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Khan AR, Alnoud MAH, Ali H, Ali I, Ahmad S, Ul Hassan SS, Shaikh AL, Hussain T, Khan MU, Khan SU, Khan MS, Khan SU. Beyond the beat: A pioneering investigation into exercise modalities for alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy and enhancing cardiac health. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102222. [PMID: 38000567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease or those at high risk for developing the condition are often offered exercise as a form of therapy. Patients with cancer who are at an increased risk for cardiovascular issues are increasingly encouraged to participate in exercise-based, interdisciplinary programs due to the positive correlation between these interventions and clinical outcomes following myocardial infarction. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is a cardiac disorder that arises due to disruptions in the homeostasis of individuals with diabetes. One of the primary reasons for mortality in individuals with diabetes is the presence of cardiac structural damage and functional abnormalities, which are the primary pathological features of DC. The aetiology of dilated cardiomyopathy is multifaceted and encompasses a range of processes, including metabolic abnormalities, impaired mitochondrial function, dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis, excessive cardiomyocyte death, and fibrosis. In recent years, many empirical investigations have demonstrated that exercise training substantially impacts the prevention and management of diabetes. Exercise has been found to positively impact the recovery of diabetes and improve several metabolic problem characteristics associated with DC. One potential benefit of exercise is its ability to increase systolic activity, which can enhance cardiometabolic and facilitate the repair of structural damage to the heart caused by DC, leading to a direct improvement in cardiac health. In contrast, exercise has the potential to indirectly mitigate the pathological progression of DC through its ability to decrease circulating levels of sugar and fat while concurrently enhancing insulin sensitivity. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism via exercise facilitates the restoration of DC disease must be understood. Our goal in this review was to provide helpful information and clues for developing new therapeutic techniques for motion alleviation DC by examining the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Riaz Khan
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Mohammed A H Alnoud
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70112 LA, USA
| | - Syed Shams Ul Hassan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | | | - Talib Hussain
- Women Dental College Abbottabad, KPK, 22020, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Muhammad Shehzad Khan
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin city, (HKSAR), Hong Kong
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, 22080, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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2
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Qiu Y, Fernández-García B, Lehmann HI, Li G, Kroemer G, López-Otín C, Xiao J. Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:8-35. [PMID: 36374766 PMCID: PMC9923435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health. Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases. It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions. Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health, including the integrity of barriers, containment of local perturbations, recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, rhythmic oscillations, homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, as well as repair and regeneration. Furthermore, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise. This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions. We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Benjamin Fernández-García
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain; Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Anatomy, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cáncer (CIBERONC), Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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3
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Forte M, Rodolico D, Ameri P, Catalucci D, Chimenti C, Crotti L, Schirone L, Pingitore A, Torella D, Iacovone G, Valenti V, Schiattarella GG, Perrino C, Sciarretta S. Molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise and dietary interventions in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 24:e3-e14. [PMID: 36729582 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases still represent a major cause of mortality worldwide. In addition to pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions can also be adopted for the prevention of these morbid conditions. Lifestyle changes include exercise and dietary restriction protocols, such as calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, which were shown to delay cardiovascular ageing and elicit health-promoting effects in preclinical models of cardiometabolic diseases. Beneficial effects are mediated by the restoration of multiple molecular mechanisms in heart and vessels that are compromised by metabolic stress. Exercise and dietary restriction rescue mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. They also improve autophagy. The result of these effects is a marked improvement of vascular and heart function. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of exercise and dietary restriction in models of diabetes and obesity. We also discuss clinical studies and gap in animal-to-human translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli
| | - Daniele Rodolico
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome
| | - Pietro Ameri
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano.,National Research Council, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research - UOS, Milan
| | - Cristina Chimenti
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Lia Crotti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano-Bicocca, Milan
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina
| | - Annachiara Pingitore
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery 'Paride Stefanini' Sapienza University of Rome
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro
| | | | | | - Gabriele G Schiattarella
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina
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4
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Ghosh S, Guglielmi G, Orfanidis I, Spill F, Hickey A, Hanssen E, Rajagopal V. Effects of altered cellular ultrastructure on energy metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy: an in silico study. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210323. [PMID: 36189807 PMCID: PMC9527921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of heart failure in diabetes. At the cellular level, diabetic cardiomyopathy leads to altered mitochondrial energy metabolism and cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. We combined electron microscopy (EM) and computational modelling to understand the impact of diabetes-induced ultrastructural changes on cardiac bioenergetics. We collected transverse micrographs of multiple control and type I diabetic rat cardiomyocytes using EM. Micrographs were converted to finite-element meshes, and bioenergetics was simulated over them using a biophysical model. The simulations also incorporated depressed mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and creatine kinase (CK) reactions to simulate diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of micrographs revealed a 14% decline in mitochondrial area fraction in diabetic cardiomyocytes, and an irregular arrangement of mitochondria and myofibrils. Simulations predicted that this irregular arrangement, coupled with the depressed activity of mitochondrial CK enzymes, leads to large spatial variation in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio profile of diabetic cardiomyocytes. However, when spatially averaged, myofibrillar ADP/ATP ratios of a cardiomyocyte do not change with diabetes. Instead, average concentration of inorganic phosphate rises by 40% owing to lower mitochondrial area fraction and dysfunction in OXPHOS. These simulations indicate that a disorganized cellular ultrastructure negatively impacts metabolite transport in diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouryadipta Ghosh
- CSIRO Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Giovanni Guglielmi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TS, UK
| | - Ioannis Orfanidis
- Health Data Specialists, Grand Canal Docklands, Dublin D02 VK08, Republic of Ireland
| | - Fabian Spill
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TS, UK
| | - Anthony Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ 1042, New Zealand
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Ian Holmes Imaging Center and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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5
