1
|
Ullah H, Fordham DA, Goldenberg SU, Nagelkerken I. Combining mesocosms with models reveals effects of global warming and ocean acidification on a temperate marine ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2977. [PMID: 38706047 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ocean warming and species exploitation have already caused large-scale reorganization of biological communities across the world. Accurate projections of future biodiversity change require a comprehensive understanding of how entire communities respond to global change. We combined a time-dynamic integrated food web modeling approach (Ecosim) with previous data from community-level mesocosm experiments to determine the independent and combined effects of ocean warming, ocean acidification and fisheries exploitation on a well-managed temperate coastal ecosystem. The mesocosm parameters enabled important physiological and behavioral responses to climate stressors to be projected for trophic levels ranging from primary producers to top predators, including sharks. Through model simulations, we show that under sustainable rates of fisheries exploitation, near-future warming or ocean acidification in isolation could benefit species biomass at higher trophic levels (e.g., mammals, birds, and demersal finfish) in their current climate ranges, with the exception of small pelagic fishes. However, under warming and acidification combined, biomass increases at higher trophic levels will be lower or absent, while in the longer term reduced productivity of prey species is unlikely to support the increased biomass at the top of the food web. We also show that increases in exploitation will suppress any positive effects of human-driven climate change, causing individual species biomass to decrease at higher trophic levels. Nevertheless, total future potential biomass of some fisheries species in temperate areas might remain high, particularly under acidification, because unharvested opportunistic species will likely benefit from decreased competition and show an increase in biomass. Ecological indicators of species composition such as the Shannon diversity index decline under all climate change scenarios, suggesting a trade-off between biomass gain and functional diversity. By coupling parameters from multilevel mesocosm food web experiments with dynamic food web models, we were able to simulate the generative mechanisms that drive complex responses of temperate marine ecosystems to global change. This approach, which blends theory with experimental data, provides new prospects for forecasting climate-driven biodiversity change and its effects on ecosystem processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadayet Ullah
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien A Fordham
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvan U Goldenberg
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thangal SH, Muralisankar T, Mohan K, Santhanam P, Venmathi Maran BA. Biological and physiological responses of marine crabs to ocean acidification: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118238. [PMID: 38262516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Marine crabs play an integral role in the food chain and scavenge the debris in the ecosystem. Gradual increases in global atmospheric carbon dioxide cause ocean acidification (OA) and global warming that leads to severe consequences for marine organisms including crabs. Also, OA combined with other stressors like temperature, hypoxia, and heavy metals causes more severe adverse effects in marine crabs. The present review was made holistic discussion of information from 111 articles, of which 37 peer-reviewed original research papers reported on the effect of OA experiments and its combination with other stressors like heavy metals, temperature, and hypoxia on growth, survival, molting, chitin quality, food indices, tissue biochemical constituents, hemocytes population, and biomarker enzymes of marine crabs. Nevertheless, the available reports are still in the infancy of marine crabs, hence, this review depicts the possible gaps and future research needs on the impact of OA on marine crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Hamid Thangal
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Perumal Santhanam
- Marine Planktonology& Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Long WC, Swiney KM, Foy RJ. Direct, carryover, and maternal effects of ocean acidification on snow crab embryos and larvae. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0276360. [PMID: 37851644 PMCID: PMC10584120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification, a decrease in ocean pH with increasing anthropogenic CO2 concentrations, is expected to affect many marine animals. To examine the effects of decreased pH on snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), a commercial species in Alaska, we reared ovigerous females in one of three treatments: Ambient pH (~8.1), pH 7.8, and pH 7.5, through two annual reproductive cycles. Morphometric changes during development and hatching success were measured for embryos both years and calcification was measured for the adult females at the end of the 2-year experiment. Embryos and larvae analyzed in year one were from oocytes developed, fertilized, and extruded in situ, whereas embryos and larvae in year two were from oocytes developed, fertilized, and extruded under acidified conditions in the laboratory. In both years, larvae were exposed to the same pH treatments in a fully crossed experimental design. Starvation-survival, morphology, condition, and calcium/magnesium content were assessed for larvae. Embryo morphology during development, hatching success, and fecundity were unaffected by pH during both years. Percent calcium in adult females' carapaces did not differ among treatments at the end of the experiment. In the first year, starvation-survival of larvae reared at Ambient pH but hatched from embryos reared at reduced pH was lowered; however, the negative effect was eliminated when the larvae were reared at reduced pH. In the second year, there was no direct effect of either embryo or larval pH treatment, but larvae reared as embryos at reduced pH survived longer if reared at reduced pH. Treatment either did not affect other measured larval parameters, or effect sizes were small. The results from this two-year study suggest that snow crabs are well adapted to projected ocean pH levels within the next two centuries, although other life-history stages still need to be examined for sensitivity and potential interactive effects with increasing temperatures should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Christopher Long
- Kodiak Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Kodiak, AK, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Swiney
- Kodiak Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Kodiak, AK, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Foy
- Kodiak Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Kodiak, AK, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thangal SH, Muralisankar T, Anandhan K, Gayathri V, Yogeshwaran A. Effect of CO 2 driven ocean acidification on the mud crab Scylla serrata instars. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:119995. [PMID: 36007788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The decreasing ocean pH seems to adversely affect marine organisms, including crustaceans, which leads to potential threats to seafood safety. The present investigation evaluated the effect of seawater acidification on the edible marine mud crab Scylla serrata instars. The experimental setup was designed using a multi-cell cage based system assembled with 20 pre holed PVC pipes containing 20 individual crabs to avoid cannibalism. The crab instars were exposed to CO2 driven acidified seawater at pH 7.8 (IPCC forecast pH at the end of the 21st century), 7.6, 7.4, 7.2, and 7.0 for 60 days. The crabs reared in seawater without acidification at pH 8.2 served as control. The present study revealed a notable decrease in survival, feed intake, growth, molting, tissue biochemical constituents, minerals, chitin, and alkaline phosphatase in S. serrata instar reared in acidified seawater, denotes the adverse effect of seawater acidification on crabs. The significant elevations in antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and metabolic enzymes in all acidified seawater compared to ambient pH indicates the physiological stress of the crabs' instars. The changes in the metabolic enzymes reveal the metabolism of protein and glucose for additional energy required by the crabs to tolerate the acidic stress. Hence, the present study provides insight into the seawater acidification can adversely affect the crab S. serrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Hamid Thangal
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Muralisankar
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India.
