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Díaz-Castro F, Tuñón-Suárez M, Rivera P, Botella J, Cancino J, Figueroa AM, Gutiérrez J, Cantin C, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H, Nielsen J, Henríquez-Olguín C, Morselli E, Castro-Sepúlveda M. A single bout of resistance exercise triggers mitophagy, potentially involving the ejection of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14203. [PMID: 39023008 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a single bout of resistance exercise on mitophagy in human skeletal muscle (SkM). METHODS Eight healthy men were recruited to complete an acute bout of one-leg resistance exercise. SkM biopsies were obtained one hour after exercise in the resting leg (Rest-leg) and the contracting leg (Ex-leg). Mitophagy was assessed using protein-related abundance, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Our results show that acute resistance exercise increased pro-fission protein phosphorylation (DRP1Ser616) and decreased mitophagy markers such as PARKIN and BNIP3L/NIX protein abundance in the Ex-leg. Additionally, mitochondrial complex IV decreased in the Ex-leg when compared to the Rest-leg. In the Ex-leg, TEM and immunofluorescence images showed mitochondrial cristae abnormalities, a mitochondrial fission phenotype, and increased mitophagosome-like structures in both subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria. We also observed increased mitophagosome-like structures on the subsarcolemmal cleft and mitochondria in the extracellular space of SkM in the Ex-leg. We stimulated human primary myotubes with CCCP, which mimics mitophagy induction in the Ex-leg, and found that BNIP3L/NIX protein abundance decreased independently of lysosomal degradation. Finally, in another human cohort, we found a negative association between BNIP3L/NIX protein abundance with both mitophagosome-like structures and mitochondrial cristae density in the SkM. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that a single bout of resistance exercise can initiate mitophagy, potentially involving mitochondrial ejection, in human skeletal muscle. BNIP3L/NIX is proposed as a sensitive marker for assessing mitophagy flux in SkM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Physiology Department, Biological Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauro Tuñón-Suárez
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Physiology Department, Biological Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Botella
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Figueroa
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Gutiérrez
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudette Cantin
- Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Laboratory of Autophagy and Metabolism, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepúlveda
- Center of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Qiao YS, Blackwell TL, Cawthon PM, Coen PM, Cummings SR, Distefano G, Farsijani S, Forman DE, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Mau T, Toledo FGS, Newman AB, Glynn NW. Associations of accelerometry-measured and self-reported physical activity and sedentary behavior with skeletal muscle energetics: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA). JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:621-630. [PMID: 38341136 PMCID: PMC11282341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle energetics decline with age, and physical activity (PA) has been shown to offset these declines in older adults. Yet, many studies reporting these effects were based on self-reported PA or structured exercise interventions. Therefore, we examined the associations of accelerometry-measured and self-reported PA and sedentary behavior (SB) with skeletal muscle energetics and explored the extent to which PA and sedentary behavior would attenuate the associations of age with muscle energetics. METHODS As part of the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging, enrolled older adults (n = 879), 810 (age = 76.4 ± 5.0 years old, mean ± SD; 58% women) had maximal muscle oxidative capacity measured ex vivo via high-resolution respirometry of permeabilized myofibers (maximal oxidative phosphorylation (maxOXPHOS)) and in vivo by 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (maximal adenosine triphosphate (ATPmax)). Accelerometry-measured sedentary behavior, light activity, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were assessed using a wrist-worn ActiGraph GT9X over 7 days. Self-reported sedentary behavior, MVPA, and all PA were assessed with the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire. Linear regression models with progressive covariate adjustments evaluated the associations of sedentary behavior and PA with muscle energetics, as well as the attenuation of the age/muscle energetics association by MVPA and sedentary behavior. As a sensitivity analysis, we also examined activPAL-measured daily step count and time spent in sedentary behavior and their associations with muscle energetics. RESULTS Every 30 min/day more of ActiGraph-measured MVPA was associated with 0.65 pmol/(s × mg) higher maxOXPHOS and 0.012 mM/s higher ATPmax after adjusting for age, site/technician, and sex (p < 0.05). Light activity was not associated with maxOXPHOS or ATPmax. Meanwhile, every 30 min/day spent in ActiGraph-measured sedentary behavior was associated with 0.39 pmol/s × mg lower maxOXPHOS and 0.006 mM/s lower ATPmax (p < 0.05). Only associations with ATPmax held after further adjusting for socioeconomic status, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and multimorbidity. CHAMPS MVPA and all PA yielded similar associations with maxOXPHOS and ATPmax (p < 0.05), but sedentary behavior did not. Higher activPAL step count was associated with higher maxOXHPOS and ATPmax (p < 0.05), but time spent in sedentary behavior was not. Additionally, age was significantly associated with muscle energetics for men only (p < 0.05); adjusting for time spent in ActiGraph-measured MVPA attenuated the age association with ATPmax by 58% in men. CONCLUSION More time spent in accelerometry-measured or self-reported daily PA, especially MVPA, was associated with higher skeletal muscle energetics. Interventions aimed specifically at increasing higher intensity activity might offer potential therapeutic interventions to slow age-related decline in muscle energetics. Our work also emphasizes the importance of taking PA into consideration when evaluating associations related to skeletal muscle energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Susanna Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Terri L Blackwell
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Samaneh Farsijani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel E Forman
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics and Cardiology), University of Pittsburgh; and Geriatrics, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Theresa Mau
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Frederico G S Toledo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nancy W Glynn
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Thomas ACQ, Stead CA, Burniston JG, Phillips SM. Exercise-specific adaptations in human skeletal muscle: Molecular mechanisms of making muscles fit and mighty. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:341-356. [PMID: 39147070 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to a predominantly hypertrophied phenotype versus a predominantly oxidative phenotype, the hallmarks of resistance training (RT) or aerobic training (AT), respectively, are being unraveled. In humans, exposure of naïve persons to either AT or RT results in their skeletal muscle exhibiting generic 'exercise stress-related' signaling, transcription, and translation responses. However, with increasing engagement in AT or RT, the responses become refined, and the phenotype typically associated with each form of exercise emerges. Here, we review some of the mechanisms underpinning the adaptations of how muscles become, through AT, 'fit' and RT, 'mighty.' Much of our understanding of molecular exercise physiology has arisen from targeted analysis of post-translational modifications and measures of protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of specific residue sites has been a dominant focus, with canonical signaling pathways (AMPK and mTOR) studied extensively in the context of AT and RT, respectively. These alone, along with protein synthesis, have only begun to elucidate key differences in AT and RT signaling. Still, key yet uncharacterized differences exist in signaling and regulation of protein synthesis that drive unique adaptation to AT and RT. Omic studies are required to better understand the divergent relationship between exercise and phenotypic outcomes of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Q Thomas
- Protein Metabolism Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Connor A Stead
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Protein Metabolism Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Wang M, Hua Y, Bai Y. A review of the application of exercise intervention on improving cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and clinical studies. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0046. [PMID: 39029521 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, leading to sustained cognitive decline. An increasing number of studies suggest that exercise is an effective strategy to promote the improvement of cognition in AD. Mechanisms of the benefits of exercise intervention on cognitive function may include modulation of vascular factors by affecting cardiovascular risk factors, regulating cardiorespiratory health, and enhancing cerebral blood flow. Exercise also promotes neurogenesis by stimulating neurotrophic factors, affecting neuroplasticity in the brain. Additionally, regular exercise improves the neuropathological characteristics of AD by improving mitochondrial function, and the brain redox status. More and more attention has been paid to the effect of Aβ and tau pathology as well as sleep disorders on cognitive function in persons diagnosed with AD. Besides, there are various forms of exercise intervention in cognitive improvement in patients with AD, including aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and multi-component exercise. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to summarize the findings of the mechanisms of exercise intervention on cognitive function in patients with AD, and also discuss the application of different exercise interventions in cognitive impairment in AD to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the selection of exercise intervention in cognitive rehabilitation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China
