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Achdiat M, Tan KA, Fujaya Y, Wang Y, Martin MB, Shu-Chien AC, Fazhan H, Waiho K. A comparative study on the antennae morphology and ultrastructure of three mud crab species of the genus Scylla from Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1443-1452. [PMID: 38404206 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Crustaceans possess a range of sensory organs crucial in sensory perception, communication, and various ecological functions. Understanding morphological and functional differences in antennae among species could validate taxonomic differentiation and ecological adaptations. The antennae morphology and ultrastructure of mud crab species within the Scylla genus are poorly understood, and their role in ecological adaptation and species differentiation remains unexplored. This study aimed to describe and compare the morphology and ultrastructure of antennae in Scylla olivacea, Scylla tranquebarica, and Scylla paramamosain. Antennae were carefully excised from each crab and subjected to morphological, morphometric, and ultrastructural analysis. The study revealed that the antennae of Scylla species exhibit similar overall morphology, with a series of segments that tapered toward the upper end. All species possess non-branched single setae on the upper end of each segment. The number of antennae segments varied between species, with S. paramamosain having significantly more segments than S. olivacea. Additionally, the length and width of antenna segments differed among the species, with S. tranquebarica having a rougher antenna surface compared to S. olivacea and S. paramamosain. Our findings suggest that Scylla's antennae are distinct between species, especially in the number of segments and setae size. Such difference might be related to ecological adaptation. The role of antennae in sensory perception and social behavioral cues in mud crabs warrants further investigation. This study serves as a foundational reference for future research on the taxonomy, ecological adaptation, and sensory behaviors in the Scylla genus. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Variations and similarities in morphology and ultrastructure of three Scylla species can be found in the antennae. Scylla paramamosain had significantly higher number of segments than Scylla olivacea in morphology feature. The antennae surface of Scylla tranquebarica was rougher than that of S. olivacea and S. paramamosain. Antennae of three Scylla species possess non-branched single setae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Achdiat
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kian Ann Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yushinta Fujaya
- Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Melissa Beata Martin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- Northland Aquaculture Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ruakaka, New Zealand
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi, China
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Center for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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Buresch KC, Huget ND, Brister WC, Zhou EY, Lineaweaver AS, Rifai C, Hu J, Stevenson ZE, Boal JG, Hanlon RT. Evidence for tactile 3D shape discrimination by octopus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01696-4. [PMID: 38472410 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Octopuses integrate visual, chemical and tactile sensory information while foraging and feeding in complex marine habitats. The respective roles of these modes are of interest ecologically, neurobiologically, and for development of engineered soft robotic arms. While vision guides their foraging path, benthic octopuses primarily search "blindly" with their arms to find visually hidden prey amidst rocks, crevices and coral heads. Each octopus arm is lined with hundreds of suckers that possess a combination of chemo- and mechanoreceptors to distinguish prey. Contact chemoreception has been demonstrated in lab tests, but mechanotactile sensing is less well characterized. We designed a non-invasive live animal behavioral assay that isolated mechanosensory capabilities of Octopus bimaculoides arms and suckers to discriminate among five resin 3D-printed prey and non-prey shapes (all with identical chemical signatures). Each shape was introduced inside a rock dome and was only accessible to the octopus' arms. Octopuses' responses were variable. Young octopuses discriminated the crab prey shape from the control, whereas older octopuses did not. These experiments suggest that mechanotactile sensing of 3D shapes may aid in prey discrimination; however, (i) chemo-tactile information may be prioritized over mechanotactile information in prey discrimination, and (ii) mechanosensory capability may decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra C Buresch
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Noelle D Huget
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Brister
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine Y Zhou
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abraham S Lineaweaver
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 37 Mather Drive, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Rifai
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyang Hu
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe E Stevenson
- College of Science, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean G Boal
- College of Science and Technologies, Millersville University, 40 Dilworth Rd, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - Roger T Hanlon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Kelly TR, Fitzgibbon QP, Smith GG, Banks TM, Ventura T. Tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus) uses chemoreception via the antennular lateral flagellum to identify conspecific ecdysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12409. [PMID: 37524844 PMCID: PMC10390513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus, is a commercially important aquaculture species exhibiting complex social interactions in laboratory culture, including cannibalism of moulting conspecifics. Cannibalism of soft-shelled post-moult stage individuals is a major limitation during the juvenile stage of culture. Not limited to P. ornatus, cannibalism is widespread across farmed decapods, limiting stocking densities in crab, freshwater crayfish, and prawn species. To understand the mechanisms driving this behaviour and reduce its prevalence, we have investigated the role of chemoreception via the aesthetasc-bearing region of the lateral antennular flagellum, in the recognition of conspecific moulting cues. Differential expression analysis of several tissues in P. ornatus shows an upregulation of 70 ionotropic receptor isoforms, including co-receptors (IR25a and IR93a) and divergent receptors (IR4, IR7, and IR21a) in the aesthetasc-bearing region of the antennules. Deafferentation of the aesthetascs via deionised water exposure prevents juveniles from responding to conspecific moulting cues in a two-current choice flume, suggesting chemoreception, possibly olfaction, plays a role in identifying moulting juveniles. This is the first step in understanding the mechanisms via which cannibalism is triggered in juvenile P. ornatus culture. Further work in this area will help discover means to limit cannibalism in laboratory and commercial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Kelly
