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Wright VJ, Schwartzman JD, Itinoche R, Wittstein J. The musculoskeletal syndrome of menopause. Climacteric 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39077777 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2024.2380363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Fifty-one percent of humans are born with ovaries. As the ovarian production of estrogen diminishes in midlife and ultimately stops, it is estimated that more than 47 million women worldwide enter the menopause transition annually. More than 70% will experience musculoskeletal symptoms and 25% will be disabled by them through the transition from perimenopause to postmenopause. This often-unrecognized collective of musculoskeletal symptoms, largely influenced by estrogen flux, includes arthralgia, loss of muscle mass, loss of bone density and progression of osteoarthritis, among others. In isolation, it can be difficult for clinicians and patients to adequately appreciate the substantial role of decreasing estrogen, anticipate the onset of related symptoms and actively treat to mitigate future detrimental processes. Thus, in this review we introduce a new term, the musculoskeletal syndrome of menopause, to describe the collective musculoskeletal signs and symptoms associated with the loss of estrogen. Given the significant effects of these processes on quality of life and the associated personal and financial costs, it is important for clinicians and the women they care for to be aware of this terminology and the constellation of musculoskeletal processes for which proper risk assessment and prophylactic management are of consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonda J Wright
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Rafael Itinoche
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
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Lee J, Tang JCY, Dutton J, Dunn R, Fraser WD, Enright K, Clark DR, Stewart CE, Erskine RM. Effects of resistance exercise, collagen ingestion and circulating oestrogen concentration on collagen synthesis in a female athlete: A case report. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38984642 DOI: 10.1113/ep091897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of resistance exercise (RE), hydrolysed collagen (HC) ingestion and circulating oestrogen concentration on collagen synthesis in a naturally menstruating female CrossFit athlete. In a double-blind, randomised cross-over design, the participant (36 years; height 1.61 m; mass 82.6 kg) consumed 0 or 30 g HC prior to performing back-squat RE when endogenous circulating oestrogen concentration was low (onset of menses, OM) and high (late follicular phase, LF) during two consecutive menstrual cycles. Ten 5-mL blood samples were collected during each of the four interventions to analyse concentrations of serum 17β-oestradiol, and biomarkers of type I collagen turnover, that is serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP, a biomarker of collagen synthesis) and plasma β-isomerised C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX, a biomarker of collagen breakdown), as well as the serum concentration of 18 collagen amino acids. 17β-Oestradiol concentration was 5-fold higher at LF (891 ± 116 pmol L-1) than OM (180 ± 13 pmol L-1). The PINP concentration × time area under the curve (AUC) was higher in the 30 g HC OM intervention (201 μg L-1 h) than the 30 g HC LF (144 μg L-1 h), 0 g HC OM (151 μg L-1 h) and 0 g HC LF (122 μg L-1 h) interventions. β-CTX concentration decreased 1.4-fold from pre-RE to 6 h post-RE in all interventions. Thus, high circulating oestrogen concentration was associated with lower collagen synthesis following RE in this female athlete. Ingesting 30 g HC, however, augmented the collagen synthesis response at LF and particularly at OM. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? Does resistance exercise-induced collagen synthesis vary according to circulating oestrogen concentration in a naturally menstruating female athlete, and if so, does hydrolysed collagen ingestion have any impact? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced collagen synthesis was low when circulating oestrogen concentration was high and vice versa. However, ingesting 30 g hydrolysed collagen prior to exercise reduced the negative effect of oestrogen on collagen synthesis. As high circulating oestrogen has been associated with greater injury risk in females, supplementing exercise with hydrolysed collagen may help protect these tissues from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Lee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan C Y Tang
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - John Dutton
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Dunn
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
- Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Kevin Enright
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Wullems JA, Degens H, Morse CI, Onambélé-Pearson GL. Evaluating the effects of hormone therapy termination on skeletal muscle and physical independence in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2024; 31:546-555. [PMID: 38713886 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In women, the age-related decline in skeletal muscle structure and function is accelerated after menopause, which implicates the role of decreased circulating estrogen levels. Indeed, boosting estrogen, by means of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT), generally proves beneficial to skeletal muscle. The evidence regarding whether these benefits persist even after cessation of HT is limited, nor is it clear how physical behavior (PB) impacts on benefits. Hence, this exploratory study focused on the interplay between HT administration/cessation, PB and in vivo skeletal muscle structure and function. METHODS Fifty healthy women (≥60 y) were included; 19 had an HT administration history (≥9 mo, with now ~8-y hiatus in treatment) and 31 no such history. On seven continuous days, PB data were collected using triaxial accelerometry and analyzed using compositional data analysis. Gastrocnemius medialis muscle volume, architecture, and function were determined using ultrasonography, electromyography, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and dynamometry. Current serum estradiol levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Only fascicle length and duration of HT administration were positively associated. With respect to PB levels, we found a pattern suggesting greater vitality (higher physical activity and lower sedentarism) in previous HT users, compared with nonusers, despite the two groups currently no longer exhibiting significantly different levels of circulating estradiol. CONCLUSIONS After an 8-year hiatus in treatment, HT provides limited advantages in gastrocnemius medialis muscle properties. Interestingly, it perhaps enhances vitality despite prolonged cessation, which in the longer term would facilitate greater physical independence, especially considering the association of sedentary behavior with greater frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Antonin Wullems
- From the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Christopher Ian Morse
- From the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Gladys Leopoldine Onambélé-Pearson
- From the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Kara M, Kara Ö, Durmuş ME, Analay P, Şener FE, Çıtır BN, Korkmaz GO, Ünlü Z, Tiftik T, Gürçay E, Mülkoğlu C, Yalçınkaya B, Bağcıer F, Aksakal MF, Erdoğan K, Sertçelik A, Çakır B, Kaymak B, Özçakar L. The Relationship Among Probable SARCopenia, Osteoporosis and SuprasPinatus Tendon Tears in Postmenopausal Women: The SARCOSP Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:340-347. [PMID: 38342790 PMCID: PMC10957602 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship among probable sarcopenia, osteoporosis (OP) and supraspinatus tendon (SSP) tears in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women screened/followed for OP were recruited. Demographic data, comorbidities, exercise/smoking status, and handgrip strength values were recorded. Probable sarcopenia was diagnosed as handgrip strength values < 20 kg. Achilles and SSP thicknesses were measured using ultrasound. Among 1443 postmenopausal women, 268 (18.6%) subjects had SSP tears. Unilateral tears were on the dominant side in 146 (10.1%) and on the non-dominant side in 55 women (3.8%). In contrast to those without, women with SSP tears had older age, lower level of education, thinner SSP and lower grip strength (all p < 0.05). In addition, they had higher frequencies of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, DM, OP and probable sarcopenia, but lower exercise frequency (all p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression modeling revealed that age [odds ratio (OR): 1.046 (1.024-1.067 95% CI)], hypertension [OR: 1.560 (1.145-2.124 95% CI)], OP [OR: 1.371 (1.022-1.839 95% CI)] and probable sarcopenia [OR: 1.386 (1.031-1.861 95% CI)] were significant predictors for SSP tears (all p < 0.05). This study showed that age, presence of hypertension, probable sarcopenia and OP were related with SSP tears in postmenopausal women. To this end, although OP appeared to be related to SSP tears, SSP tear/thickness evaluation can be recommended for OP patients, especially those who have other risk factors such as older age, higher BMI, hypertension, and probable sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kara
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kara
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Esad Durmuş
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Analay
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatıma Edibe Şener
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyza Nur Çıtır
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Olgu Korkmaz
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Ünlü
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Tülay Tiftik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Gürçay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Health Sciences, Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cevriye Mülkoğlu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Yalçınkaya
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Bağcıer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Basaksehir Cam Sakura Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmud Fazıl Aksakal
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kübra Erdoğan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sertçelik
- Department of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Çakır
- Department of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bayram Kaymak
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Albright JA, Lou M, Rebello E, Ge J, Testa EJ, Daniels AH, Arcand M. Testosterone replacement therapy is associated with increased odds of Achilles tendon injury and subsequent surgery: a matched retrospective analysis. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 37950322 PMCID: PMC10638827 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has increased in the United States in recent years, and though anabolic steroids have been associated with tendon rupture, there is a paucity of literature evaluating the risk of Achilles tendon injury with TRT. This study aims to evaluate the associative relationship between consistent TRT, Achilles tendon injury, and subsequent surgery. METHODS This is a one-to-one matched retrospective cohort study utilizing the PearlDiver database. Records were queried for patients aged 35-75 who were prescribed at least 3 consecutive months of TRT between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. Achilles tendon injuries and subsequent surgeries were identified using ICD-9, ICD-10, and CPT billing codes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare odds of Achilles tendon injury, Achilles tendon surgery, and revision surgery, with a p-value < 0.05 representing statistical significance. RESULTS A sample of 423,278 patients who filled a TRT prescription for a minimum of 3 consecutive months was analyzed. The 2-year incidence of Achilles tendon injury was 377.8 (95% CI, 364.8-391.0) per 100,000 person-years in the TRT cohort, compared to 245.8 (95% CI, 235.4-256.6) in the control (p < 0.001). The adjusted analysis demonstrated TRT to be associated with a significantly increased likelihood of being diagnosed with Achilles tendon injury (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.15-1.33, p < 0.001). Of those diagnosed with Achilles tendon injury, 287/3,198 (9.0%) of the TRT cohort subsequently underwent surgery for their injury, compared to 134/2,081 (6.4%) in the control cohort (aOR = 1.54, 95% CI, 1.19-1.99, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant association between Achilles tendon injury and prescription TRT, with a concomitantly increased rate of undergoing surgical management. These results provide insight into the risk profile of TRT and further research into the science of tendon pathology in the setting of TRT is an area of continued interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Albright
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Mary Lou
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Elliott Rebello
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Jonathan Ge
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Edward J Testa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Alan H Daniels
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michel Arcand