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Song JS, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Kang A, Loenneke JP. Cross-Education of Muscular Endurance: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:1771-1783. [PMID: 38758463 PMCID: PMC11258191 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that performing unilateral resistance training can increase muscle strength not only in the trained limb but also in the contralateral untrained limb, which is widely known as the cross-education of strength. However, less attention has been paid to the question of whether performing unilateral resistance training can induce cross-education of muscular endurance, despite its significant role in both athletic performance and activities of daily living. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review were to provide an overview of the existing literature on cross-education of muscular endurance, as well as discuss its potential underlying mechanisms and offer considerations for future research. METHODS A scoping review was conducted on the effects of unilateral resistance training on changes in muscular endurance in the contralateral untrained limb. This scoping review was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. RESULTS A total of 2000 articles were screened and 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among the 21 included studies, eight studies examined the cross-education of endurance via absolute (n = 6) or relative (n = 2) muscular endurance test, while five studies did not clearly indicate whether they examined absolute or relative muscular endurance. The remaining eight studies examined different types of muscular endurance measurements (e.g., time to task failure, total work, and fatigue index). CONCLUSION The current body of the literature does not provide sufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions on whether the cross-education of muscular endurance is present. The cross-education of muscular endurance (if it exists) may be potentially driven by neural adaptations (via bilateral access and/or cross-activation models that lead to cross-education of strength) and increased tolerance to exercise-induced discomfort. However, the limited number of available randomized controlled trials and the lack of understanding of underlying mechanisms provide a rationale for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Feng H, Zhang Z, Lyu W, Kong X, Li J, Zhou H, Wei P. The Effects of Appropriate Perioperative Exercise on Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: a Narrative Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4663-4676. [PMID: 38110646 PMCID: PMC11236851 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are now considered the most common neurological complication in older adult patients undergoing surgical procedures. A significant increase exists in the incidence of post-operative disability and mortality in patients with PNDs. However, no specific treatment is still available for PNDs. Recent studies have shown that exercise may improve cognitive dysfunction-related disorders, including PNDs. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism underlying exercise-induced neuroprotection in PNDs; others include the regulation of gut microbiota and mitochondrial and synaptic function. Maintaining optimal skeletal muscle mass through preoperative exercise is important to prevent the occurrence of PNDs. This review summarizes current clinical and preclinical evidence and proposes potential molecular mechanisms by which perioperative exercise improves PNDs, providing a new direction for exploring exercise-mediated neuroprotective effects on PNDs. In addition, it intends to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of PNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
| | - Penghui Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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Wernhart S, Rassaf T. Relevance of Cardiovascular Exercise in Cancer and Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2024; 21:238-251. [PMID: 38696059 PMCID: PMC11090948 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) has been identified as a threat to overall and cancer-related survival. Although aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), the relationship between specific exercise regimens and cancer survival, heart failure development, and reduction of CTRCD is unclear. In this review, we discuss the impact of AET on molecular pathways and the current literature of sports in the field of cardio-oncology. RECENT FINDINGS Cardio-oncological exercise trials have focused on variations of AET intensity by using moderate continuous and high intensity interval training, which are applicable, safe, and effective approaches to improve CRF. AET increases CRF, reduces cardiovascular morbidity and heart failure hospitalization and should thus be implemented as an adjunct to standard cancer therapy, although its long-term effect on CTRCD remains unknown. Despite modulating diverse molecular pathways, it remains unknown which exercise regimen, including variations of AET duration and frequency, is most suited to facilitate peripheral and central adaptations to exercise and improve survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Lee MJC, Saner NJ, Ferri A, García-Domínguez E, Broatch JR, Bishop DJ. Delineating the contribution of ageing and physical activity to changes in mitochondrial characteristics across the lifespan. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101272. [PMID: 38626488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with widespread physiological changes prominent within all tissues, including skeletal muscle and the brain, which lead to a decline in physical function. To tackle the growing health and economic burdens associated with an ageing population, the concept of healthy ageing has become a major research priority. Changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial characteristics have been suggested to make an important contribution to the reductions in skeletal muscle function with age, and age-related changes in mitochondrial content, respiratory function, morphology, and mitochondrial DNA have previously been reported. However, not all studies report changes in mitochondrial characteristics with ageing, and there is increasing evidence to suggest that physical activity (or inactivity) throughout life is a confounding factor when interpreting age-associated changes. Given that physical activity is a potent stimulus for inducing beneficial adaptations to mitochondrial characteristics, delineating the influence of physical activity on the changes in skeletal muscle that occur with age is complicated. This review aims to summarise our current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding age-related changes to mitochondrial characteristics within skeletal muscle, as well as to provide some novel insights into brain mitochondria, and to propose avenues of future research and targeted interventions. Furthermore, where possible, we incorporate discussions of the modifying effects of physical activity, exercise, and training status, to purported age-related changes in mitochondrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J-C Lee
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alessandra Ferri
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esther García-Domínguez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - James R Broatch
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- The Exercise Prescription Lab (EPL), Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Davis BH, Stampley JE, Granger J, Scott MC, Allerton TD, Johannsen NM, Spielmann G, Irving BA. Impact of low-load resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction on muscle strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity: A pilot study. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16041. [PMID: 38888154 PMCID: PMC11184470 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) to failure can increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, and mitochondrial oxidative capacity (OXPHOS). However, the impact of adding blood flow restriction to low-load resistance exercise (LLBFR) when matched for volume on these outcomes is incompletely understood. This pilot study examined the impact of 6 weeks of single-legged LLBFR and volume-matched LLRE on thigh bone-free lean mass, strength, endurance, and mitochondrial OXPHOS. Twenty (12 males and 8 females) untrained young adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 2 years, 168 ± 11 cm, 68 ± 12 kg) completed 6 weeks of either single-legged LLBFR or volume-matched LLRE. Participants performed four sets of 30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions at 25% 1-RM of leg press and knee extension with or without BFR three times per week. LLBFR increased knee extension 1-RM, knee extension endurance, and thigh bone-free lean mass relative to control (all p < 0.05). LLRE increased leg press and knee extension 1-RM relative to control (p = 0.012 and p = 0.054, respectively). LLRE also increased mitochondrial OXPHOS (p = 0.047 (nonparametric)). Our study showed that LLBFR increased muscle strength, muscle endurance, and thigh bone-free lean mass in the absence of improvements in mitochondrial OXPHOS. LLRE improved muscle strength and mitochondrial OXPHOS in the absence of improvements in thigh bone-free lean mass or muscle endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H. Davis
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - James E. Stampley
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Joshua Granger
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Scott
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Timothy D. Allerton
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Neil M. Johannsen
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Brian A. Irving
- School of KinesiologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Salter D, Swamy S, Salis KM, Deep DK, Nadig P. A botanical extract blend of Mangifera indica and Sphaeranthus indicus combined with resistance exercise training improves muscle strength and endurance over exercise alone in young men: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1393917. [PMID: 38765822 PMCID: PMC11099261 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1393917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) is used to improve muscular strength and function. This study tested the hypothesis that RET alongside daily supplementation of a Sphaeranthus indicus and Mangifera indica extract blend (SMI) would augment bench press (BP) and leg extension (LE) strength and repetitions to failure (RTF) compared to RET alone. Ninety-nine men (age 22 ± 3) completed the trial after randomization into one of four groups: (A1) 425 mg SMI plus one RET set; (A2) 850 mg SMI plus one RET set; (P1) placebo plus one RET set; and (P2) placebo plus two RET sets. RET sets were 6-8 BP and LE repetitions at 80% of a progressive one repetition maximum (1-RM), performed 3x/week for 8 weeks. Strength and RTF were evaluated at baseline and days 14, 28, and 56 while serum values of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and cortisol (C) values were evaluated at baseline and day 56. RET significantly (p < 0.05) increased 1-RM, RTF, and T measures above baselines regardless of group assignment, but the increases were greater in the supplemented groups. At week 8, A1 bench pressed more than P1 (71.5.5 ± 17.5 kg vs. 62.0 ± 15.3 kg, p = 0.003), while A2 pressed 13.8 ± 3.0 kg more (95% CI 5.7-21.8, p < 0.001) than P1 and 9.9 ± 13.0 kg more (95% CI 1.7-18.2, p = 0.01) than P2. Also at week 8, the mean LE 1-RM of A1 (159.4 ± 22.6 kg) and A2 (162.2 ± 22.9 kg) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of P1 (142.2 ± 25.6 kg) and P2 (146.5 ± 19.7 kg). Supplementation improved RTF, TT, and FT values over those measured in exercise alone (p < 0.05), while C levels in A2 (9.3 ± 3.8 μg/dL) were lower than P2 (11.7 ± 3.8 μg/dL, p < 0.05). Daily supplementation with SMI was well tolerated and may help optimize muscle adaptive responses to RET in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawna Salter
