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Singh SK, Shrivastava S, Mishra AK, Kumar D, Pandey VK, Srivastava P, Pradhan B, Behera BC, Bahuguna A, Baek KH. Friedelin: Structure, Biosynthesis, Extraction, and Its Potential Health Impact. Molecules 2023; 28:7760. [PMID: 38067489 PMCID: PMC10707989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies are investigating more source matrices for natural bioactive chemicals. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from various plant species from different families as well as mosses and lichen. The fundamental compounds of these friedelane triterpenoids are abundantly found in cork tissues and leaf materials of diverse plant genera such as Celastraceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. They possess many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Friedelin also has an anti-insect effect and the ability to alter the soil microbial ecology, making it vital to agriculture. Ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and acid hydrolysis extract friedelin with reduced environmental impact. Recently, the high demand for friedelin has led to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and gene overexpression plasmids to produce friedelin using genetically engineered yeast. Friedelin with low cytotoxicity to normal cells can be the best phytochemical for the drug of choice. The review summarizes the structural interpretation, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, quantification, and various forms of pharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Shweta Shrivastava
- School of Pharmacy, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Darshan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Vijay Kant Pandey
- Department of Agriculture, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur 831012, Jharkhand, India;
| | - Pratima Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Biswaranjan Pradhan
- S.K. Dash Centre of Excellence of Biosciences and Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Bikash Chandra Behera
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Evbuomwan IO, Stephen Adeyemi O, Oluba OM. Indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine for malaria treatment in Kwara State, Nigeria: an ethnobotanical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:324. [PMID: 37716985 PMCID: PMC10504731 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folk medicine is crucial to healthcare delivery in the underdeveloped countries. It is frequently used as a primary treatment option or as a complementary therapy for malaria. Malaria is a deadly disease which greatly threatens global public health, claiming incredible number of lives yearly. The study was aimed at documenting the medicinal plants used for malaria treatment in folk medicine in Kwara State, Nigeria. METHODS Ethnobotanical information was collected from selected consenting registered traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) through oral face-to-face interviews using in-depth, semi-structured interview guide. The ethnobotanical data were analysed, and descriptive statistical methods were used to compile them. RESULTS Sixty-two indigenous medicinal plants, including 13 new plants, used for malaria treatment were identified in this study. The TMPs preferred decoction in aqueous solvent (34%) and steeping in decaffeinated soft drink (19%) for herbal preparations. Oral administration (74%) was the main route of administration, while leaves (40%) and stem barks (32%) were the most dominant plant parts used in herbal preparations. The most cited families were Fabaceae (15%) and Rutaceae (6%), while Mangifera indica (77.14%), Enantia chlorantha (65.71%), Alstonia boonei (57.14%) followed by Cymbopogon citratus (54.29%) were the most used plants. Besides, the antimalarial activities of many of the plants recorded and their isolated phytocompounds have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the conservation status of 4 identified plants were Vulnerable. CONCLUSION The study showed strong ethnobotanical knowledge shared by the TMPs in the State and provides preliminary information that could be explored for the discovery of more potent antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Cellular Parasitology Unit, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-Onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
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The Antiplasmodial Potential of Medicinal Plants Used in the Cameroonian Pharmacopoeia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4661753. [PMID: 36254175 PMCID: PMC9569203 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4661753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a real public health problem. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Research in herbal medicine has so far shown that the use of plants against malaria is not to be neglected. This review aims to highlight the antiplasmodial potential of Cameroonian plants. In order to achieve this objective, we conducted a bibliographic search in April 2022 using the PubMed search engine. This research included both the published and unpublished studies. A narrative approach was used to describe the antiplasmodial potential of the various species of plants investigated. Quantitative data were analyzed using R studio 4.1.1 software and random effects model was used to estimate the effect size. The research of the antiplasmodial activity of Cameroonian plants dates back to 2000. This area of research has since provided extensive data to indicate the antiplasmodial potential of several plants, most of which originate from the central region. Despite the heterogeneity observed between the different plant families studied in Cameroon for their in vitro antiplasmodial effect, there is strong evidence that 17 active compounds from these plants would be ideal candidates for the synthesis of new antimalarial drugs. The Dacryodes edulis species could be considered as the best natural alternative in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria according to its properties. It is clear that the traditional Cameroonian pharmacopoeia has many species that contain compounds with antiplasmodial activity. More studies need to be conducted to explore the multitude of unexplored plants that are used in traditional medicine. These studies should take into account the nature of the cell model used for cytotoxicity assessment.
