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Ji LL, Fretwell VS, Escamilla A, Yao W, Zhang T, He M, Zhang JQ. An acute exercise at low to moderate intensity attenuated postprandial lipemia and insulin responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:14-22. [PMID: 38021207 PMCID: PMC10663685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Methods Participants were 10 adult males with normal fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations (age = 34 ± 2.8 y, body mass = 72.9 ± 2.4 kg, fasting plasma TG = 1.36 ± 0.18 mmol/l, VO2max = 43.7 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, fasting glucose = 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l and fasting Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) = 1.7 ± 0.3). In this study, each participant performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and 3 exercise trials at 40 % (40%T), 60 % (60%T), and 70 % (70%T) of their VO2max. In the exercise trials, participant jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity. A fat-rich meal was consumed by each participant 12 h after exercise. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8 h-period (TG tAUC) after the meal, and HOMA2-IR were analyzed. Results Our results showed that at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the meal, TG in all exercise trials were lower than Ctr (p < 0.05) but did not differ from each other. All the exercise trials were lower in TG tAUC scores than Ctr (p < 0.02), but differences were not observed among the exercise trials. In comparison to Ctr, a significant difference in HOMA2-IR in both 60 % T and 70 % T (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) was observed, but not in 40 % T. Conclusion The results suggest that exercising at low to moderate exercise intensity for 1 h sufficiently attenuates a fat meal induced PHTG. Moderate exercise intensity also effectively mitigates insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Ji
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Vicki S. Fretwell
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Abel Escamilla
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Wanxiang Yao
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Tianou Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Meizi He
- Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - John Q. Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
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Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Thackray AE. Enhancing cardiometabolic health through physical activity and breakfast manipulations in children and adolescents: good for humans, good for the planet. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:272-285. [PMID: 36356640 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122002804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human health benefits of cardiometabolic disease prevention can be accompanied by planetary co-benefits. Focusing efforts towards young people, including children and adolescents, is conducive to disease prevention. In the context of cardiometabolic disease prevention, this review paper critically summarises the available literature on the acute cardiometabolic responses to physical activity and breakfast manipulations among young people. Given the seriousness of global climate change, which will disproportionally affect our younger generations, this review paper offers new insights into the inherent interactions between child-adolescent behaviour and cardiometabolic health from an environmental sustainability perspective to aid climate change mitigation efforts, including exploring future research avenues. A growing evidence base suggests acute moderate- to high-intensity exercise bouts can attenuate postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations for up to 24-48 h in young people. Whether accumulating physical activity throughout the day with short, frequent bouts promotes cardiometabolic risk marker attenuations is unclear. Breakfast consumption may enhance free-living physical activity and reduce glycaemic responses to subsequent meals for a possible additive impact. If repeated habitually, attenuations in these cardiometabolic risk factors would be conducive to disease prevention, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with disease diagnosis and treatment. To progress current understanding with high public health and planetary relevance, research among samples of 'at risk' young people that span cellular-level responses to ecologically valid settings and address human and planetary health co-benefits is needed. Indeed, certain physical activity opportunities, such as active travel to school, offer important direct co-benefits to humans and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Effect of Prior Exercise on Postprandial Lipemia: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:501-518. [PMID: 36028221 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the results from current literature examining the effects of prior exercise on the postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to evaluate current literature and provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods to quantify individual effect sizes. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of prior exercise on postprandial TG response. Two hundred and seventy-nine effects were retrieved from 165 studies for the total TG response and 142 effects from 87 studies for the incremental area under the curve TG response. There was a moderate effect of exercise on the total TG response (Cohen's d = -0.47; p < .0001). Moderator analysis revealed exercise energy expenditure significantly moderated the effect of prior exercise on the total TG response (p < .0001). Exercise modality (e.g., cardiovascular, resistance, combination of both cardiovascular and resistance, or standing), cardiovascular exercise type (e.g., continuous, interval, concurrent, or combined), and timing of exercise prior to meal administration significantly affected the total TG response (p < .001). Additionally, exercise had a moderate effect on the incremental area under the curve TG response (Cohen's d = -0.40; p < .0001). The current analysis reveals a more homogeneous data set than previously reported. The attenuation of postprandial TG appears largely dependent on exercise energy expenditure (∼2 MJ) and the timing of exercise. The effect of prior exercise on the postprandial TG response appears to be transient; therefore, exercise should be frequent to elicit an adaptation.
