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Terasaki T. [Development of Novel Methodology and Its Application for Clarifying the Transport Function of the Blood-brain Barrier]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:447-462. [PMID: 33790111 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of brain capillary endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and serves to regulate the transfer of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics between the circulating blood and brain interstitial fluid. We have developed a methodology to characterize brain-to-blood efflux transport in vivo, using the Brain Efflux Index and an in vitro culture model of the BBB, i.e., a conditionally immortalized cell line of the neurovascular unit. Employing these methods, we showed that the BBB plays an important role in protecting the brain by transporting neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, metabolites, uremic toxins, and xenobiotics together with atrial natriuretic peptide from the brain interstitial fluid to the circulating blood. We also developed a highly selective, sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous protein quantification. We found significant species differences in the expression amounts of various BBB transporter proteins among mice, rats, marmosets, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. Among transporter proteins at the BBB, multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mdr1/Abcb1) is known to generate a concentration gradient of unbound substrate drugs between the blood and brain. Based on measurements of the intrinsic efflux transport rate of Mdr1 and the protein expression amounts of Mdr1 in mouse brain capillaries and Mdr1-expressing cell lines, we predicted the unbound drug concentration gradients of 7 drugs in the mouse brain in vivo. This was the first successful prediction of in vivo drug transport activity from in vitro experimental data and transporter protein concentration in tissues. This methodology and findings should greatly advance central nervous system barrier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeing Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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Song M, Zhang J, Li X, Liu Y, Wang T, Yan Z, Chen J. Effects of Xiaoyaosan on Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats With Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Through HPA Axis Induced Astrocytic Activities. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:545823. [PMID: 33192662 PMCID: PMC7606759 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.545823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Astrocytes in the hippocampus are immediately relevant to depressive-like behavior. By regulating their activities, Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, works in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was established to observe the regulation of XYS. We investigated the behavioral changes of CUMS, the expression of corticosterone (CORT) of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the expression of Glu-NMDA receptor and astrocytes glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. We also investigated whether these changes were linked to XYS. METHODS 80 adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, control group, CUMS group, XYS group, and fluoxetine group. The rats in the control group and the CUMS group received 0.5 ml of deionized water once a day by intragastrically administration. Rats in the two treatment groups received XYS (2.224g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (2.0mg/kg/d) once a day, respectively. Rat hippocampus GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor were respectively detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot. The CORT of HPA axis was detected by Elisa. Body weight, food intake, and behavioral tests, such as open field tests, the sucrose preference test, and exhaustive swimming test, were used to assess depressive-like behavior in rats. RESULTS In this work, significant behavioral changes and differences in expression of the CORT of HPA axis and hippocampal GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor were presented in CUMS-exposed rats. Like fluoxetine, XYS improved CUMS-induced rat's body weight, food intake, and depressive-like behavior. The study also proved that XYS could reverse the CUMS-induced changes of the CORT of HPA axis and affect the astrocytic activities and down-regulate the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor (NR2B) level in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Changes in the hippocampus GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor may be an essential mechanism of depression. Besides, XYS may be critical to the treatment of depression by intervention the HPA axis, GFAP and Glu-NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingye Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Yui D, Nishida Y, Nishina T, Mogushi K, Tajiri M, Ishibashi S, Ajioka I, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Murayama S, Yokota T. Enhanced Phospholipase A2 Group 3 Expression by Oxidative Stress Decreases the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143518. [PMID: 26637123 PMCID: PMC4670075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a ubiquitous role in neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative damage in specific regions of the brain is associated with selective neurodegeneration. We previously reported that Alzheimer disease (AD) model mice showed decreased insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) levels in the cerebrum and accelerated phenotypic features of AD when crossbred with