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Thomas M Banks
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD, 4558, Australia
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Kor G, Mengal K, Buřič M, Kozák P, Niksirat H. Comparative ultrastructure of the antennae and sensory hairs in six species of crayfish. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15006. [PMID: 36908819 PMCID: PMC10000303 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antennae in crayfish are essential for gaining information about the local topography and localising food, chemicals, conspecifics or predator. There are still gaps in the research on the morphology of antennae in decapods compared to other arthropods. Methodology Biometrical and ultrastructural methods were applied using light and cryo-scanning electron microscopies to study the morphology of antennae in six different crayfish species, including marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis, Mexican dwarf crayfish Cambarellus patzcuarensis, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, common yabby Cherax destructor, and spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus to find their potential morphological differences. Results Significant differences in the antenna length, length and width of each segment to carapace length ratios, and the number of segments were found in the six crayfish species. The ultrastructure revealed differences in the distribution of sensory hairs on the antenna and the morphology of the antennal surface. Conclusions The different morphology of antennae might reflect adaptation to the conditions of their specific habitats. In addition, results showed that a combination of differences in the morphological features and biometrical measurements of antennae could be used for the distinguishment of different studied crayfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golara Kor
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kifayatullah Mengal
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buřič
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Patel M, Kulkarni N, Lei HH, Lai K, Nematova O, Wei K, Lei H. Experimental and theoretical probe on mechano- and chemosensory integration in the insect antennal lobe. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1004124. [PMID: 36406994 PMCID: PMC9667105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1004124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, olfactory signals are delivered to detectors—for example, insect antennae—by means of turbulent air, which exerts concurrent chemical and mechanical stimulation on the detectors. The antennal lobe, which is traditionally viewed as a chemosensory module, sits downstream of antennal inputs. We review experimental evidence showing that, in addition to being a chemosensory structure, antennal lobe neurons also respond to mechanosensory input in the form of wind speed. Benchmarked with empirical data, we constructed a dynamical model to simulate bimodal integration in the antennal lobe, with model dynamics yielding insights such as a positive correlation between the strength of mechanical input and the capacity to follow high frequency odor pulses, an important task in tracking odor sources. Furthermore, we combine experimental and theoretical results to develop a conceptual framework for viewing the functional significance of sensory integration within the antennal lobe. We formulate the testable hypothesis that the antennal lobe alternates between two distinct dynamical regimes, one which benefits odor plume tracking and one which promotes odor discrimination. We postulate that the strength of mechanical input, which correlates with behavioral contexts such being mid-flight versus hovering near a flower, triggers the transition from one regime to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Patel
- Department of Mathematics, William and Mary College, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Nisha Kulkarni
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Harry H. Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Omina Nematova
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hong Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Hong Lei,
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Drozd D, Wolf H, Stemme T. Mechanosensory pathways of scorpion pecten hair sensillae-Adjustment of body height and pecten position. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2918-2937. [PMID: 35780514 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Scorpions' sensory abilities are intriguing, especially the rather enigmatic ventral comb-like chemo- and mechanosensory organs, the so-called pectines. Attached ventrally to the second mesosomal segment just posterior to the coxae of the fourth walking leg pair, the pectines consist of the lamellae, the fulcra, and a variable number of pecten teeth. The latter contain the bimodal peg sensillae, used for probing the substrate with regard to chemo- and mechanosensory cues simultaneously. In addition, the lamellae, the fulcra and the pecten teeth are equipped with pecten hair sensillae (PHS) to gather mechanosensory information. Previously, we have analyzed the neuronal pathway associated with the peg sensillae unraveling their somatotopic projection pattern in dedicated pecten neuropils. Little is known, however, regarding the projections of PHS within the scorpion nervous system. Behavioral and electrophysiological assays showed involvement of PHS in reflexive responses but how the information is integrated remains unresolved. Here, we unravel the innervation pattern of the mechanosensory pecten hair afferents in Mesobuthus eupeus and Euscorpius italicus. By using immunofluorescent labeling and injection of Neurobiotin tracer, we identify extensive arborizations of afferents, including (i) ventral neuropils, (ii) somatotopically organized multisegmental sensory tracts, (iii) contralateral branches via commissures, and (iv) direct ipsilateral innervation of walking leg neuromeres 3 and 4. Our results suggest that PHS function as sensors to elicit reflexive adjustment of body height and obstacle avoidance, mediating accurate pecten teeth alignment to guarantee functionality of pectines, which are involved in fundamental capacities like mating or navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drozd
