA and its metabolites (6-keto prostaglandin F1alpha, prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, and thromboxane B2) were decreased. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HSD17B12 enzyme plays an important role in female fertility through its role in AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kemiläinen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Adam
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenni Mäki-Jouppila
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anastasios E Damdimopoulos
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Teemu D Laajala
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leena Strauss
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling (H.K., M.A., J.M.-J., T.D.L., L.S., M.P.), Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20540 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (P.D., O.H.), Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (P.D.), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (A.E.D., J.K.), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (T.D.L., T.A.), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (T.A.), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Experimental Genetics (J.A.), Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, 85354 Freising, Germany; Institute of experimental Genetics (J.A.), Helmholtz Zentrum, 81377 München, Germany; Genome Analysis Center (J.A.), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine (C.O., M.P.), The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Zhao ZJ, Li L, Yang DB, Chi QS, Hambly C, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake XXV: milk energy output and thermogenesis in Swiss mice lactating at thermoneutrality. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31626. [PMID: 27554919 PMCID: PMC4995430 DOI: 10.1038/srep31626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies at 21 °C and 5 °C suggest that in Swiss mice sustained energy intake (SusEI) and reproductive performance are constrained by the mammary capacity to produce milk. We aimed to establish if this constraint also applied at higher ambient temperature (30 °C). Female Swiss mice lactating at 30 °C had lower asymptotic food intake and weaned lighter litters than those at 21 °C. Resting metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure, milk energy output and suckling time were all lower at 30 °C. In a second experiment we gave mice at 30 °C either 6 or 9 pups to raise. Female performance was independent of litter size, indicating that it is probably not controlled by pup demands. In a third experiment we exposed only the mother, or only the offspring to the elevated temperature. In this case the performance of the mother was only reduced when she was exposed, and not when her pups were exposed, showing that the high temperature directly constrains female performance. These data suggest that at 30 °C SusEI and reproductive performance are likely constrained by the capacity of females to dissipate body heat, and not indirectly via pup demands. Constraints seem to change with ambient temperature in this strain of mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
| | - Deng-Bao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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25
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Gamo Y, Bernard A, Troup C, Munro F, Derrer K, Jeannesson N, Campbell A, Gray H, Miller J, Dixon J, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake XXIV: impact of suckling behaviour on the body temperatures of lactating female mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25665. [PMID: 27157478 PMCID: PMC4860708 DOI: 10.1038/srep25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential causes of high body temperature (Tb) during lactation in mice as a putative limit on energy intake. In particular we explored whether or not offspring contributed to heat retention in mothers while suckling. Tb and physical activity were monitored in 26 female MF1 mice using intraperitoneally implanted transmitters. In addition, maternal behaviour was scored each minute for 8 h d(-1) throughout lactation. Mothers that raised larger litters tended to have higher Tb while nursing inside nests (P < 0.05), suggesting that nursing offspring may have influenced heat retention. However, Tb during nursing was not higher than that recorded during other behaviours. In addition, the highest Tb during the observation period was not measured during nursing behaviour. Finally, there was no indication that mothers discontinued suckling because of a progressive rise in their Tb while suckling. Tb throughout lactation was correlated with daily increases in energy intake. Chronic hyperthermia during lactation was not caused by increased heat retention due to surrounding offspring. Other factors, like metabolic heat produced as a by-product of milk production or energy intake may be more important factors. Heat dissipation limits are probably not a phenomenon restricted to lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Gamo
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - A. Bernard
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Troup
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - F. Munro
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - K. Derrer
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - N. Jeannesson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - A. Campbell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - H. Gray
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Miller
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Dixon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - S. E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - L. M. Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Lactation Affects Isolated Mitochondria and Its Fatty Acid Composition but Has No Effect on Tissue Protein Oxidation, Lipid Peroxidation or DNA-Damage in Laboratory Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5010002. [PMID: 26805895 PMCID: PMC4808751 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking peak energy metabolism to lifespan and aging remains a major question especially when focusing on lactation in females. We studied, if and how lactation affects in vitro mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial fatty acid composition. In addition, we assessed DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls to extrapolate on oxidative stress in mothers. As model system we used C57BL/6NCrl mice and exposed lactating females to two ambient temperatures (15 °C and 22 °C) while they nursed their offspring until weaning. We found that state II and state IV respiration rates of liver mitochondria were significantly higher in the lactating animals than in non-lactating mice. Fatty acid composition of isolated liver and heart mitochondria differed between lactating and non-lactating mice with higher n-6, and lower n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lactating females. Surprisingly, lactation did not affect protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, nor did moderate cold exposure of 15 °C. We conclude that lactation increases rates of mitochondrial uncoupling and alters mitochondrial fatty acid composition thus supporting the "uncoupling to survive" hypothesis. Regarding oxidative stress, we found no impact of lactation and lower ambient temperature and contribute to growing evidence that there is no linear relationship between oxidative damage and lactation.
