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Li X, Chen L, Wang H, Li Y, Wu H, Guo F. Germacrone, isolated from Curcuma wenyujin, inhibits melanin synthesis through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. J Nat Med 2024; 78:863-875. [PMID: 38809333 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal melanin synthesis causes hyperpigmentation disorders, such as chloasma, freckles, and melanoma, which are highly multiple and prevalent. There were few reports on the anti-melanogenic effect of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling, and the bioactive compound has not been elucidated as well. The study aims to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of C. wenyujin, and identify the bioactive compound, and further explore its underlying mechanism. Our results showed that the Petroleum ether fraction extracted from C. wenyujin rhizome had a significant anti-melanogenic effect, and germacrone isolated from it was confirmed as the major bioactive compound. To our data, germacrone significantly inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) activity, reduced melanosome synthesis, reduced dendrites formation of B16F10 cells, and melanosome transport to keratinocytes. Moreover, germacrone effectively decreased the hyperpigmentation in zebrafish and the skin of guinea pigs in vivo. Western-blot analysis showed that germacrone down-regulated the expression of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, Rab27a, Cdc42, and MITF proteins via the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, germacrone is an effective bioactive compound for melanogenesis inhibition. Our studies suggest that germacrone may be considered a potential candidate for skin whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lijia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huali Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Al-Rawi SS, Ibrahim AH, Ahmed HJ, Khudhur ZO. Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102067. [PMID: 38690209 PMCID: PMC11059288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives For centuries, plant seed extracts have been widely used and valued for their benefits. They have been used in food, perfumes, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. These natural products are renowned for their therapeutic properties and are commonly used in medicinal treatments. Their significant pharmacological profiles provide an excellent hallmark for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the biological and pharmacological properties of nutmeg seeds and explored their efficacy in treating various illnesses. Method Published articles in databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, were analyzed using keywords related to nutmeg seed. The searched keywords were chemical compounds, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer properties, and their protective mechanisms in cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Results & discussion Nutmeg seeds have been reported to have potent antimicrobial properties against a wide range of various bacteria and fungi, thus showing potential for combating microbial infections and promoting overall health. Furthermore, nutmeg extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by improving the body's natural antioxidant defense mechanism. Nutmeg affected lipid peroxidation, reduced lipid oxidation, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased phospholipid and cholesterol excretion. In addition, nutmeg extract improves the modulation of cardiac metabolism, accelerates cardiac conductivity and ventricular contractility, and prevents cell apoptosis. This study elucidated the psychotropic, narcotic, antidepressant, and anxiogenic effects of nutmeg seeds and their potential as a pharmaceutical medicine. Notably, despite its sedative and toxic properties, nutmeg ingestion alone did not cause death or life-threatening effects within the dosage range of 20-80 g powder. However, chemical analysis of nutmeg extracts identified over 50 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant properties and can be used as phytomedicines. Moreover, the exceptional pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nutmeg have been found different for different administration routes, yet, more clinical trials are still needed. Conclusion Understanding the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of nutmeg holds promise for novel drug discovery and therapeutic advancements. Nutmeg seed offers therapeutic and novel drug prospects that can revolutionize medicine. By delving into their pharmacological properties, we can uncover the vast potential possibilities of this natural wonder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Ahmad Hamdy Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Heshu Jalal Ahmed
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Zhikal Omar Khudhur
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
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3