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Wolf
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torben Stemme
- Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Solari P, Sollai G, Palmas F, Sabatini A, Crnjar R. A method for selective stimulation of leg chemoreceptors in whole crustaceans. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273419. [PMID: 34761803 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The integration of sensory information with adequate motor outputs is critical for animal survival. Here, we present an innovative technique based on a non-invasive closed-circuit device consisting of a perfusion/stimulation chamber chronically applied on a single leg of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Using this technique, we focally stimulated the leg inside the chamber and studied the leg-dependent sensory-motor integration involving other sensory appendages, such as antennules and maxillipeds, which remain unstimulated outside the chamber. Results show that the stimulation of a single leg with chemicals, such as disaccharides, is sufficient to trigger a complex search behaviour involving locomotion coupled with the reflex activation of antennules and maxillipeds. This technique can be easily adapted to other decapods and/or other sensory appendages. Thus, it has opened possibilities for studying sensory-motor integration evoked by leg stimulation in whole aquatic animals under natural conditions to complement, with a direct approach, current ablation or silencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Francesco Palmas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Sabatini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
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Kawamura G, Loke CK, Lim LS, Yong ASK, Mustafa S. Chemosensitivity and role of swimming legs of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, in feeding activity as determined by electrocardiographic and behavioural observations. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11248. [PMID: 33976976 PMCID: PMC8067908 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming crabs have a characteristic fifth pair of legs that are flattened into paddles for swimming purposes. The dactyl of these legs bears a thick seta along its edge. The chemoreceptive and feeding properties of the seta are supported with scientific evidence; however, there is no available data on the sensitivity of the setae in portunid crabs. The underlying mechanisms of the chemo- and mechano-sensitivity of appendages and their involvement in feeding activities of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) were investigated using electrocardiography and behavioural assay, which focused on the responses of the mud crab to chemical and touch stimulus. Electrocardiography revealed the sensory properties of the appendages. The dactyls of swimming legs and the antennules were chemosensitive, but not mechanosensitive and vice versa for the antennae. However, the mouthparts, claws, and walking legs were chemo- and mechanosensitive. Only the chemosensitive appendages, including the swimming legs, were directly involved in feeding. The flattened dactyls of the swimming legs were more efficient than the pointed dactyls of the walking legs in detecting the food organism crawling on the substrate. The structural features enhanced the capacity of the crab in coming into contact with scattered food items. This study revealed that the swimming legs are important appendages for feeding in the mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunzo Kawamura
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chi Keong Loke
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Leong Seng Lim
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Annita Seok Kian Yong
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saleem Mustafa
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Derby CD. The Crustacean Antennule: A Complex Organ Adapted for Lifelong Function in Diverse Environments and Lifestyles. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 240:67-81. [PMID: 33939945 DOI: 10.1086/713537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe crustacean first antenna, or antennule, has been an experimental model for studying sensory biology for over 150 years. Investigations have led to a clearer understanding of the functional organization of the antennule as an olfactory organ but also to a realization that the antennule is much more than that. Across the Crustacea, the antennules take on many forms and functions. As an example, the antennule of reptantian decapods has many types of sensilla, each with distinct structure and function and with hundreds of thousands of chemosensory neurons expressing hundreds of genes that code for diverse classes of receptor proteins. Together, these antennular sensilla represent multiple chemosensory pathways, each with its own central connections and functions. The antennule also has a diversity of sensors of mechanical stimuli, including vibrations, touch, water flow, and the animal's own movements. The antennule likely also detects other environmental cues, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, and noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the antennule is a motor organ-it is flicked to temporally and spatially sample the animal's chemo-mechanical surroundings-and this information is used in resolving the structure of chemical plumes and locating the odor source. The antennule is also adapted to maintain lifelong function in a changing environment. For example, it has specific secretory glands, grooming structures, and behaviors to stay clean and functional. Antennular sensilla and the annuli on which they reside are also added and replaced, leading to a complete turnover of the antennule over several molts. Thus, the antennule is a complex and dynamic sensory-motor integrator that is intricately engaged in most aspects of the lives of crustaceans.
