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Imbs AB, Dembitsky VM. Coral Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:539. [PMID: 37888474 PMCID: PMC10608786 DOI: 10.3390/md21100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals, recognized as cornerstone species in marine ecosystems, captivate with their unique duality as both symbiotic partners and autotrophic entities. Beyond their ecological prominence, these corals produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are poised to revolutionize the domains of pharmacology and medicine. This exhaustive review delves deeply into the multifaceted world of coral-derived lipids, highlighting both ubiquitous and rare forms. Within this spectrum, we navigate through a myriad of fatty acids and their acyl derivatives, encompassing waxes, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, mono-akyl-diacylglycerols, and an array of polar lipids such as betaine lipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and phosphonolipids. We offer a comprehensive exploration of the intricate biochemical variety of these lipids, related fatty acids, prostaglandins, and both cyclic and acyclic oxilipins. Additionally, the review provides insights into the chemotaxonomy of these compounds, illuminating the fatty acid synthesis routes inherent in corals. Of particular interest is the symbiotic bond many coral species nurture with dinoflagellates from the Symbiodinium group; their lipid and fatty acid profiles are also detailed in this discourse. This exploration accentuates the vast potential and intricacy of coral lipids and underscores their profound relevance in scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Di Costanzo F, Di Dato V, Ianora A, Romano G. Prostaglandins in Marine Organisms: A Review. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E428. [PMID: 31340503 PMCID: PMC6669704 DOI: 10.3390/md17070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid mediators belonging to the eicosanoid family. PGs were first discovered in mammals where they are key players in a great variety of physiological and pathological processes, for instance muscle and blood vessel tone regulation, inflammation, signaling, hemostasis, reproduction, and sleep-wake regulation. These molecules have successively been discovered in lower organisms, including marine invertebrates in which they play similar roles to those in mammals, being involved in the control of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, ion transport, and defense. Prostaglandins have also been found in some marine macroalgae of the genera Gracilaria and Laminaria and very recently the PGs pathway has been identified for the first time in some species of marine microalgae. In this review we report on the occurrence of prostaglandins in the marine environment and discuss the anti-inflammatory role of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Costanzo
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Dato
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Catalase-Related Allene Oxide Synthase, on a Biosynthetic Route to Fatty Acid Cyclopentenones: Expression and Assay of the Enzyme and Preparation of the 8R-HPETE Substrate. Methods Enzymol 2018. [PMID: 29909837 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Catalase-related allene oxide synthase (cAOS) is a hemoprotein that converts a specific fatty acid hydroperoxide to an unstable allene oxide intermediate at turnover rates in the order of 1000 per second. Fatty acid allene oxides are intermediates in the formation of cyclopentenone or hydrolytic products in marine systems, most notably the prostanoid-related clavulones. Although the key catalytic amino acid residues around the active site of cAOS are the same as in true catalases, cAOS does not react with hydrogen peroxide. cAOS occurs exclusively as the N-terminal domain of a naturally occurring fusion protein with a C-terminal lipoxygenase (LOX) domain that supplies the hydroperoxide substrate. In marine invertebrates, an 8R-LOX domain converts arachidonic acid to 8R-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8R-HPETE) and the cAOS domain forms an 8,9-epoxy allene oxide. The fusion protein from the sea whip octocoral Plexaura homomalla is the prototypical model with crystal structures of the individual domains. The cAOS (43kDa) expresses exceptionally well in Escherichia coli, with yields of up to 100mg/L. This article describes in detail expression and assay of the P. homomalla cAOS and two methods for the preparation of its 8R-HPETE substrate. Another article in this volume focuses on the P. homomalla 8R-LOX (Gilbert, Neau, & Newcomer, 2018).