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Wang T, Li J, Li H, Zhong X, Wang L, Zhao S, Liu X, Huang Z, Wang Y. Aerobic Exercise Inhibited P2X7 Purinergic Receptors to Improve Cardiac Remodeling in Mice With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828020. [PMID: 35711309 PMCID: PMC9197582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), the main complication of diabetes mellitus, presents as cardiac dysfunction by ventricular remodeling. In addition, the inhibition of P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7R) alleviates cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis in Type 1 diabetes. However, whether exercise training improves cardiac remodeling by regulating P2X7R remains unknown. Methods: Db/db mice spontaneously induced with type 2 diabetes and high-fat diet (HFD) and mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mice were treated by 12-week treadmill training. Cardiac functions were observed by two-dimensional echocardiography. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Sirius red staining and transmission electron microscopy were respectively used to detect cardiac morphology, fibrosis and mitochondria. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot were used to detect mRNA and protein levels. Results: Studying the hearts of db/db mice and STZ-induced mice, we found that collagen deposition and the number of disordered cells significantly increased compared with the control group. However, exercise markedly reversed these changes, and the same tendency was observed in the expression of MMP9, COL-I, and TGF-β, which indicated cardiac fibrotic and hypertrophic markers, including ANP and MyHC expression. In addition, the increased Caspase-3 level and the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 were reduced by exercise training, and similar results were observed in the TUNEL test. Notably, the expression of P2X7R was greatly upregulated in the hearts of db/db mice and HFD + STZ-induced DM mice and downregulated by aerobic exercise. Moreover, we indicated that P2X7R knock out significantly reduced the collagen deposition and disordered cells in the DM group. Furthermore, the apoptosis levels and TUNEL analysis were greatly inhibited by exercise or in the P2X7R-/- group in DM. We found significant differences between the P2X7R-/- + DM + EX group and DM + EX group in myocardial tissue apoptosis and fibrosis, in which the former is significantly milder. Moreover, compared with the P2X7R-/- + DM group, the P2X7R-/- + DM + EX group represented a lower level of cardiac fibrosis. The expression levels of TGF-β at the protein level and TGF-β and ANP at the genetic level were evidently decreased in the P2X7R-/- + DM + EX group. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise reversed cardiac remodeling in diabetic mice at least partly through inhibiting P2X7R expression in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Luya Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shujue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhouqing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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The Mystery of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: From Early Concepts and Underlying Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115973. [PMID: 34205870 PMCID: PMC8198766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are predisposed to diabetic cardiomyopathy, a specific form of cardiomyopathy which is characterized by the development of myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and apoptosis that develops independently of concomitant macrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications. Its pathophysiology is multifactorial and poorly understood and no specific therapeutic guideline has yet been established. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a challenging diagnosis, made after excluding other potential entities, treated with different pharmacotherapeutic agents targeting various pathophysiological pathways that need yet to be unraveled. It has great clinical importance as diabetes is a disease with pandemic proportions. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms contributing to this entity, diagnostic options, as well as on potential therapeutic interventions taking in consideration their clinical feasibility and limitations in everyday practice. Besides conventional therapies, we discuss novel therapeutic possibilities that have not yet been translated into clinical practice.
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Bowman PRT, Smith GL, Gould GW. Run for your life: can exercise be used to effectively target GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease? PeerJ 2021; 9:e11485. [PMID: 34113491 PMCID: PMC8162245 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence, associated mortality rates and economic burden of diabetes are now such that it is considered one of the most pressing worldwide public health challenges. Considerable research is now devoted to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of this disease, with an ultimate aim of improving the array of available preventive and therapeutic interventions. One area of particular unmet clinical need is the significantly elevated rate of cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients, which in part contributes to cardiovascular disease being the primary cause of premature death in this population. This review will first consider the role of metabolism and more specifically the insulin sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease, before addressing how we may use exercise to intervene in order to beneficially impact key functional clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R T Bowman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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8
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Collins HE, Kane MS, Litovsky SH, Darley-Usmar VM, Young ME, Chatham JC, Zhang J. Mitochondrial Morphology and Mitophagy in Heart Diseases: Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses Using Transmission Electron Microscopy. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:670267. [PMID: 35822027 PMCID: PMC9261312 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.670267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been an important technique, capable of high degree resolution and visualization of subcellular structures and organization. Over the last 20 years, TEM has gained popularity in the cardiovascular field to visualize changes at the nanometer scale in cardiac ultrastructure during cardiovascular development, aging, and a broad range of pathologies. Recently, the cardiovascular TEM enabled the studying of several signaling processes impacting mitochondrial function, such as mitochondrial fission/fusion, autophagy, mitophagy, lysosomal degradation, and lipophagy. The goals of this review are to provide an overview of the current usage of TEM to study cardiac ultrastructural changes; to understand how TEM aided the visualization of mitochondria, autophagy, and mitophagy under normal and cardiovascular disease conditions; and to discuss the overall advantages and disadvantages of TEM and potential future capabilities and advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Collins
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mariame Selma Kane
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Silvio H. Litovsky
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John C. Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Mostafa F, Abdel-Moneim A, Abdul-Hamid M, Galaly SR, Mohamed HM. Polydatin and polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:135-152. [PMID: 33389430 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is associated with impairment of heart function. The current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PD-CSNPs), polydatin (PD) and metformin (MET) on diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Rats divided into six groups; normal-control, diabetic-control, diabetic + CSNPs (diabetic rats treated with 50 mg/kg blank chitosan nanoparticles), diabetic + PD-CSNPs (diabetic rats treated with PD-CSNPs equivalent to 50 mg/kg of polydatin), diabetic + PD (diabetic rats given 50 mg/kg polydatin), diabetic + MET (diabetic rats given 100 mg/kg metformin), orally and daily for 4 weeks. Treatment of diabetic rats with PD-CSNPs, PD and MET showed a significant reduction in the values of glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin with improvement in heart function biomarkers through decreasing serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase myocardial band activities compared to diabetic control. The treatment agents also suppressed the elevated lipid peroxidation product, increased values of glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, superoxide peroxidase, and catalase activities in the heart of diabetic treated rats. Furthermore, PD-CSNPs, PD and MET decreased heart tissue levels of a pro-inflammatory cytokine; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor-kappa β, upregulation of heart gene expressions; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1. Histological and ultrastructural examinations revealed the ameliorative effect of PD-CSNPs, PD and MET against the harmful of diabetic cardiomyopathy by reducing the cardiac fibers, necrotic cardiac myocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the arrangement of the myofibrils and intercalated discs. In conclusion, the new formula of PD-CSNPs was more effective than PD and MET in amelioration the diabetic cardiomyopathy through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prolonged-release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Mostafa
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem St, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sanaa R Galaly
- Histology and Cytology Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Mohamed
- Genetic and Molecular Genetic Division, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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10
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Exercise as A Potential Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Insight into the Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246284. [PMID: 31842522 PMCID: PMC6940726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and renal comorbidities. Among these, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes the most severe symptoms and is considered to be a major health problem worldwide. Exercise is widely known as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Importantly, the onset of complications arising due to diabetes can be delayed or even prevented by exercise. Regular exercise is reported to have positive effects on diabetes mellitus and the development of DCM. The protective effects of exercise include prevention of cardiac apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and microvascular diseases, as well as improvement in cardiac mitochondrial function and calcium regulation. This review summarizes the recent scientific findings to describe the potential mechanisms by which exercise may prevent DCM and heart failure.