| | - Krishnan Anandhan
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Velusamy Gayathri
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Arumugam Yogeshwaran
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leung JYS, Zhang S, Connell SD. Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107407. [PMID: 35934837 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is considered detrimental to marine calcifiers, but mounting contradictory evidence suggests a need to revisit this concept. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically re-evaluate the prevailing paradigm of negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers. Based on 5153 observations from 985 studies, many calcifiers (e.g., echinoderms, crustaceans, and cephalopods) are found to be tolerant to near-future ocean acidification (pH ≈ 7.8 by the year 2100), but coccolithophores, calcifying algae, and corals appear to be sensitive. Calcifiers are generally more sensitive at the larval stage than adult stage. Over 70% of the observations in growth and calcification are non-negative, implying the acclimation capacity of many calcifiers to ocean acidification. This capacity can be mediated by phenotypic plasticity (e.g., physiological, mineralogical, structural, and molecular adjustments), transgenerational plasticity, increased food availability, or species interactions. The results suggest that the impacts of ocean acidification on calcifiers are less deleterious than initially thought as their adaptability has been underestimated. Therefore, in the forthcoming era of ocean acidification research, it is advocated that studying how marine organisms persist is as important as studying how they perish, and that future hypotheses and experimental designs are not constrained within the paradigm of negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sam Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leiva L, Tremblay N, Torres G, Boersma M, Krone R, Giménez L. European Lobster Larval Development and Fitness Under a Temperature Gradient and Ocean Acidification. Front Physiol 2022; 13:809929. [PMID: 35910579 PMCID: PMC9333128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.809929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change combined with anthropogenic stressors (e.g. overfishing, habitat destruction) may have particularly strong effects on threatened populations of coastal invertebrates. The collapse of the population of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) around Helgoland constitutes a good example and prompted a large-scale restocking program. The question arises if recruitment of remaining natural individuals and program-released specimens could be stunted by ongoing climate change. We examined the joint effect of ocean warming and acidification on survival, development, morphology, energy metabolism and enzymatic antioxidant activity of the larval stages of the European lobster. Larvae from four independent hatches were reared from stage I to III under a gradient of 10 seawater temperatures (13–24°C) combined with moderate (∼470 µatm) and elevated (∼1160 µatm) seawater pCO2 treatments. Those treatments correspond to the shared socio-economic pathways (SSP), SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 (i.e. the low and the very high greenhouse gas emissions respectively) projected for 2100 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Larvae under the elevated pCO2 treatment had not only lower survival rates, but also significantly smaller rostrum length. However, temperature was the main driver of energy demands with increased oxygen consumption rates and elemental C:N ratio towards warmer temperatures, with a reducing effect on development time. Using this large temperature gradient, we provide a more precise insight on the aerobic thermal window trade-offs of lobster larvae and whether exposure to the worst hypercapnia scenario may narrow it. This may have repercussions on the recruitment of the remaining natural and program-released specimens and thus, in the enhancement success of future lobster stocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leiva
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
- *Correspondence: Laura Leiva,
| | - Nelly Tremblay
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Gabriela Torres
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Maarten Boersma
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
- FB2, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Roland Krone
- Reefauna - Spezialisten für Rifftiere, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Luis Giménez
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
- School of Ocean Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tripp A, Allen GJP, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Yoon GR, Weihrauch D. Effects of single and dual-stressor elevation of environmental temperature and P CO2 on metabolism and acid-base regulation in the Louisiana red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 266:111151. [PMID: 35026389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of temperature and CO2 levels within the world's aquatic environments is expected to cause numerous physiological challenges to their inhabitants. While effects on marine ecosystems have been well studied, freshwater ecosystems have rarely been examined using a dual-stressor approach leaving our understanding of its inhabitants upon these challenges unclear. We aimed to identify the affects of elevated temperature and hypercapnia in isolation and in combination on the metabolic and acid-base regulatory processes of a freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Crayfish were exposed to freshwater conditions that may be prevalent by the year 2100 and metabolic responses were determined after 14-days of exposure. In addition, changes in branchial mRNA expression of acid-base linked transporters were investigated. Interactions between exposure conditions influenced extracellular pH as well as the nitrogen physiology and routine metabolic rate of the crayfish. Crayfish exposed to individual and combined elevations in temperature and/or hypercapnia maintained an extracellular pH similar to that of control crayfish. Dual-stressor exposed crayfish seem to elevate the importance of ammonium as an excretable acid-equivalent based on an overall increase in the branchial mRNA expression of transporters related to ammonia excretion including the Na+/K+-ATPase, Rhesus-protein, and the V-type H+-ATPase. Overall, hypercapnia and dual-stressor conditions caused a metabolic depression that may have long-lasting consequences such as limited locomotion, growth, and reproduction. Future generations of crayfish given the chance to adapt over several generations may ameliorate these consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Tripp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Garett J P Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Gwangseok R Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He Y, Wang Q, Li J, Li Z. Comparative proteomic profiling in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis under low pH stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:526-535. [PMID: 34953999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lower pH gives rise to a harmful stress to crustacean. Here, we analyzed the proteomic response of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from control pH (pH value 8.2) and low pH (pH value 6.5) - treated groups by employing absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomic (iTRAQ) analysis. Among the identified proteins, a total of 76 proteins differed in their abundance levels, including 45 upregulated and 31 downregulated proteins. The up-regulation of proteins like citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, V-type proton ATPase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-aldolase as well as the enrichment of the DEPs in multiple metabolic processes and pathways illustrated that increased energy and substrates metabolism was essential for F. chinensis to counteract low pH stress. Ion transporting related proteins, such as Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter and calmodulin, participated in the homeostatic maintenance of pH in F. chinensis. There were significant downregulation expressions of lectin, lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein, chitinase, cathepsin L and beta-glucuronidase, which indicating the immune dysfunction of F. chinensis when exposure to low pH condition. These findings can extend our understanding on the defensive mechanisms of the low pH stress and accelerate the breeding process of low pH tolerance in F. chinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin W, Lu J, Yao H, Lu Z, He Y, Mu C, Wang C, Shi C, Ye Y. Elevated pCO 2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of rearing seawater microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117615. [PMID: 34171732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mean oceanic CO2 values have already risen and are expected to rise further on a global scale. Elevated pCO2 (eCO2) changes the bacterial community in seawater. However, the ecological association of seawater microbiota and related geochemical functions are largely unknown. We provide the first evidence that eCO2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of microbiota in rearing seawater of the swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Network analysis showed that eCO2 induced a simpler and more modular bacterial network in rearing seawater, with increased negative associations and distinct keystone taxa. Using the quantitative microbial element cycling method, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling genes exhibited the highest increase after one week of eCO2 stress and were significantly associated with keystone taxa. However, the functional potential of seawater bacteria was decoupled from their taxonomic composition and strongly coupled with eCO2 levels. The changed functional potential of seawater bacteria contributed to seawater N and P chemistry, which was highlighted by markedly decreased NH3, NH4+-N, and PO43--P levels and increased NO2--N and NO3--N levels. This study suggests that eCO2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of seawater microbiota, which lead to the changes of seawater chemical parameters. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of eCO2 on marine animals from the microbial ecological perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - Yimin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A state-space approach to understand responses of organisms, populations and communities to multiple environmental drivers. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1142. [PMID: 34593937 PMCID: PMC8484576 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of biotic systems to multiple environmental drivers is one of the major concerns in ecology. The most common approach in multiple driver research includes the classification of interactive responses into categories (antagonistic, synergistic). However, there are situations where the use of classification schemes limits our understanding or cannot be applied. Here, we introduce and explore an approach that allows us to better appreciate variability in responses to multiple drivers. We then apply it to a case, comparing effects of heatwaves on performance of a cold-adapted species and a warm-adapted competitor. The heatwaves had a negative effect on the native (but not on the exotic) species and the approach highlighted that the exotic species was less responsive to multivariate environmental variation than the native species. Overall, we show how the proposed approach can enhance our understanding of variation in responses due to different driver intensities, species, genotypes, ontogeny, life-phases or among spatial scales at any level of biological organization. Giménez et al. explore a “state-space” approach (SSEA) to examine variation in effects of multiple environmental drivers on biological systems. They illustrate the SSEA with a case study where larvae of an exotic crab were less responsive to an experimental heatwave than those of a native species.
Collapse
|
11
|
Noisette F, Calosi P, Madeira D, Chemel M, Menu-Courey K, Piedalue S, Gurney-Smith H, Daoud D, Azetsu-Scott K. Tolerant Larvae and Sensitive Juveniles: Integrating Metabolomics and Whole-Organism Responses to Define Life-Stage Specific Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification in the American Lobster. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090584. [PMID: 34564400 PMCID: PMC8467062 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bentho-pelagic life cycles are the dominant reproductive strategy in marine invertebrates, providing great dispersal ability, access to different resources, and the opportunity to settle in suitable habitats upon the trigger of environmental cues at key developmental moments. However, free-dispersing larvae can be highly sensitive to environmental changes. Among these, the magnitude and the occurrence of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in oceanic habitats is predicted to exacerbate over the next decades, particularly in coastal areas, reaching levels beyond those historically experienced by most marine organisms. Here, we aimed to determine the sensitivity to elevated pCO2 of successive life stages of a marine invertebrate species with a bentho-pelagic life cycle, exposed continuously during its early ontogeny, whilst providing in-depth insights on their metabolic responses. We selected, as an ideal study species, the American lobster Homarus americanus, and investigated life history traits, whole-organism physiology, and metabolomic fingerprints from larval stage I to juvenile stage V exposed to different pCO2 levels. Current and future ocean acidification scenarios were tested, as well as extreme high pCO2/low pH conditions that are predicted to occur in coastal benthic habitats and with leakages from underwater carbon capture storage (CCS) sites. Larvae demonstrated greater tolerance to elevated pCO2, showing no significant changes in survival, developmental time, morphology, and mineralisation, although they underwent intense metabolomic reprogramming. Conversely, juveniles showed the inverse pattern, with a reduction in survival and an increase in development time at the highest pCO2 levels tested, with no indication of metabolomic reprogramming. Metabolomic sensitivity to elevated pCO2 increased until metamorphosis (between larval and juvenile stages) and decreased afterward, suggesting this transition as a metabolic keystone for marine invertebrates with complex life cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Noisette
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal;
| | - Mathilde Chemel
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Kayla Menu-Courey
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sarah Piedalue
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada; (M.C.); (K.M.-C.); (S.P.)