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Della Peruta C, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Renzini A, Moresi V, Sanchez Riera C, Bouché M, Coletti D. Sex Differences in Inflammation and Muscle Wasting in Aging and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054651. [PMID: 36902081 PMCID: PMC10003083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Only in recent years, thanks to a precision medicine-based approach, have treatments tailored to the sex of each patient emerged in clinical trials. In this regard, both striated muscle tissues present significant differences between the two sexes, which may have important consequences for diagnosis and therapy in aging and chronic illness. In fact, preservation of muscle mass in disease conditions correlates with survival; however, sex should be considered when protocols for the maintenance of muscle mass are designed. One obvious difference is that men have more muscle than women. Moreover, the two sexes differ in inflammation parameters, particularly in response to infection and disease. Therefore, unsurprisingly, men and women respond differently to therapies. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview on what is known about sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology and disfunction, such as disuse atrophy, age-related sarcopenia, and cachexia. In addition, we summarize sex differences in inflammation which may underly the aforementioned conditions because pro-inflammatory cytokines deeply affect muscle homeostasis. The comparison of these three conditions and their sex-related bases is interesting because different forms of muscle atrophy share common mechanisms; for instance, those responsible for protein dismantling are similar although differing in terms of kinetics, severity, and regulatory mechanisms. In pre-clinical research, exploring sexual dimorphism in disease conditions could highlight new efficacious treatments or recommend implementation of an existing one. Any protective factors discovered in one sex could be exploited to achieve lower morbidity, reduce the severity of the disease, or avoid mortality in the opposite sex. Thus, the understanding of sex-dependent responses to different forms of muscle atrophy and inflammation is of pivotal importance to design innovative, tailored, and efficient interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Della Peruta
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Carles Sanchez Riera
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Marina Bouché
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Coletti
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, 75005 Paris, France
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Hart DA, Ahmed AS, Ackermann P. Optimizing repair of tendon ruptures and chronic tendinopathies: Integrating the use of biomarkers with biological interventions to improve patient outcomes and clinical trial design. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1081129. [PMID: 36685063 PMCID: PMC9853460 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system that link bones with muscles to foster mobility. They have complex structures and exist in varying biomechanical, metabolic and biological environments. In addition, tendon composition and mechanical properties can change over the lifespan as an individual ages. Many tendons function in high stress conditions with a low vascular and neuronal supply, conditions often leading to development of chronic tendinopathies, and in some cases, overt rupture of the tissues. Given their essential nature for human mobility and navigation through the environment, the effective repair and regeneration of different tendons after injury or damage is critical for quality of life, and for elite athletes, the return to sport participation at a high level. However, for mainly unknown reasons, the outcomes following injury are not always successful and lead to functional compromise and risk for re-injury. Thus, there is a need to identify those patients who are at risk for developing tendon problems, as well those at risk for poor outcomes after injury and to design interventions to improve outcomes after injury or rupture to specific tendons. This review will discuss recent advances in the identification of biomarkers prognostic for successful and less successful outcomes after tendon injury, and the mechanistic implications of such biomarkers, as well as the potential for specific biologic interventions to enhance outcomes to improve both quality of life and a return to participation in sports. In addition, the implication of these biomarkers for clinical trial design is discussed, as is the issue of whether such biomarkers for successful healing of one tendon can be extended to all tendons or are valid only for tendons in specific biomechanical and biological environments. As maintaining an active lifestyle is critical for health, the successful implementation of these advances will benefit the large number of individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Correspondence: David A. Hart
| | - Aisha S. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shu H, Huang Y, Zhang W, Ling L, Hua Y, Xiong Z. An integrated study of hormone-related sarcopenia for modeling and comparative transcriptome in rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1073587. [PMID: 36817606 PMCID: PMC9929355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1073587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a senile disease with high morbidity, serious complications and limited clinical treatments. Menopause increases the risk of sarcopenia in females, while the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. To systematically investigate the development of hormone-related sarcopenia, we established a model of sarcopenia by ovariectomy and recorded successive characteristic changes. Furthermore, we performed the transcriptome RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis on this model to explore the underlying mechanism. In our study, we identified an integrated model combining obesity, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Functional enrichment analyses showed that most of the significantly enriched pathways were down-regulated and closely correlated with endocrine and metabolism, muscle dysfunction, cognitive impairment and multiple important signaling pathways. We finally selected eight candidate genes to verify their expression levels. These findings confirmed the importance of estrogen in the maintenance of skeletal muscle function and homeostasis, and provided potential targets for further study on hormone-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yubing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengai Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengai Xiong,
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Viecelli C, Ewald CY. The non-modifiable factors age, gender, and genetics influence resistance exercise. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1005848. [PMID: 36172603 PMCID: PMC9510838 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass and force are key for movement, life quality, and health. It is well established that resistance exercise is a potent anabolic stimulus increasing muscle mass and force. The response of a physiological system to resistance exercise is composed of non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender, genetics) and modifiable factors (i.e., exercise, nutrition, training status, etc.). Both factors are integrated by systemic responses (i.e., molecular signaling, genetic responses, protein metabolism, etc.), consequently resulting in functional and physiological adaptations. Herein, we discuss the influence of non-modifiable factors on resistance exercise: age, gender, and genetics. A solid understanding of the role of non-modifiable factors might help to adjust training regimes towards optimal muscle mass maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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10
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Römer C, Czupajllo J, Wolfarth B, Lerchbaumer MH, Legerlotz K. Effects of orally administered hormonal contraceptives on the musculoskeletal system of healthy premenopausal women—A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e776. [PMID: 35957969 PMCID: PMC9364327 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The musculoskeletal system (MSK) is one of the extragonadal target tissues of sex hormones: osteoblasts and osteocytes express estrogen receptors, while in fibroblasts of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and myocytes of the vastus lateralis muscle (MVL), estrogen and progesterone receptors can be detected by immunoassay. Indeed, upon binding of sex hormones to the extragonadal receptors, the MSK seems to respond to varying levels of sex hormones with structural adaptation. Hormonal contraceptives can affect the musculoskeletal system; however, there is a lack of high‐quality studies, and no recommendation for female athletes exists. Material and Methods This is a systematic review of publications on the effects of oral hormonal contraceptives on the biomechanical properties of tendons, muscles and ligaments, muscle strength, and soft tissue regeneration. A systematic database search was performed using MESH keywords and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) methodology in Pubmed and Cochrane to identify studies investigating the influence of oral hormonal contraceptives on muscles, tendons, and ligaments of healthy, adult, premenopausal women. The risk of bias in the studies included was assessed by two independent researchers using the ROBINS‐I Tool. Results Nine comparative studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Endpoints were muscle strength and biomechanical tissue properties. No significant influence of oral hormonal contraceptives on muscle strength was found, although general muscle growth and Type I fiber growth were found to be significantly increased in a dose‐dependent manner. There was a negative effect on regeneration of muscle strength after exercise. The stiffness of tendons remained unchanged, while their size adaptation to load increased. Conclusion The anabolic effect could be beneficial for specific sports, whereas reduced muscle regeneration could be disadvantageous for women exercising with high‐performance demands. The different effects on tendons and ligaments and the functional consequences of altered ligament and muscle stiffness, especially with regard to synthetic hormones, should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Römer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—University Medicine Berlin Humboldt‐University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Julia Czupajllo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—University Medicine Berlin Humboldt‐University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—University Medicine Berlin Humboldt‐University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Markus H. Lerchbaumer
- Department of Radiology Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt‐University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Movement Biomechanics, Institute of Sport Sciences Humboldt‐University of Berlin Berlin Germany
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11
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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12
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Kissow J, Jacobsen KJ, Gunnarsson TP, Jessen S, Hostrup M. Effects of Follicular and Luteal Phase-Based Menstrual Cycle Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Mass. Sports Med 2022; 52:2813-2819. [PMID: 35471634 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in female athletic performance-especially concerning the impact of the female menstrual cycle on training response. Indeed, fluctuations in female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, during the menstrual cycle regulate protein metabolism and recovery processes in skeletal muscle and may thus impact exercise training-related outcomes. Studies demonstrate that anaerobic capacity and muscle strength are greatest during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen levels peak. In addition, studies indicate that resistance training conducted in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase-based resistance training) may be superior to luteal phase-based training in terms of enhancing muscle strength and mass. This raises the possibility that the physiological capabilities of skeletal muscle to adapt to exercise training are dependent on the menstrual cycle and can be important for female athletes in optimizing their training. In this paper, we critically review the current state of the art concerning the impact of menstrual cycle phase-based resistance training and highlight why follicular phase-based resistance training possibly is superior to luteal phase-based training in enhancing resistance training outcomes. Finally, we identify directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kissow
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamine J Jacobsen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Gunnarsson
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Dietrich-Zagonel F, Aspenberg P, Eliasson P. Dexamethasone Enhances Achilles Tendon Healing in an Animal Injury Model, and the Effects Are Dependent on Dose, Administration Time, and Mechanical Loading Stimulation. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:1306-1316. [PMID: 35234541 PMCID: PMC9014685 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221077101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroid treatments such as dexamethasone are commonly used to treat tendinopathy but with mixed outcomes. Although this treatment can cause tendon rupture, it can also stimulate the tendon to heal. However, the mechanisms behind corticosteroid treatment during tendon healing are yet to be understood. PURPOSE To comprehend when and how dexamethasone treatment can ameliorate injured tendons by using a rat model of Achilles tendon healing. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS An overall 320 rats were used for a sequence of 6 experiments. We investigated whether the drug effect was time-, dose-, and load-dependent. Additionally, morphological data and drug administration routes were examined. Healing tendons were tested mechanically or used for histological examination 12 days after transection. Blood was collected for flow cytometry analysis in 1 experiment. RESULTS We found that the circadian rhythm and drug injection timing influenced the treatment outcome. Dexamethasone treatment at the right time point (days 7-11) and dose (0.1 mg/kg) significantly improved the material properties of the healing tendon, while the adverse effects were reduced. Local dexamethasone treatment did not lead to increased peak stress, but it triggered systemic granulocytosis and lymphopenia. Mechanical loading (full or moderate) is essential for the positive effects of dexamethasone, as complete unloading leads to the absence of improvements. CONCLUSION We conclude that dexamethasone treatment to improve Achilles tendon healing is dose- and time-dependent, and positive effects are perceived even in a partly unloaded condition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings are promising from a clinical perspective, as the positive effect of this drug was seen even when given at lower doses and in a moderate loading condition, which better mimics the load level in patients with tendon ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Dietrich-Zagonel
