Cellular Senescence, Represented by Expression of Caveolin-1, in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promotes Tumor Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer

Identification of ferroptosis-related signature predicting prognosis and therapeutic responses in pancreatic cancer

Ferroptosis plays a role in tumorigenesis by affecting lipid peroxidation and metabolic pathways; however, its prognostic or therapeutic relevance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed a prognostic ferroptosis-related gene (FRG)-based risk model using cohorts of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), proposing plausible therapeutics. Differentially expressed FRGs between tumors from TCGA-PAAD and normal pancreatic tissues from Genotype-Tissue Expression were analyzed to construct a prognostic risk model using univariate and multivariate Cox regression and LASSO analyses. A model incorporating AURKA, CAV1, and PML gene expression effectively distinguished survival differences between high- and low-risk groups among TCGA-PAAD patients, with validation in two ICGC cohorts. The high-risk group was enriched in gene sets involving mTOR, MAPK, and E2F signaling. The immune and stromal cells infiltration score did not differ between the groups. Analysis of PRISM datasets using our risk model to classify pancreatic cell lines suggested the dasatinib's efficacy in the high-risk group, which was experimentally confirmed in four cell lines with a high- or low-risk signature. In conclusion, this study proposed a robust FRG-based prognostic model that may help stratify PAAD patients with poor prognoses and select potential therapeutic avenues.

Serum Mac2-binding protein glycosylated isomer (M2BPGi) as a prognostic biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: iCAFs-derived M2BPGi drives tumor invasion

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Mac2-binding protein glycosylated isomer (M2BPGi), a known biomarker for liver fibrosis, is also elevated in other fibrotic tissues. However, its role in PDAC remains unexplored. This study investigates the potential of M2BPGi as a prognostic biomarker for PDAC and elucidates its role in cancer progression.

METHODS

We analyzed serum M2BPGi levels in 83 PDAC patients and 60 healthy controls, examining the relationship with clinical outcomes. Tissue immunostaining and in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate M2BPGi-secreting cells and its role.

RESULTS

Serum M2BPGi levels were significantly higher in PDAC patients than in controls (0.98 vs. 0.59, p < 0.0001). Notably, elevated serum M2BPGi was associated with worse progression-free survival (144 days vs. 260 days, p = 0.017) and overall survival (OS) (245 days vs. 541 days, p < 0.001) following chemotherapy. Multivariable Cox regression analysis further confirmed that a high serum M2BPGi level is an independent risk factor for OS (HR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.26-4.74, p = 0.008). Immunostaining revealed that M2BPGi is secreted by both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), with high M2BP expression in CAFs correlating with poor prognosis. Furthermore, M2BPGi-secreting CAFs exhibited characteristics of inflammatory CAFs. M2BPGi directly activated mTOR signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in PDAC cells, enhancing their invasive and migratory capabilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings identify M2BPGi as a promising prognostic biomarker for PDAC. Moreover, we demonstrate that inflammatory CAFs promote tumor invasion and contribute to poor outcomes by secreting M2BPGi, revealing a novel mechanism of PDAC progression.

Identification and Validation of Senescence-Related Signature by Combining Single Cell and Bulk Transcriptome Data Analysis to Predict the Prognosis and Identify the Key Gene CAV1 in Pancreatic Cancer

Background

The role of cellular senescence in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer (PC) remains unclear, particularly regarding its impact on prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes.

Methods

We utilized single-cell sequencing datasets (GSE155698 and GSE154778) for pancreatic cancer from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and bulk RNA-seq data from the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) repositories, creating three patient cohorts: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, PAAD-AU cohort, and PAAD-CA cohort. Dimensionality reduction cluster analysis processed the single-cell data, while weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression gene analysis were applied to bulk RNA-seq data. Prognostic models were developed using Cox proportional hazards (COX) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, with validation through survival analysis, decision curve analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). Tumor mutation data were analyzed using the "maftools" package, and the immune microenvironment was assessed with TIMER2 data.

Results

We developed a senescence-related (SENR) six-gene prognostic signature for PC, which stratifies patients by risk, with high-risk groups showing poorer prognoses. This model also offers predictive insights into tumor mutations and immune microenvironment characteristics. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) emerged as a significant prognostic biomarker, with functional validation showing its role in promoting cancer cell proliferation and migration, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

Conclusion

This study provides a novel senescence-related prognostic tool for PC, enhancing patient stratification for prognosis and immunotherapy, and identifies CAV1 as a key gene with clinical significance for targeted interventions.

Caveolin-1 expression is a predictor of survival and recurrence patterns in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Caveolin-1 (Cav1) expressed in cancer cells (cCav1) or cancer-associated fibroblasts (fCav1) exerts either pro- or anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the cancer type or stage of cancer. We aimed to clarify the impact of cCav1 or fCav1 on survival, recurrence patterns, and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

Tissue microarrays were constructed including 615 patients who underwent curative resection for PDAC. Cav1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Patients were divided into two groups based on Cav1 expression in cancer cells (cCav1high vs. cCav1low) or cancer-associated fibroblasts (fCav1high vs. fCav1low).

RESULTS

Among all 615 patients, 40.7% were cCav1high and 72.7% were fCav1high. cCav1high was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.001) than cCav1low, and was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis of OS and RFS (OS: p = 0.001, hazard ratio [HR] 1.361; RFS: p = 0.001, HR 1.348). Among 596 patients with resectable/borderline resectable PDAC, cCav1high patients with NAC showed better OS than those without, while there was no significant difference between cCav1low patients with NAC and those without. cCav1high was associated with early recurrence (< 6 months) and liver metastasis after resection. Multivariate analysis revealed cCav1high as an independent predictor of liver metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

cCav1high correlated with worse survival, early recurrence, and liver metastasis after resection for PDAC, while NAC improved survival in cCav1high patients. The Evaluation of cCav1 status could provide additional information contributing to the personalized management of PDAC.