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Olanlokun JO, Ekundayo MT, Ebenezer O, Koorbanally NA, Olorunsogo OO. Antimalarial and Erythrocyte Membrane Stability Properties of Globimetula braunii (Engle Van Tiegh) Growing on Cocoa in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3795-3808. [PMID: 34584427 PMCID: PMC8462095 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s317732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistant malaria is a fatal disease. Globimetula braunii (African Mistletoe) is traditionally used for malarial treatment but this fact has not been scientifically reported. Methods Plasmodium berghei (NK65)-infected male Swiss mice (20±2 g) were treated orally and once daily with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW of methanol extract and its respective hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions for 9 days. P-alaxin was used as control drug P. berghei (ANKA)-infected mice were then treated with the most potent fraction for 5 days. Parasitemia and parasite clearance were determined by microscopy, while hematological parameters, heme, hemozoin, and mouse erythrocyte membrane stabilisation were assayed. The phytochemicals in the most potent fraction were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results Hexane fraction (HF)-treated mice (400 mg/kg BW) had the least mean parasite load (0.00 ± 0.00; 0.14 ± 0.05%) and highest clearance (100 ± 0.00; 75.50 ± 4.95%) compared with infected control (9.81 ± 0.09; 6.84 ± 0.09%) in susceptible and resistant models, respectively. Hexane fraction modulated hematological indices, minimised erythrocyte membrane damage in heat-induced (2.18 ± 0.94%) and hypotonic solution-induced (7.93 ± 0.93%) compared to artequin (5.05 ± 2.18; 6.38 ± 0.33%) and P-alaxin (67.45 ± 5.15; 56.78 ± 1.10%) in both models of membrane stabilisation, respectively. Hexane fraction (P<0.01) increased heme and decreased hemozoin contents. Friedelan-3-one was identified as the most abundant triterpene. Conclusion The results indicated that G. braunii has anti-plasmodial properties and minimally dis-stabilised erythrocyte membrane. The major findings in this study are that n-hexane fraction of G. braunii possess excellent and moderate antiplasmodial activity against susceptible and resistant P. berghei, respectively. This was reflected via decreased parasite load, improved hematological parameters, increased heme and decreased hemozoin contents. Friedelan-3-one, a major constituent of the n-hexane fraction, may be responsible for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 4000, Nigeria
| | - Mercy Toluwase Ekundayo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 4000, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi Ebenezer
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4006, South Africa
| | | | - Olufunso Olabode Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 4000, Nigeria
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Huang YP, Zhao YY, Johnson OO, Zhang J, Zhao M, Che CT, Yin ZQ. Further prenylated anthranoids from Harungana madagascariensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112711. [PMID: 33711738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ten undescribed anthranoids, including three anthraquinone acetals as racemic mixtures, (±)-kenganthranol G-I, and seven prenylated anthranols, (±)-kenganthranol J-M and harunganol G-I, together with thirteen known compounds, were isolated from the stem bark of Harungana madagascariensis. The structures of (±)-kenganthranol G and (±)-kenganthranol J were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. (±)-Kenganthranol G was separated into (+)-kenganthranol G and (-)-kenganthranol G by chiral HPLC and their absolute configurations were established by electronic circular dichroism. (±)-Kenganthranol L displayed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Huang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yu Zhao
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Oluwatosin O Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, CMUL Campus, Lagos, 100254, Nigeria; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States; Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization Process Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States
| | - Zhi-Qi Yin
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Oladele JO, Ajayi EI, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olowookere BD, Adeniyi BM, Oyewole OI, Oladiji AT. A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04897. [PMID: 32929412 PMCID: PMC7480258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the frightening mortality rate associated with COVID-19, there is no known approved drug to effectively combat the pandemic. COVID-19 clinical manifestations include fever, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and other complications. At present, there is no known effective treatment or vaccine that can mitigate/inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Available clinical intervention for COVID-19 is only palliative and limited to support. Thus, there is an exigent need for effective and non-invasive treatment. This article evaluates the possible mechanism of actions of SARS-CoV-2 and present Nigeria based medicinal plants which have pharmacological and biological activities that can mitigate the hallmarks of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 mode of actions includes hyper-inflammation characterized by a severe and fatal hyper-cytokinaemia with multi-organ failure; immunosuppression; reduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enhance pulmonary vascular permeability causing damage to the alveoli; and further activated by open reading frame (ORF)3a, ORF3b, and ORF7a via c-Jun N- terminal kinase (JNK) pathway which induces lung damage. These mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 can be mitigated by a combination therapy of medicinal herbs based on their pharmacological activities. Since the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are multifactorial with co-morbidities, we strongly recommend the use of combined therapy such that two or more herbs with specific therapeutic actions are administered to combat the mediators of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson O. Oladele
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer I. Ajayi
- Membrane Biophysics and Nanotechnology Laboratories, Mercedes and Martin Ferreyra Institute of Medicine, IMMF-INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Cordoba, Argentina
- Diabesity Complications & Other Neglected Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Oyedotun M. Oyeleke
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun T. Oladele
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Boyede D. Olowookere
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwaji M. Adeniyi
- Centre of Excellence for Food Technology and Research -Benue State University, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olu I. Oyewole