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, PLT Health Solutions, Inc., Morristown, NJ, United States
| | - Shubhatara Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kevin Manohar Salis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Pratibha Nadig
- Department of Pharmacology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
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11
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Jevtovic F, Zheng D, Claiborne A, Biagioni EM, Wisseman BL, Krassovskaia PM, Collier DN, Isler C, DeVente JE, Neufer PD, Houmard JA, May LE. Effects of maternal exercise on infant mesenchymal stem cell mitochondrial function, insulin action, and body composition in infancy. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16028. [PMID: 38684442 PMCID: PMC11058002 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal exercise (ME) has been established as a useful non-pharmacological intervention to improve infant metabolic health; however, mechanistic insight behind these adaptations remains mostly confined to animal models. Infant mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to infant tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle), and remain involved in mature tissue maintenance. Importantly, these cells maintain metabolic characteristics of an offspring donor and provide a model for the investigation of mechanisms behind infant metabolic health improvements. We used undifferentiated MSC to investigate if ME affects infant MSC mitochondrial function and insulin action, and if these adaptations are associated with lower infant adiposity. We found that infants from exercising mothers have improvements in MSC insulin signaling related to higher MSC respiration and fat oxidation, and expression and activation of energy-sensing and redox-sensitive proteins. Further, we found that infants exposed to exercise in utero were leaner at 1 month of age, with a significant inverse correlation between infant MSC respiration and infant adiposity at 6 months of age. These data suggest that infants from exercising mothers are relatively leaner, and this is associated with higher infant MSC mitochondrial respiration, fat use, and insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Jevtovic
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alex Claiborne
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ericka M. Biagioni
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Breanna L. Wisseman
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Polina M. Krassovskaia
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - David N. Collier
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Christy Isler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - James E. DeVente
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - P. Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joseph A. Houmard
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Linda E. May
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
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12
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Yoshiko A, Shiozawa K, Niwa S, Takahashi H, Koike T, Watanabe K, Katayama K, Akima H. Association of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with muscle function, sarcopenia-related exercise performance, and intramuscular adipose tissue in older adults. GeroScience 2024; 46:2715-2727. [PMID: 38153667 PMCID: PMC10828458 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle function and exercise performance measures, such as muscle endurance capacity, maximal strength, chair stand score, gait speed, and Timed Up and Go score, are evaluated to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty in older individuals. Furthermore, intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) content increases with age. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity determines muscle metabolism and maintains muscle performance. This study aimed to investigate the association of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with muscle function, exercise performance, and IntraMAT content in older individuals. Thirteen older men and women participated in this study. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was assessed by the recovery speed of muscle oxygen saturation after exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy from the medial gastrocnemius. We assessed two muscle functions, peak torque and time to task failure, and four sarcopenia-related exercise performances: handgrip strength, gait speed, 30-s chair stand, and Timed Up and Go. The IntraMAT content was measured using axial magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed a relationship between skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and gait speed but not with muscle functions and other exercise performance measures. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was not related to IntraMAT content. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, which may be indicative of the capacity of muscle energy production in the mitochondria, is related to locomotive functions but not to other functional parameters or skeletal fat infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan.
| | - Kana Shiozawa
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Niwa
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Phua QH, Ng SY, Soh BS. Mitochondria: A Potential Rejuvenation Tool against Aging. Aging Dis 2024; 15:503-516. [PMID: 37815912 PMCID: PMC10917551 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex physiological process encompassing both physical and cognitive decline over time. This intricate process is governed by a multitude of hallmarks and pathways, which collectively contribute to the emergence of numerous age-related diseases. In response to the remarkable increase in human life expectancy, there has been a substantial rise in research focusing on the development of anti-aging therapies and pharmacological interventions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a critical factor in the aging process, significantly impacts overall cellular health. In this extensive review, we will explore the contemporary landscape of anti-aging strategies, placing particular emphasis on the promising potential of mitotherapy as a ground-breaking approach to counteract the aging process. Moreover, we will investigate the successful application of mitochondrial transplantation in both animal models and clinical trials, emphasizing its translational potential. Finally, we will discuss the inherent challenges and future possibilities of mitotherapy within the realm of aging research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hua Phua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shi Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology), Singapore.
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Du J, Yun H, Wang H, Bai X, Su Y, Ge X, Wang Y, Gu B, Zhao L, Yu JG, Song Y. Proteomic Profiling of Muscular Adaptations to Short-Term Concentric Versus Eccentric Exercise Training in Humans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100748. [PMID: 38493954 PMCID: PMC11017286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying muscular adaptations to concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) exercise training have been extensively explored. However, most previous studies have focused on specifically selected proteins, thus, unable to provide a comprehensive protein profile and potentially missing the crucial mechanisms underlying muscular adaptation to exercise training. We herein aimed to investigate proteomic profiles of human skeletal muscle in response to short-term resistance training. Twenty young males were randomly and evenly assigned to two groups to complete a 4-week either ECC or CON training program. Measurements of body composition and physiological function of the quadriceps femoris were conducted both before and after the training. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of randomly selected participants (five in ECC and four in CON) of both before and after the training were analyzed using the liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in combination with bioinformatics analysis. Neither group presented a significant difference in body composition or leg muscle mass; however, muscle peak torque, total work, and maximal voluntary contraction were significantly increased after the training in both groups. Proteomics analysis revealed 122 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs; p value < 0.05 & fold change >1.5 or <0.67) in ECC, of which the increased DAPs were mainly related to skeletal muscle contraction and cytoskeleton and enriched specifically in the pentose phosphate pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, whereas the decreased DAPs were associated with the mitochondrial respiratory chain. One hundred one DAPs were identified in CON, of which the increased DAPs were primarily involved in translation/protein synthesis and the mitochondria respiratory, whereas the decreased DAPs were related to metabolic processes, cytoskeleton, and de-ubiquitination. In conclusion, the 4-week CON and ECC training resulted in distinctly different proteomic profiles, especially in proteins related to muscular structure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Du
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhang Yun
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Bai
- Beijing Sports University Community Health Service Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Su
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Guo Yu
- Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Yafeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sports and Physical Fitness of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China.
