Bioactive saponins and glycosides. V. Acylated polyhydroxyolean-12-ene triterpene oligoglycosides, camelliasaponins A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2, from the seeds of Camellia japonica L.: structures and inhibitory activity on alcohol absorption

Advances in Separation, Biological Properties, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Triterpenoids Derived from Camellia oleifera Abel

Extensive research has been conducted on Camellia oleifera Abel., a cultivar predominantly distributed in China, to investigate its phytochemical composition, owning to its potential as an edible oil crop. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, as essential active constituents, play a significant role in contributing to the pharmacological effects of this cultivar. The saponins derived from C. oleifera (CoS) offer a diverse array of bioactivity benefits, including antineoplastic/bactericidal/inflammatory properties, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, as well as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the isolation and pharmacological properties of CoS. Specially, we attempt to reveal the antitumor structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CoS-derived triterpenoids. The active substitution sites of CoS, namely, C-3, C-15, C-16, C-21, C-22, C-23, and C-28 pentacyclic triterpenoids, make it a unique and highly valuable substance with significant medicinal and culinary applications. As such, CoS can play a critical role in transforming people's lives, providing unique medicinal benefits, and contributing to the advancement of both medicine and cuisine.

Isolation and microbial transformation of tea sapogenin from seed pomace of Camellia oleifera with anti-inflammatory effects

In the current study, tea saponin, identified as the primary bioactive constituent in seed pomace of Camellia oleifera Abel., was meticulously extracted and hydrolyzed to yield five known sapogenins: 16-O-tiglogycamelliagnin B (a), camelliagnin A (b), 16-O-angeloybarringtogenol C (c), theasapogenol E (d), theasapogenol F (e). Subsequent biotransformation of compound a facilitated the isolation of six novel metabolites (a1-a6). The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds was assessed using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns molecules (DAMPs)-mediated cellular inflammation models. Notably, compounds b and a2 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-induced inflammation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard anti-inflammatory agent, carbenoxolone. Conversely, compounds d, a3, and a6 selectivity targeted endogenous HMGB1-induced inflammation, showcasing a pronounced specificity. These results underscore the therapeutic promise of C. oleifera seed pomace-derived compounds as potent agents for the management of inflammatory diseases triggered by infections and tissue damage.

New biofunctional effects of oleanane-type triterpene saponins

In the current review, we describe the novel biofunctional effects of oleanane-type triterpene saponins, including elatosides, momordins, senegasaponins, camelliasaponins, and escins, obtained from Aralia elata (bark, root cortex, young shoot), Kochia scoparia (fruit), Polygala senega var. latifolia (roots), Camellia japonica (seeds), and Aesculus hippocastanum (seeds), considering the following biofunctional activities: (1) inhibitory effects on elevated levels of blood alcohol and glucose in alcohol and glucose-loaded rats, respectively, (2) inhibitory effects on gastric emptying in rats and mice, (3) accelerative effects on gastrointestinal transit in mice, and (4) protective effects against gastric mucosal lesions in rats. In addition, we describe (5) suppressive effects of the extract and chakasaponins from Camellia sinensis (flower buds) on obesity based on inhibition of food intake in mice. The active saponins were classified into the following three types: (1) olean-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-monodesmoside, (2) olean-12-ene 3,28-O-acylated bisdesmoside, and (3) acylated polyhydroxyolean-12-ene 3-O-monodesmoside. Furthermore, common modes of action, such as involvements of capsaicin-sensitive nerves, endogenous NO and PGs, and possibly sympathetic nerves, as well as common structural requirements, were observed. Based on our findings, a common mechanism of action might mediate the pharmacological effects of active saponins. It should be noted that the gastrointestinal tract is an important action site of saponins, and the role of the saponins in the gastrointestinal tract should be carefully considered.