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Drozd D, Wolf H, Stemme T. Structure of the pecten neuropil pathway and its innervation by bimodal peg afferents in two scorpion species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243753. [PMID: 33301509 PMCID: PMC7728269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pectines of scorpions are comb-like structures, located ventrally behind the fourth walking legs and consisting of variable numbers of teeth, or pegs, which contain thousands of bimodal peg sensillae. The associated neuropils are situated ventrally in the synganglion, extending between the second and fourth walking leg neuromeres. While the general morphology is consistent among scorpions, taxon-specific differences in pecten and neuropil structure remain elusive but are crucial for a better understanding of chemosensory processing. We analysed two scorpion species (Mesobuthus eupeus and Heterometrus petersii) regarding their pecten neuropil anatomy and the respective peg afferent innervation with anterograde and lipophilic tracing experiments, combined with immunohistochemistry and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The pecten neuropils consisted of three subcompartments: a posterior pecten neuropil, an anterior pecten neuropil and a hitherto unknown accessory pecten neuropil. These subregions exhibited taxon-specific variations with regard to compartmentalisation and structure. Most notable were structural differences in the anterior pecten neuropils that ranged from ovoid shape and strong fragmentation in Heterometrus petersii to elongated shape with little compartmentalisation in Mesobuthus eupeus. Labelling the afferents of distinct pegs revealed a topographic organisation of the bimodal projections along a medio-lateral axis. At the same time, all subregions along the posterior-anterior axis were innervated by a single peg's afferents. The somatotopic projection pattern of bimodal sensillae appears to be common among arachnids, including scorpions. This includes the structure and organisation of the respective neuropils and the somatotopic projection patterns of chemosensory afferents. Nonetheless, the scorpion pecten pathway exhibits unique features, e.g. glomerular compartmentalisation superimposed on somatotopy, that are assumed to allow high resolution of substrate-borne chemical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drozd
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Wolf
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torben Stemme
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Eap D, Correa S, Ngo-Vu H, Derby CD. Chemosensory Basis of Feeding Behavior in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:115-131. [PMID: 33151752 DOI: 10.1086/710337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is important as the principal species in the worldwide aquaculture of shrimp. It has also become a model in the study of crustacean biology, especially because it is one of the first decapod crustaceans to have its genome sequenced. This study examined an aspect of the sensory biology of this shrimp that is important in its aquaculture, by describing its peripheral chemical sensors and how they are used in acquiring and consuming food pellets. We used scanning electron microscopy to describe the diversity of sensilla on the shrimp's major chemosensory organs: antennules, antennae, mouthparts, and legs. Using behavioral studies on animals with selective sensory ablations, we then explored the roles that these chemosensory organs play in the shrimp's search for, and acquisition and ingestion of, food pellets. We found that the antennules mediate odor-activated searching for pellets, with both the lateral and medial antennular flagella contributing to this behavior and thus demonstrating that both aesthetasc (olfactory) and distributed chemosensors on the antennules can mediate this behavior. Once the shrimp finds and grasps the food pellet, the antennular chemoreceptors no longer play a role, and then the chemoreceptors on the mouthparts and legs control ingestion of the pellets. This sequence of chemosensory control of feeding in L. vannamei, a dendrobranchiate crustacean with small antennules and an ability to live and feed in both benthic and pelagic environments, is generally similar to that of the better-studied, large-antennuled, benthic reptantian crustaceans, including spiny lobsters (Achelata), clawed lobsters and crayfish (Astacidea), and crabs (Meirua).