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15
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Affourtit C, Carré JE. Mitochondrial involvement in sarcopenia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14107. [PMID: 38304924 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia lowers the quality-of-life for millions of people across the world, as accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function contributes to both age- and disease-related frailty. Physical activity remains the only proven therapy for sarcopenia to date, but alternatives are much sought after to manage this progressive muscle disorder in individuals who are unable to exercise. Mitochondria have been widely implicated in the etiology of sarcopenia and are increasingly suggested as attractive therapeutic targets to help restore the perturbed balance between protein synthesis and breakdown that underpins skeletal muscle atrophy. Reviewing current literature, we note that mitochondrial bioenergetic changes in sarcopenia are generally interpreted as intrinsic dysfunction that renders muscle cells incapable of making sufficient ATP to fuel protein synthesis. Based on the reported mitochondrial effects of therapeutic interventions, however, we argue that the observed bioenergetic changes may instead reflect an adaptation to pathologically decreased energy expenditure in sarcopenic muscle. Discrimination between these mechanistic possibilities will be crucial for improving the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane E Carré
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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16
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Thoral E, Dargère L, Medina-Suárez I, Clair A, Averty L, Sigaud J, Morales A, Salin K, Teulier L. Non-lethal sampling for assessment of mitochondrial function does not affect metabolic rate and swimming performance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220483. [PMID: 38186271 PMCID: PMC10772603 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A fundamental issue in the metabolic field is whether it is possible to understand underlying mechanisms that characterize individual variation. Whole-animal performance relies on mitochondrial function as it produces energy for cellular processes. However, our lack of longitudinal measures to evaluate how mitochondrial function can change within and among individuals and with environmental context makes it difficult to assess individual variation in mitochondrial traits. The aims of this study were to test the repeatability of muscle mitochondrial metabolism by performing two biopsies of red muscle, and to evaluate the effects of biopsies on whole-animal performance in goldfish Carassius auratus. Our results show that basal mitochondrial respiration and net phosphorylation efficiency are repeatable at 14-day intervals. We also show that swimming performance (optimal cost of transport and critical swimming speed) was repeatable in biopsied fish, whereas the repeatability of individual oxygen consumption (standard and maximal metabolic rates) seemed unstable over time. However, we noted that the means of individual and mitochondrial traits did not change over time in biopsied fish. This study shows that muscle biopsies allow the measurement of mitochondrial metabolism without sacrificing animals and that two muscle biopsies 14 days apart affect the intraspecific variation in fish performance without affecting average performance of individuals. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Thoral
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Lauréliane Dargère
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ione Medina-Suárez
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, 35214 Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Angéline Clair
- Plateforme Animalerie Conventionnelle et Sauvage Expérimentale de la Doua (ACSED), Fédération de Recherche 3728, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, INSA, VetAgroSup 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laetitia Averty
- Plateforme Animalerie Conventionnelle et Sauvage Expérimentale de la Doua (ACSED), Fédération de Recherche 3728, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, INSA, VetAgroSup 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Justine Sigaud
- Plateforme Animalerie Conventionnelle et Sauvage Expérimentale de la Doua (ACSED), Fédération de Recherche 3728, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, INSA, VetAgroSup 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Morales
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Salin
- Ifremer, CNRS, RD, Laboratory of Environmental Marine Sciences, Université de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Loïc Teulier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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17
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Wernhart S, Rassaf T. Exercise, cancer, and the cardiovascular system: clinical effects and mechanistic insights. Basic Res Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00395-024-01034-4. [PMID: 38353711 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the leading causes of death in the Western world and share common risk factors. Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a major determinant of cardiovascular morbidity and cancer survival. In this review we discuss cancer- induced disturbances of parenchymal, cellular, and mitochondrial function, which limit CRF and may be antagonized and attenuated through exercise training. We show the impact of CRF on cancer survival and its attenuating effects on cardiotoxicity of cancer-related treatment. Tailored exercise programs are not yet available for each tumor entity as several trials were performed in heterogeneous populations without adequate cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) prior to exercise prescription and with a wide variation of exercise modalities. There is emerging evidence that exercise may be a crucial pillar in cancer treatment and a tool to mitigate cardiotoxic treatment effects. We discuss modalities of aerobic exercise and resistance training and their potential to improve CRF in cancer patients and provide an example of a periodization model for exercise training in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- West German Heart- and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- West German Heart- and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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18
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Slavin MB, Khemraj P, Hood DA. Exercise, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammasomes in skeletal muscle. Biomed J 2024; 47:100636. [PMID: 37499756 PMCID: PMC10828562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the broad field of inflammation, skeletal muscle is a tissue that is understudied. Yet it represents about 40% of body mass in non-obese individuals and is therefore of fundamental importance for whole body metabolism and health. This article provides an overview of the unique features of skeletal muscle tissue, as well as its adaptability to exercise. This ability to adapt, particularly with respect to mitochondrial content and function, confers a level of metabolic "protection" against energy consuming events, and adds a measure of quality control that determines the phenotypic response to stress. Thus, we describe the particular role of mitochondria in promoting inflammasome activation in skeletal muscle, contributing to muscle wasting and dysfunction in aging, disuse and metabolic disease. We will then discuss how exercise training can be anti-inflammatory, mitigating the chronic inflammation that is observed in these conditions, potentially through improvements in mitochondrial quality and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaela B Slavin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Priyanka Khemraj
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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20
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Gonzalez-Armenta JL, Bergstrom J, Lee J, Furdui CM, Nicklas BJ, Molina AJA. Serum factors mediate changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics associated with diet and exercise interventions. GeroScience 2024; 46:349-365. [PMID: 37368157 PMCID: PMC10828137 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial improvements resulting from behavioral interventions, such as diet and exercise, are systemic and apparent across multiple tissues. Here, we test the hypothesis that factors present in serum, and therefore circulating throughout the body, can mediate changes in mitochondrial function in response to intervention. To investigate this, we used stored serum from a clinical trial comparing resistance training (RT) and RT plus caloric restriction (RT + CR) to examine effects of blood borne circulating factors on myoblasts in vitro. We report that exposure to dilute serum is sufficient to mediate bioenergetic benefits of these interventions. Additionally, serum-mediated bioenergetic changes can differentiate between interventions, recapitulate sex differences in bioenergetic responses, and is linked to improvements in physical function and inflammation. Using metabolomics, we identified circulating factors associated with changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics and the effects of interventions. This study provides new evidence that circulating factors play a role in the beneficial effects of interventions that improve healthspan among older adults. Understanding the factors that drive improvements in mitochondrial function is a key step towards predicting intervention outcomes and developing strategies to countermand systemic age-related bioenergetic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Gonzalez-Armenta
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Section On Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J Nicklas
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA.