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Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1315. [PMID: 34439563 PMCID: PMC8389214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin) deficiency causes the systemic disease pellagra, which leads to dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and possibly death depending on its severity and duration. Vitamin B3 is used in the synthesis of the NAD+ family of coenzymes, contributing to cellular energy metabolism and defense systems. Although nicotinamide (niacinamide) is primarily used as a nutritional supplement for vitamin B3, its pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical uses have been extensively explored. In this review, we discuss the biological activities and cosmeceutical properties of nicotinamide in consideration of its metabolic pathways. Supplementation of nicotinamide restores cellular NAD+ pool and mitochondrial energetics, attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response, enhances extracellular matrix and skin barrier, and inhibits the pigmentation process in the skin. Topical treatment of nicotinamide, alone or in combination with other active ingredients, reduces the progression of skin aging and hyperpigmentation in clinical trials. Topically applied nicotinamide is well tolerated by the skin. Currently, there is no convincing evidence that nicotinamide has specific molecular targets for controlling skin aging and pigmentation. This substance is presumed to contribute to maintaining skin homeostasis by regulating the redox status of cells along with various metabolites produced from it. Thus, it is suggested that nicotinamide will be useful as a cosmeceutical ingredient to attenuate skin aging and hyperpigmentation, especially in the elderly or patients with reduced NAD+ pool in the skin due to internal or external stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Malik T, Sharma R, Panesar PS, Gehlot R, Tokusoglu O, Dhull SB, Vural H, Singh A. Nutmeg nutraceutical constituents: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological potential. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Malik
- Centre of Food Science and Technology CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan India
| | | | - Rakesh Gehlot
- Centre of Food Science and Technology CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar India
| | - Ozlem Tokusoglu
- Engineering Faculty Department of Food Engineering Celal Bayar University Manisa Turkey
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology Chaudhary Devi Lal University Sirsa India
| | - Halil Vural
- Engineering Faculty Department of Food Engineering Hacettepe UniversityBeytepe Campus Ankara Turkey
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Food Technology Mata Gujri College Fatehgarh Sahib India
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5
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Inhibitory effect of CADI on melanin transfer in the B16F10-HaCAT cells co-culture system and anti-melanogenesis of CNCE in zebrafish. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Benito-Martínez S, Zhu Y, Jani RA, Harper DC, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Cell Biology Methods for the Analysis of Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:257-268.e8. [PMID: 31980058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin and hair represents the result of melanin biosynthesis within melanosomes of epidermal melanocytes, followed by the transfer of mature melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis. Natural variation in these processes produces the diversity of skin and hair color among human populations, and defects in these processes lead to diseases such as oculocutaneous albinism. While genetic regulators of pigmentation have been well studied in human and animal models, we are still learning much about the cell biological features that regulate melanogenesis, melanosome maturation, and melanosome motility in melanocytes, and have barely scratched the surface in our understanding of melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Herein, we describe cultured cell model systems and common assays that have been used by investigators to dissect these features and that will hopefully lead to additional advances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martínez
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riddhi Atul Jani
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Dawn C Harper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
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7
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Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Anwuligan in Rats after Intravenous and Intragastric Administration by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010039. [PMID: 31861927 PMCID: PMC6983174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anwuligan, a natural 2,3-dibenzylbutane lignan from the nutmeg mace of Myristica fragans, has been proved to possess a broad range of pharmacological effects. A rapid, simple, and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been established and successfully applied to the study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of anwuligan after intravenous or intragastric administration. Sample preparation was carried out through a liquid-liquid extraction method with ethyl acetate as the extraction reagent. Arctigenin was used as the internal standard (IS). A gradient program was employed with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in a positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The transitions for quantification were m/z 329.0→205.0 for anwuligan and m/z 373.0→137.0 for IS, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the ranges of 0.5-2000 ng/mL for both plasma samples and tissue samples (r > 0.996). The absolute bioavailability is 16.2%, which represented the existing of the obvious first-pass effect. An enterohepatic circulation was found after the intragastric administration. Anwuligan could be distributed rapidly and widely in different tissues and maintained a high concentration in the liver. The developed and validated LC-MS/MS method and the pharmacokinetic study of anwuligan would provide reference for the future investigation of the preclinical safety of anwuligan as a candidate drug.