| | - Helen Gurney-Smith
- Saint Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, Saint Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada;
| | - Dounia Daoud
- Homarus Inc., 408 rue Main, Shediac, NB E4P 2G1, Canada;
- EcoNov, 44 ave Bromley, Moncton, NB E1C 5T9, Canada
| | - Kumiko Azetsu-Scott
- Bedford Institute Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Griffith K, Jenkins SR, Giménez L. Larval tolerance to food limitation is stronger in an exotic barnacle than in its native competitor. ZOOLOGY 2021; 145:125891. [PMID: 33571867 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A critical question in marine ecology is understanding how organisms will cope with environmental conditions under climate change. Increasing temperatures not only have a direct effect on marine organisms but may also lead to food limitation through for example trophic mismatches, or by the increased metabolic demands imposed by developing at high temperatures. Using barnacles from a population of North Wales, we studied the combined effect of temperature and food density on the survival, settlement success, developmental time and body size of larvae of the native barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and its exotic competitor, the barnacle Austrominius modestus. Larvae were reared at similar food levels but at temperature ranges which varied among species reflecting their different phenology and tolerances. For S. balanoides (spring larval release) we used a lower temperature of 9 °C, reflecting spring temperatures from N Wales to SW England, and 15 °C representing warmer conditions; for A. modestus (summer larval release) a typical summer temperature for this geographic range of 15 °C was used with a raised temperature of 18 °C. Larvae were reared under controlled conditions in automated, computer programmable incubators and fed diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) at three food levels. We found stress effects of food limitation on larval performance of S. balanoides. While survival during naupliar development was little affected by food and temperature, low food levels strongly depressed survival and settlement during the cyprid stage of S. balanoides at both tested temperatures, but especially at 15 °C. By contrast, at the tested temperatures little effects were found on survival and settlement success in the exotic A. modestus. Both species delayed development in response to low food levels while S. balanoides cyprids showed decreased body size at the high tested temperature. The main impact occurred as a delayed effect, at the time when cyprids attempt to settle, rather than as an effect on naupliar survival or metamorphosis to the cyprid stage. Response in body size and developmental time may have costs at the time of metamorphosis (delayed settlement) or after metamorphosis. Overall, our experiments suggest that as temperature increases, settlement success of S. balanoides larvae (but not that of its competitor A. modestus) will become more sensitive to conditions of food limitation, imposed for instance by phenological mismatches with periods of phytoplankton peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Griffith
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R Jenkins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Giménez
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom; Marine Station of Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Ostkaje 1118, DE-27498, Helgoland, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stein W, Harzsch S. The Neurobiology of Ocean Change - insights from decapod crustaceans. ZOOLOGY 2021; 144:125887. [PMID: 33445148 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented rate of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere has led to increased warming, acidification and oxygen depletion in the world's oceans, with projected impacts also on ocean salinity. In this perspective article, we highlight potential impacts of these factors on neuronal responses in decapod crustaceans. Decapod crustaceans comprise more than 8,800 marine species which have colonized a wide range of habitats that are particularly affected by global ocean change, including estuarine, intertidal, and coastal areas. Many decapod species have large economic value and high ecological importance because of their global invasive potential and impact on local ecosystems. Global warming has already led to considerable changes in decapod species' behavior and habitat range. Relatively little is known about how the decapod nervous system, which is the ultimate driver of all behaviors, copes with environmental stressors. We use select examples to summarize current findings and evaluate the impact of current and expected environmental changes. While data indicate a surprising robustness against stressors like temperature and pH, we find that only a handful of species have been studied and long-term effects on neuronal activity remain mostly unknown. A further conclusion is that the combined effects of multiple stressors are understudied. We call for greater research efforts towards long-term effects on neuronal physiology and expansion of cross-species comparisons to address these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stein
- Illinois State University, School of Biological Sciences, Normal, IL 61790, USA.
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muralisankar T, Kalaivani P, Thangal SH, Santhanam P. Growth, biochemical, antioxidants, metabolic enzymes and hemocytes population of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acidified seawater. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108843. [PMID: 32781296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidification in the marine environment has become a global issue that creates serious threats to marine organisms. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CO2 driven acidification on the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae (PL). L. vannamei PL were exposed to six different CO2 driven acidified seawater, such as 8.2 (control), pH 7.8 (IPCC-predicted ocean pH by 2100), 7.6, 7.4, 7.2 and 7.0 with corresponding pCO2 level of 380.66, 557.53, 878.55, 1355.48, 2129.46, and 3312.12 μatm for seven weeks. At the end of the acidification experiment, results revealed that the survival, growth, feed index, biochemical constituents, chitin, minerals (Na, K, and Ca), and hemocyte populations of shrimps were found to be significantly decreased in CO2 driven acidified seawater which indicates the negative impacts of acidified seawater on these parameters in L. vannamei. Further, the level of antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and metabolic enzymes were significantly higher in the muscle of shrimps exposed to acidified seawater suggests that the L. vannamei under oxidative stress and metabolic stress. Among the various acidified seawater tested, pH 7.6 to 7.0 produced a significantly adverse effect on shrimps. Hence, the present study concluded that the elevated level of seawater acidification can produce harmful effects on the biology and physiology of the commercially important shrimp L. vannamei PL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Muralisankar
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - P Kalaivani
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S H Thangal
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Santhanam
- Marine Planktonology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin W, Ren Z, Mu C, Ye Y, Wang C. Effects of Elevated pCO 2 on the Survival and Growth of Portunus trituberculatus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:750. [PMID: 32754046 PMCID: PMC7367060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the response of Portunus trituberculatus to ocean acidification (OA) is critical to understanding the future development of this commercially important Chinese crab species. Recent studies have reported negative effects of OA on crustaceans. Here, we subjected swimming crabs to projected oceanic CO2 levels (current: 380 μatm; 2100: 750 μatm; 2200: 1500 μatm) for 4 weeks and analyzed the effects on survival, growth, digestion, antioxidant capacity, immune function, tissue metabolites, and gut bacteria of the crabs and on seawater bacteria. We integrated these findings to construct a structural equation model to evaluate the contribution of these variables to the survival and growth of swimming crabs. Reduced crab growth shown under OA is significantly correlated with changes in gut, muscle, and hepatopancreas metabolites whereas enhanced crab survival is significantly associated with changes in the carbonate system, seawater and gut bacteria, and activities of antioxidative and digestive enzymes. In addition, seawater bacteria appear to play a central role in the digestion, stress response, immune response, and metabolism of swimming crabs and their gut bacteria. We predict that if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to rise, future OA could lead to severe alterations in antioxidative, immune, and metabolic functions and gut bacterial community composition in the swimming crabs through direct oxidative stress and/or indirect seawater bacterial roles. These effects appear to mediate improved survival, but at the cost of growth of the swimming crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhiming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Torres G, Giménez L. Temperature modulates compensatory responses to food limitation at metamorphosis in a marine invertebrate. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Torres
- Alfred Wegener InstituteHelmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchMarine Station of Helgoland Helgoland Germany
| | - Luis Giménez
- Alfred Wegener InstituteHelmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchMarine Station of Helgoland Helgoland Germany
- School of Ocean Sciences Bangor University Menai Bridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bednaršek N, Feely RA, Beck MW, Alin SR, Siedlecki SA, Calosi P, Norton EL, Saenger C, Štrus J, Greeley D, Nezlin NP, Roethler M, Spicer JI. Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136610. [PMID: 31982187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) along the US West Coast is intensifying faster than observed in the global ocean. This is particularly true in nearshore regions (<200 m) that experience a lower buffering capacity while at the same time providing important habitats for ecologically and economically significant species. While the literature on the effects of OA from laboratory experiments is voluminous, there is little understanding of present-day OA in-situ effects on marine life. Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) is perennially one of the most valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. We focused on establishing OA-related vulnerability of larval crustacean based on mineralogical and elemental carapace to external and internal carapace dissolution by using a combination of different methods ranging from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and X-ray diffraction. By integrating carapace features with the chemical observations and biogeochemical model hindcast, we identify the occurrence of external carapace dissolution related to the steepest Ω calcite gradients (∆Ωcal,60) in the water column. Dissolution features are observed across the carapace, pereopods (legs), and around the calcified areas surrounding neuritic canals of mechanoreceptors. The carapace dissolution is the most extensive in the coastal habitats under prolonged (1-month) long exposure, as demonstrated by the use of the model hindcast. Such dissolution has a potential to destabilize mechanoreceptors with important sensory and behavioral functions, a pathway of sensitivity to OA. Carapace dissolution is negatively related to crab larval width, demonstrating a basis for energetic trade-offs. Using a retrospective prediction from a regression models, we estimate an 8.3% increase in external carapace dissolution over the last two decades and identified a set of affected OA-related sublethal pathways to inform future risk assessment studies of Dungeness crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Richard A Feely
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Marcus W Beck
- Tampa Bay Estuary Program, 263 13th Ave S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Simone R Alin
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Emily L Norton
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Casey Saenger
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Dana Greeley
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Nikolay P Nezlin
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Miranda Roethler
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - John I Spicer
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee YH, Jeong CB, Wang M, Hagiwara A, Lee JS. Transgenerational acclimation to changes in ocean acidification in marine invertebrates. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:111006. [PMID: 32275552 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of increasing oceanic acidity poses a major threat to the fitness of the marine ecosystem, as well as the buffering capacity of the oceans. Disruption in chemical equilibrium in the ocean leads to decreased carbonate ion precipitation, resulting in calcium carbonate saturation. If these trends continue, calcifying invertebrates will experience difficultly maintaining their calcium carbonate exoskeleton and shells. Because malfunction of exoskeleton formation by calcifiers in response to ocean acidification (OA) will have non-canonical biological cascading results in the marine ecosystem, many studies have investigated the direct and indirect consequences of OA on ecosystem- and physiology-related traits of marine invertebrates. Considering that evolutionary adaptation to OA depends on the duration of OA effects, long-term exposure to OA stress over multi-generations may result in adaptive mechanisms that increase the potential fitness of marine invertebrates in response to OA. Transgenerational studies have the potential to elucidate the roles of acclimation, carryover effects, and evolutionary adaptation within and over generations in response to OA. In particular, understanding mechanisms of transgenerational responses (e.g., antioxidant responses, metabolic changes, epigenetic reprogramming) to changes in OA will enhance our understanding of marine invertebrate in response to rapid climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Marine Science, College of Nature Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Minghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 36110, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elevated pCO 2 affects behavioural patterns and mechano-sensation in predatory phantom midge larvae Chaoborus obscuripes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1800. [PMID: 32020005 PMCID: PMC7000769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic acidification is a major consequence of fossil fuel combustion. In marine ecosystems it was shown, that increasing pCO2 levels significantly affect behavioural and sensory capacities in a diversity of species. This can result in altered predator and prey interactions and thereby change community structures. Just recently also CO2 dependent acidification of freshwater habitats has been shown. Also here, increased levels of pCO2 change organisms' behaviour and sensory capacities. For example, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia's ability to detect predators and accurately develop morphological defences was significantly reduced, rendering Daphnia more susceptible to predation. It was speculated that this may have cascading effects on freshwater food webs. However, for a comprehensive understanding of how increased levels of CO2 affect trophic interactions, it is also important to study how CO2 affects predators. We tested this using the dipeteran phantom midge larva Chaoborus obscuripes, which is a world-wide abundant inhabitant of freshwater impoundments. We monitored activity parameters, predation parameters, and predation rate. Chaoborus larvae are affected by increased levels of pCO2 as we observed an increase in undirected movements and at the same time, reduced sensory abilities to detect prey items. This is likely to affect the larvae's energy budgets. Chaoborus is a central component of many freshwater food-webs. Therefore, CO2 effects on predator and prey levels will likely have consequences for community structures.