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Kozma MT, Ngo-Vu H, Wong YY, Shukla NS, Pawar SD, Senatore A, Schmidt M, Derby CD. Comparison of transcriptomes from two chemosensory organs in four decapod crustaceans reveals hundreds of candidate chemoreceptor proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230266. [PMID: 32163507 PMCID: PMC7067487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans express genes for at least three classes of putative chemosensory proteins. These are: Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), derived from the heterotetrameric ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs); Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, a diverse set of sensor-channels that include several families of chemoreceptor channels; and Gustatory Receptor Like receptors (GRLs), ionotropic receptors that are homologues of Gustatory Receptors (GRs) of insects and are expressed sparingly in most crustaceans so far studied. IRs are typically numerically the most dominant of these receptor proteins in crustaceans and include two classes: co-receptor IRs, which are necessary for making a functional receptor-channel; and tuning IRs, whose specific combination in the IR subunits in the heterotetramer confers chemical specificity. Previous work showed that the transcriptomes from two major chemosensory organs-the lateral flagellum of the antennule (LF) and the tips of the legs (dactyls)-of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus express four co-receptor IRs and over 100 tuning IRs. In this paper, we examined and compared the transcriptomes from the LF and dactyls of P. argus and three other decapod crustaceans-the clawed lobster Homarus americanus, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, and the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Each species has at least ca. 100 to 250 IRs, 1 to 4 GRLs, and ca. 15 TRP channels including those shown to be involved in chemoreception in other species. The IRs show different degrees of phylogenetic conservation: some are arthropod-conserved, others are pancrustacean-conserved, others appear to be crustacean-conserved, and some appear to be species-specific. Many IRs appear to be more highly expressed in the LF than dactyl. Our results show that decapod crustaceans express an abundance of genes for chemoreceptor proteins of different types, phylogenetic conservation, and expression patterns. An understanding of their functional roles awaits determining their expression patterns in individual chemosensory neurons and the central projections of those neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihika T. Kozma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hanh Ngo-Vu
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuen Yan Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neal S. Shukla
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shrikant D. Pawar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Derby
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Gentes N, Scholtz G. Comparative analysis of the antennae of three amphipod species with different lifestyles. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 53:100886. [PMID: 31675652 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans detect chemical stimuli in the environment with aesthetasc sensilla, which are located on their 1st antennae. With the transition to other environments, chemoreception faces physical challenges. To provide a deeper understanding of the relation between the morphology of olfactory organs and different lifestyles, we studied the peripheral olfactory system of three amphipod species, the marine Gammarus salinus, the blind subterranean freshwater species Niphargus puteanus, and the terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii. We compared the 1st and 2nd antennae of these species with respect to length and presence of aesthetascs and other sensilla. The females of N. puteanus reveal the longest 1st antennae in relation to body size. G. salinus shows the largest aesthetascs and the same relative length of the 1st antennae as male N. puteanus. C. garbinii has very short 1st antennae and reduced (putative) aesthetascs. Our findings show that the compensation of vision loss by olfaction cannot be generally assumed in animals from dark environments. Furthermore, the behaviour of C. garbinii indicates a chemosensory ability, despite the reduction of the 1st antennae. A comparison with other terrestrial crustaceans suggests that the loss of the olfactory sense on the 1st antennae in C. garbinii might be compensated with chemoreception by the 2nd antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gentes
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Machon J, Krieger J, Meth R, Zbinden M, Ravaux J, Montagné N, Chertemps T, Harzsch S. Neuroanatomy of a hydrothermal vent shrimp provides insights into the evolution of crustacean integrative brain centers. eLife 2019; 8:e47550. [PMID: 31383255 PMCID: PMC6684273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alvinocaridid shrimps are emblematic representatives of the deep hydrothermal vent fauna at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are adapted to a mostly aphotic habitat with extreme physicochemical conditions in the vicinity of the hydrothermal fluid emissions. Here, we investigated the brain architecture of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata to understand possible adaptations of its nervous system to the hydrothermal sensory landscape. Its brain is modified from the crustacean brain ground pattern by featuring relatively small visual and olfactory neuropils that contrast with well-developed higher integrative centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. We propose that these structures in vent shrimps may fulfill functions in addition to higher order sensory processing and suggest a role in place memory. Our study promotes vent shrimps as fascinating models to gain insights into sensory adaptations to peculiar environmental conditions, and the evolutionary transformation of specific brain areas in Crustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Jakob Krieger
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