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Paul DJ, Bangsbo J, Cherif A, Nassis GP. The Effects of a Single Versus Three Consecutive Sessions of Football Training on Postprandial Lipemia: a Randomized, Controlled Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Males. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 31440862 PMCID: PMC6706479 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise frequency is important for maintaining health; however, its effects on postprandial responses remain largely unknown. Better understanding this during popular sports activities such as football may influence exercise habits. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of playing one single versus three consecutive days of 60-min small-sided football matches on postprandial lipemia. METHODS Fifteen males performed either one (1FOOT; n = 7) or three 60-min football (3FOOT; n = 8) sessions across an 8-day trial period. On day 1, a blood sample was collected at fasted (0 min) and 0.75, 2, 4, 6 h after a high-fat meal. Participants were then randomly allocated to the 1FOOT (day 7) or 3FOOT (days 5, 6, 7) condition. On day 8, they repeated the high-fat meal and blood sampling for 6 h following the meal. Postprandial total and incremental area under the curve (AUC, iAUC, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS The postprandial triglyceride iAUC was 41% lower from pre- to post-measures for the 1FOOT (p < 0.05; ES = 1.02) and 15.7% lower for the 3FOOT (ns; ES = 0.41). Total triglyceride AUC was lower (26%) post-football matches in the 3FOOT group only (p < 0.01; ES = 1.23). In 3FOOT, insulin concentration was lower for post- compared to pre-measures at 0.75 and 2 h, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION One single 60-min small-sided football match lowered postprandial TG incremental area under the curve while performing three consecutive days of football matches did not result in a greater attenuation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17934193 , registered 06 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Paul
- Aspetar – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Scientific Support and Research, PO BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anissa Cherif
- Anti Doping Laboratory of Qatar (ADLQ, Research Department), Doha, Qatar
| | - George P. Nassis
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, 10562 Athens, Greece
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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SMALLCOMBE JAMESW, BARRETT LAURAA, MORRIS JOHNG, SHERAR LAURENB, TOLFREY KEITH. Small-Sided Soccer in School Reduces Postprandial Lipemia in Adolescent Boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:2351-2359. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bond B, Weston KL, Williams CA, Barker AR. Perspectives on high-intensity interval exercise for health promotion in children and adolescents. Open Access J Sports Med 2017; 8:243-265. [PMID: 29225481 PMCID: PMC5708187 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s127395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity lowers future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, few children and adolescents achieve the recommended minimum amount of daily activity. Accordingly, there is virtue in identifying the efficacy of small volumes of high-intensity exercise for health benefits in children and adolescents for the primary prevention of CVD risk. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a novel overview of the available literature concerning high-intensity interval-exercise (HIIE) interventions in children and adolescents. Specifically, the following areas are addressed: 1) outlining the health benefits observed following a single bout of HIIE, 2) reviewing the role of HIIE training in the management of pediatric obesity, and 3) discussing the effectiveness of school-based HIIE training. In total, 39 HIIE intervention studies were included in this review. Based upon the available data, a single bout of high-intensity exercise provides a potent stimulus for favorable, acute changes across a range of cardiometabolic outcomes that are often superior to a comparative bout of moderate-intensity exercise (14 studies reviewed). HIIE also promotes improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health status in overweight and obese children and adolescents (10 studies reviewed) and when delivered in the school setting (15 studies reviewed). We thus conclude that high-intensity exercise is a feasible and potent method of improving a range of cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents. However, further work is needed to optimize the delivery of HIIE interventions in terms of participant enjoyment and acceptability, to include a wider range of health outcomes, and to control for important confounding variables (eg, changes in diet and habitual physical