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Chama MA, Onyame HA, Fleischer C, Osei-Safo D, Waibel R, Otchere J, Addae-Mensah I, Wilson M. In vitro activities of crude extracts and triterpenoid constituents of Dichapetalum crassifolium Chodat against clinical isolates of Schistosoma haematobium. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04460. [PMID: 32760823 PMCID: PMC7393437 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichapetalum crassifolium Chodat (Dichapetalaceae) is widely distributed in Africa, Tropical Asia and Latin America. As part of our quest for potential bioactive lead compounds for various neglected tropical diseases, we report the anti-schistosomal potential of the crude extracts and chemical constituents of the stems and roots of Dichapetalum crassifolium. Column chromatography of extracts of the stems and roots led to the isolation and identification of three oleanane-type triterpenoids, friedelan-3β-ol (1), friedelan-3-one (2), and maslinic acid (3); the ursane-type tritepenoid, pomolic acid (4) and the dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoids, dichapetalin A (5) and dichapetalin M (6). Dichapetalin A was isolated from only the roots. Isolated compounds were identified by comparison of their physico-chemical and spectral data with published data. The highest in vitro anti-schistosomal activity (IC50) of the crude extracts against clinical isolates of Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz 1852) was 248.6 μg/ml for the ethyl acetate extract of the root while dichapetalin A gave the highest activity at 151.1 μg/ml among the compounds compared with the 15.5 μg/ml for the standard drug, praziquantel. The rest of the compounds showed activities in the order 177.9, 191.0, and 378.1 μg/ml respectively for mixture of β-sitosterol/stigmasterol, dichapetalin M and friedelan-3-one. The least active extract was the methanol extract of the stem (893.7 μg/ml). The constituents of D. crassifolium showed activity against the S. haematobium that are below praziquantel. It is envisaged that the presence of multiple layers and the minute sizes of pores in the egg shells, may preclude penetration of eggs by the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anti Chama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, P.O Box LG 56, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Henry Akwaffo Onyame
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, P.O Box LG 56, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Claudine Fleischer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, P.O Box LG 56, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Osei-Safo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, P.O Box LG 56, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Reiner Waibel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friederich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joseph Otchere
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ivan Addae-Mensah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, P.O Box LG 56, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Myrianthus libericus Stem Bark and Its Constituents in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8703197. [PMID: 32382310 PMCID: PMC7191442 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8703197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and resurgence of P. falciparum resistance to generations of antimalarial drugs have prompted the search for new, effective, and safe antimalarial agents. This study aimed at investigating the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the 70% hydroethanolic extract and constituents of the stem bark of Myrianthus libericus based on its ethnomedicinal use as an antimalarial agent. The antiplasmodial activity was assessed in Swiss albino mice employing the 4-day suppressive and Rane's tests. MLB significantly (p < 0.0001) suppressed parasitaemia by 52.26%, 65.40%, and 77.11% at 50, 100, and 200 mg·kg−1 doses, respectively, in the 4-day suppressive test. In Rane's test, the highest parasitaemia suppression of 72.50% was recorded at a dose of 200 mg·kg−1 of the extract. Fractionation of the bioactive ethyl acetate fraction by solvent-solvent partitioning and column chromatography led to the isolation of friedelan-3-one and stigmasterol being reported for the first time from this species. The compounds demonstrated remarkable antiplasmodial activity by suppressing parasitaemia by 65–72% in the suppressive test and 61–70% in the curative test at doses of 10–30 mg·kg−1. Both the extract and the isolated compounds significantly prolonged the survival time of infected mice and averted the cardinal signs associated with P. berghei-induced malaria including weight loss, hypothermia, and haemolysis. The results obtained confirm the prospect of M. libericus as an important source of new antimalarial compounds and justifies its folkloric use as an antimalarial agent.
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Koffi JA, Silué KD, Tano DK, Dable TM, Yavo W. Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of extracts from endemic medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Côte d'Ivoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 10:151-157. [PMID: 32793437 PMCID: PMC7416013 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2020.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
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Introduction:Plasmodium falciparum strains had been increasingly resistant to commonly used molecules including artemisinin. It is therefore urges to find new therapeutic alternatives. Methods: In this study, the antiplasmodial activity of 21 extracts obtained from seven plants of the Anthocleista djalonensis, Cochlospermum planchonii, Harungana madagascariensis, Hoslundia opposita, Mangifera indica, Margaritaria discoidea and Pericopsis laxiflora of the Ivorian pharmacopoeia was evaluated on the chloroquine sensitive (NF54) and multi-resistant (K1) reference strains and on clinical isolates as well. The technique used was the microtiter method based on fluorescence reading with SYBR Green. Results: The aqueous extract of the bark of H. madagascariensis and methanolic extracts of P. laxiflora showed the best antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 6.16 µg/mL and 7.44 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, extracts of M. indica showed a very moderate activity with IC50 values between 15 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL (5<IC50<50 µg/mL) on the same strains of P. falciparum. Only the aqueous extract of A. djalonensis had IC50 values greater than 50 µg/mL. The phytochemical analysis showed a strong presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in extracts with a cumulative rate of 90.47% and 95.23%, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained were also justified by the composition of these plants, which have several secondary metabolites involved in the treatment of malaria. The antiplasmodial properties of these plants could partially justify their use in malaria treatment. Further studies on these extracts are needed to manufacture a stable galenic formulation for the development of an improved traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - William Yavo
- Institut National de Sante Publique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Shorinwa OA, Monsi B. Toxicological implications of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis on wistar rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-019-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The unopened buds of the fruit of Harungana madagascariensis is used in the treatment of anaemia and skin diseases in traditional medicine. Hence, this study aims to scientifically evaluate the effects of oral administration of the fruit extract of Harungana madagascariensis on haematological, biochemical and histological parameters in Wistar rats.
Methods
Phytochemical screening of the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis was carried out. Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke’s method. Sub-acute toxicity studies were done using 24 rats of both sexes which were randomized into four groups of six rats each. Animals in groups A, B, C were administered with the extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively while group D animals were given distilled water (5 mg/kg) and served as the control group. All administrations were done through the oral route for 30 consecutive days. Body weights of the animals were taken weekly during the study. The animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia and blood samples collected for evaluation of haematological (red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and white blood cell) and biochemical (alanine transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol and total protein) parameters. Histological examination was conducted on the liver and kidney of the animals.