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11
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Eid RA, Eleawa SM, Alkhateeb MA, Aldera H, Zaki MSA, Al-Shraim M, Saeed MA, El-Kott AF, Alaa Eldeen M, Alassiri M, Alshehri MM, Salem Al-Shudiefat AAR, Khalil MA. Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet rich in corn oil activates intrinsic cell death pathway and induces several ultrastructural changes in the atria of healthy and type 1 diabetic rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:1111-1123. [PMID: 31398260 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of chronic consumption of a high-fat diet rich in corn oil (CO-HFD) on atrial cells ultrastructure, antioxidant levels and markers of intrinsic cell death of both control and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-induced rats. Adult male rats (10 rats/group) were divided into four groups: control fed standard diet (STD) (3.82 kcal/g, 9.4% fat), CO-HFD (5.4 kcal/g, 40% fat), T1DM fed STD, and T1DM + CO-HFD. CO-HFD and T1DM alone or in combination impaired systolic and diastolic functions of rats and significantly reduced levels of GSH and the activity of SOD, enhanced lipid peroxidation, increased protein levels of P53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and ANF and decreased levels of Bcl-2 in their atria. Concomitantly, atrial cells exhibited fragmentation of the myofibrils, disorganized mitochondria, decreased number of atrionatriuretic factor (ANF) granules, and loss of gap junctions accompanied by changes in capillary walls. Among all treatments, the severity of all these findings was more severe in T1DM and most profound in the atria of T1DM + CO-HFD. In conclusion, chronic consumption of CO-HFD by T1DM-induced rats elicits significant biochemical and ultrastructural damage to rat atrial cells accompanied by elevated oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M Eleawa
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, PAAET, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Aldera
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour A Saeed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Physiology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alassiri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed M Alshehri
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal Medical City (Southern Region), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad A Khalil
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Zheng J, Cheng J, Zheng S, Zhang L, Guo X, Zhang J, Xiao X. Physical Exercise and Its Protective Effects on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: What Is the Evidence? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:729. [PMID: 30559720 PMCID: PMC6286969 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most serious complications of diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) imposes a huge burden on individuals and society, and represents a major public health problem. It has long been recognized that physical exercise has important health benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes, and regular physical exercise can delay or prevent the complications of diabetes. Current studies show that physical exercise has been regarded as an importantly non-pharmacological treatment for diabetes and DCM, with high efficacy and low adverse events. It can inhibit the pathological processes of myocardial apoptosis, myocardial fibrosis, and myocardial microvascular diseases through improving myocardial metabolism, enhancing the regulation of Ca2+, and protecting the function of mitochondria. Eventually, it can alleviate the occurrence and development of diabetic complications. Describing the mechanisms of physical exercise on DCM may provide a new theory for alleviating, or even reversing the development of DCM, and prevent it from developing to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health & The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Sheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, XiangYang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Junqing Zhang
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Xiao
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13
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Jarosz J, Ghosh S, Delbridge LMD, Petzer A, Hickey AJR, Crampin EJ, Hanssen E, Rajagopal V. Changes in mitochondrial morphology and organization can enhance energy supply from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 312:C190-C197. [PMID: 27903587 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00298.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is accompanied by metabolic and ultrastructural alterations, but the impact of the structural changes on metabolism itself is yet to be determined. Morphometric analysis of mitochondrial shape and spatial organization within transverse sections of cardiomyocytes from control and streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that mitochondria are 20% smaller in size while their spatial density increases by 53% in diabetic cells relative to control myocytes. Diabetic cells formed larger clusters of mitochondria (60% more mitochondria per cluster) and the effective surface-to-volume ratio of these clusters increased by 22.5%. Using a biophysical computational model we found that this increase can have a moderate compensatory effect by increasing the availability of ATP in the cytosol when ATP synthesis within the mitochondrial matrix is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jarosz
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shouryadipta Ghosh
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amorita Petzer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; and
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Cell Structure and Mechanobiology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; .,Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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14
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da Silva E, Natali AJ, da Silva MF, Gomes GDJ, da Cunha DNQ, Toledo MM, Drummond FR, Ramos RMS, Dos Santos EC, Novaes RD, de Oliveira LL, Maldonado IRDSC. Swimming training attenuates the morphological reorganization of the myocardium and local inflammation in the left ventricle of growing rats with untreated experimental diabetes. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:325-34. [PMID: 26896925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with cardiac remodeling, myocardial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and reduced cardiac adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Alternatively, physical exercise is an important strategy for the management of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the influence of low-intensity swimming training in cardiac cytokines, structural remodeling, and cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in growing rats with untreated experimental DM. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=14, per group): sedentary control (SC), exercised control (EC), sedentary diabetic (SD), and exercised diabetic (ED). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Animals from exercised groups swam (5 days/week, 90 min/day, loading up to 5% body weight around the animal's chest) for 8 weeks. The left ventricle (LV) was removed for molecular, morphological, and cardiomyocyte mechanical analysis. Diabetic animals presented cardiac remodeling with myocardial histoarchitectural disorganization, fibrosis, and necrosis. The capillary density was lower in diabetic animals. LV cardiomyocytes from diabetic animals exhibited more prolonged time to the peak of contraction and time to half relaxation than those from control animals. The cardiac levels of interleukin 10, nitric oxide, and total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin were significantly decreased in diabetic animals. Exercise training reduced the level of TNF-α, increased capillary density, and attenuated the histopathological parameters assessed in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the cardiac structural remodeling coexists with reduced levels of total and HMW adiponectin, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunction in experimental DM. More important, low-intensity swimming training attenuates part of these pathological changes, indicating the beneficial role for exercise in untreated T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson da Silva
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gilton de Jesus Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eliziária Cardoso Dos Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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15
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Chen KC, Sung SY, Lin YT, Hsieh CL, Shen KH, Peng CC, Peng RY. Benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with T1DM can be alleviated by treadmill exercise-evidences revealed by the rat model. BMC Urol 2015; 15:113. [PMID: 26576637 PMCID: PMC4650314 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) share similar epidemiologic features and are all associated with the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated hormonal imbalance. The purpose of this study is to understand whether exercise (EX) could alleviate DM and DM + BPH. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: normal control, EX, BPH, BPH + EX, DM, DM + EX, BPH + DM, and BPH + DM + EX. T1DM was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in Week 2, and BPH was induced by successive ip injections of Sustanon® (testosterone, 3.5 mg/head) plus estradiol (0.1 mg/head) from Week 3 to Week 9. Treadmill exercise training (20 m/min, 60 min per time) was performed three times per week for 6 weeks. Results In BPH + EX, EX maintained at a constant body weight (BW); and suppressed stromal layer thickening, collagen deposition, blood glucose (BG), levels of testosterone (Ts), 5α-reductase(5αRd), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androgen receptor (AR), serum hydrogen peroxide, TBARs, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). EX recovered testes size and substantially increased nitric oxide (NO) levels. In DM + EX group, EX decreased BW, PW, nuclear proliferation, inflammatory cell aggregation, collagen deposition, and BG. As contrast, EX upregulated insulin, IGF, Ts, NO, 5αRd, AR, and DHT, and substantially reduced PSA. In BPH + DM + EX, EX maintained BW at a subnormal level, slightly suppressed prostate stromal inflammation, collagen deposition, and BG, moderately restored sIn and IGF. Although failed to suppress Ts, EX highly upregulated 5αRd and suppressed DHT and AR, together with highly upregulated NO resulting in substantially reduced PSA. Conclusion EX, by remodeling androgen and NO expressions, can effectively alleviate BPH, DM, and BPH + DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chou Chen
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Zhongzheng Rd.,, Zhonghe, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- The Ph. D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Urology, St. Joseph's Hospital, 74, Sinsheng Road, Huwei County, Yunlin Hsien, 632, Taiwan.,Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, 50007, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hung Shen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang City, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung Hsien, 43302, Taiwan.
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16
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Kesherwani V, Chavali V, Hackfort BT, Tyagi SC, Mishra PK. Exercise ameliorates high fat diet induced cardiac dysfunction by increasing interleukin 10. Front Physiol 2015; 6:124. [PMID: 25954207 PMCID: PMC4406063 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that a sedentary lifestyle and a high fat diet (HFD) leads to cardiomyopathy. Moderate exercise ameliorates cardiac dysfunction, however underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Increased inflammation due to induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and attenuation of anti-inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) contributes to cardiac dysfunction in obese and diabetics. We hypothesized that exercise training ameliorates HFD- induced cardiac dysfunction by mitigating obesity and inflammation through upregulation of IL-10 and downregulation of TNF-α. To test this hypothesis, 8 week old, female C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD and exercised (swimming 1 h/day for 5 days/week for 8 weeks). The four treatment groups: normal diet (ND), HFD, HFD + exercise (HFD + Ex) and ND + Ex were analyzed for mean body weight, blood glucose level, TNF-α, IL-10, cardiac fibrosis by Masson Trichrome, and cardiac dysfunction by echocardiography. Mean body weights were increased in HFD but comparatively less in HFD + Ex. The level of TNF-α was elevated and IL-10 was downregulated in HFD but ameliorated in HFD + Ex. Cardiac fibrosis increased in HFD and was attenuated by exercise in the HFD + Ex group. The percentage ejection fraction and fractional shortening were decreased in HFD but comparatively increased in HFD + Ex. There was no difference between ND and ND + Ex for the above parameters except an increase in IL-10 level following exercise. Based on these results, we conclude that exercise mitigates HFD- induced cardiomyopathy by decreasing obesity, inducing IL-10, and reducing TNF-α in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kesherwani
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vishalakshi Chavali
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bryan T Hackfort
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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17