activity). Finally, research into the application of HIIE training interventions to children and adolescents of different ages, sexes, pubertal status, and sociocultural backgrounds is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. High-Intensity Running and Energy Restriction Reduce Postprandial Lipemia in Girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:402-11. [PMID: 26460628 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the potency of combining acute high-intensity exercise and energy intake restriction on postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy girls. METHODS Sixteen 11- to 13-yr-old girls (mean (SD) body mass, 45.1 (7.6) kg; peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2), 43 (6) mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) completed three 2-d conditions in a counterbalanced crossover design separated by 14 d. On day 1, participants completed 10 × 1-min interval runs (HIIR) or 5 × 1-min interval runs combined with 0.82 (0.19) MJ energy intake restriction (HIIR-ER) or rested (CON). Exercise was completed at 100% maximal aerobic speed determined from an incremental peak V˙O2 test, with 1-min recovery between intervals. On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken in the fasted state and at predetermined intervals throughout the 6.5-h postprandial period. A standardized breakfast and lunch were consumed immediately and 4 h after the fasting sample, respectively. RESULTS Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% confidence intervals (CI) for ratios), fasting [TAG] was 16% and 8% lower than CON in HIIR (-24% to -7%; effect size (ES), 0.49; P = 0.002) and HIIR-ER (-17% to 1%; ES, 0.24; P = 0.09), respectively; HIIR was 8% lower than HIIR-ER (-17% to 1%; ES, 0.25; P = 0.08). The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 10% and 9% lower than CON in HIIR (-16% to -3%; ES, 0.30; P = 0.01) and HIIR-ER (-15% to -2%; ES, 0.28; P = 0.01), respectively; HIIR-ER and HIIR were similar (-1%; -8% to 6%; P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Manipulations of HIIR and ER reduce postprandial [TAG] in girls. The magnitude of effect was marginally, although not meaningfully, greater after HIIR than that after HIIR-ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Teeman CS, Kurti SP, Cull BJ, Emerson SR, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK. Postprandial lipemic and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals: a review of the roles of acute and chronic exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:80. [PMID: 27891165 PMCID: PMC5112627 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Postprandial inflammation following the prolonged elevation of triglycerides occurring subsequent to ingestion of high-fat meals, provides a likely explanation for increased disease risk. Substantial evidence has shown that acute exercise is an effective modality for attenuation of postprandial lipemia following a high-fat meal. However, much of the evidence pertaining to exercise intensity, duration, and overall energy expenditure for reducing postprandial lipemia is inconsistent. The effects of these different exercise variables on postprandial inflammation is largely unknown. Long-term, frequent exercise, however, appears to effectively reduce systemic inflammation, especially in at-risk or diseased individuals. With regard to an acute postprandial response, without a recent bout of exercise, high levels of chronic exercise do not appear to reduce postprandial lipemia. This review summarizes the current literature on postprandial and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals, and the roles that both acute and chronic exercise play. This review may be valuable for health professionals who wish to provide evidence-based, pragmatic advice for reducing postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk for their patients. A brief review of proposed mechanisms explaining how high-fat meals may result in pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic environments is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby S. Teeman
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Stephanie P. Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, 1A Natatorium, 920 Denison Ave, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Brooke J. Cull
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sam R. Emerson
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Mark D. Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