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27
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Zhao XY, Zhang JY, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. Oxidative Damage Does Not Occur in Striped Hamsters Raising Natural and Experimentally Increased Litter Size. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141604. [PMID: 26505889 PMCID: PMC4624642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history theory assumes that animals can balance the allocation of limited energy or resources to the competing demands of growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance, while consequently maximizing their fitness. However, somatic damage caused by oxidative stress in reproductive female animals is species-specific or is tissue dependent. In the present study, several markers of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 and malonadialdehyde, MDA) and antioxidant (catalase, CAT and total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC) were examined in striped hamsters during different stages of reproduction with experimentally manipulated litter size. Energy intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and UCP3 in skeletal muscle were also examined. H2O2 and MDA levels did not change in BAT and liver, although they significantly decreased in skeletal muscle in the lactating hamsters compared to the non-reproductive group. However, H2O2 levels in the brain were significantly higher in lactating hamsters than non-reproductive controls. Experimentally increasing litter size did not cause oxidative stress in BAT, liver and skeletal muscle, but significantly elevated H2O2 levels in the brain. CAT activity of liver decreased, but CAT and T-AOC activity of BAT, skeletal muscle and the brain did not change in lactating hamsters compared to non-reproductive controls. Both antioxidants did not change with the experimentally increasing litter size. RMR significantly increased, but BAT UCP1 mRNA expression decreased with the experimentally increased litter size, suggesting that it was against simple positive links between metabolic rate, UCP1 expression and free radicals levels. It may suggest that the cost of reproduction has negligible effect on oxidative stress or even attenuates oxidative stress in some active tissues in an extensive range of animal species. But the increasing reproductive effort may cause oxidative stress in the brain, indicating that oxidative stress in response to reproduction is tissue dependent. These findings provide partial support for the life-history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ya Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ji-Ying Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Quinn EA, Diki Bista K, Childs G. Milk at altitude: Human milk macronutrient composition in a high-altitude adapted population of tibetans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:233-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri 63130
| | | | - Geoff Childs
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri 63130
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29
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Oelkrug R, Polymeropoulos ET, Jastroch M. Brown adipose tissue: physiological function and evolutionary significance. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:587-606. [PMID: 25966796 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern eutherian (placental) mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) evolved as a specialized thermogenic organ that is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). For NST, energy metabolism of BAT mitochondria is increased by activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which dissipates the proton motive force as heat. Despite the presence of UCP1 orthologues prior to the divergence of teleost fish and mammalian lineages, UCP1's significance for thermogenic adipose tissue emerged at later evolutionary stages. Recent studies on the presence of BAT in metatherians (marsupials) and eutherians of the afrotherian clade provide novel insights into the evolution of adaptive NST in mammals. In particular studies on the 'protoendothermic' lesser hedgehog tenrec (Afrotheria) suggest an evolutionary scenario linking BAT to the onset of eutherian endothermy. Here, we review the physiological function and distribution of BAT in an evolutionary context by focusing on the latest research on phylogenetically distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oelkrug
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany,
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30
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Sadowska J, Gębczyński AK, Konarzewski M. Effect of reproduction on the consistency of the between-line type divergence in laboratory mice selected on Basal metabolic rate. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:328-35. [PMID: 25860830 DOI: 10.1086/680167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Artificial selection experiments are an effective tool for testing evolutionary hypotheses, because they allow one to separate genetic and environmental variances of the phenotype. However, it is unclear whether trait divergence typically selected early in life persists over an animal's life and altered physiological states, such as reproduction. Here we analyzed the long-term consistency of the between-line type divergence in basal metabolic rate (BMR) selected at 12 wk of age in laboratory mice. We measured BMR in nonreproducing and reproducing females at the age of 22 wk and then at 27 wk of age. Our results show that within both the reproducing group and the control group, the between-line type separation in BMR is consistently retained over time and reproductive status. Metabolically active internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys, and small intestine) also consistently differed in size between the two line types with no significant long-term effect of reproduction. The observed consistency of the between-line type divergence in BMR suggests the existence of the persistent effect of the selection on metabolic traits applied early in life. Moreover, BMR variation achieved by means of artificial selection is considerably higher than that found in natural/unmanipulated populations. The latter may therefore be characterized by insufficient variance to statistically resolve correlations involving BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Sadowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