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Gimenes C, Gimenes R, Rosa CM, Xavier NP, Campos DHS, Fernandes AAH, Cezar MDM, Guirado GN, Cicogna AC, Takamoto AHR, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K. Low Intensity Physical Exercise Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:457848. [PMID: 26509175 PMCID: PMC4609864 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effects of a low intensity aerobic exercise protocol on cardiac remodeling and myocardial function in diabetic rats. Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: sedentary control (C-Sed), exercised control (C-Ex), sedentary diabetes (DM-Sed), and exercised diabetes (DM-Ex). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats exercised for 9 weeks in treadmill at 11 m/min, 18 min/day. Myocardial function was evaluated in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles and oxidative stress in LV tissue. Statistical analysis was given by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Echocardiogram showed diabetic groups with higher LV diastolic diameter-to-body weight ratio and lower posterior wall shortening velocity than controls. Left atrium diameter was lower in DM-Ex than DM-Sed (C-Sed: 5.73 ± 0.49; C-Ex: 5.67 ± 0.53; DM-Sed: 6.41 ± 0.54; DM-Ex: 5.81 ± 0.50 mm; P < 0.05 DM-Sed vs C-Sed and DM-Ex). Papillary muscle function was depressed in DM-Sed compared to C-Sed. Exercise attenuated this change in DM-Ex. Lipid hydroperoxide concentration was higher in DM-Sed than C-Sed and DM-Ex. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were lower in diabetics than controls and higher in DM-Ex than DM-Sed. Glutathione peroxidase activity was lower in DM-Sed than C-Sed and DM-Ex. CONCLUSION Low intensity exercise attenuates left atrium dilation and myocardial oxidative stress and dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gimenes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Sagrado Coração University, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Gimenes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - C. M. Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - N. P. Xavier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - D. H. S. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A. A. H. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil
| | - M. D. M. Cezar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - G. N. Guirado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A. C. Cicogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A. H. R. Takamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M. P. Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - K. Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), S/N, Rubião Junior District, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- *K. Okoshi:
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18
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Silva E, Natali AJ, Silva MF, Gomes GJ, Cunha DN, Ramos RM, Toledo MM, Drummond FR, Belfort FG, Novaes RD, Maldonado IR. Ventricular remodeling in growing rats with experimental diabetes: The impact of swimming training. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:618-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Schwasinger-Schmidt T, Robbins DC, Williams SJ, Novikova L, Stehno-Bittel L. Long-term liraglutide treatment is associated with increased insulin content and secretion in β-cells, and a loss of α-cells in ZDF rats. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:58-66. [PMID: 23891763 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate treatment goal of diabetes is to preserve and restore islet cell function. Treatment of certain diabetic animal models with incretins has been reported to preserve and possibly enhance islet function and promote islet cell growth. The studies reported here detail islet cell anatomy in animals chronically treated with the incretin analog, liraglutide. Our aim was to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze islet cells from diabetic animals treated with vehicle (control) or liraglutide to determine whether normal islet cell anatomy is maintained or enhanced with pharmaceutical treatment. We harvested pancreata from liraglutide and vehicle-treated Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats to examine islet structure and function and obtain isolated islets. Twelve-week-old male rats were assigned to 3 groups: (1) liraglutide-treated diabetic, (2) vehicle-treated diabetic, and (3) lean non-diabetic. Liraglutide was given SC twice daily for 9 weeks. As expected, liraglutide treatment reduced body weight by 15% compared to the vehicle-treated animals, eventually to levels that were not different from lean controls. At the termination of the study, blood glucose was significantly less in the liraglutide-treated rats compared to vehicle treated controls (485.8±22.5 and 547.2±33.1mg/dl, respectively). Insulin content/islet (measured by immunohistochemistry) was 34.2±0.7 pixel units in vehicle-treated rats, and 54.9±0.6 in the liraglutide-treated animals. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets (measured as the stimulation index) was maintained in the liraglutide-treated rats, but not in the vehicle-treated. However, liraglutide did not preserve normal islet architecture. There was a decrease in the glucagon-positive area/islet and in the α-cell numbers/area with liraglutide treatment (6.5 cells/field), compared to vehicle (17.9 cells/field). There was an increase in β-cell numbers, the β- to α-cell ratio that was statistically higher in the liraglutide-treated rats (24.3±4.4) compared to vehicle (9.1±2.8). Disrupted mitochondria were more commonly observed in the α-cells (51.9±10.3% of cells) than in the β-cells (27.2±4.4%) in the liraglutide-treated group. While liraglutide enhanced or maintained growth and function of certain islet cells, the overall ratio of α- to β-cells was decreased and there was an absolute reduction in islet α-cell content. There was selective disruption of intracellular α-cell organelles, representing an uncoupling of the bihormonal islet signaling that is required for normal metabolic regulation. The relevance of the findings to long-term liraglutide treatment in people with diabetes is unknown and should be investigated in appropriately designed clinical studies.
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21
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Effect of Piper sarmentosum Extract on the Cardiovascular System of Diabetic Sprague-Dawley Rats: Electron Microscopic Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:628750. [PMID: 23304208 PMCID: PMC3523161 DOI: 10.1155/2012/628750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Piper sarmentosum (PS) is known to possess the antidiabetic properties, its efficacy towards diabetic cardiovascular tissues is still obscured. The present study aimed to observe the electron microscopic changes on the cardiac tissue and proximal aorta of experimental rats treated with PS extract. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: untreated control group (C), PS-treated control group (CTx), untreated diabetic group (D), and PS-treated diabetic group (DTx). Intramuscular injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight) was given to induce diabetes. Following 28 days of diabetes induction, PS extract (0.125 g/kg body weight) was administered orally for 28 days. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, and urine glucose levels were measured at 4-week interval. At the end of the study, cardiac tissues and the aorta were viewed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). DTx group showed increase in body weight and decrease in fasting blood glucose and urine glucose level compared to the D group. Under TEM study, DTx group showed lesser ultrastructural degenerative changes in the cardiac tissues and the proximal aorta compared to the D group. The results indicate that PS restores ultrastructural integrity in the diabetic cardiovascular tissues.