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8
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Chen HW, Chou YS, Young TH, Cheng NC. Inhibition of melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer by chitosan biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1239-1250. [PMID: 31436375 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing skin pigmentation is desirable for various medical or cosmetic conditions. Although numerous pharmaceutical agents are currently available, their depigmentation effects are still not satisfactory. In this study, we investigated the effects of chitosan, a natural marine product, on melanin synthesis and melanosome transfer. Treating B16F10 melanoma cells caused the inhibitory effect of chitosan on melanogenesis to be more prominent under α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulation. Chitosan samples of different molecular weights inhibited melanogenesis to a comparable extent, whereas increasing the deacetylation of chitosan enhanced its depigmentation effects. Chitosan was found to effectively reduce basal or α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis by suppressing the expression of melanogenic-related proteins (microphthalmia transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein-1 and protein-2) as well as inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of chitosan on melanogenesis in human melanocytes was confirmed. A transwell coculture system using permeable inserts was designed to allow the contact of human melanocytes and human HaCaT keratinocytes through the tiny holes on the membrane. When chitosan was added to this melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture system, we observed decreased melanosome release from melanocytes. Reduced melanosome uptake by keratinocytes was also observed, and was probably mediated by inhibiting protease-activated receptor 2 expression. Many skin-whitening agents can modulate the process of melanogenesis, but few have been shown to inhibit the melanosome transfer and uptake process. We demonstrated that chitosan exhibits a robust effect on depigmentation by inhibiting melanogenesis as well as melanosome transfer and uptake. Therefore, chitosan represents a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shuan Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Lee JP, Kang MG, Lee JY, Oh JM, Baek SC, Leem HH, Park D, Cho ML, Kim H. Potent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by sargachromanol I from Sargassum siliquastrum and by selected natural compounds. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103043. [PMID: 31200287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Six hundred forty natural compounds were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Of those, sargachromanol I (SCI) and G (SCG) isolated from the brown alga Sargassum siliquastrum, dihydroberberine (DB) isolated from Coptis chinensis, and macelignan (ML) isolated from Myristica fragrans, potently and effectively inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 0.79, 1.81, 1.18, and 4.16 µM, respectively. SCI, DB, and ML reversibly inhibited AChE and showed mixed, competitive, and noncompetitive inhibition, respectively, with Ki values of 0.63, 0.77, and 4.46 µM, respectively. Broussonin A most potently inhibited BChE (IC50 = 4.16 µM), followed by ML, SCG, and SCI (9.69, 10.79, and 13.69 µM, respectively). In dual-targeting experiments, ML effectively inhibited monoamine oxidase B with the greatest potency (IC50 = 7.42 µM). Molecular docking simulation suggested the binding affinity of SCI (-8.6 kcal/mol) with AChE was greater than those of SCG (-7.9 kcal/mol) and DB (-8.2 kcal/mol). Docking simulation indicated SCI interacts with AChE at Trp81, and that SCG interacts at Ser119. No hydrogen bond was predicted for the interaction between AChE and DB. This study suggests SCI, SCG, DB, and ML be viewed as new reversible AChE inhibitors and useful lead compounds for the development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yeop Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Baek
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Leem
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Lae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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11
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Lajis AFB, Ariff AB. Discovery of new depigmenting compounds and their efficacy to treat hyperpigmentation: Evidence from in vitro study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:703-727. [PMID: 30866156 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human skin pigmentation is a result of constitutive and facultative pigmentation. Facultative pigmentation is frequently stimulated by UV radiation, pharmacologic drugs, and hormones whereby leads to the development of abnormal skin hyperpigmentation. To date, many state-of-art depigmenting compounds have been studied using in vitro model to treat hyperpigmentation problems for cosmetic dermatological applications; little attention has been made to compare the effectiveness of these depigmenting compounds and their mode of actions. In this present article, new and recent depigmenting compounds, their melanogenic pathway targets, and modes of action are reviewed. This article compares the effectiveness of these new depigmenting compounds to modulate several melanogenesis-regulatory enzymes and proteins such as tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1 (TRP1), TYR-related protein-2 (TRP2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and N-terminal kinases (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38 MAPK). Other evidences from in vitro assays such as inhibition on melanosomal transfer, proteasomes, nitric oxide, and inflammation-induced melanogenesis are also highlighted. This article also reviews analytical techniques in different assays performed using in vitro model as well as their advantages and limitations. This article also provides an insight on recent finding and re-examination of some protocols as well as their effectiveness and reliability in the evaluation of depigmenting compounds. Evidence and support from related patents are also incorporated in this present article to give an overview on current patented technology, latest trends, and intellectual values of some depigmenting compounds and protocols, which are rarely highlighted in the literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Firdaus B Lajis
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Arbakariya B Ariff
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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12
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Understanding the Multitarget Pharmacological Mechanism of the Traditional Mongolian Common Herb Pair GuangZao-RouDouKou Acting on Coronary Heart Disease Based on a Bioinformatics Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7956503. [PMID: 30534179 PMCID: PMC6252196 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7956503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
GuangZao and RouDouKou (Fructus Choerospondiatis and Nutmeg, FCN) are one of the most common herb pairs in traditional Mongolian medicine for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, evidence for the protective effect of FCN is limited, and its underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. The present study employed a network pharmacology approach to identify the potentially active ingredients and synergistic effects of the herb pair FCN as traditional Mongolian medicine. We predicted the targets of all available FCN ingredients with PharmMapper, SWISS, and SuperPred Server and clustered CHD-related targets from the DrugBank and the OMIM database. We also evaluated the links between herbal ingredients and pharmacological actions to explore the potential mechanism of action of FCN. We found that FCN targets a network of CHD-related key processes, including stress responses, cell adhesion and connections, angiogenesis, cell apoptosis and necrosis, the endocrine system, inflammatory and immune responses, and other biological processes. To confirm the predicted results, we investigated the protective effect of FCN on isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Pathological assessment indicated that FCN inhibits apoptosis and inflammatory responses involving the myocardium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting analyses demonstrated the therapeutic effects of FCN on ISO-induced myocardial ischemia rats, possibly via regulating stress and inflammatory responses and inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The findings of the present study indicate that bioinformatics combined with experimental verification provide a credible and objective method to elucidate the complex multitarget mechanism of action of FCN.