alpha-tocopherol transfer protein knockout (Ttpa-/-) mice. To further investigate the role of chronic oxidative stress in AD pathophysiology, we performed DNA microarray analysis using young and aged wild-type mice and aged Ttpa-/- mice. Among the genes whose expression changed dramatically was Phospholipase A2 group 3 (Pla2g3); Pla2g3 was identified because of its expression profile of cerebral specific up-regulation by chronic oxidative stress in silico and in aged Ttpa-/- mice. Immunohistochemical studies also demonstrated that human astrocytic Pla2g3 expression was significantly increased in human AD brains compared with control brains. Moreover, transfection of HEK293 cells with human Pla2g3 decreased endogenous IDE expression in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings show a key role of Pla2g3 on the reduction of IDE, and suggest that cerebrum specific increase of Pla2g3 is involved in the initiation and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Yui
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Nishida
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishina
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Tajiri
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Maeda T, Sano Y, Abe M, Shimizu F, Kashiwamura Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T, Obinata M, Ueda M, Kanda T. Establishment and characterization of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Maeda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Yoko Kashiwamura
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Masuo Obinata
- Department of Cell Biology; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | | | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Ube Japan
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Haruki H, Sano Y, Shimizu F, Omoto M, Tasaki A, Oishi M, Koga M, Saito K, Takahashi T, Nakada T, Kanda T. NMO sera down-regulate AQP4 in human astrocyte and induce cytotoxicity independent of complement. J Neurol Sci 2013; 331:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The chapter provides an introduction and brief overview of currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models, pointing out the major advantages and disadvantages of the respective models and potential applications. Bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell isolation, culture, and transendothelial permeability measurement procedures are discussed in detail as a model system for a laboratory to begin brain vascular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Shah
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Shirasaki Y, Sugimura M, Sato T. Bromocriptine, an ergot alkaloid, inhibits excitatory amino acid release mediated by glutamate transporter reversal. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:48-57. [PMID: 20599932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bromocriptine, a dopamine D(2) receptor agonist, has widely been used for patients with Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of bromocriptine on glutamate transporter. Since the astroglial glutamate transporter GLT-1 (EAAT2) is the predominant isoform in the forebrain, we generated EAAT2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells and immortalized mouse astrocytes. In the present studies, we observed a GLT-1-immunoreactive band and significant Na(+)-dependent d-[(3)H] aspartate uptake. Furthermore, the glutamate transporter inhibitors, dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) and dihydrokainate (DHK), displayed a dose-dependent reduction of d-[(3)H] aspartate uptake in both types of cells. In contrast, cells exposed to either chemical anoxia or high KCl elicited a marked release of d-[(3)H] aspartate, and the release was inhibited by TBOA and DHK, implying the contribution of glutamate transporter reversal. Interestingly, we found that bromocriptine dose-dependently inhibits d-[(3)H] aspartate release elicited by chemical anoxia or high KCl, while no changes occurred in the uptake. The inhibitory action of bromocriptine was not affected by sulpiride, a dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist. On the other hand, bromocriptine had no effect on swelling-induced d-[(3)H] aspartate release, which is mediated by volume-regulated anion channels. In vivo studies revealed that bromocriptine suppresses the excessive elevation of glutamate levels in gerbils subjected to transient forebrain ischemia in a manner similar to DHK. Taken together, these results provide evidence that bromocriptine inhibits excitatory amino acid release via reversed operation of GLT-1 without altering forward transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Shirasaki
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is not static under normal physiologic conditions and is likely altered in neurodegenerative disease. Prevailing thinking about CNS function, and neurodegenerative disease in particular, is neurocentric excluding the impact of factors outside the CNS. This review challenges this perspective and discusses recent reports suggesting the involvement of peripheral factors including toxins and elements of adaptive immunity that may not only play a role in pathogenesis, but also progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Central to this view is neuroinflammation. Several studies indicate that the neuroinflammatory changes that accompany neurodegeneration affect the BBB or its function by altering transport systems, enhancing immune cell entry, or influencing the BBB's role as a signaling interface. Such changes impair the BBB's normal homeostatic function and affect neural activity. Moreover, recent studies reveal that alterations in BBB and its transporters affect the entry of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Incorporating BBB compromise and dysfunction into our view of neurodegenerative disease leads to the inclusion of peripheral mediators in its pathogenesis and progression. In addition, this changing view of the BBB raises interesting new therapeutic possibilities for drug delivery as well as treatment strategies designed to reinstate normal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Carvey