Results
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroidal nucleus, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and tannins. Acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the RBC, HB, PCV and WBC of the extract treated groups when compared to the control group. There was however, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the creatinine level of the 500 mg/kg extract –treated group and the control. There was no statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in other biochemical parameters of the extract treated groups and the control group except for a marginal increase in the total protein in the group treated with 1000 mg/kg of the extract (60 g/L) compared with control (54.80 g/L). Histopathological examination showed alterations in the morphology of the liver and kidney in extract treated groups as compared to the control groups.
Conclusion
The findings have revealed that the ethanol fruit extract of H. madagascariensis should be used with caution especially during prolonged usage as the histology showed it has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potentials. Further studies will be done to establish the effects of the extract on white blood cells.
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Llorent-Martinez EJ, Ruiz-Riaguas A, Sinan KI, Bene K, Fernández-de Cordova ML, Picot-Allain C, Mahomoodally F, Saleem H, Zengin G. Exploring Chemical Profiles and Bioactivities of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. Leaves and Stem Bark Extracts: A New Source of Procyanidins. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1653903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eulogio J. Llorent-Martinez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz-Riaguas
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Kouadio Bene
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Laboratoire de Botanique et Phytothérapie, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Carene Picot-Allain
- Faculty of Science, Department of Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Faculty of Science, Department of Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Hammad Saleem
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Selcuk Universtiy, Konya, Turkey
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Bapela MJ, Heyman H, Senejoux F, Meyer JJM. 1H NMR-based metabolomics of antimalarial plant species traditionally used by Vha-Venda people in Limpopo Province, South Africa and isolation of antiplasmodial compounds. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:148-155. [PMID: 30048730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Vha-Venda people living in rural areas of Limpopo Province of South Africa regularly use traditional plant-based medicines to treat malaria. In our earlier publication, twenty indigenous plant species used to treat malaria or its symptoms by Vha-Venda people were evaluated for antiplasmodial activity. The main objective of the current study was to assess the robustness of NMR-based metabolomics in discriminating classes of secondary compounds that are responsible for the observed antimalarial activity and the isolation of antiplasmodial compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty dichloromethane extracts were reconstituted in CDCl3, subjected to 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis on a Varian 600 MHz spectrometer and the acquired 1H NMR spectra were then evaluated collectively using multivariate data analysis (MDA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to 'globally' discern antiplasmodial profiles. A contribution plot was then generated from the OPLS-DA scoring plot in an attempt to determine the classes of compounds that are responsible for the observed grouping. Further phytochemical analyses were conducted on the lipophilic extracts of Tabernaemontana elegans and Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta. These best candidates were fractionated, purified and their isolated compounds identified based on conventional chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS The PCA did not separate the acquired profiles according to the detected antiplasmodial bioactivity. Application of a supervised OPLS-DA on the 1H NMR profiles resulted in a discrimination pattern that could be correlated to the observed antimalarial bioactivity. A contribution plot generated from the OPLS-DA scoring plot illustrated the classes of compounds responsible for the observed grouping. Prominent peaks were observed in the aromatic, sugar-based/N-containing and aliphatic spectral regions of the contribution plot. Two known indole alkaloids were isolated from T. elegans, and identified as tabernaemontanine (IC50 = 12.0 ± 0.8 µM) and dregamine (IC50 = 62.0 ± 2.4 µM). Friedelin (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.5 µM) and morindolide (IC50 = 107.1 ± 0.6 µM) were isolated from V. infausta subsp. infausta. This is the first report of the rare iridoid lactone, morindolide's antimalarial activity. While these two compounds have been previously identified, this is the first account of their occurrence in the genus Vangueria. CONCLUSION The study illustrated the potential of NMR-based metabolomics in discriminating classes of compounds that may be attributed to antiplasmodial activity. Additionally, the study demonstrated the potential of discovering novel antiplasmodial scaffolds from medicinal plants and the rationale for the bioprospecting antimalarial plant species used by Vha-Venda people.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johanna Bapela
- University of Pretoria, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, South Africa.
| | - Heino Heyman
- University of Pretoria, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352, USA
| | - Francois Senejoux
- University of Pretoria, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; Clermont-Ferrand, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Auvergne, France
| | - J J Marion Meyer
- University of Pretoria, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Antimalarial Activity of the Chemical Constituents of the Leaf Latex of Aloe pulcherrima Gilbert and Sebsebe. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111415. [PMID: 27801850 PMCID: PMC6273959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the three major global public health threats due to a wide spread resistance of the parasites to the standard antimalarial drugs. Considering this growing problem, the ethnomedicinal approach in the search for new antimalarial drugs from plant sources has proven to be more effective and inexpensive. The leaves of Aloe pulcherrima Gilbert and Sebsebe, an endemic Ethiopian plant, are locally used for the treatment of malaria and other infectious diseases. Application of the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima on preparative silica gel TLC led to the isolation of two C-glycosylated anthrones, identified as nataloin (1) and 7-hydroxyaloin (2) by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, HR-ESIMS). Both the latex and isolated compounds displayed antimalarial activity in a dose-independent manner using a four-day suppressive test, with the highest percent suppression of 56.2% achieved at 200 mg/kg/day for 2. The results indicate that both the leaf latex of A. pulcherrima and its two major constituents are endowed with antiplasmodial activities, which support the traditional use of the leaves of the plant for the treatment of malaria.