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31
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Devlin MJ. The “Skinny” on brown fat, obesity, and bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 156 Suppl 59:98-115. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J. Devlin
- Department of Anthropology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48104
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32
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Reddy NL, Tan BK, Barber TM, Randeva HS. Brown adipose tissue: endocrine determinants of function and therapeutic manipulation as a novel treatment strategy for obesity. BMC OBESITY 2014; 1:13. [PMID: 26937283 PMCID: PMC4765227 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-014-0013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recent observation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) being functional in adult humans provides a rationale for its stimulation to increase energy expenditure through ‘adaptive thermogenesis’ for an anti-obesity strategy. Many endocrine dysfunctions are associated with changes in metabolic rate that over time may result in changes in body weight. It is likely that human BAT plays a role in such processes. Review In this brief review article, we explore the endocrine determinants of BAT activity, and discuss how these insights may provide a basis for future developments of novel therapeutic strategies for obesity management. A review of electronic and print data comprising original and review articles retrieved from PubMed search up to December 2013 was conducted (Search terms: brown adipose tissue, brown fat, obesity, hormone). In addition, relevant references from the articles were screened for papers containing original data. Conclusion There is promising data to suggest that targeting endocrine hormones for BAT modulation can yield a cellular bioenergetics answer for successful prevention and management of human obesity. Further understanding of the physiological link between various endocrine hormones and BAT is necessary for the development of new therapeutic options. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40608-014-0013-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra L Reddy
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ; Warwickshire Institute for Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Bee K Tan
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull Hospitals, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B9 5SS UK
| | - Thomas M Barber
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ; Warwickshire Institute for Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK ; Warwickshire Institute for Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX UK
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33
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Speakman JR. Evolutionary perspectives on the obesity epidemic: adaptive, maladaptive, and neutral viewpoints. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 33:289-317. [PMID: 23862645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in modern societies has two major contributory factors-an environmental change that has happened in historical times and a genetic predisposition that has its origins in our evolutionary history. Understanding both aspects is complex. From an evolutionary perspective, three different types of explanation have been proposed. The first is that obesity was once adaptive and enabled us to survive (or sustain fecundity) through periods of famine. People carrying so-called thrifty genes that enabled the efficient storage of energy as fat between famines would be at a selective advantage. In the modern world, however, people who have inherited these genes deposit fat in preparation for a famine that never comes, and the result is widespread obesity. The key problem with this, and any other adaptive scenario, is to understand why, if obesity was historically so advantageous, many people did not inherit these thrifty genes and in modern society are able to remain slim, despite the environmental change favoring fat storage. The second type of explanation is that obesity is not adaptive and may never even have existed in our evolutionary past, but it is favored today as a maladaptive by-product of positive selection on some other trait. An example of this type of explanation is the suggestion that obesity results from variation in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Finally, a third class of explanation is that most mutations in the genes that predispose us to obesity are neutral and have been drifting over evolutionary time--so-called drifty genes, leading some individuals to be obesity prone and others obesity resistant. In this article, I review the current evidence for and against these three different scenarios and conclude that the thrifty gene hypothesis is untenable but the other two ideas may provide a cogent explanation of the modern obesity phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Gamo Y, Troup C, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XX. Body temperatures and physical activity of female mice during lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3751-61. [PMID: 23788704 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.090308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactating animals consume greater amounts of food than non-reproductive animals, but energy intake appears to be limited in late lactation. The heat dissipation limit theory suggests that the food intake of lactating mice is limited by the capacity of the mother to dissipate heat. Lactating mice should therefore have high body temperatures (Tb), and changes in energy intake during lactation should be reflected by variation in Tb. To investigate