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Lo JC, Huang WC, Chou YC, Tseng CH, Lee WL, Sun SH. Activation of P2X(7) receptors decreases glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity in RBA-2 astrocytes via distinct mechanisms. J Neurochem 2007; 105:151-64. [PMID: 18067549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate clearance by astrocytes is critical for controlling excitatory neurotransmission and ATP is an important mediator for neuron-astrocyte interaction. However, the effect of ATP on glutamate clearance has never been examined. Here we report that treatment of RBA-2 cells, a type-2-like astrocyte cell line, with ATP and the P2X(7) receptor selective agonist 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP) decreased the Na+-dependent [3H]glutamate uptake within minutes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the decreases were augmented by removal of extracellular Mg2+ or Ca2+, and was restored by P2X7 selective antagonist , periodate-oxidized 2',3'-dialdehyde ATP (oATP), indicating that the decreases were mediated through P2X(7) receptors. Furthermore, stimulation of P2X7 receptors for 2 h inhibited both activity and protein expression of glutamine synthetase (GS), and oATP abolished the inhibition. In addition, removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) restored the ATP-decreased GS expression but failed to restore the P2X(7)-decreased [3H]glutamate uptake. Therefore, P2X7-mediated intracellular signals play a role in the down-regulation of GS activity/expression. Activation of P2X7 receptors stimulated increases in intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+](i)) suggesting that the P2X(7)-induced increases in [Na+](i) may affect the local Na+ gradient and decrease the Na+-dependent [3H]glutamate uptake. These findings demonstrate that the P2X7-mediated decreases in glutamate uptake and glutamine synthesis were mediated through distinct mechanisms in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chih Lo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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10
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Kose N, Asashima T, Muta M, Iizasa H, Sai Y, Terasaki T, Nakashima E. Altered expression of basement membrane-related molecules in rat brain pericyte, endothelial, and astrocyte cell lines after transforming growth factor-beta1 treatment. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:255-66. [PMID: 17827780 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays important roles in maintaining the structure and function of capillary vessels. The BBB is constructed from endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes, but their interactions in the formation or maintenance of basement membrane have not been established. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is known to increase fibronectin in brain capillary basement membrane with deposition of beta-amyloid. We previously reported that the mRNA level of alpha-smooth muscle actin in a brain capillary pericyte cell line TR-PCT1 was increased by treatment with TGF-beta1. In this study, expression of mRNAs encoding basement membrane-related molecules in TR-PCT1, a rat endothelial cell line TR-BBB13, and a type 2 astrocyte cell line TR-AST4 was evaluated by RT-PCR. The effects of TGF-beta1 on expression of basement membrane-related genes in these cell lines were also examined. Fibronectin, MMP-9, tPA, TIMP-1, and PAI-l in TR-PCT1 were higher than in TR-BBB13 and TR-AST4. In TR-PCT1 treated with TGF-beta1, collagen type IV, PAI-1, and MMP-9 were increased, and TIMP-2 was reduced. The change in PAI-1 mRNA was faster than those in MMP-9, TIMP-2, collagen type IV mRNAs. These results suggest that pericytes may be key cells in the maintenance of the basement membrane at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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Takasaki I, Takarada S, Fukuchi M, Yasuda M, Tsuda M, Tabuchi Y. Identification of genetic networks involved in the cell growth arrest and differentiation of a rat astrocyte cell line RCG-12. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:1472-85. [PMID: 17440958 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to establish and characterize a conditionally immortalized astrocyte cell line and to clarify the genetic networks responsible for the cell growth arrest and differentiation. A conditionally immortalized astrocyte cell line, RCG-12, was established by infecting primary cultured rat cortical glia cells with a temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen. At a permissive temperature of 33 degrees C, the large T-antigen was expressed and cells grew continuously. On the other hand, the down-regulation of T-antigen at a non-permissive temperature of 39 degrees C led to growth arrest and differentiation. The cells expressed astrocyte-expressed genes such as glial fibrillary acidic protein. Interestingly, the differentiated condition induced by the non-permissive temperature significantly elevated the expression levels of several astrocyte-expressed genes. To identify the detailed mechanisms by which non-permissive temperature-induced cell growth arrest and differentiation, we performed high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis and found that 556 out of 15,923 probe sets were differentially expressed 2.0-fold. A computational gene network analysis revealed that a genetic network containing up-regulated genes such as RB, NOTCH1, and CDKN1A was associated with the cellular growth and proliferation, and that a genetic network containing down-regulated genes such as MYC, CCNB1, and IGF1 was associated with the cell cycle. The established cell line RCG-12 retains some characteristics of astrocytes and should provide an excellent model for studies of astrocyte biology. The present results will also provide a basis for understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the growth arrest and differentiation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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12