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Taira N, Katsuyama Y, Yoshioka M, Okano Y, Masaki H. 3-O-Glyceryl-2-O-hexyl ascorbate suppresses melanogenesis by interfering with intracellular melanosome transport and suppressing tyrosinase protein synthesis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 17:1209-1215. [PMID: 29115012 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascorbic acid (AsA) has multifunctional benefits on skin beauty, such as the reduction in oxidative stress and the induction of collagen production. Among them, the prevention and improvement of skin pigmentation by AsA is a most important benefit for people. However, it is well known that AsA not only is quite unstable in formulations but it also has a low capability of skin penetration due to its hydrophilic property. In addition, existing water-soluble AsA derivatives that were developed to improve its stability also have low skin penetration. AIM To investigate the potential of a newly synthesized amphiphilic derivative of AsA, 3-O-Glyceryl-2-O-hexyl ascorbate (VC-HG), which has an added glyceryl group and a hexyl group, on skin beauty focusing on its skin lightening/whitening effects. METHODS DNA microarray analysis and real-time PCR were used to clarify the effects of VC-HG on melanogenesis using B16 mouse melanoma cells. The effects of VC-HG on melanin synthesis, tyrosinase protein levels, and the inhibition of tyrosinase activity were evaluated. RESULTS DNA microarray analysis revealed that treatment with VC-HG downregulated the expression of genes encoding tyrosinase and MyosinVa. Further, real-time PCR analysis showed the downregulation of tyrosinase, MyosinVa, Rab27a, and Kinesin mRNAs following VC-HG treatment. In addition, VC-HG caused decreases in tyrosinase protein levels and melanin synthesis. CONCLUSION We conclude that VC-HG has an impact on skin lightening/whitening by inhibiting tyrosinase protein synthesis and interfering with intracellular melanosome transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuri Okano
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachiouji, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachiouji, Japan
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14
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Le TVT, Nguyen PH, Choi HS, Yang JL, Kang KW, Ahn SG, Oh WK. Diarylbutane-type Lignans fromMyristica fragrans(Nutmeg) show the Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cells through Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2017.23.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Van Thu Le
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Phi Hung Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abourashed EA, El-Alfy AT. Chemical diversity and pharmacological significance of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans Houtt.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2016; 15:1035-1056. [PMID: 28082856 PMCID: PMC5222521 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nutmeg is a valued kitchen spice that has been used for centuries all over the world. In addition to its use in flavoring foods and beverages, nutmeg has been used in traditional remedies for stomach and kidney disorders. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and central nervous system effects of nutmeg have also been reported in literature. Nutmeg is a rich source of fixed and essential oil, triterpenes, and various types of phenolic compounds. Many of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg exhibit biological activities that may support its use in traditional medicine. This article provides an overview of the chemistry of secondary metabolites isolated from nutmeg kernel and mace including common methods for analysis of extracts and pure compounds as well as recent approaches towards total synthesis of some of the major constituents. A summary of the most significant pharmacological investigations of potential drug leads isolated from nutmeg and reported in the last decade is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A. Abourashed
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 773-821-2159; Fax: 773-821-2595;
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16
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Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide can upregulate keratinocyte intracellular calcium and PAR-2 expression in a human keratinocyte–melanocyte co-culture system. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:723-731. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhou J, Ling J, Wang Y, Shang J, Ping F. Cross-talk between interferon-gamma and interleukin-18 in melanogenesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:133-43. [PMID: 27567084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in our body and strategically placed to provide a metabolically active biological barrier against a range of noxious stressors. A lot of inflammatory cytokines, which are increased after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation produced by keratinocytes or other immunocytes, are closely related to pigmentary changes, including interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this study, the effect of cross-talk between IL-18 and IFN-γ on melanogenesis was investigated. Treatment with IL-18 resulted in a dose-dependent increase of melanogenesis, while IFN-γ made an opposite effect. This influence of IL-18 and IFN-γ was mediated by regulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream enzymatic cascade expressions. Furthermore, IFN-γ inhibited basal and IL-18-induced melanogenesis. IFN-γ increased signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) phosphorylation