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping,
Sweden,Franciele Dietrich-Zagonel,
MSc, PhD, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Department of
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Cell Biology Building
Floor 10, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden (
)
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping,
Sweden
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping,
Sweden
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14
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Skovlund SV, Jensen JK, Eriksen CS, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Nybing JD, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Habitual side-specific loading leads to structural, mechanical and compositional changes in the patellar tendon of young and senior life-long male athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1187-1199. [PMID: 34382838 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00202.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of life-long physical activity on tendon function have been investigated in cross-sectional studies, but these are at risk of "survivorship" bias. Here, we investigate if life-long side-specific loading is associated with greater cross-sectional area (CSA), mechanical properties, cell density (DNA content) and collagen cross-link composition of the male human patellar tendon (PT), in vivo. Nine seniors and six young male life-long elite badminton players and fencers were included. CSA of the PT obtained by 3-tesla MRI, and ultrasonography-based bilateral PT mechanics were assessed. Collagen fibril characteristics, enzymatic cross-links, non-enzymatic glycation (autofluorescence), collagen and DNA content were measured biochemically in PT biopsies. The elite athletes had a ≥15% side-to-side difference in maximal knee extensor strength, reflecting chronic unilateral sport-specific loading patterns. The PT CSA was greater on the lead extremity compared with the non-lead extremity (17 %, p=0.0001). Furthermore, greater tendon stiffness (18 %, p=0.0404) together with lower tendon stress (22 %, p=0.0005) and tendon strain (18 %, p=0.0433) were observed on the lead extremity. No effects were demonstrated from side-to-side for glycation, enzymatic cross-link, collagen, and DNA content (50%, p=0.1160). Moreover, tendon fibril density was 87±28 fibrils/μm2 on the lead extremity and 68±26 fibrils/μm2 on the non-lead extremity (28%, p=0.0544). Tendon fibril diameter was 86±14 nm on the lead extremity and 94±14 nm on the non-lead extremity (-9%, p=0.1076). These novel data suggest that life-long side-specific loading in males yields greater patellar tendon size and stiffness possibly with concomitant greater fibril density but without changes of collagen cross-link composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Sebastian V Skovlund
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Janus Damm Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
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15
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Jaén-Carrillo D, Roche-Seruendo LE, Felton L, Cartón-Llorente A, García-Pinillos F. Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Stausholm MB, Baun M, Bjordal JM, Nielsen D, Aagaard H, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Shoulder Rotational Strength Profiles of Danish National Level Badminton Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:504-510. [PMID: 33842046 PMCID: PMC8016423 DOI: 10.26603/001c.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased age has been shown to be associated with weaker external rotators and stronger internal rotators of the shoulder in pitchers and tennis players. Whether this age-associated change is present in elite badminton players is unknown. PURPOSE To compare the internal and external rotation strength of the shoulder in adolescent and adult elite badminton players. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Thirty-one adolescent (12 females aged 16.8 ± 1.6 years and 19 males aged 17.1 ± 1.6 years) and 29 adult (10 females aged 25 ± 2.9 years and 19 males aged 26.2 ± 4.6 years) national level badminton players were tested pre-seasonally for external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) isometric muscle strength bilaterally, using a hand-held dynamometer. Within-group ER to IR strength ratios were calculated (ER/IR×100%). RESULTS The adolescents had stronger shoulder ER than the adults on both sides (p < 0.05). The adult males tended to have stronger IR of the dominant shoulder than the adolescent males (p = 0.071). In the dominant shoulders, the strength ratios for adult females and males were 77% and 78%, respectively, while the same ratio for adolescent females and males were 85% and 99%, respectively. In the non-dominant shoulders, the ER/IR strength ratios for adult females and males were 90% and 87%, respectively, while the ratios for adolescent females and males were 116% and 102%, respectively. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that in shoulder injury-free national team badminton players, adolescents have stronger shoulder ER than adults on both sides. Therefore, increased age appears to be associated with weaker shoulder ER muscles in elite badminton players. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Stausholm
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen; Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Aagaard
- Team Danmark; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital
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17
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Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Turner A. The Benefits of Strength Training on Musculoskeletal System Health: Practical Applications for Interdisciplinary Care. Sports Med 2021; 50:1431-1450. [PMID: 32564299 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global health organizations have provided recommendations regarding exercise for the general population. Strength training has been included in several position statements due to its multi-systemic benefits. In this narrative review, we examine the available literature, first explaining how specific mechanical loading is converted into positive cellular responses. Secondly, benefits related to specific musculoskeletal tissues are discussed, with practical applications and training programmes clearly outlined for both common musculoskeletal disorders and primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy. .,StudioErre, Via della Badia, 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy. .,London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Papadopoulos
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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18
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Hengeveld LM, Chevalier S, Visser M, Gaudreau P, Presse N. Prospective associations of protein intake parameters with muscle strength and physical performance in community-dwelling older men and women from the Quebec NuAge cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:972-983. [PMID: 33515002 PMCID: PMC8023997 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein has been related to muscle function in aging. Beyond total intake, parameters such as protein distribution across meals might also be important. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine prospective associations of different protein intake parameters with muscle strength and physical performance in community-dwelling older men and women. METHODS In total, 524 men and 574 women aged 67-84 y at baseline (T1) were followed annually for 3 y (T2, T3, T4). Outcomes included handgrip strength (kPa), knee extensor strength (kg), and physical performance (Timed Up and Go, s) at T4, and their 3-y changes (T4 minus T1). Protein intake parameters were assessed using nine 24-h recalls collected over 3 y (T1, T2, T3) and included daily total intake (g/d), number of protein-providing meals and snacks, and protein distribution across meals (expressed as CV). Associations were examined by multivariable linear regression models including all protein intake parameters simultaneously. Also, the optimal protein dose (g) per meal for the maximum effect size of total daily intake was determined. RESULTS Higher daily protein intake was associated with better knee extensor strength and physical performance at T4 in both sexes and less physical performance decline in women. Optimal protein doses per meal were 30-35 g in men and 35-50 g in women for these outcomes. In men, more uneven protein distribution was associated with better physical performance at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In women, a higher number of protein-providing snacks was associated with better handgrip strength and knee extensor strength at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In neither sex was number of protein-providing meals associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Higher daily protein intake, up to 30-50 g protein/meal, may contribute to better knee extensor strength and physical performance in generally well-functioning older men and women. More aspects of protein intake may contribute to muscle strength and physical performance than solely the daily quantity, notably the protein dose per meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hengeveld
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Research Centre on Aging, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie—Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada,Research Centre of the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Dam TV, Dalgaard LB, Ringgaard S, Johansen FT, Bisgaard Bengtsen M, Mose M, Lauritsen KM, Ørtenblad N, Gravholt CH, Hansen M. Transdermal Estrogen Therapy Improves Gains in Skeletal Muscle Mass After 12 Weeks of Resistance Training in Early Postmenopausal Women. Front Physiol 2021; 11:596130. [PMID: 33542694 PMCID: PMC7853242 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Women show an accelerated loss of muscle mass around menopause, possibly related to the decline in estrogen. Furthermore, the anabolic response to resistance exercise seems to be hampered in postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the hypothesis that transdermal estrogen therapy (ET) amplifies the skeletal muscle response to resistance training in early postmenopausal women. DESIGN A double-blinded randomized controlled study. SETTING Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one healthy, untrained postmenopausal women no more than 5 years past menopause. INTERVENTIONS Supervised resistance training with placebo (PLC, n = 16) or transdermal ET (n = 15) for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome parameter was a cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and secondary parameters were fat-free mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength, and functional tests. RESULTS The increase in muscle cross-sectional area was significantly greater in the ET group (7.9%) compared with the PLC group (3.9%) (p < 0.05). Similarly, the increase in whole-body fat-free mass was greater in the ET group (5.5%) than in the PLC group (2.9%) (p < 0.05). Handgrip strength increased in ET (p < 0.05) but did not change in the PLC group. Muscle strength parameters, jumping height, and finger strength were all improved after the training period with no difference between groups. CONCLUSION The use of transdermal ET enhanced the increase in muscle mass in response to 12 weeks of progressive resistance training in early postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Vrist Dam
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Mads Bisgaard Bengtsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maike Mose
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katrine Meyer Lauritsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus H. Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Gharahdaghi N, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ. Links Between Testosterone, Oestrogen, and the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Resistance Exercise Muscle Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 11:621226. [PMID: 33519525 PMCID: PMC7844366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass throughout the life course is key for the regulation of health, with physical activity a critical component of this, in part, due to its influence upon key hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). Despite the importance of these hormones for the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in response to different types of exercise, their interaction with the processes controlling muscle mass remain unclear. This review presents evidence on the importance of these hormones in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and their responses, and involvement in muscle adaptation to resistance exercise. Highlighting the key role testosterone plays as a primary anabolic hormone in muscle adaptation following exercise training, through its interaction with anabolic signaling pathways and other hormones via the androgen receptor (AR), this review also describes the potential importance of fluctuations in other hormones such as GH and IGF-1 in concert with dietary amino acid availability; and the role of estrogen, under the influence of the menstrual cycle and menopause, being especially important in adaptive exercise responses in women. Finally, the downstream mechanisms by which these hormones impact regulation of muscle protein turnover (synthesis and breakdown), and thus muscle mass are discussed. Advances in our understanding of hormones that impact protein turnover throughout life offers great relevance, not just for athletes, but also for the general and clinical populations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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21