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Matsuo M, Koizumi K, Yamada S, Tomi M, Takahashi RI, Ueda M, Terasaki T, Obinata M, Hosoya KI, Ohtani O, Saiki I. Establishment and characterization of conditionally immortalized endothelial cell lines from the thoracic duct and inferior vena cava of tsA58/EGFP double-transgenic rats. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:749-58. [PMID: 16773315 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The basic biology of blood vascular endothelial cells has been well documented. However, little is known about that of lymphatic endothelial cells, despite their importance under normal and pathological conditions. The lack of a lymphatic endothelial cell line has hampered progress in this field. The objective of this study has been to establish and characterize lymphatic and venous endothelial cell lines derived from newly developed tsA58/EGFP transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Endothelial cells were isolated from the transgenic rats by intraluminal enzymatic digestion. The cloned cell lines were named TR-LE (temperature-sensitive rat lymphatic endothelial cells from thoracic duct) and TR-BE (temperature-sensitive rat blood-vessel endothelial cells from inferior vena cava), respectively, and cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes in HuMedia-EG2 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and Endothelial Mitogen at a permissive temperature, 33 degrees C. A temperature shift to 37 degrees C resulted in a decrease in proliferation with degradation of the large T-antigen and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. TR-LE cells expressed lymphatic endothelial markers VEGFR-3 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), LYVE-1 (a lymphatic endothelial receptor), Prox-1 (a homeobox gene product), and podoplanin (a glomerular podocyte membrane mucoprotein), together with endothelial markers CD31, Tie-2, and VEGFR-2, whereas TR-BE cells expressed CD31, Tie-2, and VEGFR-2, but no lymphatic endothelial markers. Thus, these conditionally immortalized and EGFP-expressing lymphatic and vascular endothelial cell lines might represent an important tool for the study of endothelial cell functions in vitro.
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Burdo J, Dargusch R, Schubert D. Distribution of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- in the brain, kidney, and duodenum. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:549-57. [PMID: 16399997 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6840.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
System x(c)(-), one of the main transporters responsible for central nervous system cystine transport, is comprised of two subunits, xCT and 4F2hc. The transport of cystine into cells is rate limiting for glutathione synthesis, the major antioxidant and redox cofactor in the brain. Alterations in glutathione status are prevalent in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the importance of proper cystine homeostasis. However, the distribution of xCT and 4F2hc within the brain and other areas has not been described. Using specific antibodies, both xCT and 4F2hc were localized predominantly to neurons in the mouse and human brain, but some glial cells were labeled as well. Border areas between the brain proper and periphery including the vascular endothelial cells, ependymal cells, choroid plexus, and leptomeninges were also highly positive for the system x(c)(-) components. xCT and 4F2hc are also present at the brush border membranes in the kidney and duodenum. These results indicate that system x(c)(-) is likely to play a role in cellular health throughout many areas of the brain as well as other organs by maintaining intracellular cystine levels, thereby resulting in low levels of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Burdo
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hosoya KI, Tomi M. Advances in the cell biology of transport via the inner blood-retinal barrier: establishment of cell lines and transport functions. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1-8. [PMID: 15635153 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The retinal capillary endothelial cells are connected to each other by tight junctions that play a key role in permeability as the inner blood-retinal barrier (inner BRB). Thus, understanding the inner BRB transport mechanism is an important step towards drug targeting of the retina. Nevertheless, inner BRB transport studies have been very limited in number since it is not easy to use the retinal capillaries, which are very small in size, for in vitro transport studies. Conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cells (TR-iBRB), pericytes (TR-rPCT) and Müller cell lines (TR-MUL) have been established from transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. These cell lines possess respective cell type markers and maintain certain in vivo functions. Using