to play its position in regulating melanin pigmentation, and its inhibitory effect could be prevented by Janus Kinase 1 (JAK 1) inhibitor. IFN-γ could inhibit melanogenesis by decreasing melanocyte dendrite formation. In addition, IFN-γ inhibited the expressions of Rab Pases to suppress the mature and transport of melanosomes. IL-18 could rapidly induce Akt and PTEN phosphorylation and p65 expression in B16F10 cells. When treatment with IL-18 and IFN-γ together, the phosphorylation level of Protein Kinase B (Akt) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and expression of p65 NF-κB were inhibited, compared with treated with IL-18 only. Our studies indicated that IFN-γ could directly induce B16F10 cells apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IFN-γ markedly up-regulated IL-18 binding protein (BP) production in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal keratinocytes in dose-dependent manner. UVB irradiation induced protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in NHEK, IFN-γ could inhibit this enhancement in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that IFN-γ plays a role in regulating inflammation- or UV-induced pigmentary changes, in direct/indirect manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Ping
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, PR China.
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Lee WJ, Rhee DY, Bang SH, Kim SY, Won CH, Lee MW, Choi JH, Chang SE. The natural yeast extract isolated by ethanol precipitation inhibits melanin synthesis by modulating tyrosinase activity and downregulating melanosome transfer. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1504-11. [PMID: 25943301 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1032880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of EP-2, a natural yeast extract isolated by ethanol precipitation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on melanogenesis and to determine its underlying mechanism of action. Our results show that although EP-2 is not a direct tyrosinase inhibitor, when EP-2 was added to the culture media of B16F10 melanoma cells, intracellular tyrosinase activity was decreased. However, EP-2 had no effect on the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor or tyrosinase. EP-2 was found to inhibit melanogenesis and melanosome transfer when it was added to melanocytes and keratinocytes in coculture. In addition, protease-activated receptor 2, a key protein associated with melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, was downregulated in the presence of EP-2. In conclusion, EP-2 is a potent inhibitor of melanogenesis and its hypomelanogenic effect is related to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and transfer of melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Lee
- a Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center , University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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Kiyofuji K, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Seki T, Mishima S, Katsuki H. A natural compound macelignan protects midbrain dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory degeneration via microglial arginase-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:129-35. [PMID: 25917324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory events involving activated microglia have been recognized to play an important role in pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson disease. Compounds regulating activation profiles of microglia may provide therapeutic benefits for Parkinson disease characterized by degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Here we examined the effect of macelignan, a compound derived from nutmeg, on inflammatory degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Treatment of midbrain slice cultures with interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a substantial decrease in viable dopaminergic neurons and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production indicated by extracellular nitrite accumulation. Application of macelignan (10 μM) concomitantly with LPS prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Besides nitrite accumulation, up-regulation of inducible NO synthase protein expression in response to IFN-γ/LPS was confirmed by Western blotting, and immunohistochemical examination revealed expression of inducible NO synthase in a subpopulation of Iba-1-poitive microglia. However, macelignan did not affect any of these NO-related parameters. On the other hand, macelignan promoted expression of arginase-1 in midbrain slice cultures irrespective of the presence or the absence of IFN-γ/LPS treatment. Arginase-1 expression was mainly localized in a subpopulation of Iba-1-positive cells. Importantly, the neuroprotective effect of macelignan was antagonized by N(ω)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, a specific arginase inhibitor. The neuroprotective effect of macelignan was also prevented by GW9662, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist. Overall, these results indicate that macelignan, a compound with PPARγ agonist activity, can provide neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons in an arginase-dependent but NO-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Kiyofuji
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Hisatsune
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mishima