these predictions, 26 mice (Mus musculus) were monitored daily throughout lactation for food intake, body mass, litter size and litter mass. After weaning, 21 days postpartum, maternal food intake and body mass were monitored for another 10 days. Maternal activity and Tb were recorded every minute for 23 h a day using implanted transmitters (vital view). Energy intake increased to a plateau in late lactation (days 13-17). Daily gain in pup mass declined during this same period, suggesting a limit on maternal energy intake. Litter size and litter mass were positively related to maternal energy intake and body mass. Activity levels were constantly low, and mice with the largest increase in energy intake at peak lactation had the lowest activity. Tb rose sharply after parturition and the circadian rhythm became compressed within a small range. Tb during the light period increased considerably (1.1 ° C higher than in baseline), and lactating mice faced chronic hyperthermia, despite their activity levels in lactation being approximately halved. Average Tb increased in relation to energy intake as lactation progressed, but there was no relationship between litter size or litter mass and the mean Tb at peak lactation. These data are consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory, which suggests performance in late lactation is constrained by the ability to dissipate body heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gamo
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
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Duah OA, Monney KA, Hambly C, Król E, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XVII. Lactation performance in MF1 mice is not programmed by fetal number during pregnancy. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2339-48. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Several studies have suggested that lactation performance may be programmed by the number of fetuses during pregnancy, whereas other studies indicate that processes during lactation are more important. As gestation litter size and litter size in lactation are usually strongly correlated, separating the roles of pregnancy and lactation in lactation performance is difficult. To break this link, we experimentally manipulated litter size of MF1 mice to five or 16 pups per litter by cross-fostering. Litter size and mass at birth were recorded on day 1 of lactation prior to litter size manipulation. Maternal body mass and food intake, litter size and litter mass were measured daily throughout. After weaning, the potential differential utilisation of body tissues of the mothers was investigated. Relationships between maternal mass and food intake, including asymptotic daily food intake at peak lactation, offspring traits and other maternal parameters suggested that the number of fetuses the females had carried during pregnancy had no effect on lactation performance. Litter mass increases depended only on maternal food intake, which was highly variable between individuals, but was independent of fetal litter size. The sizes of key organs and tissues like the liver and alimentary tract were not related to maximal food intake at peak lactation or to fetal litter size, but the masses of the pelage, mammary glands and retroperitoneal fat pad were. These data suggest that while growth of the mammary glands and associated structures may be initiated in gestation, and vary in relation to the number of placentas, the ultimate sizes and activities of the tissues depends primarily on factors during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osei A. Duah
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Kweku A. Monney
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Entomology and Wildlife, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Elzbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Mammal Research Institute PAS, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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Zhao ZJ, Song DG, Su ZC, Wei WB, Liu XB, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XVIII. Energy intake and reproductive output during lactation in Swiss mice raising small litters. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2349-58. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Limits to sustained energy intake (SusEI) during lactation in Swiss mice have been suggested to reflect the secretory capacity of the mammary glands. However, an alternative explanation is that milk production and food intake are regulated to match the limited growth capacity of the offspring. In the present study, female Swiss mice were experimentally manipulated in two ways – litter sizes were adjusted to be between 1 and 9 pups and mice were exposed to either warm (21°C) or cold (5°C) conditions from day 10 of lactation. Energy intake, number of pups and litter mass, milk energy output (MEO), thermogenesis, mass of the mammary glands and brown adipose tissue cytochrome c oxidase activity of the mothers were measured. At 21 and 5°C, pup mass at weaning was almost independent of litter size. Positive correlations were observed between the number of pups, litter mass, asymptotic food intake and MEO. These data were consistent with the suggestion that in small litters, pup requirements may be the major factor limiting milk production. Pups raised at 5°C had significantly lower body masses than those raised at 21°C. This was despite the fact that milk production and energy intake at the same litter sizes were both substantially higher in females raising pups at 5°C. This suggests that pup growth capacity is lower in the cold, perhaps due to pups allocating ingested energy to fuel thermogenesis. Differences in observed levels of milk production under different conditions may then reflect a complex interplay between factors limiting maternal performance (peripheral limitation and heat dissipation: generally better when it is cooler) and factors influencing maximum pup growth (litter size and temperature: generally better when it is hotter), and may together result in an optimal temperature favouring reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - De-Guang Song