a combination of newly developed cell lines and in vivo studies, we have elucidated the mechanism whereby vitamin C, L-cystine, and creatine are supplied to the retina. TR-iBRB cells are also able to identify transporters and apply to study regulation of transporters under pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, these cell lines permit the investigation of cell-to-cell interactions and the expression of inner BRB-specific genes between TR-iBRB and other cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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Nagasawa K, Ito S, Kakuda T, Nagai K, Tamai I, Tsuji A, Fujimoto S. Transport mechanism for aluminum citrate at the blood–brain barrier: kinetic evidence implies involvement of system Xc− in immortalized rat brain endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:289-96. [PMID: 15603924 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although accumulation of aluminum (Al) in the brain is known to cause neurodegenerative disorders and to be regulated mainly by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the mechanism responsible for Al transport at the BBB has not been clarified yet. In this study, we investigated what kind of transporter is involved in the transport of Al citrate, which is the major species of Al in the brain, at the BBB using a rat immortalized brain endothelial cell line (RBEC1), focusing on the glutamate transporter family. The uptake of Al citrate showed temperature- and concentration-dependency, and did not require an inwardly directed Na+-gradient as a driving force, ruling out the involvement of Na+-dependent glutamate transporters in its transport. By RT-PCR, in RBEC1, there were mRNAs for the components of a Na+-independent glutamate transporter, system Xc-. L-Glutamate and L-cystine, representative ligands for system Xc-, significantly inhibited the uptake of Al citrate, and loading of them into the cells resulted in stimulation of its uptake in RBEC1. These results demonstrated that Al citrate is taken up into RBEC1 via system Xc-, and that this system might play an important role in Al citrate transport at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Hori S, Ohtsuki S, Hosoya KI, Nakashima E, Terasaki T. A pericyte-derived angiopoietin-1 multimeric complex induces occludin gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells through Tie-2 activation in vitro. J Neurochem 2004; 89:503-13. [PMID: 15056293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although tight-junctions (TJs) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are important to prevent non-specific entry of compounds into the CNS, molecular mechanisms regulating TJ maintenance remain still unclear. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify molecules, which regulate occludin expression, derived from astrocytes and pericytes that ensheathe brain microvessels by using conditionally immortalized adult rat brain capillary endothelial (TR-BBB13), type II astrocyte (TR-AST4) and brain pericyte (TR-PCT1) cell lines. Transfilter co-culture with TR-AST4 cells, and exposure to conditioned medium of TR-AST4 cells (AST-CM) or TR-PCT1 cells (PCT-CM) increased occludin mRNA in TR-BBB13 cells. PCT-CM-induced occludin up-regulation was significantly inhibited by an angiopoietin-1-neutralizing antibody, whereas the up-regulation by AST-CM was not. Immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses confirmed that multimeric angiopoietin-1 is secreted from TR-PCT1 cells, and induces occludin mRNA, acting through tyrosine phosphorylation of Tie-2 in TR-BBB13 cells. A fractionated AST-CM study revealed that factors in the molecular weight range of 30-100 kDa led to occludin induction. Conversely, occludin mRNA was reduced by transforming growth factor beta 1, the mRNA of which was up-regulated in TR-AST4 cells following hypoxic treatment. In conclusion, in vitro BBB model studies revealed that the pericyte-derived multimeric angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 pathway induces occludin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hori
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Terasaki T, Ohtsuki S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Nakashima E, Hosoya KI. New approaches to in vitro models of blood-brain barrier drug transport. Drug Discov Today 2004; 8:944-54. [PMID: 14554158 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has been searching for an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model that preserves in vivo transporter functions in CNS drug discovery and development. The application of conditionally immortalized cell lines derived from transgenic animals harboring temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen gene, is a rational and promising approach to such a workable in vitro BBB model. The established brain capillary endothelial cell lines retain the in vivo transport rate of several compounds and various forms of gene expression. Furthermore, this new approach has enabled the development of stable and reproducible co-culture models with a pericyte cell line and/or an astrocyte cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Terasaki
- Department of Molecular, Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Industry Creation, Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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18