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Fung AK, Shetye SS, Li Y, Zhou Y, Sherry Liu X, Soslowsky LJ. Pregnancy and Lactation Impair Subchondral Bone Leading to Reduced Rat Supraspinatus Tendon-to-Bone Insertion Site Failure Properties. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:111003. [PMID: 32577720 PMCID: PMC7580662 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women experience weight gain, gait changes, and biochemical fluctuations that impair joint function and alter the maternal skeleton. Hormonal changes increase pelvic ligament laxity in preparation for childbirth and affect peripheral joint laxity. Calcium demands also rise during pregnancy and lactation, resulting in reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and maternal bone loss. Altered tendon properties and bone loss during pregnancy and lactation may impact tendon insertion sites, such as rotator cuff tendons where insertion site ruptures are common. However, the effects of pregnancy and lactation at the tendon-to-bone interface have not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate supraspinatus tendon mechanical properties and insertion site microstructure during pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning recovery in female rats. We hypothesized that pregnancy and lactation would compromise supraspinatus tendon mechanical properties and subchondral bone microstructure. Female rats were divided into virgin, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery groups, and supraspinatus tendons were mechanically evaluated. Surprisingly, tendon mechanics was unaffected by pregnancy and lactation. However, tendon modulus decreased two-weeks postweaning. Additionally, tendons failed by bony avulsion at the insertion site, and the lactation group exhibited reduced failure properties corresponding to decreased subchondral bone mineralization. Lactation also resulted in dramatic bone loss at the epiphysis, but trabecular bone microarchitecture recovered postweaning. In conclusion, lactation following pregnancy impaired trabecular bone microstructure and subchondral bone mineralization, leading to reduced supraspinatus tendon-to-bone insertion site failure properties. These findings will contribute toward understanding the pathogenesis of tendon-to-bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K. Fung
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| | - Yilu Zhou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| | - X. Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
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22
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Lavin KM, Perkins RK, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Effects of aging and lifelong aerobic exercise on basal and exercise-induced inflammation in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1493-1504. [PMID: 33054657 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00655.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low muscle mass and frailty are especially prevalent in older women and may be accelerated by age-related inflammation. Habitual physical activity throughout the life span (lifelong exercise) may prevent muscle inflammation and associated pathologies, but this is unexplored in women. This investigation assessed basal and acute exercise-induced inflammation in three cohorts of women: young exercisers (YE, n = 10, 25 ± 1 yr, [Formula: see text]: 44 ± 2 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 59 ± 2 cm2), old healthy nonexercisers (OH, n = 10, 75 ± 1 yr, [Formula: see text]: 18 ± 1 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 40 ± 1 cm2), and lifelong aerobic exercisers with a 48 ± 2 yr aerobic training history (LLE, n = 7, 72 ± 2 yr, [Formula: see text]: 26 ± 2 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 42 ± 2 cm2). Resting serum IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IGF-1 were measured. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (basal) and 4 h after an acute exercise challenge (3 × 10 reps, 70% 1-repetition maximum) to assess gene expression of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-1Ra, TGF-β), chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1), cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1, COX-2), prostaglandin E2 synthases (mPGES-1, cPGES) and receptors (EP3-4), and macrophage markers (CD16b, CD163), as well as basal macrophage abundance (CD68+ cells). The older cohorts (LLE + OH combined) demonstrated higher muscle IL-6 and COX-1 (P ≤ 0.05) than YE, whereas LLE expressed lower muscle IL-1β (P ≤ 0.05 vs. OH). Acute exercise increased muscle IL-6 expression in YE only, whereas the older cohorts combined had the higher postexercise expression of IL-8 and TNF-α (P ≤ 0.05 vs. YE). Only LLE had increased postexercise expression of muscle IL-1β and MCP-1 (P ≤ 0.05 vs. preexercise). Thus, aging in women led to mild basal and exercise-induced inflammation that was unaffected by lifelong aerobic exercise, which may have implications for long-term function and adaptability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We previously reported a positive effect of lifelong exercise on skeletal muscle inflammation in aging men. This parallel investigation in women revealed that lifelong exercise did not protect against age-related increases in circulating or muscle inflammation and that preparedness to handle loading stress was not preserved by lifelong exercise. Further investigation is necessary to understand why lifelong aerobic exercise may not confer the same anti-inflammatory benefits in women as it does in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ryan K Perkins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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23
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Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2715-2727. [PMID: 32930859 PMCID: PMC7674345 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence on training-induced muscle hypertrophy during preadolescence is limited and inconsistent. Possible associations of muscle strength and tendon stiffness with jumping performance are also not investigated. We investigated the thickness and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM), as indicators for potential muscle hypertrophy in preadolescent athletes. Further, we examined the association of triceps surae muscle–tendon properties with jumping performance. Methods Eleven untrained children (9 years) and 21 similar-aged artistic gymnastic athletes participated in the study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the GM were measured at rest and muscle strength of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon stiffness during maximum isometric contractions. Jumping height in squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) was examined using a force plate. We evaluated the influence of normalised muscle strength and tendon stiffness on jumping performance with a linear regression model. Results Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. In athletes, muscle strength was greater by 25% and jumping heights by 36% (SJ) and 43% (CMJ), but Achilles tendon stiffness did not differ between the two groups. The significant predictor for both jump heights was tendon stiffness in athletes and normalised muscle strength for the CMJ height in non-athletes. Conclusion Long-term artistic gymnastics training during preadolescence seems to be associated with increased muscle strength and jumping performance but not with training-induced muscle hypertrophy or altered tendon stiffness in the plantar flexors. Athletes benefit more from tendon stiffness and non-athletes more from muscle strength for increased jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Schaumberg MA, Stanley J, Jenkins DG, Hume EA, Janse de Jonge XAK, Emmerton LM, Skinner TL. Oral Contraceptive Use Influences On-Kinetic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally-Active Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32595523 PMCID: PMC7303366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral contraceptive (OC) use influences peak exercise responses to training, however, the influence of OC on central and peripheral adaptations to exercise training are unknown. This study investigated the influence of OC use on changes in time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, as well as tissue saturation index to 4 weeks of sprint interval training in recreationally active women. METHODS Women taking an oral contraceptive (OC; n = 25) or experiencing natural menstrual cycles (MC; n = 22) completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion followed by a square-wave step-transition protocol to moderate (90% of power output at ventilatory threshold) and high intensity (Δ50% of power output at ventilatory threshold) exercise on two separate occasions. Time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake on-kinetics, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, and tissue saturation index responses were assessed prior to, and following 12 sessions of sprint interval training (10 min × 1 min efforts at 100-120% PPO in a 1:2 work:rest ratio) completed over 4 weeks. RESULTS Time-to-fatigue increased in both groups following training (p < 0.001), with no difference between groups. All cardiovascular on-kinetic parameters improved to the same extent following training in both groups. Greater improvements in pulmonary oxygen up-take kinetics were seen at both intensities in the MC group (p < 0.05 from pre-training) but were blunted in the OC group (p > 0.05 from pre-training). In contrast, changes in tissue saturation index were greater in the OC group at both intensities (p < 0.05); with the MC group showing no changes at either intensity. DISCUSSION Oral contraceptive use may reduce central adaptations to sprint interval training in women without influencing improvements in exercise performance - potentially due to greater peripheral adaptation. This may be due to the influence of exogenous oestradiol and progestogen on cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle blood flow. Further investigation into female-specific influences on training adaptation and exercise performance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Annalies Schaumberg
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie Stanley
- South Australian Sports Institute, Kidman Park, SA, Australia
- Australian Cycling Team, Gepps Cross, SA, Australia
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David G. Jenkins
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily A. Hume
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Lynne M. Emmerton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tina L. Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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25
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Nogara PRB, Godoy-Santos AL, Fonseca FCP, Cesar-Netto C, Carvalho KC, Baracat EC, Maffulli N, Pontin PA, Santos MCL. Association of estrogen receptor β polymorphisms with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:63-69. [PMID: 32472323 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction is three times more common in females, and some patients may have a predisposition without a clinically evident cause, suggesting that individual characteristics play an important role in tendinopathy. The present study investigated the association of rs4986938 (+ 1730G > A; AluI RFLP) and rs1256049 (- 1082G > A; RsaI RFLP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) gene with PTT dysfunction. A total of 400 participants were recruited. The PTT dysfunction group: these patients underwent surgery, with PTT tendinopathy confirmed by histopathology and magnetic resonance image (MRI). The control group was composed of participants with no clinical or MRI evidence of PTT dysfunction. Each group was composed of 100 postmenopausal women, 50 premenopausal women, and 50 men. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and genotypes were obtained by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Concerning the ER-β SNP rs4986938, there were significant differences in the frequencies of alleles between test and control groups of all the cases, only postmenopausal women and only men (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0001). Considering the PTT dysfunction group and comparing postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women adding men, the analysis showed significant differences in the allelic distribution (p = 0.0450): the allele A in postmenopausal women is a risk factor. The ER-β SNP rs1256049 did not show differences in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes between groups. The ER-β SNP rs4986938, but not ER -β SNPs rs1256049, may contribute to PTT insufficiency in the Brazilian population, with additional risk in postmenopausal women. Addition, in men the genetic factor could be more determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R B Nogara
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A L Godoy-Santos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F C P Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Cesar-Netto
- Department of Orthopedic, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - K C Carvalho
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Baracat
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - P A Pontin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Service, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M C L Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Rua Francisco H. Dos Santos, Jd. das Américas, Curitiba PR, 81531-990, Brazil.