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Tankeo SB, Damen F, Sandjo LP, Celik I, Tane P, Kuete V. Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts, fractions and compounds from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:100-105. [PMID: 27267830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat a variety of human ailments, mainly antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and viral infections. In the present study, the methanol extract from the leaves (HML) and bark (HMB) of this plant as well as fractions (HMBa-c), sub-fractions (HMBa1-5) and compounds isolated from HMBa and HMBb namely betulinic acid (1), madagascin (2), ferruginin A (3) and Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) were tested for their antimicrobial activities against a panel of 28 g-negative bacteria including multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the above samples; column chromatography was used for the fractionation and purification of the bark extract whilst the chemical structures of compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS Crude extract HMB together with fraction HMBa and sub-fraction HMBa3 were active on the 28 tested bacterial strains. HML as well as fractions HMBb, HMBc and sub-fractions HMBa1, HMBa2, HMBa4 and HMBa5 were selectively active. MIC values below or equal to 1024µg/mL were recorded with these samples on 92.9% (for HML and HMBa 4), 82.1% (for HMBb), 78.6% (for HMBa2), 50.0% (for HMBa5) and 42.9% (for HMBc) tested bacteria. For crude material, the lowest MIC value below 8µg/mL was obtained with HMB against Escherichia coli ATCC10536 and W3110 strains, and with sub-fraction HMBa3 against Klebsiella pneumoniae K2 strains. MIC values below 10µg/mL were recorded with compound 3 against E. coli ATCC10536, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048 and EA294, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, K. pneumoniae K2 and Kp55 and Enterobacter cloacae BM67. CONCLUSIONS Harungana madagascariensis is a potential source of antimicrobial drugs to fight against MDR bacteria. The anthranol 3 is the main antibacterial constituents of the bark of the plant. HMB and compound 3 deserve further investigations to develop natural drug to combat Gram-negative bacteria and otherwise MDR phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplice B Tankeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Francois Damen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ilhami Celik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Pierre Tane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon.
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A systematic review of pentacyclic triterpenes and their derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents against tropical parasitic diseases. Parasitology 2016; 143:1219-31. [PMID: 27240847 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are among the leading global public health problems with very high economic and mortality burdens. Unfortunately, the available treatment drugs are beset with side effects and continuous parasite drug resistance is being reported. However, new findings reveal more promising compounds especially of plant origin. Among the promising leads are the pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) made up of the oleanane, ursane, taraxastane, lupane and hopane types. This paper reviews the literature published from 1985 to date on the in vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic potency of this class of phytochemicals. Of the 191 natural and synthetic PT reported, 85 have shown high anti-parasitic activity against various species belonging to the genera of Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, as well as various genera of Nematoda. Moreover, structural modification especially at carbon 3 (C3) and C27 of the parent backbone of PT has led to improved anti-parasitic activity in some cases and loss of activity in others. The potential of this group of compounds as future alternatives in the treatment of parasitic diseases is discussed. It is hoped that the information presented herein will contribute to the full exploration of this promising group of compounds as possible drugs for parasitic diseases.
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Johnson OO, Zhao M, Gunn J, Santarsiero BD, Yin ZQ, Ayoola GA, Coker HAB, Che CT. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Prenylated Anthranols from Harungana madagascariensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:224-229. [PMID: 26727375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four new prenylated anthranols, harunganols C-F (1-4), along with kenganthranol A (5), harunganin (6), and ferruginin A (7), were identified from the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis. The structures of compounds 2, 5, and 7 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 is a unique symmetrical anthranol dimer connected via a CH2 group. Compound 4 possesses a unique C-10 hemiketal group. All anthranols were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. They displayed a higher potency compared to acarbose except for 3 and 4. In particular, harunganol C (1) showed an IC50 value of 1.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin O Johnson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos , CMUL Campus, Lagos 100254, Nigeria
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jordan Gunn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Bernard D Santarsiero
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhi-Qi Yin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Gloria A Ayoola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos , CMUL Campus, Lagos 100254, Nigeria
| | - H A B Coker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos , CMUL Campus, Lagos 100254, Nigeria
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Onajobi IB, Adhikari A, Hussain S, Javaid K, Fagade OE, Oladosu IA. New α-glucosidase inhibiting anthracenone from the barks of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:2507-2513. [PMID: 26621758 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new 10-hydroxy-9(10H)-anthracenone, madagascenone A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the barks of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. The structures of the compounds were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Both of the compounds showed an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 = 69.9 ± 4.21 and 122.3 ± 1.13 μM, respectively, more potent than the standard acarbose (IC50 = 840 ± 1.23 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail B Onajobi
- a Department of Microbiology , Olabisi Onabanjo University , Ago-Iwoye , Nigeria.,b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Hussain
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Javaid
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Obasola E Fagade
- c Environmental and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - I A Oladosu
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