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Thackray AE, Barrett LA, Tolfrey K. Energy replacement diminishes the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia in boys. Metabolism 2016; 65:496-506. [PMID: 26975542 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute bouts of exercise reduce postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy boys and girls; however, it is not known whether this effect is mediated by the energy deficit. This study examined whether the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial [TAG] persists after immediate dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure (EE). METHODS Eighteen healthy 11- to 13-year-old boys (mean (SD): body mass 41.3 (8.4)kg; peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) 55 (5)mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) completed three, 2-day conditions in a within-measures, crossover design separated by 14days. On day 1, participants rested (CON), exercised at 60% peak V̇O2 inducing a net EE of 32kJ·kg(-1) body mass (EX-DEF) or completed the same exercise with the net EE replaced immediately (EX-REP). On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken in the fasted state and at pre-determined intervals throughout the 6.5h postprandial period. A standardised breakfast and lunch meal were consumed immediately and 4h, respectively, after the fasting sample. RESULTS Based on ratios of the geometric means (95% confidence intervals (CI) for ratios), EX-DEF fasting [TAG] was 19% and 15% lower than CON (-32 to -4%, ES=1.15, P=0.02) and EX-REP (-29 to 0%, ES=0.91, P=0.05) respectively; CON and EX-REP were similar (-4%; P=0.59). The EX-DEF total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was 15% and 16% lower than CON (-27 to 0%, ES=0.55, P=0.05) and EX-REP (-29 to -2%, ES=0.62, P=0.03) respectively; CON and EX-REP were not different (2%; -13 to 20%, P=0.80). CONCLUSION Immediate replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit negates the reduction in postprandial [TAG] in boys; this highlights the importance of maintaining a negative energy balance immediately post-exercise to maximise the metabolic health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Laura A Barrett
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- Paediatric Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Burns SF, Miyashita M, Stensel DJ. High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Postprandial Triacylglycerol. Sports Med 2015; 45:957-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Sedgwick MJ, Morris JG, Nevill ME, Barrett LA. Effect of repeated sprints on postprandial endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations in adolescent boys. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:806-16. [PMID: 25357120 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.964749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether repeated, very short duration sprints influenced endothelial function (indicated by flow-mediated dilation) and triacylglycerol concentrations following the ingestion of high-fat meals in adolescent boys. Nine adolescent boys completed two, 2-day main trials (control and exercise), in a counter-balanced, cross-over design. Participants were inactive on day 1 of the control trial but completed 40 × 6 s maximal cycle sprints on day 1 of the exercise trial. On day 2, capillary blood samples were collected and flow-mediated dilation measured prior to, and following, ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch. Fasting flow-mediated dilation and plasma triacylglycerol concentration were similar in the control and exercise trial (P > 0.05). In the control trial, flow-mediated dilation was reduced by 20% and 27% following the high-fat breakfast and lunch; following exercise these reductions were negated (main effect trial, P < 0.05; interaction effect trial × time, P < 0.05). The total area under the plasma triacylglycerol concentration versus time curve was 13% lower on day 2 in the exercise trial compared to the control trial (8.65 (0.97) vs. 9.92 (1.16) mmol · l(-1) · 6.5 h, P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that repeated 6 s maximal cycle sprints can have beneficial effects on postprandial endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations in adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sedgwick
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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TOLFREY KEITH, ENGSTROM ALEX, MURPHY CAOILEANN, THACKRAY ALICE, WEAVER ROBERT, BARRETT LAURAA. Exercise Energy Expenditure and Postprandial Lipemia in Girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:239-46. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a59ab1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Freese EC, Gist NH, Cureton KJ. Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:67-75. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00623.