Beyond stiffness: deciphering the role of viscoelasticity in cancer evolution and treatment response

There is increasing evidence that cancer progression is linked to tissue viscoelasticity, which challenges the commonly accepted notion that stiffness is the main mechanical hallmark of cancer. However, this new insight has not reached widespread clinical use, as most clinical trials focus on the application of tissue elasticity and stiffness in diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical planning. Therefore, there is a need to advance the fundamental understanding of the effect of viscoelasticity on cancer progression, to develop novel mechanical biomarkers of clinical significance. Tissue viscoelasticity is largely determined by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which can be simulatedin vitrousing hydrogel-based platforms. Since the mechanical properties of hydrogels can be easily adjusted by changing parameters such as molecular weight and crosslinking type, they provide a platform to systematically study the relationship between ECM viscoelasticity and cancer progression. This review begins with an overview of cancer viscoelasticity, describing how tumor cells interact with biophysical signals in their environment, how they contribute to tumor viscoelasticity, and how this translates into cancer progression. Next, an overview of clinical trials focused on measuring biomechanical properties of tumors is presented, highlighting the biomechanical properties utilized for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Finally, this review examines the use of biofabricated tumor models for studying the impact of ECM viscoelasticity on cancer behavior and progression and it explores potential avenues for future research on the production of more sophisticated and biomimetic tumor models, as well as their mechanical evaluation.

Is there any diagnostic value of serum caveolin-1 levels on the determination of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

BACKGROUND

Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a vital component in cancer pathogenesis, as its expression determines the survival of patients with cancer. This study investigates CAV-1 serum levels in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) patients and their role in tumor progression and prognostic factors.

METHOD

The trial included 33 patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic cancer (PC). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the concentrations of CAV-1 in the blood. The study also included 20 healthy subjects. The statistical analysis was two-sided, and a P value of ≤ 0.05 was determined as statistically significant.

RESULTS

The median age of the subjects was 59 years (32-84 years) at the time of diagnosis. There were 13 (39%) female participants. In 21 (63%) patients, the primary focus was the pancreatic head. In 23 stage IV patients, hepatic metastasis (n = 19, 83%) was observed. Only one patient (3%) was still alive at the end of the study period. Palliative chemotherapy (CTx) was provided, with 39% of the 23 patients responding to it. The overall survival (OS) rate in this cohort was 41.3 ± 8.3 weeks at a 95% confidence interval (CI), after 25-58 weeks. Serum baseline CAV-1 values among patients with PA were significantly higher compared with controls (p = 0.009). Patients with poor performance status, a pancreatic head tumor, lower albumin levels, higher serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and higher CA 19.9 levels had significantly higher serum CAV-1 levels (p = 0.01, P = 0.05, P = 0.03, P = 0.02, and P = 0.04, respectively). However, CAV-1 did not show any prognostic value (p = 0.75).

CONCLUSION

Although serum CAV-1 is a useful diagnostic marker in PC patients, it is not a prognostic or predictive marker.

Caveolin-1 protein expression as a prognostic biomarker of gastrointestinal tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major threat worldwide, accounting for over 30% of cancer deaths. The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers remains a challenge despite significant advances in the field. The CAV1 gene, encoding the caveolin-1 protein, remains enigmatic in cancer and carcinogenesis, as it has been proposed to act as both a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor.

METHODS

To analyse the differential role of caveolin-1 expression in both tumour cells and stroma in relation to prognosis in GI tumours, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022299148.

RESULTS

Our analysis showed that high levels of caveolin-1 in tumour cells were associated with poor prognosis and inferior overall survival (OS) in oesophageal and pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not in gastric and colorectal cancer. Importantly, our study showed that higher stromal caveolin-1 expression was associated with significantly longer OS and disease-free survival in colorectal cancer. Analysis of stromal caveolin-1 expression in the remaining tumours showed a similar trend, although it did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggest that caveolin-1 expression in the tumour cells of oesophageal, pancreatic cancer and HCC and in the stroma of colorectal cancer may be an important novel predictive biomarker for the clinical management of these diseases in a curative setting. However, the main conclusion of our analysis is that caveolin-1 expression should always be assessed separately in stroma and tumour cells.

Estrogen-related genes for thyroid cancer prognosis, immune infiltration, staging, and drug sensitivity

BACKGROUND

Thyroid cancer (THCA) has become increasingly common in recent decades, and women are three to four times more likely to develop it than men. Evidence shows that estrogen has a significant impact on THCA proliferation and growth. Nevertheless, the effects of estrogen-related genes (ERGs) on THCA stages, immunological infiltration, and treatment susceptibility have not been well explored.

METHODS

Clinicopathological and transcriptome data of patients with THCA from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were cleaned before consensus clustering. Differential expression analysis was performed on the genes expressed between THCA and paraneoplastic tissues in TCGA, and Wayne analysis was performed on the ERGs obtained from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis MsigDB and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analyses were used to identify the set of estrogen-related differentially expressed genes (ERDEGs) associated with progression-free intervals (PFI) and to establish a prediction model. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to calculate the risk scores and PFI status to validate the predictive effect of the model. Enrichment analyses and immune infiltration analyses were performed to analyze DEGs between the high- and low-risk groups, and a nomogram plot was used in the risk model to predict the PFI of THCA.