Collapse
|
20
|
Turra A, Ragagnin MN, McCarthy ID, Fernandez WS. The effect of ocean acidification on the intertidal hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis is not modulated by cheliped amputation and sex. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 153:104794. [PMID: 31582297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of the interactive effects of ocean acidification (OA) with other anthropogenic environmental stressors on marine biodiversity are receiving increasing attention in recent years. However, little is known about how organismal responses to OA may be influenced by common phenomena such as autotomy and sexual dimorphism. This study evaluated the long-term (120 days) combined effects of OA (pH 7.7), experimental cheliped amputation and sex on physiological stress (mortality, growth, number of molts, cheliped regeneration and startle response) and energy budget (lipid and calcium contents) in the intertidal sexually-dimorphic hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis. Crabs exposed to OA reduced survivorship (46%), molting frequency (36%) and lipid content (42%). Autotomised crabs and males molted more frequently (39% and 32%, respectively). Males presented higher regeneration (33%) and lower lipid content (24%). The few synergistic effects recorded did not indicate any clear pattern among treatments however, (1) a stronger reduction in lipid content was recorded in non-autotomised crabs exposed to low pH; (2) calcium content was higher in males than females only for autotomised crabs under control pH; and (3) autotomised females showed a proportionally slower activity recovery than autotomised males. Although our results suggest an effect of long-term exposure to low pH on the physiological stress and energy budget of Pagurus criniticornis, the physiological repertoire and plasticity associated with limb regeneration and the maintenance of dimorphism in secondary sexual characters may provide resilience to long-term exposure to OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Turra
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marilia N Ragagnin
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Near-future ocean acidification does not alter the lipid content and fatty acid composition of adult Antarctic krill. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12375. [PMID: 31451724 PMCID: PMC6710253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill) is a keystone species in the Southern Ocean, but little is known about how it will respond to climate change. Ocean acidification, caused by sequestration of carbon dioxide into ocean surface waters (pCO2), alters the lipid biochemistry of some organisms. This can have cascading effects up the food chain. In a year-long laboratory experiment adult krill were exposed to ambient seawater pCO2 levels (400 μatm), elevated pCO2 levels mimicking near-future ocean acidification (1000, 1500 and 2000 μatm) and an extreme pCO2 level (4000 μatm). Total lipid mass (mg g-1 DM) of krill was unaffected by near-future pCO2. Fatty acid composition (%) and fatty acid ratios associated with immune responses and cell membrane fluidity were also unaffected by near-future pCO2, apart from an increase in 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratios in krill in 1500 μatm pCO2 in winter and spring. Extreme pCO2 had no effect on krill lipid biochemistry during summer. During winter and spring, krill in extreme pCO2 had elevated levels of 18:2n-6 (up to 1.2% increase), 20:4n-6 (up to 0.8% increase), lower 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 and 20:5n-3/20:4n-6 ratios, and showed evidence of increased membrane fluidity (up to three-fold increase in phospholipid/sterol ratios). These results indicate that the lipid biochemistry of adult krill is robust to near-future ocean acidification.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee YH, Kang HM, Kim MS, Wang M, Kim JH, Jeong CB, Lee JS. Effects of ocean acidification on life parameters and antioxidant system in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:186-193. [PMID: 31129414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is caused by alteration of global ocean carbon chemistry due to the increased pCO2 in the atmosphere and caused deleterious impacts on the marine ecosystem. Although various detrimental effects of OA were reported in marine organisms, the potential impact of OA on aquatic invertebrates still remains largely unknown. Here, we examined changes in life parameters and antioxidant system in response to low pH (7.5 and 7) in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Exposures to lower pHs (pH 7.5 and 7.0) of copepods resulted in lengthening of the developmental time with decreased fecundity and body length. Also, they showed increased reactive oxygen species contents with enhanced glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities but decreased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in pH-dependent manner, indicating that OA exposure caused disturbance of the redox system in T. japonicus. Among several oxidative stress-related genes, GSTs2b was significantly up-regulated in response to OA. These findings will be helpful for a better understanding on the potential impact of OA on life parameters and antioxidant system in the marine copepod T. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Minghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jeong Ha Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Buchberger AR, DeLaney K, Li Z, Li L. Multifaceted Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Neuropeptide Changes in Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, in Response to Low pH Stress. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2759-2770. [PMID: 31132273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of pH level in the water affects animals living in aquatic habitat, such as crustaceans. The molecular mechanisms enabling these animals to survive this environmental stress remain unknown. To understand the modulatory function of neuropeptides in crustaceans when encountering drops in pH level, we developed and implemented a multifaceted mass spectrometric platform to investigate the global neuropeptide changes in response to water acidification in the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Neural tissues were collected at different incubation periods to monitor dynamic changes of neuropeptides under different stress conditions occurring in the animal. Neuropeptide families were found to exhibit distinct expression patterns in different tissues and even each isoform had its specific response to the stress. Circulating fluid in the crabs (hemolymph) was also analyzed after 2-h exposure to acidification, and together with results from tissue analysis, enabled the discovery of neuropeptides participating in the stress accommodation process as putative hormones. Two novel peptide sequences were detected in the hemolymph that appeared to be involved in the stress-related regulation in the crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Amanda R Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.,School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin , 777 Highland Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
No compromise between metabolism and behavior of decorator crabs in reduced pH conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6262. [PMID: 31000765 PMCID: PMC6472338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine calcifiers experience metabolic costs when exposed to experimental ocean acidification conditions, potentially limiting the energy available to support regulatory processes and behaviors. Decorator crabs expend energy on decoration camouflage and may face acute trade-offs under environmental stress. We hypothesized that under reduced pH conditions, decorator crabs will be energy limited and allocate energy towards growth and calcification at the expense of decoration behavior. Decorator crabs, Pelia tumida, were exposed to ambient (8.01) and reduced (7.74) pH conditions for five weeks. Half of the animals in each treatment were given sponge to decorate with. Animals were analyzed for changes in body mass, exoskeleton mineral content (Ca and Mg), organic content (a proxy for metabolism), and decoration behavior (sponge mass and percent cover). Overall, decorator crabs showed no signs of energy limitation under reduced pH conditions. Exoskeleton mineral content, body mass, and organic content of crabs remained the same across pH and decoration treatments, with no effect of reduced pH on decoration behavior. Despite being a relatively inactive, osmoconforming species, Pelia tumida is able to maintain multiple regulatory processes and behavior when exposed to environmental pH stress, which underscores the complexity of responses within Crustacea to ocean acidification conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Menu-Courey K, Noisette F, Piedalue S, Daoud D, Blair T, Blier PU, Azetsu-Scott K, Calosi P. Energy metabolism and survival of the juvenile recruits of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) exposed to a gradient of elevated seawater pCO 2. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:111-123. [PMID: 30477878 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the last pelagic larval stage to the first benthic juvenile stage in the complex life cycle of marine invertebrates, such as the American lobster Homarus americanus, a species of high economic importance, represents a delicate phase in these species development. Under future elevated pCO2 conditions, ocean acidification and other elevated pCO2 events can negatively affect crustaceans. This said their effects on the benthic settlement phase are virtually unknown. This study aimed to identify the effects of elevated seawater pCO2 on stage V American lobsters exposed to seven pCO2 levels. The survival, development time, metabolic and feeding rates, carapace composition, and energy metabolism enzyme function were investigated. Results suggested an increase in mortality, slower development and an increase in aerobic capacity with increasing pCO2. Our study points to potential reduction in juvenile recruitment success as seawater pCO2 increases, thus foreshadowing important socio-economic repercussions for the lobster fisheries and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Menu-Courey
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada; Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Sarah Piedalue
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Dounia Daoud
- Homarus Inc, 408 Rue Main, Shediac, NB, E4P 2G1, Canada; EcoNov Inc, 540 Ch. Gorge Road, Moncton, NB, E1G 3H8, Canada
| | - Tammy Blair
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Saint Andrews Biological Station, 125 Marine Science Dr, Saint Andrews, NB, E5B 0E4, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Kumiko Azetsu-Scott