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Stehno-Bittel L. Organ-based response to exercise in type 1 diabetes. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 2012:318194. [PMID: 23251813 PMCID: PMC3518066 DOI: 10.5402/2012/318194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While significant research has clearly identified sedentary behavior as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its subsequent complications, the concept that inactivity could be linked to the complications associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains underappreciated. This paper summarizes the known effects of exercise on T1D at the tissue level and focuses on the pancreas, bone, the cardiovascular system, the kidneys, skeletal muscle, and nerves. When possible, the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise for T1D are elucidated. The general benefits of increased activity on health and the barriers to increased exercise specific to people with T1D are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stehno-Bittel
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Williams S, Schwasinger-Schmidt T, Zamierowski D, Stehno-Bittel L. Diffusion into human islets is limited to molecules below 10kDa. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:332-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Loganathan R, Novikova L, Boulatnikov IG, Smirnova IV. Exercise-induced cardiac performance in autoimmune (type 1) diabetes is associated with a decrease in myocardial diacylglycerol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:817-26. [PMID: 22797313 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01626.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental biochemical defects underlying the complications of diabetic cardiovascular system is elevation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and its effects on protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. It has been noted that exercise training attenuates poor cardiac performance in Type 1 diabetes. However, the role of PKC signaling in exercise-induced alleviation of cardiac abnormalities in diabetes is not clear. We investigated the possibility that exercise training modulates PKC-βII signaling to elicit its beneficial effects on the diabetic heart. bio-breeding diabetic resistant rats, a model reminiscent of Type 1 diabetes in humans, were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) nonexercised nondiabetic (NN); 2) nonexercised diabetic (ND); 3) exercised nondiabetic; and 4) exercised diabetic. Treadmill training was initiated upon the onset of diabetes. At the end of 8 wk, left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic assessment revealed compromised function in ND compared with the NN group. LV myocardial histology revealed increased collagen deposition in ND compared with the NN group, while electron microscopy showed a reduction in the viable mitochondrial fraction. Although the PKC-βII levels and activity were unchanged in the diabetic heart, the DAG levels were increased. With exercise training, the deterioration of LV structure and function in diabetes was attenuated. Notably, improved cardiac performance in training was associated with a decrease in myocardial DAG levels in diabetes. Exercise-induced benefits on cardiac performance in diabetes may be mediated by prevention of an increase in myocardial DAG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7601, USA
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Time-dependent alterations in rat macrovessels with type 1 diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:278620. [PMID: 22315586 PMCID: PMC3270547 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular complications are associated with the progressive severity of diabetes, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. This study quantifies functional vascular parameters and macrovascular structure in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. While there was no difference in the systemic arterial elastance (Ea) with 50 days of diabetes, changes were noted in the aorta and femoral artery including increased tunica media extracellular matrix content, decreased width of both the media and individual smooth muscle cell layers, and increased incidence of damaged mitochondria. Extracellular matrix proteins and elastin levels were significantly greater in the aorta of diabetic animals. These differences correlated with diminished matrix metalloprotease activity in the aorta of the diabetic animals. In conclusion, diabetes significantly altered the structure and ultrastructure of the aorta and femoral artery before systemic changes in arterial elastance could be detected.
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Exercise increases insulin content and basal secretion in pancreatic islets in type 1 diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:481427. [PMID: 21912535 PMCID: PMC3170797 DOI: 10.1155/2011/481427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise appears to improve glycemic control for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanism responsible for this improvement is unknown. We hypothesized that exercise has a direct effect on the insulin-producing islets. Eight-week-old mice were divided into four groups: sedentary diabetic, exercised diabetic, sedentary control, and exercised control. The exercised groups participated in voluntary wheel running for 6 weeks. When compared to the control groups, the islet density, islet diameter, and β-cell proportion per islet were significantly lower in both sedentary and exercised diabetic groups and these alterations were not improved with exercise. The total insulin content and insulin secretion were significantly lower in sedentary diabetics compared to controls. Exercise significantly improved insulin content and insulin secretion in islets in basal conditions. Thus, some improvements in exercise-induced glycemic control in T1D mice may be due to enhancement of insulin content and secretion in islets.
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Huang HH, Novikova L, Williams SJ, Smirnova IV, Stehno-Bittel L. Low insulin content of large islet population is present in situ and in isolated islets. Islets 2011; 3:6-13. [PMID: 21325888 PMCID: PMC3060434 DOI: 10.4161/isl.3.1.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of morphologically distinct populations of islets in the pancreas was described over 60 years ago. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to possible functional differences between islet subpopulations until recently. We demonstrated that one population, the small islets, were superior to large islets in a number of functional aspects. However, that work did not determine whether these differences were inherent, or whether they arose because of the challenge of isolation procedures. Nor, were there data to explain the differences in insulin secretion. We utilized immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and transmission electron microscopy to compare the unique characteristics found in isolated rat islet populations in situ and after isolation. Insulin secretion of small isolated islets was significantly higher compared to large islets, which correlated with higher insulin content/area in small islets (in situ), a higher density of insulin secretory granules, and greater insulin content/volume in isolated islets. Specifically, the core b-cells of the large islets contained less insulin/cell with a lower insulin granule density than peripheral b-cells. When insulin secretion was normalized for total insulin content, large and small islets released the same percentage of total insulin. Small islets had a higher density of cells/area than large islets in vitro and in situ. The data provide a possible explanation for the inferior insulin secretion from large islets, as they have a lower total cell density and the b-cells of the core contain less insulin/cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hung Huang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Lumini-Oliveira J, Magalhães J, Pereira CV, Moreira AC, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A. Endurance training reverts heart mitochondrial dysfunction, permeability transition and apoptotic signaling in long-term severe hyperglycemia. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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VanHoose L, Sawers Y, Loganathan R, Vacek JL, Stehno-Bittel L, Novikova L, Al-Jarrah M, Smirnova IV. Electrocardiographic changes with the onset of diabetes and the impact of aerobic exercise training in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:56. [PMID: 20860788 PMCID: PMC2954909 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early markers of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) in an electrocardiogram (ECG) include elevated R wave amplitudes, widening of QTc intervals and decreased heart rate variability (HRV). The severity of DAN has a direct relationship with mortality risk. Aerobic exercise training is a common recommendation for the delay and possible reversal of cardiac dysfunction. Limited research exists on ECG measures for the evaluation of aerobic exercise training in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess whether aerobic exercise training may attenuate diabetes induced ECG changes. Methods Male ZDF (obese fa/fa) and control Zucker (lean fa/+) rats were assigned to 4 groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary diabetic (SD), exercised control (EC) and exercised diabetic (ED). The exercised groups began 7 weeks of treadmill training after the development of diabetes in the ED group. Baseline (prior to the training) and termination measurements included body weight, heart weight, blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels and ECG parameters. One way repeated measures ANOVA (group) analyzed within and between subject differences and interactions. Pearson coefficients and descriptive statistics described variable relationships and animal characteristics. Results Diabetes caused crucial changes in R wave amplitudes (p < 0.001), heart rate variability (p < 0.01), QT intervals (p < 0.001) and QTc intervals (p < 0.001). R wave amplitude augmentation in SD rats from baseline to termination was ameliorated by exercise, resulting in R wave amplitude changes in ED animals similar to control rats. Aerobic exercise training neither attenuated QT or QTc interval prolongation nor restored decreases in HRV in diabetic rats. Conclusion This study revealed alterations in R wave amplitudes, HRV, QT and QTc intervals in ZDF rats. Of these changes, aerobic exercise training was able to correct R wave amplitude changes. In addition, exercise has beneficial effect in this diabetic rat model in regards to ECG correlates of left ventricular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa VanHoose
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Jin D, Takai S, Sugiyama T, Hayashi T, Fukumoto M, Oku H, Kitaura Y, Ikeda T, Miyazaki M. Long-term angiotensin II blockade may improve not only hyperglycemia but also age-associated cardiac fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:275-84. [PMID: 19202318 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08210fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of long-term angiotensin (Ang) II antagonism on the development of cardiac and endothelial disorders were examined in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. Blood glucose concentration started to increase markedly in the untreated SDT rats from 20 weeks of age, while the blood glucose concentrations of candesartan cilexetil-treated SDT rats were significantly lower until 30 weeks of age. Cardiac function deteriorated in SDT rats and was accompanied by severe cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and microstructural pathologic change in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac function was very well preserved in the age-matched Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, but cardiac fibrosis developed with aging. Candesartan cilexetil treatment improved cardiac structural remodeling and cardiac function in SDT rats. Surprisingly, the degree of cardiac fibrosis in candesartan cilexetil-treated SDT rats was less than that of SD rats. Immunohistological staining confirmed that in addition to collagen deposition, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were the main cellular components in the cardiac fibrotic areas. The diabetic hearts showed positive staining for ACE, Ang II, and AT(1) receptors. SDT rats also showed decreased endothelial function, which was improved with candesartan cilexetil treatment. These findings indicate that Ang II is involved in the development of cardiac dysfunction by accelerating cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte damage in the presence of hyperglycemia. On the other hand, although the mechanisms responsible for the cardiac fibrosis that occurs under normal conditions may differ greatly from those responsible for cardiac fibrosis with hyperglycemia, Ang II seems to play an important role in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Japan.