RESULTS

The expression of 120 ERDEGs differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). Five (CD24, CAV1, TACC1, TIPARP, and HSD17B10) of the eight ERDEGs identified using univariate Cox and LASSO regression were validated via RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry analysis of clinical tissue samples and were used for clinical staging and drug sensitivity analysis. Risk-DEGs were shown to be associated with immune modulation and tumor immune evasion, as well as defense systems, signal transduction, the tumor microenvironment, and immunoregulation. In 19 of the 28 immune cells, infiltration levels differed between the high- and low-risk groups. High-risk patients in the immunotherapy dataset had considerably shorter survival times than low-risk patients.

CONCLUSION

We identified and confirmed eight ERDEGs using a systematic analysis and screened sensitive drugs for ERDEGs. These results provide molecular evidence for the involvement of ERGs in controlling the immunological microenvironment and treatment response in THCA.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts reuse cancer-derived lactate to maintain a fibrotic and immunosuppressive microenvironment in pancreatic cancer

Glycolysis is highly enhanced in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells; thus, glucose restrictions are imposed on nontumor cells in the PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME). However, little is known about how such glucose competition alters metabolism and confers phenotypic changes in stromal cells in the TME. Here, we report that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with restricted glucose availability utilize lactate from glycolysis-enhanced cancer cells as a fuel and exert immunosuppressive activity in the PDAC TME. The expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which regulates lactate production, was a poor prognostic factor for patients with PDAC, and LDHA depletion suppressed tumor growth in a CAF-rich murine PDAC model. Coculture of CAFs with PDAC cells revealed that most of the glucose was taken up by the tumor cells and that CAFs consumed lactate via monocarboxylate transporter 1 to enhance proliferation through the TCA cycle. Moreover, lactate-stimulated CAFs upregulated IL-6 expression and suppressed cytotoxic immune cell activity synergistically with lactate. Finally, the LDHA inhibitor FX11 reduced tumor growth and improved antitumor immunity in CAF-rich PDAC tumors. Our study provides insight regarding the crosstalk among tumor cells, CAFs, and immune cells mediated by lactate and offers therapeutic strategies for targeting LDHA enzymatic activity in PDAC cells.

Senescence program and its reprogramming in pancreatic premalignancy

Tumor is a representative of cell immortalization, while senescence irreversibly arrests cell proliferation. Although tumorigenesis and senescence seem contrary to each other, they have similar mechanisms in many aspects. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is highly lethal disease, which occurs and progresses through a multi-step process. Senescence is prevalent in pancreatic premalignancy, as manifested by decreased cell proliferation and increased clearance of pre-malignant cells by immune system. However, the senescent microenvironment cooperates with multiple factors and significantly contributes to tumorigenesis. Evidently, PDA progression requires to evade the effects of cellular senescence. This review will focus on dual roles that senescence plays in PDA development and progression, the signaling effectors that critically regulate senescence in PDA, the identification and reactivation of molecular targets that control senescence program for the treatment of PDA.

Research trends and hotspots on the links between caveolin and cancer: bibliometric and visual analysis from 2003 to 2022

Introduction: Extensive studies indicated that caveolin is a key regulator in multiple cellular processes. Recently, growing evidence demonstrated that caveolin is critically involved in tumor progression. Since no relevant bibliometric study has been published, we performed a bibliometric and visual analysis to depict the knowledge framework of research related to the involvement of caveolin in cancer. Methods: Relevant studies published in English during 2003-2022 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Three programs (VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R-bibliometrix) and the website of bibliometrics (http://bibliometric.com/) were applied to construct networks based on the analysis of countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords. Results: A total of 2,463 documents were extracted and identified. The United States had the greatest number of publications and total citations, and Thomas Jefferson University was the most productive institution. Michael P. Lisanti was the most influential scholar in this research domain. Cell Cycle was the journal with the most publications on this subject. The most local-cited document was the article titled "Caveolin-1 in oncogenic transformation, cancer, and metastasis." A comprehensive analysis has been conducted based on keywords and cited references. Initially, the research frontiers were predominantly "signal transduction", "human breast cancer," "oncogenically transformed cells," "tumor suppressor gene," and "fibroblasts." While in recent years, the research emphasis has shifted to "tumor microenvironment," "epithelial mesenchymal transition," "nanoparticles," and "stem cells." Conclusion: Taken together, our bibliometric analysis shows that caveolin continues to be of interest in cancer research. The hotspots and research frontiers have evolved from the regulation of cancer signaling, to potential targets of cancer therapy and novel techniques. These results can provide a data-based reference for the guidance of future research.

What is new in cancer-associated fibroblast biomarkers?

The tumor microenvironment is one of the important drivers of tumor development. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumor stroma and actively participate in tumor development, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and other biological behaviors. CAFs are a highly heterogeneous group of cells, a reflection of the diversity of their origin, biomarkers, and functions. The diversity of CAF origin determines the complexity of CAF biomarkers, and CAF subpopulations expressing different biomarkers may play contrasting roles in tumor progression. In this review, we provide an overview of these emerging CAF biomarkers and the biological functions that they suggest, which may give a better understanding of the relationship between CAFs and tumor cells and be of great significance for breakthroughs in precision targeted therapy for tumors. Video Abstract.