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Memvanga PB, Tona GL, Mesia GK, Lusakibanza MM, Cimanga RK. Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:76-98. [PMID: 25862959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease and the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the management of this disease, a large Congolese population recourses to traditional medicinal plants. To date the efficacy and safety of many of these plants have been validated scientifically in rodent malaria models. In order to generate scientific evidence of traditional remedies used in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the management of malaria, and show the potential of Congolese plants as a major source of antimalarial drugs, this review highlights the antiplasmodial and toxicological properties of the Congolese antimalarial plants investigated during the period of 1999-2014. In doing so, a useful resource for further complementary investigations is presented. Furthermore, this review may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable antimalarial phytomedicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to get information on the different studies, a Google Scholar and PubMed literature search was performed using keywords (malaria, Congolese, medicinal plants, antiplasmodial/antimalarial activity, and toxicity). Data from non-indexed journals, Master and Doctoral dissertations were also collected. RESULTS Approximately 120 extracts and fractions obtained from Congolese medicinal plants showed pronounced or good antiplasmodial activity. A number of compounds with interesting antiplasmodial properties were also isolated and identified. Some of these compounds constituted new scaffolds for the synthesis of promising antimalarial drugs. Interestingly, most of these extracts and compounds possessed high selective activity against Plasmodium parasites compared to mammalian cells. The efficacy and safety of several plant-derived products was confirmed in mice, and a good correlation was observed between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. The formulation of several plant-derived products also led to some clinical trials and license of three plant-derived drugs (Manalaria(®), Nsansiphos(®), and Quinine Pharmakina(®)). CONCLUSION The obtained results partly justify and support the use of various medicinal plants to treat malaria in folk medicine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antimalarial plants used in Congolese traditional medicine represent an important source for the discovery and development of new antimalarial agents. However, in order to ensure the integration of a larger number of plant-derived products in the Congolese healthcare system, some parameters and trends should be considered in further researches, in agreement with the objectives of the "Traditional Medicine Strategy" proposed by the World Health Organization in 2013. These include evaluation of geographical and seasonal variation, investigation of reproductive biology, assessment of prophylactic antimalarial activity, evaluation of natural products as adjuvant antioxidant therapy for malaria, development of plant-based combination therapies and monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Memvanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drugs Development, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Gaston L Tona
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gauthier K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mariano M Lusakibanza
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Richard K Cimanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo; University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part II: a pharmacological evaluation of non-alkaloids and non-terpenoids. Malar J 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 24602358 PMCID: PMC3975711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to various factors which are not yet under check. Drug discovery projects targeting malaria often resort to natural sources in the search for lead compounds. A survey of the literature has led to a summary of the major findings regarding plant-derived compounds from African flora, which have shown anti-malarial/antiplasmodial activities, tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Considerations have been given to compounds with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active", leading to >500 chemical structures, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids and lignans. However, only the compounds that showed anti-malarial activity, from "very active" to "moderately active", are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Traore MS, Baldé MA, Diallo MST, Baldé ES, Diané S, Camara A, Diallo A, Balde A, Keïta A, Keita SM, Oularé K, Magassouba FB, Diakité I, Diallo A, Pieters L, Baldé AM. Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants used by Guinean traditional healers in the treatment of malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:1145-1153. [PMID: 24184265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The objective of the present study was to collect and document information on herbal remedies traditionally used for the treatment of malaria in Guinea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was carried out from May 2008 to September 2010 and targeted traditional medical practitioners and herbalists. The questionnaire and oral interviews were based on the standardized model which was prepared by the "Centre de Recherche et de Valorisation des Plantes Médicinales (CRVPM) - Dubréka". RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 258 people (141 males and 117 females) from which 150 traditional healers and 108 herbalists were interviewed. The age of informants ranged from 28 to 82 years old. 57% (149/258) of the interviewees were more than 50 years old. The respondents had good knowledge of the symptoms of malaria, and a fairly good understanding of the causes. One hundred thirteen plant species were recorded, out of which 109 were identified. They belonged to 84 genera and 46 families. The most frequently cited plants were Vismia guineensis, Parkia biglobosa, Nauclea latifolia, Harungana madagascariensis, Terminalia macroptera, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Terminalia albida, Annona senegalensis, and Nauclea pobeguinii. The leaves were most frequently used (80/113 species), followed by stem bark (38/113 species) and roots (4/113 species). The remedies were mostly prepared by decoction (111 species), followed by maceration (seven species). Only one species was prepared by infusion. CONCLUSION The present study showed that traditional healers in Guinea have a consistent knowledge of antimalarial plants. Further research should be carried out to compare the anti-malarial activity of the different species, and to check if their use against malaria can be scientifically validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Traore
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Guinea; Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants, Dubréka, Guinea
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Bero J, Hérent MF, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. In vivo antimalarial activity of Keetia leucantha twigs extracts and in vitro antiplasmodial effect of their constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:176-183. [PMID: 23792125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The West African tree Keetia leucantha (Rubiaceae) is used in traditional medicine in Benin to treat malaria. The twigs dichloromethane extract was previously shown to inhibit in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth with no cytotoxicity (>100µg/ml on human normal fibroblasts). MATERIALS AND METHODS The dichloromethane and aqueous extracts of twigs of K. leucantha were evaluated in vivo against Plasmodium berghei NK 173 by the 4-day suppressive test and in vitro against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) using the measurement of the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase activity. Bioguided fractionations were realized and compounds were structurally elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS The in vivo antimalarial activity of K. leucantha dichloromethane and aqueous twigs extracts were assessed in mice at the dose of 200mg/kg/day. Both extracts exhibited significant effect in inhibiting parasite growth by 56.8% and 53.0% (p<0.0001) on day 7-postinfection. An LC-MS analysis and bioguided fractionations on the twigs dichloromethane extract led to the isolation and structural determination of scopoletin (1), stigmasterol (2), three phenolic compounds: vanillin (3), hydroxybenzaldehyde (4) and ferulaldehyde (5), eight triterpenic esters (6-13), oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. The antiplasmodial activity of the mixture of the eight triterpenic esters showed an antiplasmodial activity of 1.66 ± 0.54 µg/ml on the 3D7 strain, and the same range of activity was observed for isolated isomers mixtures. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the in vivo activity of K. leucantha extracts, the isolation of thirteen compounds and analysis of their antiplasmodial activity. The results obtained may partially justify the traditional use of K. leucantha to treat malaria in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bero