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21
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Reitzner SM, Emanuelsson EB, Arif M, Kaczkowski B, Kwon AT, Mardinoglu A, Arner E, Chapman MA, Sundberg CJ. Molecular profiling of high-level athlete skeletal muscle after acute endurance or resistance exercise - A systems biology approach. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101857. [PMID: 38141850 PMCID: PMC10805945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term high-level exercise training leads to improvements in physical performance and multi-tissue adaptation following changes in molecular pathways. While skeletal muscle baseline differences between exercise-trained and untrained individuals have been previously investigated, it remains unclear how training history influences human multi-omics responses to acute exercise. METHODS We recruited and extensively characterized 24 individuals categorized as endurance athletes with >15 years of training history, strength athletes or control subjects. Timeseries skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from M. vastus lateralis at three time-points after endurance or resistance exercise was performed and multi-omics molecular analysis performed. RESULTS Our analyses revealed distinct activation differences of molecular processes such as fatty- and amino acid metabolism and transcription factors such as HIF1A and the MYF-family. We show that endurance athletes have an increased abundance of carnitine-derivates while strength athletes increase specific phospholipid metabolites compared to control subjects. Additionally, for the first time, we show the metabolite sorbitol to be substantially increased with acute exercise. On transcriptional level, we show that acute resistance exercise stimulates more gene expression than acute endurance exercise. This follows a specific pattern, with endurance athletes uniquely down-regulating pathways related to mitochondria, translation and ribosomes. Finally, both forms of exercise training specialize in diverging transcriptional directions, differentiating themselves from the transcriptome of the untrained control group. CONCLUSIONS We identify a "transcriptional specialization effect" by transcriptional narrowing and intensification, and molecular specialization effects on metabolomic level Additionally, we performed multi-omics network and cluster analysis, providing a novel resource of skeletal muscle transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling in highly trained and untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Reitzner
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Andrew Tj Kwon
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Arner
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1 Chome-3-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Integrated Engineering, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcalà Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Department Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
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22
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Xu X, Wen Z. The mediating role of inflammaging between mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcopenia in aging: a review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 12:109-126. [PMID: 38187366 PMCID: PMC10767199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by the insidious reduction of skeletal muscle mass and strength, detrimentally affects the quality of life in elderly cohorts. Present therapeutic strategies are confined to physiotherapeutic interventions, signaling a critical need for elucidation of the etiological underpinnings to facilitate the development of innovative pharmacotherapies. Recent scientific inquiries have associated mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation with the etiology of sarcopenia. Mitochondria are integral to numerous fundamental cellular processes within muscle tissue, including but not limited to apoptosis, autophagy, signaling via reactive oxygen species, and the maintenance of protein equilibrium. Deviations in mitochondrial dynamics, coupled with compromised oxidative capabilities, autophagic processes, and protein equilibrium, result in disturbances to muscular architecture and functionality. Mitochondrial dysfunction is particularly detrimental as it diminishes oxidative phosphorylation, escalates apoptotic activity, and hinders calcium homeostasis within muscle cells. Additionally, deleterious feedback loops of deteriorated respiration, exacerbated oxidative injury, and diminished quality control mechanisms precipitate the acceleration of muscular senescence. Notably, mitochondria exhibiting deficient energetic metabolism are pivotal in precipitating the shift from normative muscle aging to a pathogenic state. This analytical review meticulously examines the complex interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction, persistent inflammation, and the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. It underscores the imperative to alleviate inflammation and amend mitochondrial anomalies within geriatric populations as a strategy to forestall and manage sarcopenia. An initial overview provides a succinct exposition of sarcopenia and its clinical repercussions. The discourse then progresses to an examination of the direct correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and the genesis of sarcopenia. Concomitantly, it accentuates potential synergistic effects between inflammatory responses and mitochondrial insufficiencies during the aging of skeletal muscle, thereby casting light upon emergent therapeutic objectives. In culmination, this review distills the prevailing comprehension of the mitochondrial and inflammatory pathways implicated in sarcopenia and delineates extant lacunae in knowledge to orient subsequent scientific inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, School of Health, Shanghai Normal University Tianhua CollegeShanghai, China
| | - Zixing Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda UniversityShanghai, China
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Qiao YS, Blackwell TL, Cawthon PM, Coen PM, Cummings SR, Distefano G, Farsijani S, Forman DE, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Mau T, Toledo FGS, Newman AB, Glynn NW. Associations of Objective and Self-Reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with Skeletal Muscle Energetics: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.05.23298134. [PMID: 37986749 PMCID: PMC10659463 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.23298134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle energetics decline with age, and physical activity (PA) has been shown to counteract these declines in older adults. Yet, many studies were based on self-reported PA or structured exercise interventions. We examined the associations of objective daily PA and sedentary behavior (SB) with skeletal muscle energetics and also compared with self-reported PA and SB. We also explored the extent to which PA would attenuate the associations of age with muscle energetics. Methods Among the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA) enrolled older adults, 810 (mean age=76±5, 58% women) had maximal muscle oxidative capacity measured ex vivo via high-resolution respirometry of permeabilized myofibers (maxOXPHOS) and in vivo by 31 Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ATP max ). Objective PA was measured using the wrist-worn ActiGraph GT9X over 7-days to capture sedentary behavior (SB), light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Self-reported SB, MVPA, and all exercise-related PA were assessed with The Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire. Linear regression models with progressive covariate adjustments evaluated the associations between SB, PA and muscle energetics, and the attenuation of the age / muscle energetic association by PA. Results Every 30 minutes more objective MVPA was associated with 0.65 pmol/s*mg higher maxOXPHOS and 0.012 mM/sec higher ATP max , after adjustment for age, site/technician and sex. More time spent in objective light+MVPA was significantly associated with higher ATP max , but not maxOXPHOS. In contrast, every 30 minutes spent in objective SB was associated with 0.43 pmol/s*mg lower maxOXPHOS and 0.004 mM/sec lower ATP max . Only associations with ATP max held after further adjusting for socioeconomic status, body mass index, lifestyle factors and multimorbidities. Self-reported MVPA and all exercise-related activities, but not SB, yielded similar associations with maxOXPHOS and ATP max . Lastly, age was only significantly associated with muscle energetics in men. Adjusting for objective time spent in MVPA attenuated the age association with ATP max by nearly 60% in men. Conclusion More time spent in daily PA, especially MVPA, were associated with higher muscle energetics. Interventions that increase higher intensity activity might offer potential therapeutic interventions to slow the age-related decline in muscle energetics. Our work also emphasizes the importance of taking PA into consideration when evaluating associations related to skeletal muscle energetics.