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Lumini JA, Magalhães J, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A. Beneficial effects of exercise on muscle mitochondrial function in diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 2009; 38:735-50. [PMID: 18712941 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838090-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The physiopathology of diabetes mellitus has been closely associated with a variety of alterations in mitochondrial histology, biochemistry and function. Generally, the alterations comprise increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation, resulting in oxidative stress and damage; decreased capacity to metabolize lipids, leading to intramyocyte lipid accumulation; and diminished mitochondrial density and reduced levels of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), with consequent impairment in mitochondrial function. Chronic physical exercise is a physiological stimulus able to induce mitochondrial adaptations that can counteract the adverse effects of diabetes on muscle mitochondria. However, the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial adaptations in the muscles of diabetic patients are still unclear. The main mechanisms by which exercise may be considered an important non-pharmacological strategy for preventing and/or attenuating diabetes-induced mitochondrial impairments may involve (i) increased mitochondrial biogenesis, which is dependent on the increased expression of some important proteins, such as the 'master switch' peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and heat shock proteins (HSPs), both of which are severely downregulated in the muscles of diabetic patients; and (ii) the restoration or attenuation of the low UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle mitochondria of diabetic patients, which is suggested to play a pivotal role in mitochondrial dysfunction.There is evidence that chronic exercise and lifestyle interventions reverse impairments in mitochondrial density and size, in the activity of respiratory chain complexes and in cardiolipin content; however, the mechanisms by which chronic exercise alters mitochondrial respiratory parameters, mitochondrial antioxidant systems and other specific proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism in the muscles of diabetic patients remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Lumini
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
One of the most exciting cell biology fields of study concerns the physiology and pathology of fat. The basic assumptions once held concerning the function of adipose tissue have been shown to be oversimplified or sometimes completely wrong. Fat does more than store excess energy; it is actually the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it may be one of the most active. Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver. Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones (or the proteins that bind the hormones) become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death. The purposes of this article are to review the normal and deviant signals released by fat cells, to draw a link between those signals and chronic diseases such as diabetes, and to discuss the role of exercise in reversing some of the deviant signaling perpetrated by excess fat.
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Effects of varying intensity exercise on shortening and intracellular calcium in ventricular myocytes from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317:161-7. [PMID: 18553174 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of two intensities of exercise on ventricular myocyte shortening and intracellular calcium in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat. Animals were divided into four groups: control sedentary (CS), diabetic sedentary (DS), diabetic light exercise (DLE; 5 x 30 min/week, 9 m/min) and diabetic moderate exercise (DME; 5 x 30 min/week, 18 m/min) and the exercise programme started 2 months after STZ treatment. Time to peak (TPK) shortening was prolonged in myocytes from DS (112.1 +/- 2.5 ms) compared to CS (98.1 +/- 2.1 ms) rats and was not additionally altered by either light (117.0 +/- 2.1 ms) or moderate (115.4 +/- 2.0 ms) exercise. TPK of the Ca(2+) transient was not significantly altered by STZ treatment (69.4 +/- 2.4 ms) but was prolonged by light (79.8 +/- 3.5 ms) and moderate (76.6 +/- 2.9 ms) exercise compared to CS (65.5 +/- 2.7 ms). Data from this study suggest that the chosen intensities of exercise were ineffective in modulating the dynamics of cardiac muscle contraction and reversing the deleterious effects of diabetes on heart-muscle contraction.