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing postprandial triglycerides (TG) can lower the risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analytic review of the literature to estimate the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia. A total of 121 effects were found from 76 studies for the total TG response and 70 effects from 44 studies for the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) TG response. The weighted mean effect was moderate for the total TG response, Cohen's d = −0.60 ( P < 0.0001), and for the iAUC response, Cohen's d = −0.59 ( P < 0.0001). Moderator analysis revealed women exhibited a larger reduction ( P < .01) in the total TG response following exercise ( d = −0.96) than men ( d = −0.57); high-intensity interval training induced a larger reduction ( P < .05) in the iAUC response ( d = −1.49) than aerobic ( d = −0.58) or resistance ( d = −0.13) exercise, and participants maintaining an energy deficit following exercise exhibited a greater reduction in the iAUC response ( d = −0.67) compared with participants in energy balance ( d = −0.28). We conclude that prior acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia, with the magnitude of effect influenced by sex, type of exercise, and energy deficit following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Freese
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H. Gist
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J. Cureton
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Sedgwick MJ, Morris JG, Nevill ME, Barrett LA. The accumulation of exercise and postprandial endothelial function in boys. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:e11-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Sedgwick
- Institute of Youth Sport; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - J. G. Morris
- Institute of Youth Sport; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - M. E. Nevill
- Institute of Youth Sport; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - L. A. Barrett
- Institute of Youth Sport; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
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THACKRAY ALICEE, BARRETT LAURAA, TOLFREY KEITH. Acute High-Intensity Interval Running Reduces Postprandial Lipemia in Boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1277-84. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828452c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
This review examines the effect of prior exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol (pTAG) concentrations, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise reduces pTAG concentrations; however, several modulators such as exercise energy expenditure/deficit, mode of exercise (aerobic/resistance/high intensity/intermittent exercise or combinations), type of meal (moderate or high fat), time frame between exercise and meal and target group may individually or in conjunction influence this effect. On the other hand, at least for aerobic exercise, training reduces pTAG concentrations transiently (~2 days); therefore, exercise sessions should be frequent enough to maintain this clinically significant improvement. For the healthy population, it seems that a subject's preference and ability determine which type of exercise to undertake to attenuate pTAG concentrations; an energy expenditure of ~30 kJ/kg of body mass (or ~2-2.5 MJ) not combined with a corresponding increase in energy intake is required; for resistance or intermittent exercise, for those following a moderate rather than a high-fat diet, and for those with obesity (expressed as kJ/kg of body mass), a smaller energy expenditure is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, as well as the threshold of energy expenditure in those with diabetes mellitus and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
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Ferreira AP, Ferreira CB, Brito CJ, Souza VC, Córdova C, Nóbrega OT, França NM. The effect of aerobic exercise intensity on attenuation of postprandial lipemia is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:139-44. [PMID: 23642733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia according to allelic variants of the apolipoprotein E gene. METHODS Three groups of 10 healthy men each were formed based genotyping of the APOE gene, rested or performed 500 Kcal tests in a random sequence separated by a minimum 48 h interval, as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30-min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as the kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was adopted at P ≤ 0.05 level. RESULTS The main results show that, in the moderate continuous exercise, total postprandial cholesterolemia was higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 carriers, whereas under intense intermittent exercise, total and LDL cholesterolemia were higher in ɛ4 than in ɛ2 and ɛ3 carriers. There was no difference in the lipemic profile of the subjects across APOE genotypes at baseline. CONCLUSION Moderate and intense exercise were effective in attenuating PPL in both ɛ2 and ɛ3 subjects, with ɛ2 subjects being more susceptible to the lipid lowering effect of moderate training than ɛ3 subjects. Carriers of the ɛ4 allele, however, showed no attenuation of postprandial lipemia.