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Nunes JHC, Cella PS, Guimarães TAS, Buçu IP, Deminice R. Chemotherapy periodization to maximize resistance training adaptations in oncology. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:357-367. [PMID: 37582913 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Engaging in exercise programs during cancer treatment is challenging due to the several chemotherapy-induced side effects. Using a pre-clinical model that mimics chemotherapy treatment, we investigated if a periodized-within-chemotherapy training strategy can maximize resistance training (RT) adaptations such as increasing muscle mass and strength. METHODS Swiss mice were randomly allocated into one of the following five groups (n = 14): control (C), resistance training (RT), chemotherapy-treated non-exercised group (Ch), resistance training chemotherapy treated (RTCh), and resistance training periodized-within-chemotherapy (RTPCh). Doxorubicin (i.p.) was weekly injected for a total of 3 weeks (total dose of 12 mg/kg). Resistance training consisted of ladder climbing with progressive intensity, three times a week for 3 weeks, during chemotherapy treatment. RTPCh prescriptions considered "bad day" adjustments while RTCh did not. "Bad day" adjustments considered the presence or absence of clinical signs (e.g., severe weight loss, diarrhea, mice refusing to train) to replace RT sessions. At the end of the third week, animals were euthanized. RESULTS Weekly doxorubicin injection promoted progressive body weight loss, muscle atrophy, strength loss, local oxidative stress, and elevated inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-6. Non-periodized-within-chemotherapy RT promoted mild protection against doxorubicin-induced skeletal muscle disturbances; moreover, when periodized-within-chemotherapy was applied, RT prevented elevated skeletal muscle inflammatory mediators and oxidative damage markers and promoted muscle mass and strength gains. CONCLUSION Considering chemotherapy-induced side effects is a crucial aspect when prescribing resistance exercise during cancer, it will maximize the effectiveness of exercise in enhancing muscle mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H C Nunes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paola S Cella
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A S Guimarães
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Icaro P Buçu
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Lin GM, Tsai KZ, Lee DC, Sui X, Lavie CJ. Mean power output for muscular endurance exercises and maximal oxygen uptake in military young adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35578. [PMID: 37861510 PMCID: PMC10589530 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Heart Association recommends a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and some alternative exercise tests to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of youth. Power output has shown a high correlation with VO2 max on a CPET. However, the correlations between mean power output (MPO) for muscular endurance exercises and VO2 max measured from a CPET are not established in young adults. Forty-five volunteers, with an average age of 29.93 ± 7.05 years, from a sample of 1120 military personnel in Taiwan who attended a 2-minute pushup test and a 2-minute sit-up test were included in the current study. These volunteers subsequently underwent a CPET using the Bruce protocol to assess VO2 max. According to the physics rule, MPO (watts) for the muscular endurance test was defined as a product of moving distance and force: [1/5 × body height (m) × numbers performed × body mass (kg) × gravity (9.8 m/s2)]. Pearson correlation analyses were performed. For the 2-min pushups, the correlations (r) between pushup numbers and VO2 max with and without body mass adjustment were 0.541 (P < .01) and 0.188 (P = .21), respectively, while the correlation (r) between MPO and VO2 max with and without body mass adjustment were 0.410 and 0.557 (both P < .01), respectively. For the 2-minute sit-ups, the correlations (r) between sit-up numbers and VO2 max with and without body mass adjustment were 0.529 (P < .01) and 0.291 (P = .052), respectively, while the correlations (r) between MPO and VO2 max with and without body mass adjustment were 0.318 (P = .03) and 0.705 (P < .01), respectively. In military young adults, MPO for both the 2-minute sit-up and the 2-minute pushup tests could be used as alternative field-based methods to estimate VO2 max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Min Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Zhe Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology of Periodontology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duck-Chul Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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26
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Ruegsegger GN, Pataky MW, Simha S, Robinson MM, Klaus KA, Nair KS. High-intensity aerobic, but not resistance or combined, exercise training improves both cardiometabolic health and skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:763-774. [PMID: 37616334 PMCID: PMC10642518 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00405.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how different exercise training modalities influence skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics. Healthy [average body mass index (BMI): 25.8 kg/m2], sedentary younger and older participants underwent 12 wk of supervised high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT; n = 13), resistance training (RT; n = 14), or combined training (CT; n = 11). Mitochondrial structure was assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Regulators of mitochondrial fission and fusion, cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇o2peak), insulin sensitivity via a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and muscle mitochondrial respiration were assessed. TEM showed increased mitochondrial volume, number, and perimeter following HIIT (P < 0.01), increased mitochondrial number following CT (P < 0.05), and no change in mitochondrial abundance after RT. Increased mitochondrial volume associated with increased mitochondrial respiration and insulin sensitivity following HIIT (P < 0.05). Increased mitochondrial perimeter associated with increased mitochondrial respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak following HIIT (P < 0.05). No such relationships were observed following CT or RT. OPA1, a regulator of fusion, was increased following HIIT (P < 0.05), whereas FIS1, a regulator of fission, was decreased following HIIT and CT (P < 0.05). HIIT also increased the ratio of OPA1/FIS1 (P < 0.01), indicative of the balance between fission and fusion, which positively correlated with improvements in respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HIIT induces a larger, more fused mitochondrial tubular network. Changes indicative of increased fusion following HIIT associate with improvements in mitochondrial respiration, insulin sensitivity, and V̇o2peak supporting the idea that enhanced mitochondrial fusion accompanies notable health benefits of HIIT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed the effects of 12 wk of supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training, and combined training (CT) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial abundance and markers of fission and fusion. HIIT increased mitochondrial area and size and promoted protein changes indicative of increased mitochondrial fusion, whereas lessor effects were observed after CT and no changes were observed after RT. Furthermore, increased mitochondrial area and size after HIIT associated with improved mitochondrial respiration, cardiorespiratory fitness, and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Suvyaktha Simha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Katherine A Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Seyyah M, Topuz S. The effect of mirror therapy on joint movement, pain and functionality in acute upper limb burns. Burns 2023; 49:1432-1438. [PMID: 36754643 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mirror therapy is aimed at developing a normal proprioceptive perception for the area with pain or movement restriction by making use of the person's monitoring of the healthy side movements thanks to the mirror's reflective feature. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mirror therapy on joint range of motion, pain and functionality in acute upper extremity burn injuries. METHODS Demographic and burn-specific data of individuals with upper extremity burns were recorded. Individuals were divided into two groups. Standard treatment was applied to the first group, and mirror treatment in addition to the standard treatment was applied to the second group for 30 sessions, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. In the standard treatment program, passive, active-assisted and active ROM, strengthening, stretching, resistant and functional exercises were applied. In the mirror therapy group, active exercises were performed on the healthy side by covering the burn area in the mirror box. Before and after the treatment, joint range of motion(ROM) was evaluated with Universal Goniometer, pain intensity was evaluated with Visual Analog Scale and upper extremity functions were evaluated with QuickDASH. RESULTS A total of 32 (23 Male, 9 Female) individuals between the ages of 18-65 were included. The mean total burn surface area was 12.93 ± 9.80 in the standard treatment and 6.12 ± 2.96 in the mirror treatment. The groups were similar in terms of ROM change (p > 0.05). The pretest/posttest pain scores of both the standard therapy and mirror therapy groups were similar (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of pretest and posttest QuickDASH scores according to the groups (p > 0.05). The difference between the pretest/posttest QuickDASH scores of both Standard treatment and Mirror treatment groups was statistically significant. CONCLUSION This study showed that the standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program applied in the acute period in upper extremity burns and the mirror treatment applied in addition to this program provide similar improvements in joint range of motion and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Seyyah
- University of Health Science, Kartal Dr Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Burn and Wound Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Semra Topuz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.