Genes associated with cellular senescence favor melanoma prognosis by stimulating immune responses in tumor microenvironment

PURPOSE

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), a malignant tumor from melanocytes, is the fifth most prevalent tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy improves prognosis of SKCM, but immune response varies for different populations. Cellular senescence in the tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes antitumor immunity, mediated by dendritic cells (DC) and CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we sought to explore the role of cellular senescence in the TME of SKCM through bioinformatics and machine learning.

METHODS

First, we obtained 93 cellular senescence-prognosis genes (CSPGs) by univariate survival analysis. Thereafter, 23 optimal CSPGs were obtained by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) analysis. Based on the riskscore obtained by lasso analysis and clinical information from multivariate cox, we obtained the nomogram of SKCM, which was validated in the validation cohort. Based on the riskscore, the patients were split into low- and high-risk groups. Functional differences between the two groups were analyzed using Metascape and GSEA, and immune infiltration differences were achieved by multiple algorithms. We obtained a risk prediction nomogram for the validated SKCM based on the lasso model by univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

In the low-risk group, immune responses were in an active state. NK, CD8+ T, DC, macrophages, and neutrophils were significantly upregulated, and ICI-relevant genes were notably upregulated. With the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and optimal CSPGs, we obtained the hub genes: NOX4, NTN4, PROX1, and TRPM8. The hub genes were mainly expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and endothelial cells by single cell analysis, which were mainly associated with angiogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Genes associated with cellular senescence favor SKCM prognosis by stimulating immune responses in TME. Patients with high expression of cellular senescence associated genes in the TME might have better benefit from ICI immunotherapy. Cellular senescence functions as a pro-tumor agent in mesenchymal cells and needs further study.

Fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer: molecular and clinical perspectives

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are highly abundant cells in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) that modulate desmoplasia. The formation of a dense stroma leads to immunosuppression and therapy resistance that are major causes of treatment failure in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent evidence suggests that several subpopulations of CAFs in the TME can interconvert, explaining the dual roles (antitumorigenic and protumorigenic) of CAFs in PDAC and the contradictory results of CAF-targeted therapies in clinical trials. This highlights the need to clarify CAF heterogeneity and their interactions with PDAC cells. This review focuses on the communication between activated PSCs/CAFs and PDAC cells, as well as on the mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. CAF-focused therapies and emerging biomarkers are also outlined.

The Role of Different Immunocompetent Cell Populations in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer-Regulatory Mechanisms of Pro- and Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Impact on Immunotherapy

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous groups of human neoplasms. HNSCC is characterized by high morbidity, accounting for 3% of all cancers, and high mortality with ~1.5% of all cancer deaths. It was the most common cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the latest GLOBOCAN data, representing the seventh most prevalent human malignancy. Despite great advances in surgical techniques and the application of modern combinations and cytotoxic therapies, HNSCC remains a leading cause of death worldwide with a low overall survival rate not exceeding 40-60% of the patient population. The most common causes of death in patients are its frequent nodal metastases and local neoplastic recurrences, as well as the relatively low response to treatment and severe drug resistance. Much evidence suggests that the tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and circulating various subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, such regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (CTLs) and CD3+CD4+ T helper type 1/2/9/17 (Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17) lymphocytes, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD56dim/CD16bright activated natural killer cells (NK), carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (N1/N2 TANs), as well as tumour-associated macrophages (M1/M2 phenotype TAMs) can affect initiation, progression and spread of HNSCC and determine the response to immunotherapy. Rapid advances in the field of immuno-oncology and the constantly growing knowledge of the immunosuppressive mechanisms and effects of tumour cancer have allowed for the use of effective and personalized immunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic procedure or an essential component of a combination therapy for primary, relapsed and metastatic HNSCC. This review presents the latest reports and molecular studies regarding the anti-tumour role of selected subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, including HPV+ve (HPV+) and HPV-ve (HPV-) tumours. The article focuses on the crucial regulatory mechanisms of pro- and anti-tumour activity, key genetic or epigenetic changes that favour tumour immune escape, and the strategies that the tumour employs to avoid recognition by immunocompetent cells, as well as resistance mechanisms to T and NK cell-based immunotherapy in HNSCC. The present review also provides an overview of the pre- and clinical early trials (I/II phase) and phase-III clinical trials published in this arena, which highlight the unprecedented effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy in HNSCC, and the emerging issues facing the field of HNSCC immuno-oncology.

A strategy for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Targeting tumor senescent cells

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer includes a variety of cancers with high incidence that seriously threaten the lives of people worldwide. Although treatment strategies continue to improve, patient benefits are still very limited, and the ongoing search for new treatment strategies remains a priority. Cell senescence is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. For GI cancer, cell senescence may not only promote cancer but also bring new opportunities for treatment. Combined with relevant studies, we review the dual role of cell senescence in GI cancer, including the mechanism of inducing cell senescence, biomarkers of senescent cells, and potential of targeted senescence therapy for GI cancer.