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Zhen-Cheng Su
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wei
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xian-Bin Liu
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - John R. Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
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Yang DB, Li L, Wang LP, Chi QS, Hambly C, Wang DH, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XIX. A test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3358-68. [PMID: 23737554 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.085233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated factors limiting lactating Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) at three temperatures (10, 21 and 30°C). Energy intake and daily energy expenditure (DEE) increased with decreased ambient temperature. At peak lactation (day 14 of lactation), energy intake increased from 148.7±5.7 kJ day(-1) at 30°C to 213.1±8.2 kJ day(-1) at 21°C and 248.7±12.3 kJ day(-1) at 10°C. DEE increased from 105.1±4.0 kJ day(-1) at 30°C to 134.7±5.6 kJ day(-1) at 21°C and 179.5±8.4 kJ day(-1) at 10°C on days 14-16 of lactation. With nearly identical mean litter sizes, lactating gerbils at 30°C exported 32.0 kJ day(-1) less energy as milk at peak lactation than those allocated to 10 or 21°C, with no difference between the latter groups. On day 14 of lactation, the litter masses at 10 and 30°C were 12.2 and 9.3 g lower than those at 21°C, respectively. Lactating gerbils had higher thermal conductance of the fur and lower UCP-1 levels in brown adipose tissue than non-reproductive gerbils, independent of ambient temperature, suggesting that they were attempting to avoid heat stress. Thermal conductance of the fur was positively related to circulating prolactin levels. We implanted non-reproductive gerbils with mini-osmotic pumps that delivered either prolactin or saline. Prolactin did not influence thermal conductance of the fur, but did reduce physical activity and UCP-1 levels in brown adipose tissue. Transferring lactating gerbils from warm to hot conditions resulted in reduced milk production, consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory, but transferring them from warm to cold conditions did not elevate milk production, consistent with the peripheral limitation hypothesis, and placed constraints on pup growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Bao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Nautiyal J, Steel JH, Mane MR, Oduwole O, Poliandri A, Alexi X, Wood N, Poutanen M, Zwart W, Stingl J, Parker MG. The transcriptional co-factor RIP140 regulates mammary gland development by promoting the generation of key mitogenic signals. Development 2013; 140:1079-89. [PMID: 23404106 PMCID: PMC3583043 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor interacting protein (Nrip1), also known as RIP140, is a co-regulator for nuclear receptors that plays an essential role in ovulation by regulating the expression of the epidermal growth factor-like family of growth factors. Although several studies indicate a role for RIP140 in breast cancer, its role in the development of the mammary gland is unclear. By using RIP140-null and RIP140 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that RIP140 is an essential factor for normal mammary gland development and that it functions by mediating oestrogen signalling. RIP140-null mice exhibit minimal ductal elongation with no side-branching, whereas RIP140-overexpressing mice show increased cell proliferation and ductal branching with age. Tissue recombination experiments demonstrate that RIP140 expression is required in both the mammary epithelial and stromal compartments for ductal elongation during puberty and that loss of RIP140 leads to a catastrophic loss of the mammary epithelium, whereas RIP140 overexpression augments the mammary basal cell population and shifts the progenitor/differentiated cell balance within the luminal cell compartment towards the progenitors. For the first time, we present a genome-wide global view of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) binding events in the developing mammary gland, which unravels 881 ERα binding sites. Unbiased evaluation of several ERα binding sites for RIP140 co-occupancy reveals selectivity and demonstrates that RIP140 acts as a co-regulator with ERα to regulate directly the expression of amphiregulin (Areg), the progesterone receptor (Pgr) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (Stat5a), factors that influence key mitogenic pathways that regulate normal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Nautiyal
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Woodside B, Budin R, Wellman MK, Abizaid A. Many mouths to feed: the control of food intake during lactation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:301-14. [PMID: 23000403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing nutrients to their developing young is perhaps the most energetically demanding task facing female mammals. In this paper we focus primarily on studies carried out in rats to describe the changes in the maternal brain that enable the dam to meet the energetic demands of her offspring. In rats, providing milk for their litter is associated with a dramatic increase in caloric intake, a reduction in energy expenditure and changes in the pattern of energy utilization as well as storage. These behavioral and physiological adaptations result, in part, from alterations in the central pathways controlling energy balance. Differences in circulating levels of metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin as well as in responsiveness to these signals between lactating and nonlactating animals, contribute to the modifications in energy balance pathways seen postpartum. Suckling stimulation from the pups both directly, and through the hormonal state that it induces in the mother, plays a key role in facilitating these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de recherches en neurobiologie comportementale, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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