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sezer N, Kılıç Ö, Metian M, Belivermiş M. Effects of ocean acidification on 109Cd, 57Co, and 134Cs bioconcentration by the European oyster (Ostrea edulis): Biokinetics and tissue-to-subcellular partitioning. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:376-384. [PMID: 30048900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and depuration kinetics of dissolved 109Cd, 57Co and 134Cs were determined experimentally in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) under different pH conditions (i.e., 8.1, 7.8 and 7.5) for 59 days. Uptake and depuration rates were variable within these elements; no effects were observed under different pH conditions for the uptake biokinetics of 109Cd and 57Co and depuration of 109Cd and 134Cs in oyster. The uptake and depuration rate constants of 134Cs differed during the exposure phase between treatments, while the steady state concentration factors (CFss) were similar. The resulting Cs activity that was purged during short- and long-term depuration phases differed, while the remaining activities after thirty-nine days depuration phase (RA39d) were similar. Co-57 depuration was affected by pCO2 conditions: RA39d were found to be significantly higher in oysters reared in normocapnia (pCO2 = 350 μatm) compared to high pCO2 conditions. Co-57 tissue distribution did not differ among the variable pCO2 conditions, while 109Cd and 134Cs accumulated in soft tissue of oysters were found to be higher under the highest pCO2. Additionally, Cd, Co and Cs were stored differently in various compartments of the oyster cells, i.e. cellular debris, metal-rich granules (MRG) and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP), respectively. The subcellular sequestration of the elements at the end of the depuration phase did not differ among pH treatments. These results suggest that bioconcentration and tissue/subcellular distribution are element-specific in the oyster, and the effects of higher pCO2 driven acidification and/or coastal acidification variably influence these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sezer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Önder Kılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, MC, 98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Murat Belivermiş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiahuan R, Wenhao S, Xiaofan G, Wei S, Shanjie Z, Maolong H, Haifeng W, Guangxu L. Ocean Acidification Impairs Foraging Behavior by Interfering With Olfactory Neural Signal Transduction in Black Sea Bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1592. [PMID: 30515101 PMCID: PMC6255911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ocean acidification (OA) caused by oceanic absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has drawn worldwide concern over its physiological and ecological effects on marine organisms. However, the behavioral impacts of OA and especially the underlying physiological mechanisms causing these impacts are still poorly understood in marine species. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of elevated pCO2 on foraging behavior, in vivo contents of two important neurotransmitters, and the expression of genes encoding key modulatory enzymes from the olfactory transduction pathway were investigated in the larval black sea bream. The results showed that larval sea breams (length of 4.71 ± 0.45 cm) reared in pCO2 acidified seawater (pH at 7.8 and 7.4) for 15 days tend to stall longer at their acclimated zone and swim with a significant slower velocity in a more zigzag manner toward food source, thereby taking twice the amount of time than control (pH at 8.1) to reach the food source. These findings indicate that the foraging behavior of the sea bream was significantly impaired by ocean acidification. In addition, compared to a control, significant reductions in the in vivo contents of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Acetylcholine (ACh) were detected in ocean acidification-treated sea breams. Furthermore, in the acidified experiment groups, the expression of genes encoding positive regulators, the olfaction-specific G protein (Golf) and the G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) and negative regulators, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) and arrestin in the olfactory transduction pathway were found to be significantly suppressed and up-regulated, respectively. Changes in neurotransmitter content and expression of olfactory transduction related genes indicate a significant disruptive effect caused by OA on olfactory neural signal transduction, which might reveal the underlying cause of the hampered foraging behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiahuan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Wenhao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guan Xiaofan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zha Shanjie
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Maolong
- Lucta (Guangzhou) Flavours Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Haifeng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Guangxu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Adult Antarctic krill proves resilient in a simulated high CO 2 ocean. Commun Biol 2018; 1:190. [PMID: 30456311 PMCID: PMC6233221 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) have a keystone role in the Southern Ocean, as the primary prey of Antarctic predators. Decreases in krill abundance could result in a major ecological regime shift, but there is limited information on how climate change may affect krill. Increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are causing ocean acidification, as absorption of atmospheric CO2 in seawater alters ocean chemistry. Ocean acidification increases mortality and negatively affects physiological functioning in some marine invertebrates, and is predicted to occur most rapidly at high latitudes. Here we show that, in the laboratory, adult krill are able to survive, grow, store fat, mature, and maintain respiration rates when exposed to near-future ocean acidification (1000-2000 μatm pCO2) for one year. Despite differences in seawater pCO2 incubation conditions, adult krill are able to actively maintain the acid-base balance of their body fluids in near-future pCO2, which enhances their resilience to ocean acidification.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wong JM, Johnson KM, Kelly MW, Hofmann G. Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: Adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential
p
CO
2
levels. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1120-1137. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M. Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chang XJ, Zheng CQ, Wang YW, Meng C, Xie XL, Liu HP. Differential protein expression using proteomics from a crustacean brine shrimp (Artemia sinica) under CO 2-driven seawater acidification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:669-677. [PMID: 27725259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gradually increasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) has caused an imbalance in carbonate chemistry and resulted in decreased seawater pH in marine ecosystems, termed seawater acidification. Anthropogenic seawater acidification is postulated to affect the physiology of many marine calcifying organisms. To understand the possible effects of seawater acidification on the proteomic responses of a marine crustacean brine shrimp (Artemia sinica) three groups of cysts were hatched and further raised in seawater at different pH levels (8.2 as control and 7.8 and 7.6 as acidification stress levels according to the predicted levels at the end of this century and next century, respectively) for 1, 7 and 14 days followed by examination of the protein expression changes via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Searches of protein databases revealed that 67 differential protein spots were altered due to lower pH level (7.6 and 7.8) stress in comparison to control groups (pH 8.2) by mass spectrometry. Generally, these differentially expressed proteins included the following: 1) metabolic process-related proteins involved in glycolysis and glucogenesis, nucleotide/amino acid/fatty acid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, DNA replication and apoptosis; 2) stress response-related proteins, such as peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin peroxidase, 70-kDa heat shock protein, Na/K ATPase, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase; 3) immune defence-related proteins, such as prophenoloxidase and ferritin; 4) cytoskeletal-related proteins, such as myosin light chain, TCP1 subunit 2, tropomyosin and tubulin alpha chain; and 5) signal transduction-related proteins, such as phospholipase C-like protein, 14-3-3 zeta, translationally controlled tumour protein and RNA binding motif protein. Taken together, these data support the idea that CO2-driven seawater acidification may affect protein expression in the crustacean A. sinica and possibly also in other species that feed on brine shrimp in the ecosystem, particularly marine food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Chao-Qun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Chuang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Turner LM, Ricevuto E, Massa Gallucci A, Lorenti M, Gambi MC, Calosi P. Metabolic responses to high pCO 2 conditions at a CO 2 vent site in juveniles of a marine isopod species assemblage. MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 163:211. [PMID: 27729710 PMCID: PMC5030223 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-016-2984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We are starting to understand the relationship between metabolic rate responses and species' ability to respond to exposure to high pCO2. However, most of our knowledge has come from investigations of single species. The examination of metabolic responses of closely related species with differing distributions around natural elevated CO2 areas may be useful to inform our understanding of their adaptive significance. Furthermore, little is known about the physiological responses of marine invertebrate juveniles to high pCO2, despite the fact they are known to be sensitive to other stressors, often acting as bottlenecks for future species success. We conducted an in situ transplant experiment using juveniles of isopods found living inside and around a high pCO2 vent (Ischia, Italy): the CO2 'tolerant' Dynamene bifida and 'sensitive' Cymodoce truncata and Dynamene torelliae. This allowed us to test for any generality of the hypothesis that pCO2 sensitive marine invertebrates may be those that experience trade-offs between energy metabolism and cellular homoeostasis under high pCO2 conditions. Both sensitive species were able to maintain their energy metabolism under high pCO2 conditions, but in C. truncata this may occur at the expense of [carbonic anhydrase], confirming our hypothesis. By comparison, the tolerant D. bifida appeared metabolically well adapted to high pCO2, being able to upregulate ATP production without recourse to anaerobiosis. These isopods are important keystone species; however, given they differ in their metabolic responses to future pCO2, shifts in the structure of the marine ecosystems they inhabit may be expected under future ocean acidification conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M. Turner
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UK
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elena Ricevuto
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology Centre, 80121 Ischia, Naples Italy
| | - Alexia Massa Gallucci
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology Centre, 80121 Ischia, Naples Italy
| | - Maurizio Lorenti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology Centre, 80121 Ischia, Naples Italy
| | - Maria-Cristina Gambi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn - Benthic Ecology Centre, 80121 Ischia, Naples Italy
| | - Piero Calosi
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UK
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Parra G, Galotti A, Jiménez-Melero R, Guerrero F, Sánchez-Moyano E, Jiménez-Gómez F, Conradi M. Effects of experimental long-term CO2 exposure on Daphnia magna (Straus 1820): From physiological effects to ecological consequences. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:272-279. [PMID: 27179245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that were proposed to mitigate environmental problems arising from anthropogenic CO2 emissions, also have potential environmental risks. An eventual CCS leak might induce very low pH values in the aquatic system. Due to the lack of knowledge of long-term CO2 exposures with very low pH values, this study aims to know the effects and consequences of such a situation for zooplankton, using the Daphnia magna experimental model. A CO2 injection system was used to provide the experimental condition. A twenty-one days experiment with control and low pH treatment (pH = 7) replicates was carried out under light and temperature-controlled conditions. Survival, individual growth, RNA:DNA ratio, and neonates production were analysed during the aforementioned period. No differences on survival (except last day), individual growth and RNA:DNA ratio were observed between both control and low pH treatments. However, clear differences were detected in neonates production and, consequently, in population growth rates and secondary production. The observed differences could be related with an energy allocation strategy to ensure individual survival but would have ecological consequences affecting higher trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Parra
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain.