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26
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Cattagni T, Gremeaux V, Lepers R. The Physiological Characteristics of an 83-Year-Old Champion Female Master Runner. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:444-448. [PMID: 31605522 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the cardiorespiratory, muscular, and skeletal characteristics of an 83-year-old champion female master athlete (called DL in this study) who had set multiple world running records in the 80-to-84-year-old age group. METHODS Measures of maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, maximal isometric torque for knee extensor muscles, thigh and triceps surae muscle volumes, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur region were evaluated. Based on previously published equations, physiological age was determined for maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, and maximal isometric torque. Muscle volumes for the dominant leg were compared with previously published sex- and age-matched data using z scores. For BMD, T score and z score were calculated. RESULTS DL had the highest maximal oxygen uptake (42.3 mL·min-1·kg-1) ever observed for a female older than 80 years of age, which gave her a remarkable physiological age (27 y). By contrast, she had a physiological age closer to her biological age for maximal isometric torque (90 y) and maximal heart rate (74 y). The z scores for thigh (0.4) and triceps surae (1.1) muscle volumes revealed that DL's leg muscles were affected almost as much as her sex- and age-matched peers. The T score (-1.7) for BMD showed that DL had osteopenia but no osteoporosis, and the z score (0.7) showed that DL's BMD was similar to that of females of the same age. CONCLUSION This single case study shows that the remarkable cardiorespiratory fitness coupled with intensive endurance training observed in a female master athlete was not associated with specific preservation of her muscular and skeletal characteristics.
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27
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Walker S, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Markworth JF, Pundir S, Haff GG, Cameron-Smith D, Blazevich AJ. Acute responses of comprehensive gonadosteroids and corticosteroids to resistance exercise before and after 10 weeks of supervised strength training. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:438-448. [PMID: 31837091 DOI: 10.1113/ep087995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although acute responses of the principal gonadosteroid and corticosteroid hormones to resistance exercise are well documented, there is no information regarding how the key lower-concentration intermediary hormones respond and potentially influence these hormonal pathways. What is the main finding and its importance? This study provides evidence for cascading conversions of some gonadosteroids, and the data suggest that the testosterone concentration increases independently of these hormones. These findings challenge future studies to determine the exact physiological roles of the lower-concentration gonadosteroids and corticosteroids during and immediately after resistance exercise. ABSTRACT Resistance training is a potent stimulus for muscle growth, and steroid hormones are known to play a role in this adaptation. However, very little is known about the acute exercise-induced gonadosteroid and corticosteroid hormone responses, including those of key lower-concentration intermediate hormones. The present study determined the acute responses of these steroid hormone families using quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after resistance exercise in strength-trained men. Venous and fingertip blood samples were obtained pre-, mid-, 5 min post- and 15 min post-resistance exercise, both before and after 10 weeks of supervised resistance training. The experimental resistance exercise sessions consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions of bilateral leg-press exercise and three sets of 10 repetitions of unilateral knee-extension exercise, with 2 and 1 min recovery between sets, respectively. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) increases in the concentration of hormones in the gonadosteroid [including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, testosterone and estrone] and the corticosteroid (including cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone) families were demonstrated after both experimental resistance exercise sessions, irrespective of training status. Correlation analyses revealed relationships between the following hormones: (i) DHEA and androstenedione; (ii) DHEA and cortisol; (iii) androstenedione and estrone; and (iv) 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol. Testosterone appears to increase acutely and independently of other intermediary hormones after resistance exercise. In conclusion, lower-concentration intermediary gonadosteroids (e.g. estrone) and corticosteroids (e.g. corticosterone) respond robustly to resistance exercise in strength-trained men, although it seems that testosterone concentrations are regulated by factors other than the availability of precursor hormones and changes in plasma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guy G Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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28
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Sex-specific differences in rat soleus muscle signaling pathway responses to a bout of horizontal and downhill running. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:585-595. [PMID: 31758515 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Males and females of many species, including humans, exhibit different muscle responses and adaptations to exercise stress; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these changes are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study assessed sex-related differences in intracellular signaling pathway responses to bouts of horizontal or downhill running in rat soleus muscles. Age-matched male and female Wistar rats (10 weeks old, n = 18/group) were either rested (control group) or subjected to an either a bout of horizontal (22 m/min, 20 min, 0° incline) or downhill (16 m/min, 10 min, - 16% incline) treadmill running. Soleus muscle samples were collected both prior to and immediately after exercise (n = 6/group). Intramuscular signaling responses to each type of exercise were determined via real-time (RT) PCR and western blot analyses. Although mTOR signaling (mTOR/S6K1/S6) responses to both horizontal and downhill exercise were found to be similar in both sexes, ERK phosphorylation levels were found to be significantly higher in male than in female rats after downhill exercise. Similarly, heat shock protein (Hsp) 72 and myostatin protein expression levels were both found to be significantly altered after downhill exercise: Hsp levels increased in male and decreased in female rats, whereas myostatin increased in female but decreased in male rats. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that downhill exercise may elicit sex-specific differential changes to Hsp72 expression, ERK phosphorylation, and myostatin-signaling activation in female compared with those in male rat soleus muscles. Further study is required to confirm these findings and to determine the way in which they impact sex-specific differences in exercise-induced muscle adaptations.
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Tissue biomechanical behavior should be considered in the risk assessment of perineal trauma at childbirth. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:1821-1826. [PMID: 31720778 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perineal trauma at childbirth is associated with strong negative impacts on a woman's health but remains unpredictable. Pregnancy induces several changes in biomechanical behavior in humans as in animals, namely, an increase in ligamentous laxity and an increase in vaginal distensibility. Pelvic floor muscles in rats are reported to exhibit specific behaviors during pregnancy. Increases in both stiffness and the number of sarcomeres in series are observed and might process that protect against perineal trauma at childbirth. Some data in humans have shown that the risk of perineal trauma is highly linked to the intrinsic characteristics of the tissue, suggesting the potential benefit of incorporating intrinsic biomechanical characteristics in the risk prediction for perineal trauma. Shear wave elastography might be a useful noninvasive tool to investigate the elastic properties of these tissues in pregnant women in vivo, with the goal of implementing these properties as a predictive strategy.