Camellia japonica Root Extract Increases Antioxidant Genes by Induction of NRF2 in HeLa Cells

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae) has been used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes in East Asian countries. Most functional components were obtained from the upper parts of the tree, such as leaves, flowers, or seeds. Here, we report a functional effect of the 80% methanolic extract of C. japonica root (CJRE) on antioxidative stress in HeLa cells. The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key transcription factor that triggers the induction of oxidative stress-relating genes and drug detoxification. As result, CJRE showed a strong anti-radical scavenging effect in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the induction of antioxidant response elements (ARE)-luciferase activity was maximized at CJRE 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, CJRE induced the mRNA levels of HO-1 and NQO1 by the nuclear NRF2 accumulation. As a possible mechanism of Nrf2 activation, the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 signaling might fortify the NRF2 induction as well as its stability. However, the phosphorylation of AKT is rather decreased. Taken together, CJRE may potentiate the antioxidant effects by increasing the NRF2 signaling through MAP kinase signaling and the properties of its radical scavenging activity. Thus, CJRE could apply for other medicinal and cosmetic purposes.

Camellia japonica: A phytochemical perspective and current applications facing its industrial exploitation

In response to the increased popularity of medicinal plants, a number of conservation groups are recommending the investigation on poorly characterized and widely distributed species, as it is the case of camellias. In particular, Camellia japonica L. is a widespread species found in Galicia (NW Spain), where it has been largely exploited with ornamental purposes. Recent findings on its phytochemical characterization showed thousands of bioactive ingredients, mostly represented by phenolic compounds, together with terpenoids, and fatty acids. These molecules present associated biological activities, acting as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents. This review is aimed at describing the main bioactive compounds of C. japonica, as well as the health-enhancing properties attributed to this medicinal plant. Novel strategies are needed to implement an efficient industrialization process for C. japonica, ranging from small-scale approaches to the establishment of large plantations, thus involving important sectors, such as the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Comprehensive evaluation on tailor-made deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in extracting tea saponins from seed pomace of Camellia oleifera Abel

Tea saponins from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed pomace are new sources of commercial saponins. This study established an eco-friendly and efficient extraction method for tea saponins from C. oleifera seed pomace. A ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of l-proline, glycerol and sucrose (4:10:1 in molar ratio, abbreviated as PGS-5) achieved the highest extraction yield of tea saponins among all screened DESs. A maximum extraction yield of 23.22 ± 0.28% was obtained using PGS-5 under the optimized extraction time, DES concentration and liquid-solid ratio. Through ultraviolet, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF mass spectroscopy, as well as analyses of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, it was determined that extracted saponins did not altered during processing. Therefore, PGS-5 can serve as a solvent to obtain stable and beneficial tea saponins from C. oleifera seed pomace.

Kaempferol tri- and tetrasaccharides from Camellia japonica seed cake and their inhibitory activities against matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion using human dermal fibroblasts

Eight kaempferol oligosaccharides were isolated and identified from Camellia japonica seed cake. The chemical structures of the isolates were determined by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), one-dimensional (¹H and ¹³C), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-¹H COSY, HSQC and HMBC), ESI-Q-TOF-MS, and optical rotation. To evaluate the anti-aging efficacy of kaempferol oligosaccharides for cosmetic use, the MMP-1 inhibitory effects of the isolates were studied using human dermal fibroblasts which were cultured in HaCaT cell-conditioned media. The MMP-1 inhibitory assay results revealed that kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside showed the most potent MMP-1 inhibitory activity. The basal level inhibition was 50 ppm, which indicated that C. japonica seed cake is a promising material for the development of anti-aging skin cosmetics.

Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook

Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.

Simultaneous Determination and Quantification of Triterpene Saponins from Camellia sinensis Seeds Using UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS

Saponins in the Camellia sinensis seeds have a broad spectrum of biological properties and application potentials. However, up to now, no chromatographic methods have been developed to provide full fingerprinting and quality assurance for these saponins. This research aimed to develop a novel method to tentatively identify and quantify saponins in C. sinensis seeds by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS), and compare it with the classic vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. Fifty-one triterpene saponins, including six potentially new compounds, were simultaneously detected by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS, and their chemical structures were speculated according to the retention behavior and fragmentation pattern. The total saponin content in the crude extract and the purified saponin fraction of C. sinensis seeds were quantified to be 19.57 ± 0.05% (wt %) and 41.68 ± 0.09% (wt %) respectively by UPLC-PDA at 210 nm, while the corresponding values were determined to be 43.11 ± 3.17% (wt %) and 56.60 ± 5.79% (wt %) respectively by the vanillin-sulfuric acid assay. The developed UPLC-PDA -MS/MS method could determine specified saponins, and is more reliable for quantifying the C. sinensis seed saponins than the classic spectrophotometric method. It is of great significance for the future investigations and applications of these saponins.