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacognosy Research Group, Avenue E. Mounier, B1 72.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Zofou D, Ntie-Kang F, Sippl W, Efange SMN. Bioactive natural products derived from the Central African flora against neglected tropical diseases and HIV. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1098-120. [PMID: 23817666 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the medicinal potential of bioactive metabolites isolated from medicinal plants in Central Africa for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases and HIV. A correlation is established between the biological activities of the isolated compounds and the uses of the plants in traditional medicine. Insight is provided on how secondary metabolites from medicinal plants in Central Africa could be exploited for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Zofou
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
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Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Mbaze LM, Ekwelle N, Owono Owono LC, Megnassan E, Judson PN, Sippl W, Efange SMN. Cameroonian medicinal plants: a bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey and chemotaxonomic classification. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:147. [PMID: 23802859 PMCID: PMC3703288 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background In Cameroon herbs are traditionally used to meet health care needs and plans are on the way to integrate traditional medicine in the health care system, even though the plans have not been put into action yet. The country however has a rich biodiversity, with ~8,620 plant species, some of which are commonly used in the treatment of several microbial infections and a range of diseases (malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, diabetes and tuberculosis). Methods Our survey consisted in collecting published data from the literature sources, mainly from PhD theses in Cameroonian university libraries and also using the author queries in major natural product and medicinal chemistry journals. The collected data includes plant sources, uses of plant material in traditional medicine, plant families, region of collection of plant material, isolated metabolites and type (e.g. flavonoid, terpenoid, etc.), measured biological activities of isolated compounds, and any comments on significance of isolated metabolites on the chemotaxonomic classification of the plant species. This data was compiled on a excel sheet and analysed. Results In this study, a literature survey led to the collection of data on 2,700 secondary metabolites, which have been previously isolated or derived from Cameroonian medicinal plants. This represents distinct phytochemicals derived from 312 plant species belonging to 67 plant families. The plant species are investigated in terms of chemical composition with respect to the various plant families. A correlation between the known biological activities of isolated compounds and the ethnobotanical uses of the plants is also attempted. Insight into future direction for natural product search within the Cameroonian forest and Savanna is provided. Conclusions It can be verified that a phytochemical search of active secondary metabolites, which is inspired by knowledge from the ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants could be very vital in a drug discovery program from plant-derived bioactive compounds.
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Identification of PPARgamma partial agonists of natural origin (II): in silico prediction in natural extracts with known antidiabetic activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55889. [PMID: 23405231 PMCID: PMC3566095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural extracts have played an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases and are important sources for drug discovery. However, to be effectively used in these processes, natural extracts must be characterized through the identification of their active compounds and their modes of action. Methodology/Principal Findings From an initial set of 29,779 natural products that are annotated with their natural source and using a previously developed virtual screening procedure (carefully validated experimentally), we have predicted as potential peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) partial agonists 12 molecules from 11 extracts known to have antidiabetic activity. Six of these molecules are similar to molecules with described antidiabetic activity but whose mechanism of action is unknown. Therefore, it is plausible that these 12 molecules could be the bioactive molecules responsible, at least in part, for the antidiabetic activity of the extracts containing them. In addition, we have also identified as potential PPARγ partial agonists 10 molecules from 16 plants with undescribed antidiabetic activity but that are related (i.e., they are from the same genus) to plants with known antidiabetic properties. None of the 22 molecules that we predict as PPARγ partial agonists show chemical similarity with a group of 211 known PPARγ partial agonists obtained from the literature. Conclusions/Significance Our results provide a new hypothesis about the active molecules of natural extracts with antidiabetic properties and their mode of action. We also suggest plants with undescribed antidiabetic activity that may contain PPARγ partial agonists. These plants represent a new source of potential antidiabetic extracts. Consequently, our work opens the door to the discovery of new antidiabetic extracts and molecules that can be of use, for instance, in the design of new antidiabetic drugs or functional foods focused towards the prevention/treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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Silva JRDA, Ramos ADS, Machado M, Moura DFD, Zoraima Neto, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Figueiredo P, Rosário VED, Amaral ACF, Lopes D. A review of antimalarial plants used in traditional medicine in communities in Portuguese-Speaking countries: Brazil, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106 Suppl 1:142-58. [PMID: 21881769 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:289-302. [PMID: 21093570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is one of the leading infectious diseases in many tropical regions, including Nigeria, a West African country where transmission occurs all year round. Many of the inhabitants use plants as remedies against fever and other symptoms of acute malaria, as reported herein. Some of these plants have their antimalarial efficacies scientifically demonstrated and the active compounds isolated with their probable mechanisms of action studied. Medicinal plants are used to treat diseases also where the biodiversity of plants occur in parallel with endemic transmission of malaria. This review focuses on medicinal plants which are used to treat malaria in Nigeria, and on antimalarial testing of extracts and purified compounds from plants. Some show intense activity against malaria parasites in vitro and in experimentally infected mice. The search for new drugs based on plants is important due to the emergence and widespread of chloroquine-resistant and multiple drug-resistant malaria parasites, which require the development of new antimalarials. An acquaintance with antimalarial plants may be a springboard for new phytotherapies that could be affordable to treat malaria, especially among the less privileged native people living in endemic areas of the tropics, mostly at risk of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Adebayo
- Laboratorio de Malaria, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
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Bero J, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.11.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review covers the compounds with antiplasmodial activity isolated from plants published from 2005 to the end of 2008, organized according to their phytochemical classes. Details are given for substances with IC50 values ≤ 11 μM.