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30
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Mao D, Mi J, Pan X, Li F, Rui Y. Tamoxifen Inhibits the Progression of Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification in Mice. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7872-7881. [PMID: 31631887 PMCID: PMC6820362 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a kind of abnormal mineralized bone which usually occurs in muscle, tendon, or ligament. There are currently no effective drugs for the treatment and prevention of HO. Developing effective drugs that can inhibit HO is of profound significance and would provide new strategies for clinical treatment of this disease. The present investigation evaluated the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen against HO. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using an Achilles tendon trauma-induced HO female mice model, we screened different doses of tamoxifen (1, 3, and 9 mg/kg) in mice to determine the optimal dosage on the inhibition of the HO formation. The curative effect of tamoxifen was also illustrated at different HO progression stages including inflammation, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and HO maturation. RESULTS Heterotopic bone was formed with typical endochondral ossification in Achilles tendons 6 weeks after surgery and continued to enlarge up to 12 weeks. The formation of HO was significantly inhibited with the treatment of tamoxifen at the dosage of 9 mg/kg, whereas 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg did not reduce HO bone volume remarkably. The progression of HO was both attenuated by tamoxifen from Day 1 and Week 4 post-surgery, whereas no inhibitory effect was shown at the osteogenesis and maturation stages treated with tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS Tamoxifen exerts an inhibitory effect on the heterotopic bone progression at inflammation and chondrogenesis stages, with the TGF-ß signaling pathway suppressed following the increase in estrogen receptor alpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mao
- Research Institute of Hand Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyi Mi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Research Institute of Hand Surgery, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjun Rui
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Bey ME, Marzilger R, Hinkson L, Arampatzis A, Legerlotz K. Vastus Lateralis Architecture Changes During Pregnancy - A Longitudinal Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1163. [PMID: 31572213 PMCID: PMC6749150 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the incidence of falls has been described to increase with pregnancy, the mechanism behind this is unclear. Pregnancy associated changes in lower extremity muscle strength could be a possible factor influencing injury risk. Thus, the aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate muscle strength and architectural properties of the lower limbs in different stages of pregnancy and postpartum. In nineteen pregnant women (30 ± 4 years) and fifteen non-pregnant controls (28 ± 4 years) muscle strength and architectural properties of the vastus lateralis muscle were assessed combining dynamometry, ultrasound, kinematic, and electromyographic measurements. Body mass and body composition were determined using bioimpedance analysis. In the pregnant women, the measurements were conducted in the 16 ± 4th (EP) and 29 ± 4th week of pregnancy (LP) as well as in the 32 ± 9th week postpartum (PP). Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the fascicles significantly increased at LP, while muscle strength remained constant during and after pregnancy. Body mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, intracellular and extracellular water also peaked at LP. Postpartum values did not differ from the controls. Changes in the muscle properties were not related to changes in body mass and body composition. Conditions during pregnancy promote changes in the vastus lateralis architecture indicating muscle hypertrophy. However, pregnancy did not increase muscle strength while body mass progressively increases. Therefore, in the event of balance perturbations pregnant women may not be able to meet the requirements for the increased physical demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Elena Bey
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larry Hinkson
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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Charcharis G, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Morphological and Mechanical Properties of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle-Tendon Unit From Adolescence to Adulthood: Effects of Age and Athletic Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1082. [PMID: 31507446 PMCID: PMC6718516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of mechanical loading and maturation during adolescence are still not well understood. The purpose of the study was to investigate the development of the quadriceps femoris muscle-tendon unit from early adolescence (EA), late adolescence (LA) to young adulthood (YA), and examine how it is influenced by athletic training in a cross-sectional design. Forty-one male athletes and forty male non-athletes from three different age groups (EA: 12-14 years, n = 29; LA: 16-18 years, n = 27; and YA: 20-35 years, n = 25) participated in the present study. Maximum strength of the knee extensor muscles, architecture of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and patellar tendon stiffness were examined using dynamometry, motion capture, electromyography, and ultrasonography. Muscle strength and tendon stiffness significantly increased (p < 0.001) from EA to LA without any further alterations (p > 0.05) from LA to YA. Athletes compared to non-athletes showed significantly greater (p < 0.001) absolute muscle strength (EA: 3.52 ± 0.75 vs. 3.20 ± 0.42 Nm/kg; LA: 4.47 ± 0.61 vs. 3.83 ± 0.56 Nm/kg; and YA: 4.61 ± 0.55 vs. 3.60 ± 0.53), tendon stiffness (EA: 990 ± 317 vs. 814 ± 299 N/mm; LA: 1266 ± 275 vs. 1110 ± 255 N/mm; and YA: 1487 ± 354 vs. 1257 ± 328), and VL thickness (EA: 19.7 ± 3.2 vs. 16.2 ± 3.4 mm; LA: 23.0 ± 4.2 vs. 20.1 ± 3.3 mm; and YA: 25.5 ± 4.2 vs. 23.9 ± 3.9 mm). Athletes were more likely to reach strain magnitudes higher than 9% strain compared to non-athlete controls (EA: 28 vs. 15%; LA: 46 vs. 16%; and YA: 66 vs. 33%) indicating an increased mechanical demand for the tendon. Although the properties of the quadriceps femoris muscle-tendon unit are enhanced by athletic training, their development from early-adolescence to adulthood remain similar in athletes and non-athletes with the major alterations between early and LA. However, both age and athletic training was associated with a higher prevalence of imbalances within the muscle-tendon unit and a resultant increased mechanical demand for the patellar tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Charcharis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Triceps Surae Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties in Preadolescent Children: A Comparison of Artistic Gymnastic Athletes and Non-athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31164838 PMCID: PMC6536691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the effects of athletic training on the properties of muscle and tendon in preadolescent children is scarce. The current study compared Achilles tendon stiffness, plantar flexor muscle strength and vertical jumping performance of preadolescent athletes and non-athletes to provide insight into the potential effects of systematic athletic training. Twenty-one preadolescent artistic gymnastic athletes (9.2 ± 1.6 years, 15 girls) and 11 similar-aged non-athlete controls (9.0 ± 1.7 years, 6 girls) participated in the study. The training intensity and volume of the athletes was documented for the last 6 months before the measurements. Subsequently, vertical ground reaction forces were measured with a force plate to assess jumping performance during squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) in both groups. Muscle strength of the plantar flexor muscles and Achilles tendon stiffness were examined using ultrasound, electromyography, and dynamometry. The athletes trained 6 days per week with a total of 20 h of training per week. Athletes generated significantly greater plantar flexion moments normalized to body mass compared to non-athletes (1.75 ± 0.32 Nm/kg vs. 1.31 ± 0.33 Nm/kg; p = 0.001) and achieved a significantly greater jump height in both types of jumps (21.2 ± 3.62 cm vs. 14.9 ± 2.32 cm; p < 0.001 in SJ and 23.4 ± 4.1 cm vs. 16.4 ± 4.1 cm; p < 0.001 in CMJ). Achilles tendon stiffness did not show any statistically significant differences (p = 0.413) between athletes (116.3 ± 32.5 N/mm) and non-athletes (106.4 ± 32.8 N/mm). Athletes were more likely to reach strain magnitudes close to or higher than 8.5% strain compared to non-athletes (frequency: 24% vs. 9%) indicating an increased mechanical demand for the tendon. Although normalized muscle strength and jumping performance were greater in athletes, gymnastic-specific training in preadolescence did not cause a significant adaptation of Achilles tendon stiffness. The potential contribution of the high mechanical demand for the tendon to the increasing risk of tendon overuse call for the implementation of specific exercises in the athletic training of preadolescent athletes that increase tendon stiffness and support a balanced adaptation within the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Epro G, Hunter S, König M, Schade F, Karamanidis K. Evidence of a Uniform Muscle-Tendon Unit Adaptation in Healthy Elite Track and Field Jumpers: A Cross Sectional Investigation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 31156457 PMCID: PMC6529647 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Different adaptive responses to mechanical loading between muscle and tendon can lead to non-uniform biomechanical properties within the muscle-tendon unit. The current study aimed to analyze the mechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in healthy male and female elite track and field jumpers in order to detect possible inter-limb differences and intra-limb non-uniformities in muscle and tendon adaptation. The triceps surae muscle strength and tendon stiffness were analyzed in both limbs during maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion contractions using synchronous dynamometry and ultrasonography in sixty-seven healthy young male (n = 35) and female (n = 32) elite international level track and field jumpers (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault). Triceps surae muscle-tendon unit intra-limb uniformity was assessed using between limb symmetry indexes in the muscle strength and tendon stiffness. Independent from sex and jumping discipline the take-off leg showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) triceps surae muscle strength and tendon stiffness, suggesting different habitual mechanical loading between legs. However, despite these inter-limb discrepancies no differences were detected in the symmetry indexes of muscle strength (5.9 ± 9.4%) and tendon stiffness (8.1 ± 11.5%). This was accompanied by a significant correlation between the symmetry indexes of muscle strength and tendon stiffness (r = 0.44; p < 0.01; n = 67). Thus, the current findings give evidence for a uniform muscle-tendon unit adaptation in healthy elite track and field jumpers, which can be reflected as a protective mechanism to maintain its integrity to meet the functional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias König
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Falk Schade
- Olympic Training Center Rheinland, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Chidi-Ogbolu N, Baar K. Effect of Estrogen on Musculoskeletal Performance and Injury Risk. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1834. [PMID: 30697162 PMCID: PMC6341375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has a dramatic effect on musculoskeletal function. Beyond the known relationship between estrogen and bone, it directly affects the structure and function of other musculoskeletal tissues such as muscle, tendon, and ligament. In these other musculoskeletal tissues, estrogen improves muscle mass and strength, and increases the collagen content of connective tissues. However, unlike bone and muscle where estrogen improves function, in tendons and ligaments estrogen decreases stiffness, and this directly affects performance and injury rates. High estrogen levels can decrease power and performance and make women more prone for catastrophic ligament injury. The goal of the current work is to review the research that forms the basis of our understanding how estrogen affects muscle, tendon, and ligament and how hormonal manipulation can be used to optimize performance and promote female participation in an active lifestyle at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechinyere Chidi-Ogbolu
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Keith Baar
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pontin PA, Nogara PRB, Fonseca FCP, Cesar Netto C, Carvalho KC, Soares Junior JM, Baracat EC, Fernandes TD, Maffulli N, Santos MCL, Godoy-Santos AL. ERα PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in postmenopausal women with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a case control study. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:316. [PMID: 30537990 PMCID: PMC6290490 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-1020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior tibial tendon (PTT) insufficiency is considered as the main cause of adult acquired flat foot and is three times more frequent in females. High estrogen levels exert a positive effect on the overall collagen synthesis in tendons. We have previously demonstrated the association between some genetic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and tendinopathy. In the present study, we investigated the association of PvuII c454-397T>C (NCBI ID: rs2234693) and XbaI c454-351A>G (NCBI ID: rs9340799) SNPs in estrogen receptor alfa (ER-α) gene with PPT dysfunction. Methods A total of 92 female subjects with PTT dysfunction, with histopathological examination of the tendon and magnetic resonance image (MRI) evidence of tendinopathy, were compared to 92 asymptomatic females who presented an intact PPT at MRI for PvuII and XbaI SNPs in the ER-α gene. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and genotypes were obtained by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results The analysis of PvuII SNPs showed no significant differences in the frequency of alleles and genotypes between control and PTT dysfunction groups. The XbaI SNPs in the ER-α gene showed significant differences in the frequency of genotypes between control and test groups (p = 0.01; OR 95% 1.14 (0.55–2.33). Conclusions The XbaI SNP in the ERα gene may contribute to tendinopathy, and the A/A genotype could be a risk factor for PTT tendinopathy in this population. The PvuII SNP studied was not associated with PTT tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pontin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P R B Nogara
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - F C P Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopedic, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - K C Carvalho
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J M Soares Junior
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Baracat
- Department of Gynecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T D Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N Maffulli
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno, Italy. .,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. .,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - M C L Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, University Federal of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A L Godoy-Santos
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Titan A, Andarawis-Puri N. Tendinopathy: Investigating the Intersection of Clinical and Animal Research to Identify Progress and Hurdles in the Field. JBJS Rev 2018; 4:01874474-201610000-00002. [PMID: 27792676 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.15.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatments, surgical interventions, and rehabilitation exercises have been successfully used to treat tendinopathy, but the development of effective treatments has been hindered by the lack of mechanistic data regarding the pathogenesis of the disease. While insightful, clinical studies are limited in their capacity to provide data regarding the pathogenesis of tendinopathies, emphasizing the value of animal models and cell culture studies to fill this essential gap in knowledge. Clinical pathological findings from imaging studies or histological analysis are not universal across patients with tendinopathy and have not been clearly associated with the onset of symptoms. There are several unresolved controversies, including the cellular changes that accompany the tendinopathic disease state and the role of inflammation. Additional research is needed to correlate the manifestations of the disease with its pathogenesis, with the goal of reaching a field-wide consensus on the pathology of the disease state. Such a consensus will allow standardized clinical practices to more effectively diagnose and treat tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Titan
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Crişan MI, Damian A, Ştefănuţ LC, Dezdrobitu CC, Neagu DM, Denoix JM. Global Epidemiological Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With the Deep Digital Flexor Tendinopathy in the Equine Distal Limb: 100 Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Muscle morphology and performance in master athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:62-82. [PMID: 29715523 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extent to which chronic exercise training preserves age-related decrements in physical function, muscle strength, mass and morphology is unclear. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine to what extent chronically trained master athletes (strength/power and endurance) preserve levels of physical function, muscle strength, muscle mass and morphology in older age, compared with older and younger controls and young trained individuals. METHODS The systematic data search included Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. INCLUSION CRITERIA i) master athletes mean exercise training duration ≥20 years ii) master athletes mean age of cohort >59 years) iii) at least one measurement of muscle mass/volume/fibre-type morphology and/or strength/physical function. RESULTS Fifty-five eligible studies were identified. Meta-analyses were carried out on maximal aerobic capacity, maximal voluntary contraction and body composition. Master endurance athletes (42.0 ± 6.6 ml kg-1 min-1) exhibited VO2max values comparable with young healthy controls (43.1 ± 6.8 ml kg-1 min-1, P = .84), greater than older controls (27.1 ± 4.3 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01) and master strength/power athletes (26.5 ± 2.3 mlkg-1 min-1, P < 0.01), and lower than young endurance trained individuals (60.0 ± 5.4 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01). Master strength/power athletes (0.60 (0.28-0.93) P < 0.01) and young controls (0.71 (0.06-1.36) P < 0.05) were significantly stronger compared with the other groups. Body fat% was greater in master endurance athletes than young endurance trained (-4.44% (-8.44 to -0.43) P < 0.05) but lower compared with older controls (7.11% (5.70-8.52) P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite advancing age, this review suggests that chronic exercise training preserves physical function, muscular strength and body fat levels similar to that of young, healthy individuals in an exercise mode-specific manner.