Separation of nine novel triterpene saponins from Camellia japonica seeds using high-performance countercurrent chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

INTRODUCTION

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae) is an evergreen shrub, which is cultivated as a popular ornamental tree in Korea, China, and Japan and its seeds have been used as a source of cooking oil, in cosmetics and as a traditional medicine. Intensive phytochemical works have revealed that oleanane-type saponins are the characteristic compounds of the seeds of C. japonica.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study is to isolate and determine oleanane-type saponins from C. japonica using high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and spectroscopic evidences, respectively.

METHODOLOGY

HPLC electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) was applied to profile the saponin composition of an enriched saponin extract of C. japonica seeds. The enriched saponin extract was separated by HPCCC using a dichloromethane/methanol/isopropanol/water (9:6:1:4, v/v/v/v) system and RP-HPLC. The structures of the isolates were determined utilising ESI-Q-TOF-MS, one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and optical rotation.

RESULTS

HPCCC on enriched saponin extract of C. japonica yielded four saponin fractions in the order of the number of sugars attached to the triterpene aglycone, and preparative RP-HPLC on each saponin fraction led to the isolation of nine novel saponins, namely camoreoside A-I, along with six known ones.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that combination of HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis and HPCCC coupled with RP-HPLC are excellent tools for discovering saponins from natural sources.

Anticancer activity and mechanism of total saponins from the residual seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel. in hepatoma-22 tumor-bearing mice

Total saponins from the residual seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel. exhibited beneficial properties on anticancer activity in hepatoma-22 tumor-bearing mice and represents a promising species for food applications.

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Activating Triterpenoid Saponins from Camellia japonica Roots

Oxidative stress due to the presence of excess reactive oxygen species may cause cancers, aging, and many other conditions. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) may control abnormal oxidative stress as a transcription factor by inducing antioxidant-related genes via antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the gene promoters. The 11 triterpenoid saponins (1-11) isolated from Camellia japonica roots were tested for ARE-luciferase activity and Nrf2 accumulation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The ARE-luciferase activity was significantly increased by compounds 1-11 (25 μM) as a result of nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in the cells. Thus, these compounds may contribute to the induction of Nrf2 activity against oxidative damage in cells.

Saponins from seeds of Genus Camellia: Phytochemistry and bioactivity

Camellia seeds have been traditionally used as oil raw materials in Asia, and are known for a wide spectrum of applications. Oleanane-type triterpene saponins are the major specialised metabolites in Camellia seeds, and more than seventy saponins have been isolated and characterized. These natural compounds have caught much attention due to their various biological and pharmacological activities, including modulation of gastrointestinal system, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-microorganism, antioxidation, neuroprotection, hypolipidemic effects, foaming and detergence, as well as helping the accumulation of pollutants by plants. These compounds have a promising application in medicine, agriculture, industry and environmental protection. The present paper summarized the information from current publications on Camellia seed saponins, with a focus on the advances made in chemical structures, determination methods, bioactivities and toxicity. We hope this article will stimulate further investigations on these compounds.

Triterpenoid saponins from the genus Camellia: structures, biological activities, and molecular simulation for structure–activity relationship

This review summarizes the isolation, chemical identification, and biochemical activities of Camellia triterpenoid saponins, updating a previous review and encompassing all new studies through September 2017.

Identification of the biologically active constituents of Camellia japonica leaf and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vitro and in vivo

Camellia japonica L. is a plant of which the seeds are used as a folk medicine, and it is native to South Korea, Japan and China. In previous study, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and fatty acids which have antiviral, antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity were reported from C. japonica leaf and flower. In Korea, the seed from this plant is used as a traditional medicine and in folk remedies for the treatment of bleeding and inflammation. However, the major issue associated with the use of the seed as a medicinal and/or functional food ingredient is its application to the pharmaceutical and food industry. First, the productivity of seed extract is very much less than that of the leaf. Second, the beneficial usage of the seed extract as an alternative medicine and functional source is not yet clear. Thus, in this study, we focused on another part of the plant, the leaf, and found that the extract of Camellia japonica leaf has a high concentration of vitamin E, rutin and other biologically active compounds related to hyperuricemia. We aimed to investigate the biological activities, namely the antioxidant activities, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and anti‑hyperuricemic effects of extract from C. japonica leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol extracts of C. japonica leaf (ECJL) were prepared, and the extract was used with respect to antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and XO inhibitory activity. The in vivo XO inhibitory activity and anti‑hyperuricemic effects of the extract were evaluated in mice with potassium oxonate‑induced hyperuricemia. To clarify the marker compounds that are responsible for the anti‑hyperuricemic effects, several key constituents were identified using gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) and and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ECJL was found to have strong antioxidant activities, and in vitro XO inhibitory activity. The results of the in vivo experiments using mice demonstrated that ECJL at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited hepatic XO activity and significantly attenuated hyperuricemia. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the XO inhibitory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of ECJL, which can be therapeutically applied in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.