| | - Andréa Galotti
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | - Raquel Jiménez-Melero
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Guerrero
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Foo SA, Byrne M. Acclimatization and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Species in a Changing Ocean. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 74:69-116. [PMID: 27573050 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To persist in an ocean changing in temperature, pH and other stressors related to climate change, many marine species will likely need to acclimatize or adapt to avoid extinction. If marine populations possess adequate genetic variation in tolerance to climate change stressors, species might be able to adapt to environmental change. Marine climate change research is moving away from single life stage studies where individuals are directly placed into projected scenarios ('future shock' approach), to focus on the adaptive potential of populations in an ocean that will gradually change over coming decades. This review summarizes studies that consider the adaptive potential of marine invertebrates to climate change stressors and the methods that have been applied to this research, including quantitative genetics, laboratory selection studies and trans- and multigenerational experiments. Phenotypic plasticity is likely to contribute to population persistence providing time for genetic adaptation to occur. Transgenerational and epigenetic effects indicate that the environmental and physiological history of the parents can affect offspring performance. There is a need for long-term, multigenerational experiments to determine the influence of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation and transgenerational effects on species' capacity to persist in a changing ocean. However, multigenerational studies are only practicable for short generation species. Consideration of multiple morphological and physiological traits, including changes in molecular processes (eg, DNA methylation) and long-term studies that facilitate acclimatization will be essential in making informed predictions of how the seascape and marine communities will be altered by climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Armstrong EJ, Stillman JH. Construction and Characterization of Two Novel Transcriptome Assemblies in the Congeneric Porcelain Crabs Petrolisthes cinctipes and P. manimaculis. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:1092-1102. [PMID: 27375271 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans have commonly been used as non-model systems in basic biological research, especially physiological regulation. With the recent and rapid adoption of functional genomic tools, crustaceans are increasingly becoming model systems for ecological investigations of development and evolution and for mechanistic examinations of genotype-phenotype interactions and molecular pathways of response to environmental stressors. Comparative transcriptomic approaches, however, remain constrained by a lack of sequence data in closely related crustacean taxa. We identify challenges in the use of functional genomics tools in comparative analysis among decapod crustacean in light of recent advances. We present RNA-seq data from two congeneric species of porcelain crabs (Petrolisthes cinctipes and P. manimaculis) used to construct two de novo transcriptome assemblies with ∼194K and ∼278K contigs, respectively. We characterize and contrast these assemblies and compare them to a previously generated EST sequence library for P. cinctipes We also discuss the potential use of these data as a case-study system in the broader context of crustacean comparative transcriptomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Armstrong
- *Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- *Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lefevre S. Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and their interaction. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow009. [PMID: 27382472 PMCID: PMC4922249 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in 25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2 had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ectotherms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences,
University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316,
Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carey N, Harianto J, Byrne M. Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1178-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Body-size and temperature are the major factors explaining metabolic rate, and the additional factor of pH is a major driver at the biochemical level. These three factors have frequently been found to interact, complicating the formulation of broad models predicting metabolic rates and hence ecological functioning. In this first study of the effects of warming and ocean acidification, and their potential interaction, on metabolic rate across a broad body-size range (two-to-three orders of magnitude difference in body mass) we addressed the impact of climate change on the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in context with climate projections for east Australia, an ocean warming hotspot. Urchins were gradually introduced to two temperatures (18 and 23 °C) and two pH (7.5 and 8.0), and maintained for two months. That a new physiological steady-state had been reached, otherwise know as acclimation, was validated through identical experimental trials separated by several weeks. The relationship between body-size, temperature and acidification on the metabolic rate of H. erythrogramma was strikingly stable. Both stressors caused increases in metabolic rate; 20% for temperature and 19% for pH. Combined effects were additive; a 44% increase in metabolism. Body-size had a highly stable relationship with metabolic rate regardless of temperature or pH. None of these diverse drivers of metabolism interacted or modulated the effects of the others, highlighting the partitioned nature of how each influences metabolic rate, and the importance of achieving a full acclimation state. Despite these increases in energetic demand there was very limited capacity for compensatory modulating of feeding rate; food consumption increased only in the very smallest specimens, and only in response to temperature, and not pH. Our data show that warming, acidification and body-size all substantially affect metabolism and are highly consistent and partitioned in their effects, and for H. erythrogramma near-future climate change will incur a substantial energetic cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Carey
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gunderson AR, Armstrong EJ, Stillman JH. Multiple Stressors in a Changing World: The Need for an Improved Perspective on Physiological Responses to the Dynamic Marine Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2016; 8:357-78. [PMID: 26359817 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress. Depending on habitat and season, the peak intensity of different abiotic stressors can occur in or out of phase with one another. Thus, some organisms are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, whereas others experience them sequentially. Understanding these physicochemical dynamics is critical because how organisms respond to multiple stressors depends on the magnitude and relative timing of each stressor. Here, we first discuss broad patterns of covariation between stressors in marine systems at various temporal scales. We then describe how these dynamics will influence physiological responses to multi-stressor exposures. Finally, we summarize how multi-stressor effects are currently assessed. We find that multi-stressor experiments have rarely incorporated naturalistic physicochemical variation into their designs, and emphasize the importance of doing so to make ecologically relevant inferences about physiological responses to global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Gunderson
- Romberg Tiburon Center and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920;
| | - Eric J Armstrong
- Romberg Tiburon Center and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920;
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bjelde BE, Miller NA, Stillman JH, Todgham AE. The Role of Oxygen in Determining Upper Thermal Limits in Lottia digitalis under Air Exposure and Submersion. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:483-93. [PMID: 26658246 DOI: 10.1086/682220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen limitation of aerobic metabolism is hypothesized to drive organismal thermal tolerance limits. Differences in oxygen availability in air and water may underlie observed differences in upper thermal tolerance of intertidal limpets if oxygen is limiting in submerged environments. We explored how cardiac performance (heart rate, breakpoint temperature [BPT], flat-line temperature [FLT], and temperature sensitivity) was affected by hyperoxia and hypoxia in the finger limpet, Lottia digitalis, under air exposure and submersion. Upper thermal tolerance limits were unchanged by increasing availability of oxygen, although air-exposed limpets were able to maintain cardiac function to higher temperatures than submerged limpets. Maximum heart rate did not increase with greater partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), suggesting that tissue Po2 levels are likely maximized during normoxia. Hypoxia reduced breakpoint BPTs and FLTs in air-exposed and submerged limpets and accentuated the difference in BPTs between the two groups through greater reductions in BPT in submerged limpets. Differences in respiratory structures and the degree to which thermal limits are already maximized may play significant roles in determining how oxygen availability influences upper temperature tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Bjelde
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132; 2Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616; 3Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920; 4Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Flynn EE, Bjelde BE, Miller NA, Todgham AE. Ocean acidification exerts negative effects during warming conditions in a developing Antarctic fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov033. [PMID: 27293718 PMCID: PMC4778439 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms to respond to simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that marine fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable to ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems and concurrent ocean warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects of multiple ocean changes on cold-adapted, slowly developing fishes, we investigated the interactive effects of elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and temperature on the embryonic physiology of an Antarctic dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), with protracted embryogenesis (∼10 months). Using an integrative, experimental approach, our research examined the impacts of near-future warming [-1 (ambient) and 2°C (+3°C)] and ocean acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] on survival, development and metabolic processes over the course of 3 weeks in early development. In the presence of increased pCO2 alone, embryonic mortality did not increase, with greatest overall survival at the highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly more likely to be at a later developmental stage at high pCO2 by 3 weeks relative to ambient pCO2. However, in combined warming and ocean acidification scenarios, dragonfish embryos experienced a dose-dependent, synergistic decrease in survival and developed more slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, pCO2 and time in aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased temperature alone increased whole-organism metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and developmental rate and slightly decreased osmolality at the cost of increased mortality. Our findings suggest that developing dragonfish are more sensitive to ocean warming and may experience negative physiological effects of ocean acidification only in the presence of an increased temperature. In addition to reduced hatching success, alterations in development and metabolism due to ocean warming and acidification could have negative ecological consequences owing to changes in phenology (i.e. early hatching) in the highly seasonal Antarctic ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Flynn