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Spitzner F, Meth R, Krüger C, Nischik E, Eiler S, Sombke A, Torres G, Harzsch S. An atlas of larval organogenesis in the European shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Front Zool 2018; 15:27. [PMID: 29989069 PMCID: PMC6035453 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life history stages of brachyuran crustaceans include pelagic larvae of the Zoea type which grow by a series of moults from one instar to the next. Zoeae actively feed and possess a wide range of organ systems necessary for autonomously developing in the plankton. They also display a rich behavioural repertoire that allows for responses to variations in environmental key factors such as light, hydrostatic pressure, tidal currents, and temperature. Brachyuran larvae have served as distinguished models in the field of Ecological Developmental Biology fostering our understanding of diverse ecophysiological aspects such as phenotypic plasticity, carry-over effects on life-history traits, and adaptive mechanisms that enhance tolerance to fluctuations in environmental abiotic factors. In order to link such studies to the level of tissues and organs, this report analyses the internal anatomy of laboratory-reared larvae of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas. This species has a native distribution extending across most European waters and has attracted attention because it has invaded five temperate geographic regions outside of its native range and therefore can serve as a model to analyse thermal tolerance of species affected by rising sea temperatures as an effect of climate change. RESULTS Here, we used X-ray micro-computed tomography combined with 3D reconstruction to describe organogenesis in brachyuran larvae. We provide a detailed atlas of the larval internal organization to complement existing descriptions of its external morphology. In a multimethodological approach, we also used cuticular autofluorescence and classical histology to analyse the anatomy of selected organ systems. CONCLUSIONS Much of our fascination for the anatomy of brachyuran larvae stems from the opportunity to observe a complex organism on a single microscopic slide and the realization that the entire decapod crustacean bauplan unfolds from organ anlagen compressed into a miniature organism in the sub-millimetre range. The combination of imaging techniques used in the present study provides novel insights into the bewildering diversity of organ systems that brachyuran larvae possess. Our analysis may serve as a basis for future studies bridging the fields of evolutionary developmental biology and ecological developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Spitzner
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emanuel Nischik
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Eiler
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20A/F, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy Sombke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriela Torres
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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Vannier J, Aria C, Taylor RS, Caron JB. Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172206. [PMID: 30110460 PMCID: PMC6030330 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Waptia fieldensis Walcott, 1912 is one of the iconic animals from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota that had lacked a formal description since its discovery at the beginning of the twentieth century. This study, based on over 1800 specimens, finds that W. fieldensis shares general characteristics with pancrustaceans, as previous authors had suggested based mostly on its overall aspect. The cephalothorax is covered by a flexible, bivalved carapace and houses a pair of long multisegmented antennules, palp-bearing mandibles, maxillules, and four pairs of appendages with five-segmented endopods-the anterior three pairs with long and robust enditic basipods, the fourth pair with proximal annulations and lamellae. The post-cephalothorax has six pairs of lamellate and fully annulated appendages which appear to be extensively modified basipods rather than exopods. The front part of the body bears a pair of stalked eyes with the first ommatidia preserved in a Burgess Shale arthropod, and a median 'labral' complex flanked by lobate projections with possible affinities to hemi-ellipsoid bodies. Waptia confirms the mandibulate affinity of hymenocarines, retrieved here as part of an expanded Pancrustacea, thereby providing a novel perspective on the evolutionary history of this hyperdiverse group. We construe that Waptia was an active swimming predator of soft prey items, using its anterior appendages for food capture and manipulation, and also potentially for clinging to epibenthic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Vannier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Bâtiment Géode, 2, rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Cédric Aria
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 2C6
| | - Rod S. Taylor
- Manuels River Hibernia Interpretation Centre, 7 Conception Bay South Highway, CBS, Newfoundland, CanadaA1W 3A2
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, CanadaA1B 3X5
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 2C6
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B1
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17
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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18
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Sánchez-Alcañiz JA, Benton R. Multisensory neural integration of chemical and mechanical signals. Bioessays 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Sánchez-Alcañiz
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine; Center for Integrative Genomics; Génopode Building; University of Lausanne; Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine; Center for Integrative Genomics; Génopode Building; University of Lausanne; Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
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19
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Brain architecture of the Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 (Malacostraca, Dendrobranchiata): correspondence of brain structure and sensory input? Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:255-271. [PMID: 28389816 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Penaeus vannamei (Dendrobranchiata, Decapoda) is best known as the "Pacific White Shrimp" and is currently the most important crustacean in commercial aquaculture worldwide. Although the neuroanatomy of crustaceans has been well examined in representatives of reptant decapods ("ground-dwelling decapods"), there are only a few studies focusing on shrimps and prawns. In order to obtain insights into the architecture of the brain of P. vannamei, we use neuroanatomical methods including X-ray micro-computed tomography, 3D reconstruction and immunohistochemical staining combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and serial sectioning. The brain of P. vannamei exhibits all the prominent neuropils and tracts that characterize the ground pattern of decapod crustaceans. However, the size proportion of some neuropils is salient. The large lateral protocerebrum that comprises the visual neuropils as well as the hemiellipsoid body and medulla terminalis is remarkable. This observation corresponds with the large size of the compound eyes of these animals. In contrast, the remaining median part of the brain is relatively small. It is dominated by the paired antenna 2 neuropils, while the deutocerebral chemosensory lobes play a minor role. Our findings suggest that visual input from the compound eyes and mechanosensory input from the second pair of antennae are major sensory modalities, which this brain processes.