Antidiabetic andantioxidant properties, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition effects of triterpene saponins from Piper auritum

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of methanol extracts from leaves of Piper auritum produced four triterpenoid saponin compounds 1-4. Structures were established based on interpretation of mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. 21-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-olean-12-ene-28oic cid-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and olean-12-ene-28 methyl ester-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were orally administered to diabetic mice at dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day for 30 days and resultant biochemical parameters were studied. Both compounds significantly (p<0.05) decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, compared with controls. Low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were ameliorated. The effects of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the liver, pancreas, and kidney were reversed, with reductions insulin resistance and stimulation of insulin production. β-Glucosidase activities were studied in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 can be used to improve glucose and lipid metabolism and to reduce the imbalance between generation of reactive oxygen species and scavenging enzyme activities for prevention of diabetic complications.

Oleanane triterpenes as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors from Camellia japonica

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a key role in metabolic signaling, thereby making it an exciting drug target for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Besides, there is substantial evidence that shows its overexpression is involved in breast cancer, which suggests that selective PTP1B inhibition might be effective in breast cancer treatment. As part of our continuous research on PTP1B inhibitors from medicinal plants, four oleanane-type triterpenes were isolated from an EtOAc-soluble extract of fruit peels of Camellia japonica (Theaceae), together with 6 previously known compounds of this class. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis (UV, IR, (1)H and (13)CNMR, HMBC, HSQC, NOESY, and MS). All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on PTP1B, as well as their cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer cell lines MCF7, MCF7/ADR, and MDA-MB-231. Several compounds with OH-3 or/and COOH-28 functionalities showed strong PTP1B inhibitory activity (IC50 values ranging from 3.77±0.11 to 6.40±0.81 μM) as well as significant cytotoxicity (IC50 values ranging from 0.51±0.05 to 13.55±1.44 μM).

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of triterpene saponins from tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel) and their activities against bacteria and fungi

A method using LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS and LC/UV-ELSD was established to qualitatively analyze triterpene saponins obtained from the tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel). In addition, the quantitative analysis of oleiferasaponin A₁ using LC/UV was developed. The purified total saponins did not exhibit any inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL against the tested bacteria, except for Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli. By contrast, higher inhibitory activity was seen against the tested fungi, especially against Bipolaris maydis. Following treatment with an MIC value of 250 μg/mL for 24 h, the mycelial morphology was markedly shriveled in appearance or showed flattened and empty hyphae, with fractured cell walls, ruptured plasmalemma and cytoplasmic coagulation or leakage. These structural changes hindered the growth of mycelia.

Camellianoside, a Novel Antioxidant Glycoside from the Leaves ofCamellia japonica

A novel flavonol glycoside named camellianoside and three known flavonol glycosides were isolated from the leaves of Camellia japonica. The structure of camellianoside was established as quercetin-3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The antioxidant activities of these glycosides evaluated by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging reaction was higher than those of L-cysteine and L-ascorbic acid used as the reference antioxidants.

A new saponin from tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel) and its protective effect on PC12 cells

A new triterpenoid saponin, oleiferasaponin A₁, was isolated from tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel). The structure of oleiferasaponin A₁ was elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence and was found to be 22-O-cis-2-hexenoyl-A₁-barrigenol 3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)] [β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid. PC12 cells injured with H₂O₂ were used as the model to test the protective effects of oleiferasaponin A₁. The results indicated that oleiferasaponin A₁ can potentially prevent the H₂O₂-induced cell death of PC12 cells.