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany E Bjelde
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Paganini AW, Miller NA, Stillman JH. Temperature and acidification variability reduce physiological performance in the intertidal zone porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:3974-80. [PMID: 25392458 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We show here that increased variability of temperature and pH synergistically negatively affects the energetics of intertidal zone crabs. Under future climate scenarios, coastal ecosystems are projected to have increased extremes of low tide-associated thermal stress and ocean acidification-associated low pH, the individual or interactive effects of which have yet to be determined. To characterize energetic consequences of exposure to increased variability of pH and temperature, we exposed porcelain crabs, Petrolisthes cinctipes, to conditions that simulated current and future intertidal zone thermal and pH environments. During the daily low tide, specimens were exposed to no, moderate or extreme heating, and during the daily high tide experienced no, moderate or extreme acidification. Respiration rate and cardiac thermal limits were assessed following 2.5 weeks of acclimation. Thermal variation had a larger overall effect than pH variation, though there was an interactive effect between the two environmental drivers. Under the most extreme temperature and pH combination, respiration rate decreased while heat tolerance increased, indicating a smaller overall aerobic energy budget (i.e. a reduced O2 consumption rate) of which a larger portion is devoted to basal maintenance (i.e. greater thermal tolerance indicating induction of the cellular stress response). These results suggest the potential for negative long-term ecological consequences for intertidal ectotherms exposed to increased extremes in pH and temperature due to reduced energy for behavior and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences, Building no. 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Small DP, Calosi P, Boothroyd D, Widdicombe S, Spicer JI. Stage-Specific Changes in Physiological and Life-History Responses to Elevated Temperature and Pco2 during the Larval Development of the European Lobster Homarus gammarus (L.). Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:494-507. [PMID: 26658247 DOI: 10.1086/682238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An organism's physiological processes form the link between its life-history traits and the prevailing environmental conditions, especially in species with complex life cycles. Understanding how these processes respond to changing environmental conditions, thereby affecting organismal development, is critical if we are to predict the biological implications of current and future global climate change. However, much of our knowledge is derived from adults or single developmental stages. Consequently, we investigated the metabolic rate, organic content, carapace mineralization, growth, and survival across each larval stage of the European lobster Homarus gammarus, reared under current and predicted future ocean warming and acidification scenarios. Larvae exhibited stage-specific changes in the temperature sensitivity of their metabolic rate. Elevated Pco2 increased C∶N ratios and interacted with elevated temperature to affect carapace mineralization. These changes were linked to concomitant changes in survivorship and growth, from which it was concluded that bottlenecks were evident during H. gammarus larval development in stages I and IV, the transition phases between the embryonic and pelagic larval stages and between the larval and megalopa stages, respectively. We therefore suggest that natural changes in optimum temperature during ontogeny will be key to larvae survival in a future warmer ocean. The interactions of these natural changes with elevated temperature and Pco2 significantly alter physiological condition and body size of the last larval stage before the transition from a planktonic to a benthic life style. Thus, living and growing in warm, hypercapnic waters could compromise larval lobster growth, development, and recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Small
- Biology Department, St. Francis Xavier University, 2320 Notre Dame Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada; 2Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Davy Building, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; 3National Lobster Hatchery, South Quay, Padstow, Cornwall PL28 8BL, United Kingdom; 4Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; 5Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The change in oceanic carbonate chemistry due to increased atmospheric PCO2 has caused pH to decline in marine surface waters, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). The effects of OA on organisms have been shown to be widespread among diverse taxa from a wide range of habitats. The majority of studies of organismal response to OA are in short-term exposures to future levels of PCO2. From such studies, much information has been gathered on plastic responses organisms may make in the future that are beneficial or harmful to fitness. Relatively few studies have examined whether organisms can adapt to negative-fitness consequences of plastic responses to OA. We outline major approaches that have been used to study the adaptive potential for organisms to OA, which include comparative studies and experimental evolution. Organisms that inhabit a range of pH environments (e.g. pH gradients at volcanic CO2 seeps or in upwelling zones) have great potential for studies that identify adaptive shifts that have occurred through evolution. Comparative studies have advanced our understanding of adaptation to OA by linking whole-organism responses with cellular mechanisms. Such optimization of function provides a link between genetic variation and adaptive evolution in tuning optimal function of rate-limiting cellular processes in different pH conditions. For example, in experimental evolution studies of organisms with short generation times (e.g. phytoplankton), hundreds of generations of growth under future conditions has resulted in fixed differences in gene expression related to acid–base regulation. However, biochemical mechanisms for adaptive responses to OA have yet to be fully characterized, and are likely to be more complex than simply changes in gene expression or protein modification. Finally, we present a hypothesis regarding an unexplored area for biochemical adaptation to ocean acidification. In this hypothesis, proteins and membranes exposed to the external environment, such as epithelial tissues, may be susceptible to changes in external pH. Such biochemical systems could be adapted to a reduced pH environment by adjustment of weak bonds in an analogous fashion to biochemical adaptation to temperature. Whether such biochemical adaptation to OA exists remains to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Adam W. Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Evans TG, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Kelly MW, Pespeni MH, Chan F, Menge BA, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Russell AD, Palumbi SR, Sanford E, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification research in the 'post-genomic' era: Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:33-42. [PMID: 25773301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing technology are removing obstacles that historically prevented use of genomics within ocean change biology. As one of the first marine calcifiers to have its genome sequenced, purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have been the subject of early research exploring genomic responses to ocean acidification, work that points to future experiments and illustrates the value of expanding genomic resources to other marine organisms in this new 'post-genomic' era. This review presents case studies of S. purpuratus demonstrating the ability of genomic experiments to address major knowledge gaps within ocean acidification. Ocean acidification research has focused largely on species vulnerability, and studies exploring mechanistic bases of tolerance toward low pH seawater are comparatively few. Transcriptomic responses to high pCO₂ seawater in a population of urchins already encountering low pH conditions have cast light on traits required for success in future oceans. Secondly, there is relatively little information on whether marine organisms possess the capacity to adapt to oceans progressively decreasing in pH. Genomics offers powerful methods to investigate evolutionary responses to ocean acidification and recent work in S. purpuratus has identified genes under selection in acidified seawater. Finally, relatively few ocean acidification experiments investigate how shifts in seawater pH combine with other environmental factors to influence organism performance. In S. purpuratus, transcriptomics has provided insight into physiological responses of urchins exposed simultaneously to warmer and more acidic seawater. Collectively, these data support that similar breakthroughs will occur as genomic resources are developed for other marine species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
| | | | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Taylor PD, Lombardi C, Cocito S. Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1118-50. [PMID: 25370313 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many animal phyla have the physiological ability to produce biomineralized skeletons with functional roles that have been shaped by natural selection for more than 500 million years. Among these are bryozoans, a moderately diverse phylum of aquatic invertebrates with a rich fossil record and importance today as bioconstructors in some shallow-water marine habitats. Biomineralizational patterns and, especially, processes are poorly understood in bryozoans but are conventionally believed to be similar to those of the related lophotrochozoan phyla Brachiopoda and Mollusca. However, bryozoan skeletons are more intricate than those of these two phyla. Calcareous skeletons have been acquired independently in two bryozoan clades - Stenolaemata in the Ordovician and Cheilostomata in the Jurassic - providing an evolutionary replicate. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomineralization in bryozoans and focuses on their skeletal ultrastructures, mineralogy and chemistry, the roles of organic components, the evolutionary history of bimineralization in bryozoans with respect to changes in seawater chemistry, and the impact of contemporary global changes, especially ocean acidification, on bryozoan skeletons. Bryozoan skeletons are constructed from three different wall types (exterior, interior and compound) differing in the presence/absence and location of organic cuticular layers. Skeletal ultrastructures can be classified into wall-parallel (i.e. laminated) and wall-perpendicular (i.e. prismatic) fabrics, the latter apparently found in only one of the two biomineralizing clades (Cheilostomata), which is also the only clade to biomineralize aragonite. A plethora of ultrastructural fabrics can be recognized and most occur in combination with other fabrics to constitute a fabric suite. The proportion of aragonitic and bimineralic bryozoans, as well as the Mg content of bryozoan skeletons, show a latitudinal increase into the warmer waters of the tropics. Responses of bryozoan mineralogy and skeletal thickness to oscillations between calcite and aragonite seas through geological time are equivocal. Field and laboratory studies of living bryozoans have shown that predicted future changes in pH (ocean acidification) combined with global warming are likely to have detrimental effects on calcification, growth rate and production of polymorphic zooids for defence and reproduction, although some species exhibit reasonable levels of resilience. Some key questions about bryozoan biomineralization that need to be addressed are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Taylor