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Solari P, Sollai G, Masala C, Loy F, Palmas F, Sabatini A, Crnjar R. Antennular Morphology and Contribution of Aesthetascs in the Detection of Food-related Compounds in the Shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 232:110-122. [PMID: 28654334 DOI: 10.1086/692696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp are an essential ecological component of marine ecosystems, and have commercial importance for human consumption and aquaculture. Like other decapod crustaceans, shrimp rely on chemical senses to detect and localize food resources by means of chemosensilla that are located mainly on the cephalothoracic appendages. Using the shrimp Palaemon adspersus, a model organism with omnivorous feeding behavior, we aimed to provide comparative information on the role of aesthetascs, antennular sensilla, and flicking behavior in food detection. To this end, we examined i) the morphology of antennular sensilla by field emission scanning electron microscopy, ii) the shrimp's sensitivity to a number of food-related compounds (amino acids and sugars) by means of whole-animal bioassays, and iii) the contribution of the aesthetasc sensilla to food detection. Our results showed that, aside from the aesthetascs, only three other main morphotypes of setae with chemoreceptive features were present in the antennules, thus accounting for relatively simple sensillar equipment. Nevertheless, we found broad-spectrum sensitivity of the shrimp to a number of amino acids (i.e., isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine, tryptophan, cysteine, and tyrosine) and carbohydrates (trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, and fructose) that was consistent with the omnivorous or scavenging habits of the animal. Although aesthetasc ablation attenuated flicking behavior in a chemical stimulus-independent manner, success in detection and short-range localization of food did not rely on the presence of aesthetasc sensilla. This finding confirms the existence of a non-aesthetasc alternative pathway for feeding, with functional redundancy in simple generalist feeder models such as shrimp.
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Iida F, Nurzaman SG. Adaptation of sensor morphology: an integrative view of perception from biologically inspired robotics perspective. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160016. [PMID: 27499843 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensor morphology, the morphology of a sensing mechanism which plays a role of shaping the desired response from physical stimuli from surroundings to generate signals usable as sensory information, is one of the key common aspects of sensing processes. This paper presents a structured review of researches on bioinspired sensor morphology implemented in robotic systems, and discusses the fundamental design principles. Based on literature review, we propose two key arguments: first, owing to its synthetic nature, biologically inspired robotics approach is a unique and powerful methodology to understand the role of sensor morphology and how it can evolve and adapt to its task and environment. Second, a consideration of an integrative view of perception by looking into multidisciplinary and overarching mechanisms of sensor morphology adaptation across biology and engineering enables us to extract relevant design principles that are important to extend our understanding of the unfinished concepts in sensing and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Iida
- Biologically Inspired Robotics Laboratory, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Tumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ , UK
| | - Surya G Nurzaman
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering , Malaysia Campus, Monash University, Jl. Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 , Malaysia
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22
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Strausfeld NJ. Waptia revisited: Intimations of behaviors. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:173-184. [PMID: 26365952 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The middle Cambrian taxon Waptia fieldensis offers insights into early evolution of sensory arrangements that may have supported a range of actions such as exploratory behavior, burrowing, scavenging, swimming, and escape, amongst others. Less elaborate than many modern pancrustaceans, specific features of Waptia that suggest a possible association with the pancrustacean evolutionary trajectory, include mandibulate mouthparts, a single pair of antennae, reflective triplets on the head comparable to ocelli, and traces of brain and optic lobes that conform to the pancrustacean ground pattern. This account revisits an earlier description of Waptia to further interpret the distribution of its overall morphology and receptor arrangements in the context of plausible behavioral repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
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23
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Lahman SE, Moore PA. Olfactory Sampling Recovery Following Sublethal Copper Exposure in the Rusty Crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:441-6. [PMID: 26232198 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing levels of anthropogenic chemicals within an aquatic ecosystem may inhibit animals from extracting information from chemical signals. We investigated whether antennular flicking, a behavioral mechanism involved in chemically-mediated behaviors of the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, was altered following a sublethal copper exposure (450 µg/L). Crayfish exposed to copper exhibited lower flicking rates than control crayfish and were significantly less successful in their ability to orient to a food odor. Copper was then eliminated from the housing tanks, providing a recovery period. Groups of crayfish were assayed for antennular flicking rates and orientation success three times over the course of the 21 day recovery period. Crayfish demonstrated significant increases in rates of successful localization of odors and antennular flicking during this portion of the experiment. These results indicate that the mechanism by which copper impairs chemoreception in the rusty crayfish is reversible if elevated levels of copper concentrations are eliminated from aquatic ecosystems contaminated by runoff from agricultural or aquacultural chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Lahman
- Laboratory for Sensory Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43402, USA.
| | - Paul A Moore
- Laboratory for Sensory Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43402, USA.