Extracellular matrix mechanobiology in cancer cell migration

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is pivotal in modulating tumor progression. Besides chemically stimulating tumor cells, it also offers physical support that orchestrates the sequence of events in the metastatic cascade upon dynamically modulating cell mechanosensation. Understanding this translation between matrix biophysical cues and intracellular signaling has led to rapid growth in the interdisciplinary field of cancer mechanobiology in the last decade. Substantial efforts have been made to develop novel in vitro tumor mimicking platforms to visualize and quantify the mechanical forces within the tissue that dictate tumor cell invasion and metastatic growth. This review highlights recent findings on tumor matrix biophysical cues such as fibrillar arrangement, crosslinking density, confinement, rigidity, topography, and non-linear mechanics and their implications on tumor cell behavior. We also emphasize how perturbations in these cues alter cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction, consequently enhancing malignancy. Finally, we elucidate engineering techniques to individually emulate the mechanical properties of tumors that could help serve as toolkits for developing and testing ECM-targeted therapeutics on novel bioengineered tumor platforms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Disrupted ECM mechanics is a driving force for transitioning incipient cells to life-threatening malignant variants. Understanding these ECM changes can be crucial as they may aid in developing several efficacious drugs that not only focus on inducing cytotoxic effects but also target specific matrix mechanical cues that support and enhance tumor invasiveness. Designing and implementing an optimal tumor mimic can allow us to predictively map biophysical cue-modulated cell behaviors and facilitate the design of improved lab-grown tumor models with accurately controlled structural features. This review focuses on the abnormal changes within the ECM during tumorigenesis and its implications on tumor cell-matrix mechanoreciprocity. Additionally, it accentuates engineering approaches to produce ECM features of varying levels of complexity which is critical for improving the efficiency of current engineered tumor tissue models.

The recent advances of cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer progression and therapy

As an abundant component of tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are heterogeneous cell populations that play important roles in tumor development, progression and therapeutic resistance. Multiple sources of cells can be recruited and educated to become CAFs, such as fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells and adipocytes, which may explain the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CAFs. It is widely believed that CAFs regulate tumor progression by remodeling extracellular matrix, promoting angiogenesis, and releasing soluble cytokines, making them a promising cancer therapy target. In this review, we discussed about the origin, subpopulation, and functional heterogeneity of CAFs, with particular attention to recent research advances and clinical therapeutic potential of CAFs in cancer.

Senescent Human Pancreatic Stellate Cells Secrete CXCR2 Agonist CXCLs to Promote Proliferation and Migration of Human Pancreatic Cancer AsPC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 Cell Lines

Interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play an important role in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Recent studies have shown that cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors play roles in the progression of cancer. This study aimed to clarify the effects of senescence-induced PSCs on pancreatic cancer cells. Senescence was induced in primary-cultured human PSCs (hPSCs) through treatment with hydrogen peroxide or gemcitabine. Microarray and Gene Ontology analyses showed the alterations in genes and pathways related to cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, including the upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 through the induction of senescence in hPSCs. Conditioned media of senescent hPSCs increased the proliferation—as found in an assessment with a BrdU incorporation assay—and migration—as found in an assessment with wound-healing and two-chamber assays—of pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 and MIAPaca-2 cell lines. SB225002, a selective CXCR2 antagonist, and SCH-527123, a CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist, attenuated the effects of conditioned media of senescent hPSCs on the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. These results suggest a role of CXCLs as senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors in the interaction between senescent hPSCs and pancreatic cancer cells. Senescent PSCs might be novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.

Advances of cancer-associated fibroblasts in liver cancer

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, it is ranked sixth in incidence and fourth in mortality. According to the distinct origin of malignant tumor cells, liver cancer is mainly divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Since most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, the prognosis of liver cancer is poor. Tumor growth depends on the dynamic interaction of various cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As the most abundant components of tumor stroma, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been involved in the progression of liver cancer. The interplay between CAFs and tumor cells, immune cells, or vascular endothelial cells in the TME through direct cell-to-cell contact or indirect paracrine interaction, affects the initiation and development of tumors. Additionally, CAFs are not a homogeneous cell population in liver cancer. Recently, single-cell sequencing technology has been used to help better understand the diversity of CAFs in liver cancer. In this review, we mainly update the knowledge of CAFs both in HCC and CCA, including their cell origins, chemoresistance, tumor stemness induction, tumor immune microenvironment formation, and the role of tumor cells on CAFs. Understanding the context-dependent role of different CAFs subsets provides new strategies for precise liver cancer treatment.

Tumor microenvironmental 15-PGDH depletion promotes fibrotic tumor formation and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer

The arachidonic acid cascade is a major inflammatory pathway that produces prostaglandin E₂ (PGE2). Although inhibition of 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15‐PGDH) is reported to lead to PGE2 accumulation, the role of 15‐PGDH expression in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. We utilized Panc02 murine pancreatic cancer cells for orthotopic transplantation into wild‐type and 15‐pgdh^+/− mice and found that 15‐pgdh depletion in the tumor microenvironment leads to enhanced tumorigenesis accompanied by an increase in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the promotion of fibrosis. The fibrotic tumor microenvironment is widely considered to be hypovascular; however, we found that the angiogenesis level is maintained in 15‐pgdh^+/− mice, and these changes were also observed in a genetically engineered PDAC mouse model. Further confirmation revealed that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is secreted by pancreatic cancer cells after PGE2 stimulation, consequently promoting CAF proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, in 15‐pgdh^+/−Acta2‐TK mice, depletion of fibroblasts inhibited angiogenesis and cancer cell viability in orthotopically transplanted tumors. These findings highlighted the role of 15‐pgdh downregulation in enhancing PGE2 accumulation in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and in subsequently maintaining the angiogenesis level in fibrotic tumors along with CAF expansion.

circFARP1 enables cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer via the LIF/STAT3 axis

Background

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critically involved in gemcitabine (GEM) resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the underlying mechanism by which CAFs promote chemotherapy resistance remains unexplored. Here, we explored the role of circRNAs in CAF-induced GEM resistance in PDAC.

Methods

circRNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR) were utilized to screen CAF-specific circRNAs. The effects of CAF circFARP1 expression on GEM resistance in tumor cells were assessed in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays were used to screen the downstream target and underlying mechanism of circFARP1.