Phytotherapy of Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a medical, social, and economic problem where treatment methods mostly include difficult and long-lasting psychotherapy and, in some cases, quite controversial pharmacological approaches. A number of medicinal plants and pure natural compounds are reported to have preventive and therapeutic effects on alcoholism and alcohol dependency, but their constituents, efficacy and mechanism of action are mostly unknown so far. Recently, kudzu [ Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi], St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L.), danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.), ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.), Japanese raisin tree ( Hovenia dulcis Thunb.), ibogaine ( Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn.), evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis L.), prickly pear fruit ( Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.), purple passionflower ( Passiflora incarnata L.), thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.), fenugreek seed ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and many others drew the attention of researchers. Can, therefore, drugs of natural origin be helpful in the treatment of alcoholism or in decreasing alcohol consumption?

28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene saponins from Camellia japonica and their inhibitory activity on LPS-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells

Four new 28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, camellenodiol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2), camellenodiol 3-O-4''-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (4), camellenodiol 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-6'-methoxy-β-D- glucuronopyranoside (5), and maragenin II 3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)]-6'-methoxy-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (6), along with two known compounds, (1 and 3), were isolated from the stem bark of Camellia japonica. Their chemical structures were established mainly by 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds showed inhibitory effects on NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins with acceleration of gastrointestinal transit and inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase from flower buds of chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

The MeOH extract and its BuOH-soluble fraction (crude saponin fraction) from the flower buds of Chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE; Fujian Province) were found to exhibit accelerating effects on gastrointestinal transit in mice and inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase. From the BuOH-soluble fraction, three new acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, chakasaponins I, II, and III (1-3, resp.), were isolated together with 13 known compounds. The chemical structures 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Compounds 1-3 showed accelerating effects on gastrointestinal transit in mice and inhibitory effects against porcine pancreatic lipase (IC(50)=150-530 microM).

Medicinal flowers. XIV. New acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides with antiallergic activity from flower buds of chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

The methanolic extract from the flower buds of Chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE) was found to inhibit release of beta-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells. From the methanolic extract, six new acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, floratheasaponins D-I, were isolated together with 21 known compounds including floratheasaponins A-C. The chemical structures of floratheasaponins D-I were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The principal constituents, floratheasaponins A-F, were found to show the inhibitory activity on the release of beta-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells.

Medicinal Flowers. XV. The Structures of Noroleanane- and Oleanane-Type Triterpene Oligoglycosides with Gastroprotective and Platelet Aggregation Activities from Flower Buds of Camellia japonica

The methanolic extract from the flowers buds of Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae) were found to exhibit potent inhibitory activities on ethanol- or indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Through bioassay-guided separation, 28-noroleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, camelliosides A, B, and C, and an oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, camellioside D, were isolated from the methanolic extract together with five known compounds. The absolute stereostructures of camelliosides were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included the structure revision of the nortriterpene aglycons (camellenodiol and camelledionol). The principal oligoglycosides, camelliosides A and B, showed platelet aggregation activity in addition to the gastroprotective effects on ethanol- or indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats.

Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. XXV. Acylated Oleanane-Type Triterpene Saponins from the Seeds of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)

Seven new acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, theasaponins A(4) (1), A(5) (2), C(1) (3), E(8) (4), E(9) (5), G(1) (6), and H(1) (7), were isolated from the seeds of Japanese tea plant (Camellia sinensis). The structures of 1-7 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.

Natural medicines for alcoholism treatment: a review

Alcoholism is a serious problem throughout the world. The development of alcoholism remedies have medical, social and economical significance. In view of the pitfalls of psychological dependence and adverse behavioural effects of synthetic drugs, the development of low toxicity and high efficiency medicines derived from natural products exhibits expansive market prospects. Based on these considerations, we summarize briefly folk application of traditional hangover remedies and clinical application of herbal complex and patent medicines for alcoholism treatment. We have reviewed the effects of natural medicines on intake, absorption and metabolism of alcohol, as well as the protective effects on alcohol-induced acute and chronic tissue injury.

Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. XXIII. Triterpene Saponins with Gastroprotective Effect from the Seeds of Camellia sinensis-Theasaponins E3, E4, E5, E6, and E7-

The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins E3 (1), E4 (2), E5 (3), E6 (4), and E7 (5), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of 1-5 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins E1 (6), E2 (7), and E5 (3) and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure-activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; 1) the 21- and/or 22-acyl groups are essential for the activity, 2) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

Alcohol absorption inhibitors from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): structure-requirements of sesquiterpenes for the activity

Through a bioassay-guided separation using inhibitory activity on blood ethanol elevation in oral ethanol-loaded rat, various sesquiterpenes having an alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety, costunolide (1), dehydrocostus lactone (2), zaluzanin D (3), reynosin (4), santamarine (5), 3alpha-acetoxyeudesma-1,4(15),11(13)-trien-12,6alpha-+ ++olide (6) and 3-oxoeudesma-1,4,11(13)-trien-12,6alpha-olide (7), were isolated as the active principle from the leaves of Laurus nobilis (bay leaf, laurel). In order to characterize the structure requirement for the activity, several reduction products (2a-2d) and amino acid adducts (2e, 2f) of the alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety were synthesized from 2 and the inhibitory activities of these sesquiterpenes, together with alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone (12) and its related compounds (13-16), were examined. These results indicated that the gamma-butyrolactone or gamma-butyrolactol moiety having alpha-methylene or alpha-methyl group was essential for the inhibitory activity on ethanol absorption. Since 1, 2 and 12 showed no significant effect on glucose absorption, these sesquiterpenes appeared to selectively inhibit ethanol absorption. In addition, the acute toxicities of 1 and 2 in a single oral administration were found to be lower than that of 12.

Preventive effect of sesquiterpenes from bay leaf on blood ethanol elevation in ethanol-loaded rat: structure requirement and suppression of gastric emptying

The methanolic extract from the leaves of Laurus nobilis (bay leaf, laurel) potently inhibited the elevation of blood ethanol level in ethanol-loaded rat. Through bioassay-guided separation, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, and santamarine were isolated as the active constituents and the alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone structure was found to be essential for the preventive effect on ethanol absorption. In addition, the retardation of gastric emptying seemed to be partially involved in the preventive effects.

Structure-related inhibitory activity of oleanolic acid glycosides on gastric emptying in mice

We examined the effects of various oleanolic acid oligoglycosides obtained from traditional herbs on gastric emptying in non-nutrient meal- or nutrient meal-loaded mice. Test samples were given orally to fasted mice 0.5 h before loading of test meals. Oleanolic acid 3-O-monodesmosides [oleanolic acid 3-O-glucuronide (3, 12.5-50 mg/kg), momordin Ic (4, 25 and 50 mg/kg), momordin I (6, 12.5-50 mg/kg), and 28-O-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponins IV (8, 12.5-50 mg/kg) and V (10, 50 mg/kg)] were found to show inhibitory effects on gastric emptying in 1.5% CMC-Na test meal-loaded mice. 4, 6, and 8 also inhibited gastric emptying in mice given 40% glucose test meal, milk test meal, and 60% ethanol test meal. 3 inhibited gastric emptying in mice given milk test meal or 60% ethanol test meal, but lacked significant inhibition in 40% glucose test meal-loaded mice. 10 (50 mg/kg) also slightly inhibited gastric emptying in milk test meal-loaded mice, but lacked the significant inhibition in mice given 40% glucose or 60% ethanol test meal. Whereas oleanolic acid 3,28-0-bisdesmosides [momordin IIc (5), chikusetsusaponins IV (7) and V (9)], oleanolic acid 28-O-monodesmoside [compound O (2)], and their common aglycon [oleanolic acid (1)] showed no such effects at dose of 50 mg/kg. 28-O-Deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin V (10) showed a little inhibition in these experiments. These results indicate that both the 3-O-monodesmoside structure and 28-carboxyl group were confirmed to be essential for such activity, and the 28-ester glucoside moiety and 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside moiety reduce the activity.

Saponins from Harpullia cupanioides

Five new saponins have been isolated from the stem bark of Harpullia cupanioides and identified as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)] beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl 22-O-angeloyl-A1-barrigenol, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)] beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl 28-O-angeloyl-A1-barrigenol, 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)] beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl 28-O-angeloyl-A1-barrigenol. 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)] beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl 16-O-beta, beta-dimethylacryloyl-camelliagenin A and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)] beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl 28-O-angeloyl-camelliagenin A. The structures were elucidated by analysis of 2D-NMR spectra and mass spectra.