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Pravin S, Mellon D, Berger EJ, Reidenbach MA. Effects of sensilla morphology on mechanosensory sensitivity in the crayfish. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:036006. [PMID: 25909394 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/3/036006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans contain a great variety of sensilla along their antennules that enable them to sense both hydrodynamic and chemical stimuli in aquatic environments, and can be used to inspire the design of engineered sensing systems. For example, along the antennule of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, four predominant mechanosensory sensilla morphologies are found. To study their response to upstream flow perturbations, atomic force microscopy was utilized to determine P. clarkii sensilla bending in response to an applied force and a mean torsional stiffness, k(t) = 1 × 10(-12) N m degree(-1) was found. A numerical model was developed to quantify the deformation of the four sensilla morphologies due to flow perturbations within their surrounding fluid. These flow perturbations were intended to mimic predator and ambient fluid movements. Results show that upstream fluid motion causes alterations in velocity near the sensilla, accompanied by corresponding variations in pressure along the sensilla surface. The feathered and filamentous sensilla, which are hydrodynamic sensilla, were found to be highly sensitive to flow perturbations. The beaked and asymmetric sensilla, which are bimodal chemo-mechanoreceptors, were found to be much less sensitive to hydrodynamic disturbances. Results also show that sensilla are most sensitive to fluid movement in the along-axis plane of the antennule, with a sharp drop in sensitivity perpendicular to this axis. This sensitivity agrees well with neural responses measured directly from the paired sensory neurons associated with each sensillum. Greater along-axis sensitivity is likely beneficial for determining the direction of fluid movements, which may be important for both aquatic organisms and biomimetic sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Pravin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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25
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Mellon D, Pravin S, Reidenbach MA. A nose too far: regional differences in olfactory receptor neuron efficacy along the crayfish antennule. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 227:40-50. [PMID: 25216501 DOI: 10.1086/bblv227n1p40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory sense organs of crayfish are aesthetasc sensilla, arrayed along the distal half of the lateral antennular flagella on each side of the animal. The sensillar array is sparse at its proximal origin, where each annulus houses only a single aesthetasc, and it is most dense distally, with occasionally up to six aesthetascs residing on each antennular annulus. Previous studies have tacitly assumed that the aesthetascs are co-equal in their functional properties. We restricted exposure of small zones of aesthetascs to odorant along the array, from near its proximal origin, its midpoint, and its termination near the tip of the lateral flagellum, while recording neural responses within the ipsilateral olfactory lobe of the brain. Simultaneous combinations of zonal exposure to odorant gave proportionally larger central responses, indicative of spatial summation of peripheral inputs. Surprisingly, however, zonal effectiveness was not equal; stimulating even small numbers of aesthetascs near the proximal origin of the array was far more excitatory to local deutocerebral interneurons than stimulating greater numbers of aesthetascs at the tip of the flagellum. The results are discussed in terms of continuing growth and attrition of the antennular segmentation and associated olfactory receptor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deforest Mellon
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904;
| | - Swapnil Pravin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904; and
| | - Matthew A Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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Pravin S, Reidenbach MA. Simultaneous sampling of flow and odorants by crustaceans can aid searches within a turbulent plume. SENSORS 2013; 13:16591-610. [PMID: 24300599 PMCID: PMC3892349 DOI: 10.3390/s131216591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish use dispersing odorant molecules to determine the location of predators, prey, potential mates and habitat. Odorant molecules diffuse in turbulent flows and are sensed by the olfactory organs of these animals, often using a flicking motion of their antennules. These antennules contain both chemosensory and mechanosensory sensilla, which enable them to detect both flow and odorants during a flick. To determine how simultaneous flow and odorant sampling can aid in search behavior, a 3-dimensional numerical model for the near-bed flow environment was created. A stream of odorant concentration was released into the flow creating a turbulent plume, and both temporally and spatially fluctuating velocity and odorant concentration were quantified. The plume characteristics show close resemblance to experimental measurements within a large laboratory flume. Results show that mean odorant concentration and it's intermittency, computed as dc/dt, increase towards the plume source, but the temporal and spatial rate of this increase is slow and suggests that long measurement times would be necessary to be useful for chemosensory guidance. Odorant fluxes measured transverse to the mean flow direction, quantified as the product of the instantaneous fluctuation in concentration and velocity, v'c', do show statistically distinct magnitude and directional information on either side of a plume centerline over integration times of <0.5 s. Aquatic animals typically have neural responses to odorant and velocity fields at rates between 50 and 500 ms, suggesting this simultaneous sampling of both flow and concentration in a turbulent plume can aid in source tracking on timescales relevant to aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Pravin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Matthew A. Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-434-243-4937
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