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Loganathan R, Bilgen M, Al-Hafez B, Zhero SV, Alenezy MD, Smirnova IV. Exercise training improves cardiac performance in diabetes: in vivo demonstration with quantitative cine-MRI analyses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:665-72. [PMID: 17082374 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a distinct myocardial complication of the catabolic state of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Exercise training has long been utilized as an effective adjunct to pharmacotherapy in the management of the diabetic heart. However, the in vivo functional benefit(s) of the training programs on cardiac cycle events in diabetes are poorly understood. In this study, we used three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (sedentary control, sedentary diabetic, and exercised diabetic) to assess the effects of endurance training on the left ventricular (LV) cardiac cycle events in diabetes. At the end of 9 wk of exercise training, noninvasive cardiac functional evaluation was performed by using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (9.4 T). An ECG-gated cine imaging protocol was used to capture the LV cardiac cycle events through 10 equally incremented phases. The cardiac cycle phase volumetric profiles showed favorable functional changes in exercised diabetic group, including a prevention of decreased end-diastolic volume and attenuation of increased end-systolic volume that accompanies sedentary diabetes. The defects in LV systolic flow velocity, acceleration, and jerk associated with sedentary diabetes were restored toward control levels in the trained diabetic animals. This magnetic resonance imaging study confirms the prevailing evidence from earlier in vitro and in vivo invasive procedures that exercise training benefits cardiac function in this model of diabetic cardiomyopathy despite the extreme catabolic state of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Dept. of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Ascensão A, Ferreira R, Magalhães J. Exercise-induced cardioprotection--biochemical, morphological and functional evidence in whole tissue and isolated mitochondria. Int J Cardiol 2006; 117:16-30. [PMID: 16860886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Regular exercise has been confirmed as a pragmatic countermeasure to protect against cardiac injury. Specifically, endurance exercise has been proven to provide cardioprotection against cardiac insults in both young and old animals. Proposed mechanisms to explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise are mediated, at least partially, by redox changes and include the induction of myocardial heat shock proteins, improved cardiac antioxidant capacity, and/or elevation of other cardioprotective molecules. Understanding the molecular basis for exercise-induced cardioprotection is important in developing exercise strategies to protect the heart during and after insults. Data suggest that these positive modulator effects occur at different levels of cellular organization, being mitochondria fundamental organelles that are sensitive to disturbances imposed by exercise on basal homeostasis. At present, which of these protective mechanisms is essential for exercise-induced cardioprotection remains unclear. This review analyzes the biochemical, morphological and functional outcomes of acute and chronic exercise on the overall cardiac muscle tissue and in isolated mitochondria. Some redox-based mechanisms behind the cross-tolerance effects particularly induced by endurance training, against certain stressors responsible for the impairments in cardiac homeostasis caused by aging, diabetes, drug administration or ischemia-reperfusion are also outlined. Further work should be addressed in order to clarify the precise regulatory mechanisms by which physical exercise augments heart tolerance against many cardiotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Department of Sports Biology, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Loganathan R, Searls YM, Smirnova IV, Stehno-Bittel L. Exercise-induced benefits in individuals with type 1 diabetes. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1179/108331906x99056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lehti TM, Silvennoinen M, Kivelä R, Kainulainen H, Komulainen J. Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and physical training on gene expression of extracellular matrix proteins in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E900-7. [PMID: 16352670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes induces changes in the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in many tissues. We investigated the effects of diabetes, physical training, and their combination on the gene expression of ECM proteins in skeletal muscle. Mice were divided to control (C), training (T), streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D), and diabetic training (DT) groups. Training groups (T, DT) performed 1, 3, or 5 wk of endurance training on a treadmill. Gene expression of calf muscles was analyzed using microarray and quantitative PCR. Training group samples were collected 24 h after the last training session. Diabetes affected the gene expression of several collagens (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and XV), some noncollagenous glycoproteins, and proteoglycans (e.g., elastin, thrombospondin-1, laminin-2, decorin). Reduced gene expression of collagens in diabetic skeletal muscle was partially attenuated as a result of physical training. In diabetes, mRNA expression of the basement membrane (BM) collagens decreased and that of noncollagenous glycoproteins increased. This may change the structure of the BM in a less collagenous direction and affect its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maarit Lehti
- LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Rautpohjankatu 8, Viveca, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Loganathan R, Bilgen M, Al-Hafez B, Alenezy MD, Smirnova IV. Cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic rat: quantitative evaluation using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 5:7. [PMID: 16595006 PMCID: PMC1450259 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In particular, type 1 diabetes compromises the cardiac function of individuals at a relatively early age due to the protracted course of abnormal glucose homeostasis. The functional abnormalities of diabetic myocardium have been attributed to the pathological changes of diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS In this study, we used high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the left ventricular functional characteristics of streptozotocin treated diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks disease duration) in comparison with age/sex matched controls. RESULTS Our analyses of EKG gated cardiac MRI scans of the left ventricle showed a 28% decrease in the end-diastolic volume and 10% increase in the end-systolic volume of diabetic hearts compared to controls. Mean stroke volume and ejection fraction in diabetic rats were decreased (48% and 28%, respectively) compared to controls. Further, dV/dt changes were suggestive of phase sensitive differences in left ventricular kinetics across the cardiac cycle between diabetic and control rats. CONCLUSION Thus, the MRI analyses of diabetic left ventricle suggest impairment of diastolic and systolic hemodynamics in this rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our studies also show that in vivo MRI could be used in the evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in this rat model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mehmet Bilgen
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Baraa Al-Hafez
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mohammed D Alenezy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Irina V Smirnova
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Loganathan R, Bilgen M, Al-Hafez B, Smirnova IV. Characterization of alterations in diabetic myocardial tissue using high resolution MRI. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2005; 22:81-90. [PMID: 16362172 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-005-5386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, are the major cause of fatalities in diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is expressed in part through fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy, increasing myocardial stiffness leading to heart failure. In order to search for curative interventions, precise evaluation of the diabetic heart pathology is extremely important. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited for the assessment of heart disorders due to its high resolution, three-dimensional properties and dimensional accuracy. In this study streptozotocin injected Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a model of type 1 diabetes to characterize abnormalities in the diabetic left ventricle (LV). High resolution MRI using a 9.4 T horizontal bore scanner was performed on control and 7 weeks diabetic rats. In the diabetic rats as compared to controls, we found increased LV wall volume to body weight ratio, suggestive of LV hypertrophy; increased LV wall mean pixel intensity, and decreased T2 relaxation time, both suggestive of changes in the diabetic tissue properties, perhaps due to presence of fibrosis which was detected through increase in the collagen fractional area. In addition, changes in the LV cavity area were observed and quantified in post-mortem diabetic hearts indicative of stiffer and less resilient LV myocardial tissue with diabetes. Together the data suggest that LV hypertrophy and fibrosis may be a major factor underlying structural and functional abnormalities in the diabetic heart, and MRI is a valuable tool to non-invasively monitor the pathological changes in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaprasad Loganathan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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