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K
| | - Chiara Lombardi
- Marine Environment and Sustainable Development Unit ENEA, PO Box 224, 19100 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cocito
- Marine Environment and Sustainable Development Unit ENEA, PO Box 224, 19100 La Spezia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Miller SH, Zarate S, Smith EH, Gaylord B, Hosfelt JD, Hill TM. Effect of elevated pCO2 on metabolic responses of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) Larvae exposed to subsequent salinity stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109167. [PMID: 25295878 PMCID: PMC4189924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Future climate change is predicted to alter the physical characteristics of oceans and estuaries, including pH, temperature, oxygen, and salinity. Investigating how species react to the influence of such multiple stressors is crucial for assessing how future environmental change will alter marine ecosystems. The timing of multiple stressors can also be important, since in some cases stressors arise simultaneously, while in others they occur in rapid succession. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated pCO2 on oxygen consumption by larvae of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes when exposed to subsequent salinity stress. Such an exposure mimics how larvae under future acidified conditions will likely experience sudden runoff events such as those that occur seasonally along portions of the west coast of the U.S. and in other temperate systems, or how larvae encounter hypersaline waters when crossing density gradients via directed swimming. We raised larvae in the laboratory under ambient and predicted future pCO2 levels (385 and 1000 µatm) for 10 days, and then moved them to seawater at ambient pCO2 but with decreased, ambient, or elevated salinity, to monitor their respiration. While larvae raised under elevated pCO2 or exposed to stressful salinity conditions alone did not exhibit higher respiration rates than larvae held in ambient conditions, larvae exposed to elevated pCO2 followed by stressful salinity conditions consumed more oxygen. These results show that even when multiple stressors act sequentially rather than simultaneously, they can retain their capacity to detrimentally affect organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Miller
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Zarate
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Edmund H. Smith
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Hosfelt
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tessa M. Hill
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Harms L, Frickenhaus S, Schiffer M, Mark FC, Storch D, Held C, Pörtner HO, Lucassen M. Gene expression profiling in gills of the great spider crab Hyas araneus in response to ocean acidification and warming. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:789. [PMID: 25216596 PMCID: PMC4176836 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercapnia and elevated temperatures resulting from climate change may have adverse consequences for many marine organisms. While diverse physiological and ecological effects have been identified, changes in those molecular mechanisms, which shape the physiological phenotype of a species and limit its capacity to compensate, remain poorly understood. Here, we use global gene expression profiling through RNA-Sequencing to study the transcriptional responses to ocean acidification and warming in gills of the boreal spider crab Hyas araneus exposed medium-term (10 weeks) to intermediate (1,120 μatm) and high (1,960 μatm) PCO2 at different temperatures (5°C and 10°C). RESULTS The analyses reveal shifts in steady state gene expression from control to intermediate and from intermediate to high CO2 exposures. At 5°C acid-base, energy metabolism and stress response related genes were upregulated at intermediate PCO2, whereas high PCO2 induced a relative reduction in expression to levels closer to controls. A similar pattern was found at elevated temperature (10°C). There was a strong coordination between acid-base, metabolic and stress-related processes. Hemolymph parameters at intermediate PCO2 indicate enhanced capacity in acid-base compensation potentially supported by upregulation of a V-ATPase. The likely enhanced energy demand might be met by the upregulation of the electron transport system (ETS), but may lead to increased oxidative stress reflected in upregulated antioxidant defense transcripts. These mechanisms were attenuated by high PCO2, possibly as a result of limited acid-base compensation and metabolic down-regulation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a PCO2 dependent threshold beyond which compensation by acclimation fails progressively. They also indicate a limited ability of this stenoecious crustacean to compensate for the effects of ocean acidification with and without concomitant warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Harms
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pfister CA, Esbaugh AJ, Frieder CA, Baumann H, Bockmon EE, White MM, Carter BR, Benway HM, Blanchette CA, Carrington E, McClintock JB, McCorkle DC, McGillis WR, Mooney TA, Ziveri P. Detecting the unexpected: a research framework for ocean acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9982-9994. [PMID: 25084232 DOI: 10.1021/es501936p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The threat that ocean acidification (OA) poses to marine ecosystems is now recognized and U.S. funding agencies have designated specific funding for the study of OA. We present a research framework for studying OA that describes it as a biogeochemical event that impacts individual species and ecosystems in potentially unexpected ways. We draw upon specific lessons learned about ecosystem responses from research on acid rain, carbon dioxide enrichment in terrestrial plant communities, and nitrogen deposition. We further characterize the links between carbon chemistry changes and effects on individuals and ecosystems, and enumerate key hypotheses for testing. Finally, we quantify how U.S. research funding has been distributed among these linkages, concluding that there is an urgent need for research programs designed to anticipate how the effects of OA will reverberate throughout assemblages of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Evans TG, Watson-Wynn P. Effects of seawater acidification on gene expression: resolving broader-scale trends in sea urchins. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:237-254. [PMID: 25070868 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchins are ecologically and economically important calcifying organisms threatened by acidification of the global ocean caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Propelled by the sequencing of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome, profiling changes in gene expression during exposure to high pCO2 seawater has emerged as a powerful and increasingly common method to infer the response of urchins to ocean change. However, analyses of gene expression are sensitive to experimental methodology, and comparisons between studies of genes regulated by ocean acidification are most often made in the context of major caveats. Here we perform meta-analyses as a means of minimizing experimental discrepancies and resolving broader-scale trends regarding the effects of ocean acidification on gene expression in urchins. Analyses across eight studies and four urchin species largely support prevailing hypotheses about the impact of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers. The predominant expression pattern involved the down-regulation of genes within energy-producing pathways, a clear indication of metabolic depression. Genes with functions in ion transport were significantly over-represented and are most plausibly contributing to intracellular pH regulation. Expression profiles provided extensive evidence for an impact on biomineralization, epitomized by the down-regulation of seven spicule matrix proteins. In contrast, expression profiles provided limited evidence for CO2-mediated developmental delay or induction of a cellular stress response. Congruence between studies of gene expression and the ocean acidification literature in general validates the accuracy of gene expression in predicting the consequences of ocean change and justifies its continued use in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
| | - Priscilla Watson-Wynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Reusch TBH. Climate change in the oceans: evolutionary versus phenotypically plastic responses of marine animals and plants. Evol Appl 2014; 7:104-22. [PMID: 24454551 PMCID: PMC3894901 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
I summarize marine studies on plastic versus adaptive responses to global change. Due to the lack of time series, this review focuses largely on the potential for adaptive evolution in marine animals and plants. The approaches were mainly synchronic comparisons of phenotypically divergent populations, substituting spatial contrasts in temperature or CO2 environments for temporal changes, or in assessments of adaptive genetic diversity within populations for traits important under global change. The available literature is biased towards gastropods, crustaceans, cnidarians and macroalgae. Focal traits were mostly environmental tolerances, which correspond to phenotypic buffering, a plasticity type that maintains a functional phenotype despite external disturbance. Almost all studies address coastal species that are already today exposed to fluctuations in temperature, pH and oxygen levels. Recommendations for future research include (i) initiation and analyses of observational and experimental temporal studies encompassing diverse phenotypic traits (including diapausing cues, dispersal traits, reproductive timing, morphology) (ii) quantification of nongenetic trans-generational effects along with components of additive genetic variance (iii) adaptive changes in microbe-host associations under the holobiont model in response to global change (iv) evolution of plasticity patterns under increasingly fluctuating environments and extreme conditions and (v) joint consideration of demography and evolutionary adaptation in evolutionary rescue approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten B H Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stead N. COPING WITH OCEAN ACIDIFICATION. J Exp Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|