Key findings
Malaria is a major parasitic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year in Africa. The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Nature and particularly plants used in traditional medicine are a potential source of new antimalarial drugs as they contain molecules with a great variety of structures and pharmacological activities.
Summary
A large number of antimalarial compounds with a wide variety of structures have been isolated from plants and can play a role in the development of new antimalarial drugs. Ethnopharmacological approaches appear to be a promising way to find plant metabolites that could be used as templates for designing new derivatives with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bero
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Analytical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Pharmacognosy Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Frédérich
- University of Liège, Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Analytical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Pharmacognosy Unit, Brussels, Belgium
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Kuo RY, Qian K, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1321-44. [PMID: 19779642 DOI: 10.1039/b810774m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reen-Yen Kuo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA
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Iwalewa EO, Omisore NO, Adewunmi CO, Gbolade AA, Ademowo OG, Nneji C, Agboola OI, Daniyan OM. Anti-protozoan activities of Harungana madagascariensis stem bark extract on trichomonads and malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:507-511. [PMID: 18372133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The ethanolic stem bark extract of Harungana madagascariensis (Hypericaceae), (Choisy) Poir were evaluated for their activities on Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta) Stabler isolated from the pigeon (Columba livia). It was also tested for their anti-malarial activity on N67 Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (in vivo) in mice and on Plasmodium falciparum isolates in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-trichomonal screening was performed in vitro using Trichomonas gallinae culture. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) is the lowest concentration of the test extract in which no motile organisms were observed. The anti-malarial effects were determined in-vivo for suppressive, curative and prophylactic activities in mice receiving a standard inoculum size of 1 x 10(7) (0.2 ml) infected erythrocytes of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis intraperitoneally, and the in vitro was performed against 3 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in a candle jar procedures. RESULTS The IC(50) of the extract and metronidazole (MDZ) (Flagyl) on Trichomonas gallinae at 48 h are 187 and 1.56 microg/ml. The IC(50) of the extract, chloroquine (CQ) and artemether (ART) on Plasmodium falciparum are between 0.052 and 0.517 microg/ml for the extract and 0.021 and 0.0412 microg/ml for ART and CQ, respectively. The actions of the extract in in vivo study on Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis showed that in both suppressive and prophylactic tests the percentages chemo-suppressive were between 28.6-44.8% and 30.2-78.2% respectively, while only 80 mg/kg of the extract reduced the parasitaemia level when compared to the control and the standard drugs in curative test. CONCLUSIONS Harungana madagascariensis stem bark extract therefore exhibited significant anti-protozoan effects against Trichomonas and Plasmodium both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Iwalewa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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Noungoue DT, Antheaume C, Chaabi M, Lenta Ndjakou B, Ngouela S, Lobstein A, Tsamo E. Anthraquinones from the fruits of Vismia laurentii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1024-1028. [PMID: 18067931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical study of the fruits of Vismia laurentii resulted in the isolation of five structurally related compounds. Three of them are constituents, namely, laurentiquinone A (1) (methyl 1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylate), laurentiquinone B (2) (methyl 5,7-dihydroxy-2,2,9-trimethyl-6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-2H-anthra[2,3-b]pyran-8-carboxylate) and laurentiquinone C (3) (methyl 9-(ethanoyloxymethyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-2H-anthra[2,3-b]pyran-8-carboxylate) and two are known compounds, emodin (4) and isoxanthorin (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means. Crude extracts of hexane and EtOAc showed anti-plasmodial activity against the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diderot Tchamo Noungoue
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Ngouamegne ET, Fongang RS, Ngouela S, Boyom FF, Rohmer M, Tsamo E, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ. Endodesmiadiol, a Friedelane Triterpenoid, and Other Antiplasmodial Compounds from Endodesmia calophylloides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:374-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erasmienne Tambou Ngouamegne
- Laboratoire de Substances Naturelles et Synthèse Organique, Département de Chimie Organique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie, Université Louis Pasteur
| | - René Soh Fongang
- Laboratoire de Substances Naturelles et Synthèse Organique, Département de Chimie Organique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I
| | - Silvère Ngouela
- Laboratoire de Substances Naturelles et Synthèse Organique, Département de Chimie Organique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I
| | | | - Michel Rohmer
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Microorganismes, Institut de Chimie, Université Louis Pasteur
| | - Etienne Tsamo
- Laboratoire de Substances Naturelles et Synthèse Organique, Département de Chimie Organique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I
| | - Jiri Gut
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Philip Jon Rosenthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
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