Results

circFARP1 (hsa_circ_0002557), a CAF-specific circRNA, was positively correlated with GEM chemoresistance and poor survival in an advanced PDAC cohort. Silencing or overexpressing circFARP1 in CAFs altered the ability of CAFs to induce tumor cell stemness and GEM resistance via leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Mechanistically, we found that circFARP1 directly binds with caveolin 1 (CAV1) and blocks the interaction of CAV1 and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase zinc and ring finger 1 (ZNRF1) to inhibit CAV1 degradation, which enhances LIF secretion. In addition, circFARP1 upregulated LIF expression by sponging miR-660-3p. Moreover, high circFARP1 levels were positively correlated with elevated serum LIF levels in PDAC and poor patient survival. Decreasing circFARP1 levels and neutralizing LIF significantly suppressed PDAC growth and GEM resistance in patient-derived xenograft models.

Conclusions

The circFARP1/CAV1/miR-660-3p/LIF axis is critical for CAF-induced GEM resistance in PDAC. Hence, circFARP1 may be a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01501-3.

Prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of Caveolin-1 in gastrointestinal tract malignancies

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is expressed in several solid tumors both in cancerous cells as well as in tumor stroma and is reported to be related to cancer progression, metastasis, therapy resistance and clinical outcomes. Many studies report contrasting functions of this protein depending on the tumor cell model, the tumor type, or the stage of cancer studied. This protein is reported to function both as tumor suppressor and as tumor promoter. In this review, we aim to summarize translational and clinical studies that provide evidence of the role of CAV1 in tumor progression and survival outcome focusing on tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Towards this aim, a detailed search has been performed for studies on the expression and the role of CAV1 in oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma prognosis. We also review and discuss the implication of CAV1 in the outcome of pharmacological interventions. We conclude that CAV1 has the potential to become an important prognostic, and possibly predictive, biomarker in GI malignancies. It may also become a novel target towards the development of improved cancer therapies. However, it is obvious that there remains a lack of consensus on important issues such as the methodologies and cut-off levels in caveolin assessment. This ultimately result in many studies being contradictory not only in terms of the role of CAV1 as a tumor-promoting or suppressing gene but also in terms of the tumor compartment in which the levels of this protein may be of clinical significance. Addressing these important technical issues, in conjunction with a further elucidation of the role of CAV1 in tumor formation and progression, will delineate the importance of CAV1 in prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.

Cancer-associated fibroblast senescence and its relation with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expressions in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has pro- or anti-tumourigenic effect depending on the cancer type. However, its effect in intrahepatic carcinoma (ICC) remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CAV1 in CAFs and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) numbers or PD-L1 levels in ICC patients.

METHODS

Consecutive ICC patients (n = 158) were enrolled in this study. The levels of CAV1 in CAFs, CD8 + TILs, Foxp3+ TILs and PD-L1 in cancer cells were analysed using immunohistochemistry. Their association with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis were evaluated. The correlation between these factors was evaluated.

RESULTS

CAV1 upregulation in CAFs was associated with a poor overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.008). Clinicopathological factors were associated with high CA19-9 levels (P < 0.001), advanced tumour stage (P = 0.046) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004). CAV1 level was positively correlated with Foxp3+ TIL numbers (P = 0.01). There were no significant correlations between CAV1 levels and CD8 + TIL numbers (P = 0.80) and PD-L1 levels (P = 0.97). An increased CD8 + TIL number and decreased Foxp3+ TIL number were associated with an increased OS. In multivariate analysis, positive CAV1 expression in CAFs (P = 0.013) and decreased CD8 + TIL numbers (P = 0.021) were independent poor prognostic factors.

CONCLUSION

Cellular senescence, represented by CAV1 levels, may be a marker of CAFs and a prognostic indicator of ICC through Foxp3+ TIL regulation. CAV1 expression in CAFs can be a therapeutic target for ICC.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: overview, progress, challenges, and directions

Tumors are one of the main causes of death in humans. The development of safe and effective methods for early diagnosis and treatment of tumors is a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently. It is well established that the occurrence of tumors involves complex biological mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in regulating the biological behavior of tumors. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a group of activated fibroblasts with significant heterogeneity and plasticity in the tumor microenvironment. They secrete a variety of active factors to regulate tumor occurrence, development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Although most studies suggest that CAFs have significant tumor-promoting functions, some evidence indicates that they may have certain tumor-suppressive functions in the early stage of tumors. Current research on CAFs continues to face many challenges, and the heterogeneity of their origin, phenotype, and function is a major difficulty and hot spot. To provide new perspectives for the research on CAFs and tumor diagnosis and treatment, this review summarizes the definition, origin, biomarkers, generation mechanism, functions, heterogeneity, plasticity, subpopulations, pre-metastasis niches (PMN), immune microenvironment, and targeted therapy of CAFs, describes the research progress and challenges, and proposes possible future research directions based on existing reports.

The Engaged Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metabolism: Focusing on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Exosome Mediators

Metabolic reprogramming is a significant property of various cancer cells, which most commonly arises from the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The events of metabolic pathways include the Warburg effect, shifting in Krebs cycle metabolites, and the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, potentially providing energy and structural requirements for the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. TME and tumor metabolism shifting have a close relationship through bidirectional signaling pathways between stromal and tumor cells. Cancer- Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), as the most dominant cells of TME, play a crucial role in the aberrant metabolism of cancer. Furthermore, the stated relationship can affect survival, progression, and metastasis in cancer development. Recently, exosomes are considered one of the most prominent factors in cellular communications considering effective content and bidirectional mediatory effect between tumor and stromal cells. In this regard, CAF-Derived Exosomes (CDE) exhibit an efficient obligation to induce metabolic reprogramming for promoting growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The understanding of cancer metabolism, including factors related to TME, could lead to the discovery of a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer management. This review focuses on the association between metabolic reprogramming and engaged microenvironmental, factors such as CAFs, and the associated derived exosomes.

Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts and targeted therapy for cancer

To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and progression because of their versatile roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, maintenance of stemness, blood vessel formation, modulation of tumor metabolism, immune response, and promotion of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. CAFs are highly heterogeneous stromal cells and their crosstalk with cancer cells is mediated by a complex and intricate signaling network consisting of transforming growth factor-beta, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, epidermal growth factor receptor, Hippo, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, etc., signaling pathways. These signals in CAFs exhibit their own special characteristics during the cancer progression and have the potential to be targeted for anticancer therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these signaling cascades in interactions between cancer cells and CAFs is necessary to fully realize the pivotal roles of CAFs in cancers. Herein, in this review, we will summarize the enormous amounts of findings on the signals mediating crosstalk of CAFs with cancer cells and its related targets or trials. Further, we hypothesize three potential targeting strategies, including, namely, epithelial-mesenchymal common targets, sequential target perturbation, and crosstalk-directed signaling targets, paving the way for CAF-directed or host cell-directed antitumor therapy.

Targeting Fibrosis: The Bridge That Connects Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic fibrosis is caused by the excessive deposits of extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen fibers during repeated necrosis to repair damaged pancreatic tissue. Pancreatic fibrosis is frequently present in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC). Clinically, pancreatic fibrosis is a pathological feature of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, many new studies have found that pancreatic fibrosis is involved in the transformation from pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer. Thus, the role of fibrosis in the crosstalk between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer is critical and still elusive; therefore, it deserves more attention. Here, we review the development of pancreatic fibrosis in inflammation and cancer, and we discuss the therapeutic strategies for alleviating pancreatic fibrosis. We further propose that cellular stress response might be a key driver that links fibrosis to cancer initiation and progression. Therefore, targeting stress proteins, such as nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1), could be an interesting strategy for pancreatic fibrosis and PC treatment.

Hypochlorous acid selectively promotes toxicity and the expression of danger signals in human abdominal cancer cells

Tumors of the abdominal cavity, such as colorectal, pancreatic and ovarian cancer, frequently metastasize into the peritoneum. Large numbers of metastatic nodules hinder curative surgical resection, necessitating lavage with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). However, HIPEC not only causes severe side effects but also has limited therapeutic efficacy in various instances. At the same time, the age of immunotherapies such as biological agents, checkpoint‑ inhibitors or immune‑cell therapies, increasingly emphasizes the critical role of anticancer immunity in targeting malignancies. The present study investigated the ability of three types of long‑lived reactive species (oxidants) to inactivate cancer cells and potentially complement current HIPEC regimens, as well as to increase tumor cell expression of danger signals that stimulate innate immunity. The human abdominal cancer cell lines HT‑29, Panc‑01 and SK‑OV‑3 were exposed to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and peroxynitrite (ONOO‑). Metabolic activity was measured, as well as determination of cell death and danger signal expression levels via flow cytometry and detection of intracellular oxidation via high‑content microscopy. Oxidation of tumor decreased intracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione and induced oxidation in mitochondria, accompanied by a decrease in metabolic activity and an increase in regulated cell death. At similar concentrations, HOCl showed the most potent effects. Non‑malignant HaCaT keratinocytes were less affected, suggesting the approach to be selective to some extent. Pro‑immunogenic danger molecules were investigated by assessing the expression levels of calreticulin (CRT), and heat‑shock protein (HSP)70 and HSP90. CRT expression was greatest following HOCl and ONOO‑ treatment, whereas HOCl and H2O2 resulted in the greatest increase in HSP70 and HSP90 expression levels. These results suggested that HOCl may be a promising agent to complement current HIPEC regimens targeting peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Differences in the expression of caveolin-1 isoforms in cancer-associated and normal fibroblasts of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

For many years, tumor development has been viewed as a cell-autonomous process; however, today we know that the tumor microenvironment (TME) and especially cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) significantly contribute to tumor progression. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a scaffolding protein which is involved in several cancer-associated processes as important component of the caveolae. Our goal was to shed light on the expression of the two different isoforms of Cav-1 in normal fibroblasts (NFs) and CAFs of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fibroblasts from normal mucosa and CAFs were isolated and propagated in vitro. Gene expression of the different Cav-1 isoforms was assessed via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and supplemented by protein expression analysis.

RESULTS

We could show that the Cav-1β isoform is more highly expressed in NFs and CAFs compared to Cav-1α. Furthermore, the different Cav-1 isoforms tended to be differently expressed in different tumor stages. However, this trend could not be seen consistently, which is in line with the ambiguous role of Cav-1 in tumor progression described in literature. Western blotting furthermore revealed that NFs and CAFs might differ in the oligomerization profile of the Cav-1 protein.

CONCLUSION

These differences in expression of Cav-1 between NFs and CAFs of patients with OSCC confirm that the protein might play a role in tumor progression and is of interest for further analyses.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Our findings support a possible role of the two isoforms of Cav-1 in the malignant transformation of OSCC.