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Gender associated muscle-tendon adaptations to resistance training. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197852. [PMID: 29787583 PMCID: PMC5963774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the relative changes in muscle-tendon complex (MTC) properties following high load resistance training (RT) in young males and females, and determine any link with circulating TGFβ-1 and IGF-I levels. Methods Twenty-eight participants were assigned to a training group and subdivided by sex (T males [TM] aged 20±1 year, n = 8, T females [TF] aged 19±3 year, n = 8), whilst age-matched 6 males and 6 females were assigned to control groups (ConM/F). The training groups completed 8 weeks of resistance training (RT). MTC properties (Vastus Lateralis, VL) physiological cross-sectional area (pCSA), quadriceps torque, patella tendon stiffness [K], Young’s modulus, volume, cross-sectional area, and length, circulating levels of TGFβ-1 and IGF-I were assessed at baseline and post RT. Results Post RT, there was a significant increase in the mechanical and morphological properties of the MTC in both training groups, compared to ConM/F (p<0.001). However, there were no significant sex-specific changes in most MTC variables. There were however significant sex differences in changes in K, with females exhibiting greater changes than males at lower MVC (Maximal Voluntary Contraction) force levels (10% p = 0.030 & 20% MVC p = 0.032) and the opposite effect seen at higher force levels (90% p = 0.040 & 100% MVC p = 0.044). There were significant increases (p<0.05) in IGF-I in both TF and TM following training, with no change in TGFβ-1. There were no gender differences (p>0.05) in IGF-I or TGFβ-1. Interestingly, pooled population data showed that TGFβ-1 correlated with K at baseline, with no correlations identified between IGF-I and MTC properties. Conclusions Greater resting TGFβ-1 levels are associated with superior tendon mechanical properties. RT can impact opposite ends of the patella tendon force-elongation relationship in each sex. Thus, different loading patterns may be needed to maximize resistance training adaptations in each sex.
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Mäntyselkä P, Ali-Sisto T, Kautiainen H, Niskanen L, Viinamäki H, Velagapudi V, Lehto SM. The Association Between Musculoskeletal Pain and Circulating Ornithine: A Population-Based Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 18:1145-1151. [PMID: 28034972 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Based on several previous clinical studies, we hypothesized that ornithine levels are different among subjects with persistent musculoskeletal pain compared with other subjects in the population. Design The study sample consisted of 221 adults with nonpersistent pain, 76 with persistent pain, and 61 with no pain. Concentrations of glutamic acid, ornithine, citrulline, arginine, proline, and spermidine were analyzed using a mass spectrometer. Setting Lapinlahti municipality in Finland. Results For the subjects with no pain, nonpersistent pain, and persistent pain, the ornithine concentrations for men were 85.3 µmol/L (SD = 28.9 µmol/L), 98.9 µmol/L (SD = 37.8 µmol/L), and 102.1 µmol/L (SD = 37.1 µmol/L; P = 0.033), respectively. The corresponding concentrations for women were 82.8 µmol/L (SD = 25.2 µmol/L), 83.7 µmol/L (SD = 27.8 µmol/L), and 103.2 µmol/L (SD = 34.9 µmol/L; P = 0.0031). There were no significant differences between the pain groups for any of the other investigated amino acids. Relative sex-specific ornithine concentration adjusted for age, glomerular filtration rate, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and depressive symptoms was associated with pain ( P = 0.025), the ornithine level being higher in the persistent pain group than in the no pain ( P = 0.006) and nonpersistent pain ( P = 0.032) groups. Conclusion Ornithine levels are elevated in general population subjects with persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Mäntyselkä
- General Practice, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition.,Primary Health Care Unit and
| | - Toni Ali-Sisto
- Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Primary Health Care Unit and.,Department of General Practice, Unit of Primary Health Care, and
| | - Leo Niskanen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Imbalances in the Development of Muscle and Tendon as Risk Factor for Tendinopathies in Youth Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence and Concepts of Prevention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:987. [PMID: 29249987 PMCID: PMC5717808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons feature the crucial role to transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the skeleton. Thus, an increase of the force generating capacity of a muscle needs to go in line with a corresponding modulation of the mechanical properties of the associated tendon to avoid potential harm to the integrity of the tendinous tissue. However, as summarized in the present narrative review, muscle and tendon differ with regard to both the time course of adaptation to mechanical loading as well as the responsiveness to certain types of mechanical stimulation. Plyometric loading, for example, seems to be a more potent stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation. In growing athletes, the increased levels of circulating sex hormones might additionally augment an imbalanced development of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties, which could potentially relate to the increasing incidence of tendon overload injuries that has been indicated for adolescence. In fact, increased tendon stress and strain due to a non-uniform musculotendinous development has been observed recently in adolescent volleyball athletes, a high-risk group for tendinopathy. These findings highlight the importance to deepen the current understanding of the interaction of loading and maturation and demonstrate the need for the development of preventive strategies. Therefore, this review concludes with an evidence-based concept for a specific loading program for increasing tendon stiffness, which could be implemented in the training regimen of young athletes at risk for tendinopathy. This program incorporates five sets of four contractions with an intensity of 85–90% of the isometric voluntary maximum and a movement/contraction duration that provides 3 s of high magnitude tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Leblanc DR, Schneider M, Angele P, Vollmer G, Docheva D. The effect of estrogen on tendon and ligament metabolism and function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28629994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are crucial structures inside the musculoskeletal system. Still many issues in the treatment of tendon diseases and injuries have yet not been resolved sufficiently. In particular, the role of estrogen-like compound (ELC) in tendon biology has received until now little attention in modern research, despite ELC being a well-studied and important factor in the physiology of other parts of the musculoskeletal system. In this review we attempt to summarize the available information on this topic and to determine many open questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Leblanc
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Angele
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plodiv, Plodiv, Bulgaria.
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Abstract
Due to increased longevity, women can expect to live more than one-third of their lives in a post-menopausal state, which is characterised by low circulating levels of oestrogen and progesterone. The aim of this review is to provide insights into current knowledge of the effect of female hormones (or lack of female hormones) on skeletal muscle protein turnover at rest and in response to exercise. This review is primarily based on data from human trials. Many elderly post-menopausal women experience physical disabilities and loss of independence related to sarcopenia, which reduces life quality and is associated with substantial financial costs. Resistance training and dietary optimisation can counteract or at least decelerate the degenerative ageing process, but lack of oestrogen in post-menopausal women may reduce their sensitivity to these anabolic stimuli and accelerate muscle loss. Tendons and ligaments are also affected by sex hormones, but the effect seems to differ between endogenous and exogenous female hormones. Furthermore, the effect seems to depend on the age, and as a result influence the biomechanical properties of the ligaments and tendons differentially. Based on the present knowledge oestrogen seems to play a significant role with regard to skeletal muscle protein turnover. Therefore, oestrogen/hormonal replacement therapy may counteract the degenerative changes in skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, there is a need for greater insight into the direct and indirect mechanistic effects of female hormones before any evidence-based recommendations regarding type, dose, duration and timing of hormone replacement therapy can be provided.