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18
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Lee S, Burns SF, White D, Kuk JL, Arslanian S. Effects of acute exercise on postprandial triglyceride response after a high-fat meal in overweight black and white adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:966-71. [PMID: 23507997 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of acute exercise on postprandial triglyceride (TG) metabolism following a high-fat meal in overweight black vs white adolescents. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Twenty-one black and 17 white adolescents (12-18 yrs, body mass index 85th percentile) were evaluated twice, during control versus exercise trials, 1-4 weeks apart, in a counterbalanced randomized design. In the control trial, participants performed no exercise on day 1. In the exercise trial, participants performed a single bout of 60-min exercise (50% VO2 peak) on a cycle ergometer on day 1. On day 2 of both trials, participants consumed a high-fat breakfast (70% calories from fat) and blood was sampled for TG concentration in the fasted state and for 6 h postprandially. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of condition on postprandial peak TG concentration (P=0.01) and TG area under the curve (AUC) (P=0.003), suggesting that independent of race, peak TG and TG-AUC was lower in the exercise trial vs control trial. Including Tanner stage, gender, total fat (kg) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) as independent variables, stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that in whites, VAT was the strongest (P<0.05) predictor of postprandial TG-AUC, explaining 56 and 25% of the variances in TG-AUC in the control and exercise trials, respectively. In blacks, VAT was not associated with postprandial TG-AUC, independent of trial. CONCLUSION A single bout of aerobic exercise preceding a high-fat meal is beneficial to reduce postprandial TG concentrations in overweight white adolescents to a greater extent than black adolescents, particularly those with increased visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The ingestion of high-fat meals induces a state of endothelial dysfunction in adults. This dysfunction is attenuated by prior exercise. The response of young people to these nutritional and physiological stressors has not been established. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if a bout of moderate-intensity exercise influenced endothelial function (as indicated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD)) following the ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch in adolescent boys (aged 12·6–14·3 years). Two, 2 d main trials (control and exercise) were completed by thirteen adolescent boys in a counter-balanced, cross-over design. Participants were inactive on day 1 of the control trial, but completed 60 min of walking at 60 % peak oxygen uptake in the exercise trial. On day 2, endothelial function was assessed via FMD prior to, and following, ingestion of a high-fat breakfast and lunch. There was no difference in fasting FMD between the control and exercise trial (P= 0·449). In the control trial, FMD was reduced by 32 % following consumption of the high-fat breakfast and by 24 % following lunch. In the exercise trial, the corresponding reductions were 6 and 10 %, respectively (main effect trial, P= 0·002). These results demonstrate that moderate-intensity exercise can attenuate the decline in FMD seen following the consumption of high-fat meals in adolescent boys.
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20
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Peddie MC, Rehrer NJ, Perry TL. Physical activity and postprandial lipidemia: are energy expenditure and lipoprotein lipase activity the real modulators of the positive effect? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:11-22. [PMID: 22123195 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the link between elevated cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular disease has been based on fasting measurements. This is appropriate for total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, triglyceride concentrations vary considerably throughout the day in response to the regular consumption of food and drink. Recent findings indicate that postprandial triglyceride concentrations independently predict future cardiovascular risk. Potential modulators of postprandial lipidemia include meal composition and physical activity. Early cross sectional studies indicated that physically active individuals had a lower postprandial lipidemic response compared to inactive individuals. However, the effect of physical activity on postprandial lipidemia is an acute phenomenon, which dissipates within 60 h of a single bout of exercise. Total exercise induced energy expenditure, rather than duration or intensity of the physical activity is commonly reported to be a potent modulator of postprandial lipidemia. However, the pooled results of studies in this area suggest that energy expenditure exerts most of its influence on fasting triglyceride concentrations rather than on the incremental change in triglyceride concentrations seen following meal consumption. It seems more likely that energy expenditure is one component of a multifactorial list of mediators that may include local muscle contractile activity, and other yet to be elucidated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Effect of energy expenditure on postprandial triacylglycerol in adolescent boys. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:23-31. [PMID: 21468748 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 30 and 60 min of moderate intensity exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol concentration [TAG] in 11 healthy, 13-year-old boys. The boys completed three counterbalanced conditions. On day 1, they either rested (CON), or jogged for 30 min (EX30) or 60 min (EX60) at 55% peak [Formula: see text] Following a 12-h fast, on day 2 a capillary blood sample was taken for fasting [TAG] before a high fat milkshake was consumed. Further blood samples were taken every hour over a 6-h postprandial rest period for [TAG]. The estimated energy expenditure for EX30 (982 kJ) was doubled in EX60 (1967 kJ). Differences in fasting [TAG] between the conditions were small (ES = 0.23, P = 0.35). Differences in postprandial TAG over time between conditions were identified (ES = 0.41, P = 0.03). Mean [TAG] was lower in EX60 than CON (-33 to -3%, P = 0.03) with a similar strong trend for EX30 (-29 to 1%, P = 0.06); EX60 and EX30 were not different from each other (-21 to 14%, P = 0.62). The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve was different between conditions (ES = 0.42, P = 0.03). Again, EX60 was lower than CON (-31 to -2%, P = 0.02) with a strong trend for EX30 (-31 to 4%, P = 0.06); EX30 and EX60 were not different from each other (-17 to 16%, P = 0.58). This study shows for the first time that both 30 and 60 min of jogging, with energy expenditures equivalent to 982 and 1,967 kJ, attenuates postprandial [TAG] in adolescent boys, but not in a dose-dependent manner.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present the effect of negative energy balance on postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (pTAG), an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS Aerobic exercise reduces pTAG; however, recent findings confirm that this effect is only evident with an accompanying energy deficit. Moreover, a recent study showed that acute diet-induced energy deficit also reduces pTAG. The extent of energy deficit required to significantly attenuate pTAG depends on the type of given meal, the type of deficit (aerobic/resistance exercise, diet, or combination of diet and exercise), and patients' health status. Apart from the acute effects, prolonged energy deficit leading to moderate weight loss attenuates pTAG, when it is combined with other known hypotriacylglycerolemic agents, such as carbohydrate restriction. SUMMARY For healthy population, it seems that it is up to patient's preference and ability which type of energy deficit will follow to attenuate pTAG; an energy deficit of approximately 30 kJ/kg of body mass is required; for resistance exercise a smaller deficit is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, the effects of energy deficit-energy surplus every other day, and the threshold of energy deficit-weight loss in diabetics and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinicall helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Burns Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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23
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Podlog L, Dionigi RA. Psychological need fulfillment among workers in an exercise intervention: a qualitative investigation. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2009; 80:774-787. [PMID: 20025119 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived factors affecting workers'participation in an exercise intervention and interpret the findings within self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000a; 2007). Research examining the impact of psychological need satisfaction on exercise outcomes is not well established (McDonough & Crocke, 2007; Ryan & Deci, 2007). Even less is known about the processes through which workers negotiate a range of individual, group and context-based factors to fulfill these basic needs in exercise settings. To provide such insight, focus group interviews were conducted with 10 factory workers to discuss their involvement in a 7-week exercise intervention. Results indicated that a negotiation of complementary and competing factors (i.e., skill acquisition and regaining physical capabilities, a sense of camaraderie, characteristics of the trainer exercise context, a sense of obligation, scheduling) affected workers' need fulfillment, which ultimately affected their exercise adherence. The implications for health practitioners aiming to meet the psychological needs of workers involved in exercise interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Podlog
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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MacEneaney OJ, Harrison M, O'Gorman DJ, Pankratieva EV, O'Connor PL, Moyna NM. Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in normal weight and overweight adolescent boys. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:721-9. [PMID: 19430945 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is associated with impaired endothelial function and inflammation. Acute exercise reduces PPL in adults. This investigation examined the effect of an acute bout of exercise on postprandial changes in triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, inflammation [white blood cell count (WBC), interleukin-6 (IL-6) tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP)] and endothelial activation [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)] following a high-fat meal in adolescents. Ten normal weight (NW) (BMI, 20.9 +/- 1.7 kg m(-2); 15.6 +/- 0.7 years) and eight overweight (OW) (BMI, 28.3 +/- 3.6 kg m(-2); 15.9 +/- 0.4 years) adolescent boys underwent two 6-h oral fat tolerance tests (OFTT) separated by 7-10 days. On the evening prior to each OFTT, subjects either rested or completed a treadmill exercise bout (65% V(O)(2max); 600 kcal expended). Exercise reduced (P < 0.01) the postprandial TG area under the curve by approximately 20% in the NW and OW groups. The postprandial glucose and insulin response did not differ between the control and exercise trials or between the NW and OW groups. Circulating leukocytes and plasma IL-6 levels increased (P < 0.01) in the NW and OW groups 6 h following the OFTT in both experimental conditions. There were no changes in CRP, sVCAM-1 or sICAM-1 following the OFTT and there were no differences between experimental condition or NW and OW groups. In conclusion, a moderate exercise bout prior to a high-fat meal effectively reduces postprandial TG concentrations to a similar degree in both NW and OW adolescents, but does not reduce the concomitant postprandial increase in WBC or IL-6.