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Brash AR, Boeglin WE, Stec DF, Voehler M, Schneider C, Cha JK. Isolation and characterization of two geometric allene oxide isomers synthesized from 9S-hydroperoxylinoleic acid by cytochrome P450 CYP74C3: stereochemical assignment of natural fatty acid allene oxides. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20797-20806. [PMID: 23709224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized cytochromes P450 or catalase-related hemoproteins transform fatty acid hydroperoxides to allene oxides, highly reactive epoxides leading to cyclopentenones and other products. The stereochemistry of the natural allene oxides is incompletely defined, as are the structural features required for their cyclization. We investigated the transformation of 9S-hydroperoxylinoleic acid with the allene oxide synthase CYP74C3, a reported reaction that unexpectedly produces an allene oxide-derived cyclopentenone. Using biphasic reaction conditions at 0 °C, we isolated the initial products and separated two allene oxide isomers by HPLC at -15 °C. One matched previously described allene oxides in its UV spectrum (λmax 236 nm) and NMR spectrum (defining a 9,10-epoxy-octadec-10,12Z-dienoate). The second was a novel stereoisomer (UV λmax 239 nm) with distinctive NMR chemical shifts. Comparison of NOE interactions of the epoxy proton at C9 in the two allene oxides (and the equivalent NOE experiment in 12,13-epoxy allene oxides) allowed assignment at the isomeric C10 epoxy-ene carbon as Z in the new isomer and the E configuration in all previously characterized allene oxides. The novel 10Z isomer spontaneously formed a cis-cyclopentenone at room temperature in hexane. These results explain the origin of the cyclopentenone, provide insights into the mechanisms of allene oxide cyclization, and define the double bond geometry in naturally occurring allene oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Stec
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Markus Voehler
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | | | - Jin K Cha
- the Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Hu WP, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:35-94. [PMID: 18250897 DOI: 10.1039/b701534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2006 for marine natural products, with 758 citations (534 for the period January to December 2006) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidaria, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (779 for 2006), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Porta A, Re S, Zanoni G, Vidari G. Enantioselective synthesis of preclavulone A and its methyl ester. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zanoni G, Porta A, Brunoldi E, Vidari G. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Chiral Building Block for Cyclopentanoids: A Novel Enantioselective Synthesis of Preclavulone A. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8459-66. [PMID: 17064020 DOI: 10.1021/jo061321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new asymmetric approach to the hydroxylactone (+)-(3aR,4R,6aS)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3a,4-dihydro-3H-cyclopenta[b]furan-2(6aH)-one (1), a key synthetic building block for cis-1,2-disubstituted five-membered ring derivatives (i.e., isoprostanes, jasmonates, and clavulones), has been described. A remarkable control of the absolute and relative configuration of the three stereocenters was achieved. Thus, the use of the Trost's asymmetric allylic alkylation strategy secured highly enantioenriched (R)-3-(nitromethyl)cyclopent-1-ene (13), which was smoothly converted to (R)-cyclopent-2-enecarboxylic acid (15) in excellent yield and high enantiomeric purity (>98% ee). 6-exo-trig atom-transfer radical cyclizations of ((R)-cyclopent-2-enyl)methyl 2-iodoacetate (12) produced exclusively the desired cis-fused delta-lactone (4aR,7aR)-hexahydro-5-iodocyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1H)-one (11), which was subsequently elaborated to hydroxylactone 1 through a stereocontrolled Pd(II)-mediated lactonization reaction. En route to preclavulone A, a putative elusive intermediate in the biosynthesis of clavulones, the synthetic utility of compound 1 was demonstrated. The key feature in this synthesis was the installation of the lower side chain via the Knochel organozinc sp3-sp C-C coupling protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Pérez-García E, Zubía E, Ortega MJ, Carballo JL. Merosesquiterpenes from two sponges of the genus Dysidea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:653-8. [PMID: 15921404 DOI: 10.1021/np040237z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical study of two sponges of the genus Dysidea collected in the Gulf of California has led to the isolation of the new merosesquiterpenes 20-O-acetyl-21-hydroxy-ent-isozonarol (2), 20-O-acetylneoavarol (3), ent-yahazunol (4), and dysienone (5), together with the known compounds 1 and 6-9. The structures of the new metabolites have been established by spectroscopic techniques. The absolute configuration of compounds 5 and 6 has been investigated by application of a procedure developed by Riguera et al. Compounds 2 and 5 showed cytotoxic activity against three human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Pérez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, 11510-Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2003 for marine natural products, with 619 citations (413 for the period January to December 2003) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (656 for 2003), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country or origin. Biosynthetic studies or syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries have been included (78), including any first total syntheses of a marine natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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