Caveolin-1, a master regulator of cellular senescence

Cellular senescence is a feature of most somatic cells. It is characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest and by the ability to secrete a plethora of mediators of inflammation and growth factors, which can alter the senescent cell's microenvironment. Senescent cells accumulate in tissues over time and contribute to both aging and the development of age-associated diseases. Senescent cells have antagonistic pleiotropic roles in cancer. Given the inability of senescent cells to proliferate, cellular senescence is a powerful tumor suppressor mechanism in young individuals. However, accumulation of senescent stromal cells during aging can fuel cancer cell growth in virtue of their capacity to release factors that stimulate cell proliferation. Caveolin-1 is a structural protein component of caveolae, invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in a variety of cellular processes, including signal transduction. Mounting evidence over the last 10-15 years has demonstrated a central role of caveolin-1 in the development of a senescent phenotype and the regulation of both the anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic properties of cellular senescence. In this review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms and functions of caveolin-1 in the context of cellular senescence and their relevance to the biology of cancer.

Development and validation of the trans-omics model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Aim: To develop a trans-omics-based molecular clinicopathological algorithm for predicting pancreatic adenocarcinoma prognosis, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression levels of mRNA, DNA methylation and DNA copy number in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Materials & methods: Based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method - COX regression analysis, a trans-omics-based classifier was established to predict overall survival. Nomogram was constructed by combining the classifier band clinical pathological characterization. Results: Based on trans-omics, we developed a 10-gene-based classifier and a molecular-clinicopathologic nomogram for predicting overall survival with satisfactory accuracy. Conclusion: Trans-omics-based classifier and molecule-clinicopathological nomogram based on the classifier can accurately predict the prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

Cancer Stem Cells-Origins and Biomarkers: Perspectives for Targeted Personalized Therapies

The use of biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis has gained increasing interest over the last decades. In particular, the analysis of biomarkers in cancer patients within the pre- and post-therapeutic period is required to identify several types of cells, which carry a risk for a disease progression and subsequent post-therapeutic relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation and can cause relapses. At the time point of tumor initiation, CSCs originate from either differentiated cells or adult tissue resident stem cells. Due to their importance, several biomarkers that characterize CSCs have been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. However, CSCs have been shown to display a high plasticity, which changes their phenotypic and functional appearance. Such changes are induced by chemo- and radiotherapeutics as well as senescent tumor cells, which cause alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Induction of senescence causes tumor shrinkage by modulating an anti-tumorigenic environment in which tumor cells undergo growth arrest and immune cells are attracted. Besides these positive effects after therapy, senescence can also have negative effects displayed post-therapeutically. These unfavorable effects can directly promote cancer stemness by increasing CSC plasticity phenotypes, by activating stemness pathways in non-CSCs, as well as by promoting senescence escape and subsequent activation of stemness pathways. At the end, all these effects can lead to tumor relapse and metastasis. This review provides an overview of the most frequently used CSC markers and their implementation as biomarkers by focussing on deadliest solid (lung, stomach, liver, breast and colorectal cancers) and hematological (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia) cancers. Furthermore, it gives examples on how the CSC markers might be influenced by therapeutics, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. It points out, that it is crucial to identify and monitor residual CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype in a therapy follow-up using specific biomarkers. As a future perspective, a targeted immune-mediated strategy using chimeric antigen receptor based approaches for the removal of remaining chemotherapy-resistant cells as well as CSCs in a personalized therapeutic approach are discussed.

The importance of caveolins and caveolae to dermatology: Lessons from the caves and beyond

Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the cell membrane rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, with caveolin proteins acting as their primary structural components that allow compartmentalization and orchestration of various signalling molecules. In this review, we discuss how pleiotropic functions of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and its intricate roles in numerous cellular functions including lipid trafficking, signalling, cell migration and proliferation, as well as cellular senescence, infection and inflammation, are integral for normal development and functioning of skin and its appendages. We then examine how disruption of the homeostatic levels of Cav1 can lead to development of various cutaneous pathophysiologies including skin cancers, cutaneous fibroses, psoriasis, alopecia, age-related changes in skin and aberrant wound healing and propose how levels of Cav1 may have theragnostic value in skin physiology/pathophysiology.

Stress-Induced Premature Senescence Promotes Proliferation by Activating the SENEX and p16INK4a/Retinoblastoma (Rb) Pathway in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Objective

Cellular senescence has been thought to be an important barrier to tumor formation. Recent studies have shown that stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) can promote partial tumor invasion, but how SIPS affects diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to address that issue.

Materials and Methods

The immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line was measured with flow cytometry. SIPS induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was detected by senescence β-galactosidase staining. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CCK8 and expression levels of ARHGAP18 (SENEX gene-encoding protein), p16/p21, and Rb/pRb were measured with western blot. LY8 cells were transfected with SENEX-SiRNA/NC and verified by western blot.

Results

Our results suggested that the immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line is CD19-, CD20-, and CD10-positive and the immunoglobulin light chain is the kappa type. The cellular senescence model of DLBCL could be successfully induced by 30 μM tBHP. ARHGAP18, p21, p16, and Rb protein levels were significantly increased but the level of pRb expression was decreased in the SIPS group compared with other groups. Meanwhile, the proliferation rate was increased in the SIPS group more than other tBHP groups. Furthermore, the expressions of p21 and p16 were significantly decreased in the SENEX-SiRNA group compared with the negative control group.

Conclusion

SIPS formation activates ARHGAP18 and the p16/Rb pathway and promotes DLBCL cell proliferation. Furthermore, SENEX activates the p16 pathway in DLBCL. SIPS promotes proliferation by activating SENEX and the p16/Rb pathway in DLBCL. SENEX-related SIPS may serve as an important target for relapsed/refractory DLBCL therapy.