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Smith JAB, Murach KA, Dyar KA, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:607-632. [PMID: 37225892 PMCID: PMC10527431 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viewing metabolism through the lens of exercise biology has proven an accessible and practical strategy to gain new insights into local and systemic metabolic regulation. Recent methodological developments have advanced understanding of the central role of skeletal muscle in many exercise-associated health benefits and have uncovered the molecular underpinnings driving adaptive responses to training regimens. In this Review, we provide a contemporary view of the metabolic flexibility and functional plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. First, we provide background on the macrostructure and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibres, highlighting the current understanding of sarcomeric networks and mitochondrial subpopulations. Next, we discuss acute exercise skeletal muscle metabolism and the signalling, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of adaptations to exercise training. We address knowledge gaps throughout and propose future directions for the field. This Review contextualizes recent research of skeletal muscle exercise metabolism, framing further advances and translation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Pelka EZ, Davis BR, Tomko PM, McDaniel J. Analysis of electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction on skeletal muscle oxygen uptake and mitochondrial recovery using near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2053-2061. [PMID: 37171642 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation was to compare differences in skeletal muscle oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and mitochondrial recovery between voluntary (VOL) and electrically stimulated (ES) plantarflexion contractions. METHODS Twelve men and women (26 ± 4.0 years; 171.8 ± 5.1 cm; 74.0 ± 13.7 kg) were seated in a chair with their right knee fully extended and right foot secured to a force transducer. ES electrodes and a near-infrared spectroscopy device were placed on the gastrocnemius. Participants performed ES plantarflexion contractions across a range of stimulation intensities at frequencies of 1 and 2 Hz and similar VOL contractions. Cuff occlusion occurred immediately following each series of contractions to measure [Formula: see text]. A standardized mitochondrial function assessment protocol was also performed to calculate K-constants between work-matched ES and VOL contractions. RESULTS For mitochondrial assessments, there were no significant differences between ES and VOL rate constants (2.03 ± 0.98 vs. 1.25 ± 1.35 min-1, p = 0.266). ES resulted in a significantly greater workrate-[Formula: see text] slope at 1 Hz (0.007 ± 0.007 vs. 0.001 ± 0.002% [Formula: see text]/s/N, p = 0.014) and 2 Hz (0.010 ± 0.010 vs. 0.001 ± 0.001% [Formula: see text]/s/N, p = 0.012), as well as a significantly greater workrate-[Formula: see text] Y-intercept at 2 Hz (1.603 ± 1.513 vs. 0.556 ± 0.564% [Formula: see text]/s, p = 0.035) but not 1 Hz (0.579 ± 0.448 vs. 0.442 ± 0.357% mV̇O2/s, p = 0.535) when compared to VOL. CONCLUSION ES results in a significantly greater [Formula: see text] at similar work rates compared to VOL, however, the mitochondrial recovery rate constants were similar. The greater mVO2 with ES may partially contribute to the increased rate of fatigue during ES exercise in individuals with muscle paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Z Pelka
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - B Ryan Davis
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - Patrick M Tomko
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA
| | - John McDaniel
- Exercise Science and Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, OH, Kent, USA.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wilkinson MS, Dunham-Snary KJ. Blood-based bioenergetics: a liquid biopsy of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:554-570. [PMID: 37414716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria operate as hubs of cellular metabolism that execute important regulatory functions. Damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria are recognized as major pathogenic contributors to many common human diseases. Assessment of mitochondrial function relies upon invasive tissue biopsies; peripheral blood cells, specifically platelets, have emerged as an ideal candidate for mitochondrial function assessment. Accessibility and documented pathology-related dysfunction have prompted investigation into the role of platelets in disease, the contribution of platelet mitochondria to pathophysiology, and the capacity of platelets to reflect systemic mitochondrial health. Platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics are being investigated in neurodegenerative and cardiopulmonary diseases, infection, diabetes, and other (patho)physiological states such as aging and pregnancy. Early findings support the use of platelets as a biomarker for mitochondrial functional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberly J Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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33
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Dong H, Tsai SY. Mitochondrial Properties in Skeletal Muscle Fiber. Cells 2023; 12:2183. [PMID: 37681915 PMCID: PMC10486962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary source of energy production and are implicated in a wide range of biological processes in most eukaryotic cells. Skeletal muscle heavily relies on mitochondria for energy supplements. In addition to being a powerhouse, mitochondria evoke many functions in skeletal muscle, including regulating calcium and reactive oxygen species levels. A healthy mitochondria population is necessary for the preservation of skeletal muscle homeostasis, while mitochondria dysregulation is linked to numerous myopathies. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on mitochondria function and quality control in skeletal muscle, focusing mainly on in vivo studies of rodents and human subjects. With an emphasis on the interplay between mitochondrial functions concerning the muscle fiber type-specific phenotypes, we also discuss the effect of aging and exercise on the remodeling of skeletal muscle and mitochondria properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
| | - Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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34
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Botella J, Schytz CT, Pehrson TF, Hokken R, Laugesen S, Aagaard P, Suetta C, Christensen B, Ørtenblad N, Nielsen J. Increased mitochondrial surface area and cristae density in the skeletal muscle of strength athletes. J Physiol 2023; 601:2899-2915. [PMID: 37042493 DOI: 10.1113/jp284394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the cellular organelles responsible for resynthesising the majority of ATP. In skeletal muscle, there is an increased ATP turnover during resistance exercise to sustain the energetic demands of muscle contraction. Despite this, little is known regarding the mitochondrial characteristics of chronically strength-trained individuals and any potential pathways regulating the strength-specific mitochondrial remodelling. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial structural characteristics in skeletal muscle of strength athletes and age-matched untrained controls. The mitochondrial pool in strength athletes was characterised by increased mitochondrial cristae density, decreased mitochondrial size, and increased surface-to-volume ratio, despite similar mitochondrial volume density. We also provide a fibre-type and compartment-specific assessment of mitochondria morphology in human skeletal muscle, which reveals across groups a compartment-specific influence on mitochondrial morphology that is largely independent of fibre type. Furthermore, we show that resistance exercise leads to signs of mild mitochondrial stress, without an increase in the number of damaged mitochondria. Using publicly available transcriptomic data we show that acute resistance exercise increases the expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and mitochondrial unfolded protein responses (UPRmt ). Further, we observed an enrichment of the UPRmt in the basal transcriptome of strength-trained individuals. Together, these findings show that strength athletes possess a unique mitochondrial remodelling, which minimises the space required for mitochondria. We propose that the concurrent activation of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial remodelling pathways (fission and UPRmt ) with resistance exercise may be partially responsible for the observed mitochondrial phenotype of strength athletes. KEY POINTS: Untrained individuals and strength athletes possess comparable skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density. In contrast, strength athletes' mitochondria are characterised by increased cristae density, decreased size and increased surface-to-volume ratio. Type I fibres have an increased number of mitochondrial profiles with minor differences in the mitochondrial morphological characteristics compared with type II fibres. The mitochondrial morphology is distinct across the subcellular compartments in both groups, with subsarcolemmal mitochondria being bigger in size when compared with intermyofibrillar. Acute resistance exercise leads to signs of mild morphological mitochondrial stress accompanied by increased gene expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Botella
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Camilla T Schytz
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Pehrson
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune Hokken
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon Laugesen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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35
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Garibotti MC, Perry CGR. Strength athletes and mitochondria: it's about 'time'. J Physiol 2023; 601:2753-2754. [PMID: 37306149 DOI: 10.1113/jp284856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madison C Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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MacLeod B. Exploring mitochondrial morphology in skeletal muscle: implications for highly trained individuals. J Physiol 2023; 601:2769-2770. [PMID: 37199543 DOI: 10.1113/jp284873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blair MacLeod