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25
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Tolfrey K, Doggett A, Boyd C, Pinner S, Sharples A, Barrett L. Postprandial triacylglycerol in adolescent boys: a case for moderate exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:1049-56. [PMID: 18461002 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31816770fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of 60-min bouts of intermittent moderate and vigorous exercise on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in eight healthy adolescent boys (mean +/- SD age: 13 +/- 0.3 yr). METHODS Participants completed three conditions in a counterbalanced order. On day 1, they either rested for 110 min (CON), completed 6 x 10-min blocks of intermittent treadmill exercise at 53% peak V O2 (MOD), or 6 x 10-min blocks at 75% peak V O2 (VIG). On day 2 after a 12-h fast, a capillary blood sample was taken for [TAG] and [glucose] (mmol.L) and then a high-fat milkshake was consumed (1.50 g.kg fat, 1.22 g.kg CHO, and 0.22 g.kg protein; 80 kJ.kg). Further blood samples were taken every hour for a 6-h postprandial rest period for [TAG] and [glucose]. RESULTS Estimated energy expenditure was 45% higher in VIG than in MOD (95% confidence interval [CI] 23-72%). Fasting [TAG] and [glucose] did not differ between the conditions. Average [TAG] for the postprandial period was lower by 24% in MOD (95% CI -47% to 9%, P = 0.06) and by 21% in VIG (95% CI -42% to 8%, P = 0.08) than CON, with no meaningful difference (4%; 95% CI -27% to 48%, P = 0.50) between MOD and VIG. The total area under the [TAG] versus time curve (mmol.L 6 h) was lower by 24% in MOD (95% CI -42% to 0%, P = 0.05) and by 20% in VIG (95% CI -37% to 0%, P = 0.07) than CON. MOD and VIG were not different from each other (4%; 95% CI -18% to 32%, P = 0.54). CONCLUSION Both 60 min of moderate and vigorous intermittent exercises reduced postprandial [TAG]. However, the extra energy expended in the vigorous condition did not produce a dose-related reduction compared with the moderate-intensity condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Tolfrey
- Research Institute for Health and Social Change, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager, UK.
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Rowlands AV, Pilgrim EL, Eston RG. Patterns of habitual activity across weekdays and weekend days in 9-11-year-old children. Prev Med 2008; 46:317-24. [PMID: 18162187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the pattern of activity in boys and girls across weekdays and weekend days. METHODS Physical activity was recorded every 2 s by uniaxial accelerometry in 84 children, aged 9-11 years, for up to four weekdays and two weekend days. Activity bouts (>or= 4 s and >or= 5 min) greater than light (>or= LIGHT), moderate (>or= MOD) and vigorous (>or= VIG) intensity were recorded. The study took place in the South-West of England in 2007. RESULTS The mean duration of activity bouts decreased as intensity increased from 11.0+/-1.3 s for >or= LIGHT activity to 6.1+/-1.0 s for >or= VIG activity. The frequency, duration and intensity of bouts were greater in boys than girls, and the frequency and duration of bouts were greater on weekdays than weekend days. Girls accumulated more activity sporadically than boys, whereas boys accumulated more activity in >or= 5-min bouts. CONCLUSION Sex differences and weekday/weekend differences in activity were largely due to the intensity of the most frequent bouts of activity and frequency of the most intense bouts. Information regarding the pattern of children's habitual activity can be used to inform activity interventions and assess the aspects of the activity pattern that are related to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann V Rowlands
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree, Exeter EX1 2LU, England, UK.
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