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Asashima T, Iizasa H, Terasaki T, Nakashima E. Rat brain pericyte cell lines expressing beta2-adrenergic receptor, angiotensin II receptor type 1A, klotho, and CXCR4 mRNAs despite having endothelial cell markers. J Cell Physiol 2003; 197:69-76. [PMID: 12942542 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are an integral component of blood capillaries, but their involvement in a variety of conditions and diseases, including hypertension and multiple sclerosis, is poorly understood. In order to analyze the mRNA expression of markers related to hypertension and multiple sclerosis in rat brain pericytes, we have established brain capillary pericyte cell lines from temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen transgenic rats. The newly established clones showed similar biochemical and morphological properties to primary pericytes. The expression of endothelial cell-related markers Flt-1, Flk-1, Tie-1, and Tie-2 was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. beta2-Adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR), angiotensin II receptor type1A (AT1A), and klotho were also evaluated as markers related to hypertension and multiple sclerosis. All of the isolated clones expressed beta2-AR, AT1A and klotho genes. They also stably expressed Flt-1 and Tie-2, while Flk-1, Tie-1 and CXCR4 were expressed only at low levels in some of the clones. The expressions of AT1 in TR-PCT1 were determined by Western blotting. Angiotensin II stimulated migration of pericytes. This effect was blocked by an AT1 antagonist. The pericyte cell lines established here are pluripotent, and should be useful for analysis of the reactivity and biological roles of pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Asashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Tomi M, Funaki T, Abukawa H, Katayama K, Kondo T, Ohtsuki S, Ueda M, Obinata M, Terasaki T, Hosoya KI. Expression and regulation of L-cystine transporter, system xc-, in the newly developed rat retinal Müller cell line (TR-MUL). Glia 2003; 43:208-17. [PMID: 12898700 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the L-cystine transporter, system x(c) (-), in Müller cells. In this study, newly developed conditionally immortalized rat Müller cell lines (TR-MUL) from transgenic rats harboring the temperature-sensitive SV 40 large T-antigen gene were used as an in vitro model. TR-MUL cells express large T-antigen and grow well at 33 degrees C with a doubling time of 30 h, but do not grow at 39 degrees C. TR-MUL cells express typical Müller cell markers such as S-100, glutamine synthetase, and EAAT1/GLAST, whereas EAAT2/GLT-1 and EAAT5 are not detected. TR-MUL cells also exhibit little or no expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. We found that TR-MUL5 cells exhibited [(14)C]L-cystine uptake activity and expressed xCT and 4F2hc, which involve system x(c) (-). The uptake of [(14)C]L-cystine was significantly inhibited by L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid, whereas L-leucine had no effect. Following diethyl maleate (DEM) treatment, the glutathione concentration in TR-MUL5 cells was reduced in the first 24 h, then gradually recovered for more than 24 h. The L-cystine uptake rate and the xCT expression level in TR-MUL5 cells were enhanced by DEM treatment. In contrast, the 4F2hc expression level was unchanged. In conclusion, TR-MUL cells have the properties of Müller cells and exhibit system x(c) (-)-mediated L-cystine uptake activity. The oxidative stress conditions following DEM treatment activate L-cystine transport in TR-MUL cells due to the enhanced transcription of the xCT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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20
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Tabuchi Y, Takahashi RI, Ueda M, Obinata M. Development of a conditionally immortalized testicular Sertoli cell line RTS3-3 from adult transgenic rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. Cell Struct Funct 2003; 28:87-95. [PMID: 12655154 DOI: 10.1247/csf.28.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice and rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 (tsSV40) large T-antigen gene are useful for establishing cell lines from tissues. We succeeded in establishing a conditionally immortalized testicular Sertoli cell line, RT3-3, from adult transgenic rats harboring the oncogene. The cells grew at permissive (33 degrees C) and intermediate (37 degrees C) temperatures but not at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C). Large T-antigen was expressed at 33 and 37 degrees C, whereas the expression level was gradually decreased at 39 degrees C, suggesting that the temperature-sensitive growth characteristics arise as a result of the function of tsSV40 large T-antigen. The cells showed biochemical features associate with normal Sertoli cells including expressions of mRNAs of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2), transferrin (TF) and steel factor. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that nonpermissive temperature induced increase in the level of SGP-2. Moreover, levels of SGP-2 and/or TF were significantly elevated in the cells treatment with sodium butyrate and retinoic acid, inducers of cellular differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the establishment of a testicular Sertoli cell line from the transgenic rats. Thus, the conditionally immortalized cell line RTS3-3 with unique characteristics may serve as good experimental in vitro models for basic and applied biology of testicular Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Hosoya KI, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. Recent advances in the brain-to-blood efflux transport across the blood-brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2002; 248:15-29. [PMID: 12429456 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the details of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanism is a very important step towards successful drug targeting to the brain and understanding what