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Epro G, Mierau A, Doerner J, Luetkens JA, Scheef L, Kukuk GM, Boecker H, Maganaris CN, Brüggemann GP, Karamanidis K. The Achilles tendon is mechanosensitive in older adults: adaptations following 14 weeks versus 1.5 years of cyclic strain exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1008-1018. [PMID: 28298464 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aging musculoskeletal system experiences a general decline in structure and function, characterized by a reduced adaptability to environmental stress. We investigated whether the older human Achilles tendon (AT) demonstrates mechanosensitivity (via biomechanical and morphological adaptations) in response to long-term mechanical loading. Thirty-four female adults (60-75 years) were allocated to either a medium-term (14 weeks; N=21) high AT strain cyclic loading exercise intervention or a control group (N=13), with 12 participants continuing with the intervention for 1.5 years. AT biomechanical properties were assessed using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was investigated by means of magnetic resonance imaging. A 22% exercise-related increment in ankle plantarflexion joint moment, along with increased AT stiffness (598.2±141.2 versus 488.4±136.9 N mm-1 at baseline), Young's modulus (1.63±0.46 versus 1.37±0.39 GPa at baseline) and about 6% hypertrophy along the entire free AT were identified after 14 weeks of strength training, with no further improvement after 1.5 years of intervention. The aging AT appears to be capable of increasing its stiffness in response to 14 weeks of mechanical loading exercise by changing both its material and dimensional properties. Continuing exercise seems to maintain, but not cause further adaptive changes in tendons, suggesting that the adaptive time-response relationship of aging tendons subjected to mechanical loading is nonlinear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Epro
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany .,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Andreas Mierau
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Doerner
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Scheef
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido M Kukuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Boecker
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Constantinos N Maganaris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
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46
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Abstract
The theme of The Nutrition Society Spring Conference 2017 was on the interaction between nutrition and exercise for promoting healthy ageing, maintaining cognitive function and improving the metabolic health of the population. The importance of this theme is highlighted by the public health issues surrounding obesity, diabetes and the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia). The opening symposium provided a historical perspective of both invasive and non-invasive methodologies for measuring exercise energetics and energy balance. Data derived from these techniques underpin current understanding regarding the metabolic response to nutrition and exercise. Further symposia examined the importance of skeletal muscle for healthy ageing in older men and postmenopausal women. From a nutritional perspective, the potential for animal- v. plant-based protein sources to offset the age-related decline in muscle mass was discussed. The day concluded by discussing the link(s) between nutrition, exercise and brain function. Day 2 commenced with examples of applied equine research illustrating the link between nutrition/exercise and insulin resistance to those of a human model. The final symposium examined the combined role of nutrition and exercise in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia. The overall conclusion from the meeting was that the interaction between diet and physical activity confers greater benefits to human health and performance than either component alone.
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47
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Mersmann F, Charcharis G, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Muscle and Tendon Adaptation in Adolescence: Elite Volleyball Athletes Compared to Untrained Boys and Girls. Front Physiol 2017; 8:417. [PMID: 28670285 PMCID: PMC5472702 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the plasticity of human tendons is well explored in adults, it is still unknown how superimposed mechanical loading by means of athletic training affects the properties of tendons during maturation. Due to the increased responsiveness of muscle to mechanical loading, adolescence is an important phase to investigate the effects of training on the mechanical properties of tendons. Hence, in the present study we compared vastus lateralis (VL) architecture, muscle strength of the knee extensor muscles and patellar tendon mechanical properties of male and female adolescent elite athletes to untrained boys and girls. Twenty-one adolescent volleyball athletes (A; 16.7 ± 1 years; 12 boys, 9 girls) and 24 similar-aged controls (C; 16.7 ± 1 years; 12 boys and girls, respectively) performed maximum isometric contractions on a dynamometer for the assessment of muscle strength and, by integrating ultrasound imaging, patellar tendon mechanical properties. Respective joint moments were calculated using an inverse dynamics approach and an electromyography-based estimation of antagonistic contribution. Additionally, the VL pennation angle, fascicle length and muscle-thickness were determined in the inactive state by means of ultrasound. Adolescent athletes produced significantly greater knee extension moments (normalized to body mass) compared to controls (A: 4.23 ± 0.80 Nm/kg, C: 3.57 ± 0.67 Nm/kg; p = 0.004), and showed greater VL thickness and pennation angle (+38% and +27%; p < 0.001). Tendon stiffness (normalized to rest length) was also significantly higher in athletes (A: 86.0 ± 27.1 kN/strain, C: 70.2 ± 18.8 kN/strain; p = 0.04), yet less pronounced compared to tendon force (A: 5785 ± 1146 N, C: 4335 ± 1015 N; p < 0.001), which resulted in higher levels of tendon strain during maximum contractions in athletes (A: 8.0 ± 1.9%, C: 6.4 ± 1.8%; p = 0.008). We conclude that athletic volleyball training provides a more efficient stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation, which results in an increased demand placed upon the tendon by the working muscle in adolescent volleyball athletes. Besides implications for sport performance, these findings might have important consequences for the risk of tendon overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement ScienceBerlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Charcharis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement ScienceBerlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement ScienceBerlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement ScienceBerlin, Germany
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48
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Köhne JL, Ormsbee MJ, McKune AJ. Supplementation Strategies to Reduce Muscle Damage and Improve Recovery Following Exercise in Females: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4040051. [PMID: 29910299 PMCID: PMC5968901 DOI: 10.3390/sports4040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) caused by unaccustomed or strenuous exercise can result in reduced muscle force, increased muscle soreness, increased intramuscular proteins in the blood, and reduced performance. Pre- and post-exercise optimal nutritional intake is important to assist with muscle-damage repair and reconditioning to allow for an accelerated recovery. The increased demand for training and competing on consecutive days has led to a variety of intervention strategies being used to reduce the negative effects of EIMD. Nutritional intervention strategies are largely tested on male participants, and few report on sex-related differences relating to the effects of the interventions employed. This review focuses on nutritional intervention strategies employed to negate the effects of EIMD, focussing solely on females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Köhne
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA.
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa.
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA.
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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49
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Kirk EA, Moore CW, Chater-Diehl EJ, Singh SM, Rice CL. Human COL5A1 polymorphisms and quadriceps muscle-tendon mechanical stiffness in vivo. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1581-1592. [PMID: 27717059 DOI: 10.1113/ep085974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Do COL5A1 gene variants, previously reported to have diminished transcript stability, manifest in physiological phenotypes of quadriceps muscle-tendon contractile properties and mechanical stiffness in humans? What is the main finding and its importance? COL5A1 gene variants influence mechanical stiffness, not seeming to affect low-level contractile properties in humans. Functional differences in COL5A1 manifest during moderate- to high-level contractions. Polymorphisms of the collagen type V alpha 1 chain (COL5A1) gene are purported to influence mechanical properties of collagenous tissues. Our purpose was to assess musculotendinous contractile properties of the quadriceps in relationship to the genetic influence of mechanical stiffness. Eighty recreationally active males (aged 19-31 years) were assessed for the presence of three genetic polymorphisms associated with COL5A1 mRNA stability (rs4919510, rs1536482 and rs12722). Genotypes were determined using real-time PCR. Stiffness and contractile properties of the knee musculotendinous complex were assessed by maximal isometric voluntary contractions, ramp isometric voluntary contractions, electrically stimulated contractile events and ultrasonography. All genotype groups were able to activate their knee extensors fully (>97%) as assessed by the interpolated twitch technique and presented no differences in muscle-tendon contractile properties at low submaximal contraction intensities. For the quadriceps muscle-tendon at moderate ramp contractions of 50 and 60% maximal voluntary contraction, the rs12722 CT and TT genotypes had ∼30% greater mean stiffness. The rs1536482 AG and GG genotypes showed a similar trend, but did not achieve statistical significance. Variants of the COL5A1 gene seem to influence quadriceps muscle-tendon stiffness but do not affect low-level contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Kirk
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Colin W Moore
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Eric J Chater-Diehl
- Department of Biology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7
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50
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Fryhofer GW, Freedman BR, Hillin CD, Salka NS, Pardes AM, Weiss SN, Farber DC, Soslowsky LJ. Postinjury biomechanics of Achilles tendon vary by sex and hormone status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1106-1114. [PMID: 27633741 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00620.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Achilles tendon ruptures are common injuries. Sex differences are present in mechanical properties of uninjured Achilles tendon, but it remains unknown if these differences extend to tendon healing. We hypothesized that ovariectomized females (OVX) and males would exhibit inferior postinjury tendon properties compared with females. Male, female, and OVX Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32/group) underwent acclimation and treadmill training before blunt transection of the Achilles tendon midsubstance. Injured hindlimbs were immobilized for 1 wk, followed by gradual return to activity and assessment of active and passive hindlimb function. Animals were euthanized at 3 or 6 wk postinjury to assess tendon structure, mechanics, and composition. Passive ankle stiffness and range of motion were superior in females at 3 wk; however, by 6 wk, passive and active function were similar in males and females but remained inferior in OVX. At 6 wk, female tendons had greater normalized secant modulus, viscoelastic behavior, and laxity compared with males. Normalized secant modulus, cross-sectional area and tendon glycosaminoglycan composition were inferior in OVX compared with females at 6 wk. Total fatigue cycles until tendon failure were similar among groups. Postinjury muscle fiber size was better preserved in females compared with males, and females had greater collagen III at the tendon injury site compared with males at 6 wk. Despite male and female Achilles tendons withstanding similar durations of fatigue loading, early passive hindlimb function and tendon mechanical properties, including secant modulus, suggest superior healing in females. Ovarian hormone loss was associated with inferior Achilles tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Fryhofer
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin R Freedman
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cody D Hillin
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nabeel S Salka
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam M Pardes
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie N Weiss
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel C Farber
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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