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Paul S, Hwang JK, Kim HY, Jeon WK, Chung C, Han JS. Multiple biological properties of macelignan and its pharmacological implications. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:264-72. [PMID: 23435944 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macelignan found in the nutmeg mace of Myristica fragrans obtains increasing attention as a new avenue in treating various diseases. Macelignan has been shown to possess a spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and hepatoprotective activities; recently, it has also been shown to have neuroprotective activities. This review summarizes the current research on the biological effects of macelignan derived from M. fragrans, with emphasis on the importance in understanding and treating complex diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
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Goh MJ, Lee HK, Cheng L, Kong DY, Yeon JH, He QQ, Cho JC, Na YJ. Depigmentation effect of kadsuralignan F on melan-a murine melanocytes and human skin equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1655-66. [PMID: 23322017 PMCID: PMC3565339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of melanogenic inhibitors is important for the prevention of hyperpigmentation, and, recently, consideration has been given to natural materials or traditionally used ingredients such as Chinese medicine. The aim of this study is the evaluation of a new anti-melanogenic candidate, kadsuralignan F, from the natural plant Kadsura coccinea, as well as the determination of mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition at a molecular level. Kadsuralignan F significantly reduced melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in a murine melanocyte cell line and human skin equivalents. There was no direct inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase or cell-extract tyrosinase activity, and mRNA expression of tyrosinase and other melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase-related protein-1 (trp-1) or trp-2 were not affected by kadsuralignan F. Interestingly, the protein level of tyrosinase was dramatically downregulated with kadsuralignan F treatment. We found that a decrease of tyrosinase protein by kadsuralignan F was fully recovered by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, but not by chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor. In this study, we found that kadsuralignan F, a lignan from an extract of Kadsura coccinea, has an inhibitory activity on melanin synthesis through tyrosinase degradation. These findings suggest that kadsuralignan F can be used as an active ingredient for hyperpigmentation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Jin Goh
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Hae-Kwang Lee
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (L.C.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - De-Yun Kong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (L.C.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Ho Yeon
- Amorepacific Shanghai R&I Center, 383 Yumin Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201801, China; E-Mails: (J.-H.Y.); (Q.-Q.H.)
| | - Quan-Quan He
- Amorepacific Shanghai R&I Center, 383 Yumin Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201801, China; E-Mails: (J.-H.Y.); (Q.-Q.H.)
| | - Jun-Cheol Cho
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yong Joo Na
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-31-280-5966; Fax: +82-31-282-6063
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Human eccrine sweat gland cells turn into melanin-uptaking keratinocytes in dermo-epidermal skin substitutes. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:316-24. [PMID: 22971848 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Biedermann et al. (2010) have demonstrated that human eccrine sweat gland cells can develop a multilayered epidermis. The question still remains whether these cells can fulfill exclusive and very specific functional properties of epidermal keratinocytes, such as the incorporation of melanin, a feature absent in sweat gland cells. We added human melanocytes to eccrine sweat gland cells to let them develop into an epidermal analog in vivo. The interaction between melanocytes and sweat gland-derived keratinocytes was investigated. The following results were gained: (1) macroscopically, a pigmentation of the substitutes was seen 2-3 weeks after transplantation; (2) we confirmed the development of a multilayered, stratified epidermis with melanocytes distributed evenly throughout the basal layer; (3) melanocytic dendrites projected to suprabasal layers; and (4) melanin was observed to be integrated into former eccrine sweat gland cells. These skin substitutes were similar or equal to skin substitutes cultured from human epidermal keratinocytes. The only differences observed were a delay in pigmentation and less melanin uptake. These data suggest that eccrine sweat gland cells can form a functional epidermal melanin unit, thereby providing striking evidence that they can assume one of the most characteristic keratinocyte properties.
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23
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Lee KE, Mun S, Pyun HB, Kim MS, Hwang JK. Effects of Macelignan Isolated from Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) on Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Type I Procollagen in UVB-Irradiated Human Skin Fibroblasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1669-75. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee-Bong Pyun
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Engineering, Yonsei University
| | | | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Engineering, Yonsei University
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