happens in the brain. Although several brain uptake methods have been developed to characterize transport at the BBB, these are mainly useful for investigating influx transport across the BBB. In 1992, P-glycoprotein was found to act as an efflux pump for anti-cancer drugs at the BBB using primary cultured bovine brain endothelial cells. In order to determine the direct efflux transport from the brain to the circulating blood of exogenous compounds in vivo, the Brain Efflux Index method was developed to characterize several BBB efflux transport systems. Recently, we have established conditionally immortalized rat (TR-BBB) and mouse (TM-BBB) brain capillary endothelial cell lines from transgenic rats and mice harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene to characterize the transport mechanisms at the BBB in vitro. TR-BBB and TM-BBB cells possess certain in vivo transport functions and express mRNAs for the BBB. Using a combination of newly developed in vivo and in vitro methods, we have elucidated the efflux transport mechanism at the BBB for neurosteroids, excitatory neurotransmitters, suppressive neurotransmitters, amino acids, and other organic anions to understand the physiological role played by the BBB as a detoxifying organ for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Japan
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Tabuchi Y, Arai Y, Ohta S, Shioya H, Takahashi RI, Ueda M, Takeguchi N, Asano S, Obinata M. Development and characterization of conditionally immortalized gastric epithelial cell lines from transgenic rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. Cell Struct Funct 2002; 27:71-9. [PMID: 12207048 DOI: 10.1247/csf.27.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally immortalized gastric epithelial cell lines were established from transgenic rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 (tsSV40) large T-antigen gene. Gastric mucosal cells and epithelial tissues isolated from the stomach of the transgenic rats were cultured at permissive temperature (33 degrees C), and proliferative cells were cloned by colony formation. Six cell lines (designated as RGE1-01, RGE1-02, RGE1-03, RGE1-21, RGE1-22 and RGE2-01) showing epithelial-like morphology have been established. All cells grew at 33 degrees C, but did not at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C). High expression level of large T-antigen in the nuclei was observed at 33 degrees C, whereas the expression level was gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner at 39 degrees C. These results suggest that the temperature-sensitive growth characteristics arise as a result of a function of the tsSV40 large T-antigen. None of the cell lines were transformed as judged by anchorage-independent growth assay. Immunocytochemical findings indicated that all cells expressed epithelial cell markers including cytoskeletal (cytokeratin and actin), basement membrane (laminin and collagen type IV) and junctional complex (ZO-1 and desmoplakin I+II) proteins at 33 degrees C. All cells expressed mRNA of cathepsin E, a pit cell marker. Moreover, transepithelial resistance was observed between apical and basolateral sides in the cells. RGE1-22 cells produced prostaglandin E(2). Levels of mRNA for cathepsin E, transepithelial resistance and prostaglandin E(2) were influenced by the nonpermissive temperature. Thus, these conditionally immortalized gastric cell lines which preserve some epithelial cell characteristics will provide a useful in vitro model of gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Molecular Genetics Research Center, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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23
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Asashima T, Iizasa H, Terasaki T, Hosoya KI, Tetsuka K, Ueda M, Obinata M, Nakashima E. Newly developed rat brain pericyte cell line, TR-PCT1, responds to transforming growth factor-beta1 and beta-glycerophosphate. Eur J Cell Biol 2002; 81:145-52. [PMID: 11998866 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes form an incomplete envelope around endothelial cells and within the microvascular basement membrane of capillaries and postcapillary venules. Recently, it has been reported that brain pericytes exhibit pluripotency, regulation of endothelial cell activity, and macrophage activity. However, many molecular and cellular aspects of brain pericytes remain unclear. In this study, we have tried to establish a conditionally immortalized brain pericyte cell line (TR-PCT) derived from the brain capillary of a transgenic rat harboring a temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 T antigen gene. One of the clones was named TR-PCT1, and we established 6 clones of pericyte-like cells from a 16 week-old tsA58 transgenic rat. For comparison, primary pericytes from a Wistar rat were also studied. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, angiopoietin-1, osteopontin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in TR-PCT1 was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Transforming growth factor-beta1 enhanced a-smooth muscle actin expression in TR-PCT1, but this expression was reduced by subsequent treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor. When TR-PCT1 was seeded on type I collagen plates and treated with beta-glycerophosphate, nodules developed in the cells and these nodules reacted positively to von Kossa stain used as a marker of calcification. We believe that TR-PCT1 will help us gain a better understanding of the physiological and/or pathophysiological role of pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Asashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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