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Bersiner K, Park SY, Schaaf K, Yang WH, Theis C, Jacko D, Gehlert S. Resistance exercise: a mighty tool that adapts, destroys, rebuilds and modulates the molecular and structural environment of skeletal muscle. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:78-95. [PMID: 37583075 PMCID: PMC10440184 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle regulates health and performance by maintaining or increasing strength and muscle mass. Although the molecular mechanisms in response to resistance exercise (RE) significantly target the activation of protein synthesis, a plethora of other mechanisms and structures must be involved in orchestrating the communication, repair, and restoration of homeostasis after RE stimulation. In practice, RE can be modulated by variations in intensity, continuity and volume, which affect molecular responses and skeletal muscle adaptation. Knowledge of these aspects is important with respect to planning of training programs and assessing the impact of RE training on skeletal muscle. METHODS In this narrative review, we introduce general aspects of skeletal muscle substructures that adapt in response to RE. We further highlighted the molecular mechanisms that control human skeletal muscle anabolism, degradation, repair and memory in response to acute and repeated RE and linked these aspects to major training variables. RESULTS Although RE is a key stimulus for the activation of skeletal muscle anabolism, it also induces myofibrillar damage. Nevertheless, to increase muscle mass accompanied by a corresponding adaptation of the essential substructures of the sarcomeric environment, RE must be continuously repeated. This requires the permanent engagement of molecular mechanisms that re-establish skeletal muscle integrity after each RE-induced muscle damage. CONCLUSION Various molecular regulators coordinately control the adaptation of skeletal muscle after acute and repeated RE and expand their actions far beyond muscle growth. Variations of key resistance training variables likely affect these mechanisms without affecting muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Käthe Bersiner
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirill Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Theis
- Center for Anaesthesiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Scandalis L, Kitzman DW, Nicklas BJ, Lyles M, Brubaker P, Nelson MB, Gordon M, Stone J, Bergstrom J, Neufer PD, Gnaiger E, Molina AJA. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration and Exercise Intolerance in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JAMA Cardiol 2023; 8:575-584. [PMID: 37163294 PMCID: PMC10173105 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance The pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains incompletely understood. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that abnormal skeletal muscle metabolism is a key contributor, but the mechanisms underlying metabolic dysfunction remain unresolved. Objective To evaluate the associations of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function using respirometric analysis of biopsied muscle fiber bundles from patients with HFpEF with exercise performance. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, muscle fiber bundles prepared from fresh vastus lateralis biopsies were analyzed by high-resolution respirometry to provide detailed analyses of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, including maximal capacity and the individual contributions of complex I-linked and complex II-linked respiration. These bioenergetic data were compared between patients with stable chronic HFpEF older than 60 years and age-matched healthy control (HC) participants and analyzed for intergroup differences and associations with exercise performance. All participants were treated at a university referral center, were clinically stable, and were not undergoing regular exercise or diet programs. Data were collected from March 2016 to December 2017, and data were analyzed from November 2020 to May 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, including maximal capacity and respiration linked to complex I and complex II. Exercise performance was assessed by peak exercise oxygen consumption, 6-minute walk distance, and the Short Physical Performance Battery. Results Of 72 included patients, 50 (69%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 69.6 (6.1) years. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function measures were all markedly lower in skeletal muscle fibers obtained from patients with HFpEF compared with HCs, even when adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Maximal capacity was strongly and significantly correlated with peak exercise oxygen consumption (R = 0.69; P < .001), 6-minute walk distance (R = 0.70; P < .001), and Short Physical Performance Battery score (R = 0.46; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, patients with HFpEF had marked abnormalities in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Severely reduced maximal capacity and complex I-linked and complex II-linked respiration were associated with exercise intolerance and represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Scandalis
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Dalane W. Kitzman
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Barbara J. Nicklas
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mary Lyles
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Peter Brubaker
- Department of Health and Exercise Science at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - M. Benjamin Nelson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michelle Gordon
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John Stone
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - P. Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Anthony J. A. Molina
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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Costa Godinho LRL, Cella PS, Guimarães TAS, Palma GHD, Nunes JHC, Deminice R. Creatine Supplementation Potentiates Exercise Protective Effects against Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040823. [PMID: 37107198 PMCID: PMC10135080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that creatine supplementation may potentiate exercise’s protective effects against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty-eight Swiss mice were randomly allocated into five groups: control (C, n = 7), exercised (Ex, n = 7), treated with doxorubicin (Dox, n = 8), treated with doxorubicin and exercised (DoxEx, n = 8), and treated with doxorubicin, exercised, and supplemented with creatine (DoxExCr, n = 8). Doxorubicin was administered weekly (i.p.) for a total dose of 12 mg/kg. Creatine supplementation (2% added to the diet) and strength training (climbing stairs, 3 times a week) were performed for a total of 5 weeks. The results demonstrated that doxorubicin caused hepatotoxicity, which was evidenced by increased (p < 0.05) hepatic markers of inflammation (i.e., TNF-α and IL-6) and oxidative damage, while the redox status (GSH/GSSG) was reduced. The plasma concentrations of liver transaminases were also significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. Furthermore, doxorubicin-treated animals presented hepatic fibrosis and histopathological alterations such as cellular degeneration and the infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells. Exercise alone partly prevented doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity; thus, when combined with creatine supplementation, exercise was able to attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress, morphological alterations, and fibrosis. In conclusion, creatine supplementation potentiates the protective effects of exercise against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
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Zulbaran‐Rojas A, Lee M, Bara RO, Flores‐Camargo A, Spitz G, Finco MG, Bagheri AB, Modi D, Shaib F, Najafi B. Electrical stimulation to regain lower extremity muscle perfusion and endurance in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2: A randomized controlled trial. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15636. [PMID: 36905161 PMCID: PMC10006649 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle deconditioning and impaired vascular function in the lower extremities (LE) are among the long-term symptoms experienced by COVID-19 patients with a history of severe illness. These symptoms are part of the post-acute sequelae of Sars-CoV-2 (PASC) and currently lack evidence-based treatment. To investigate the efficacy of lower extremity electrical stimulation (E-Stim) in addressing PASC-related muscle deconditioning, we conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eighteen (n = 18) patients with LE muscle deconditioning were randomly assigned to either the intervention (IG) or the control (CG) group, resulting in 36 LE being assessed. Both groups received daily 1 h E-Stim on both gastrocnemius muscles for 4 weeks, with the device functional in the IG and nonfunctional in the CG. Changes in plantar oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and gastrocnemius muscle endurance (GNMe) in response to 4 weeks of daily 1 h E-Stim were assessed. At each study visit, outcomes were measured at onset (t0 ), 60 min (t60 ), and 10 min after E-Stim therapy (t70 ) by recording ΔOxyHb with near-infrared spectroscopy. ΔGNMe was measured with surface electromyography at two time intervals: 0-5 min (Intv1 ) and: 55-60 min (Intv2 ). Baseline OxyHb decreased in both groups at t60 (IG: p = 0.046; CG: p = 0.026) and t70 (IG = p = 0.021; CG: p = 0.060) from t0 . At 4 weeks, the IG's OxyHb increased from t60 to t70 (p < 0.001), while the CG's decreased (p = 0.003). The IG had higher ΔOxyHb values than the CG at t70 (p = 0.004). Baseline GNMe did not increase in either group from Intv1 to Intv2 . At 4 weeks, the IG's GNMe increased (p = 0.031), whereas the CG did not change. There was a significant association between ΔOxyHb and ΔGNMe (r = 0.628, p = 0.003) at 4 weeks in the IG. In conclusion, E-Stim can improve muscle perfusion and muscle endurance in individuals with PASC experiencing LE muscle deconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Zulbaran‐Rojas
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Myeounggon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rasha O. Bara
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Areli Flores‐Camargo
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Gil Spitz
- Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Exercise PhysiologyLiver Transplant ProgramHoustonTexasUSA
| | - M. G. Finco
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Amir Behzad Bagheri
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Dipaben Modi
- Department of Pulmonary Critical CareBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Fidaa Shaib
- Department of Pulmonary Critical CareBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Bijan Najafi
- Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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Resistance training prevents dynamics and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in vastus lateralis muscle of ovariectomized rats. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112081. [PMID: 36608776 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether ovariectomy affects mitochondrial respiratory function, gene expression of the biogenesis markers and mitochondrial dynamics of the vastus lateralis muscle, female Wistar rats divided into ovariectomized (OVX) and intact (INT) groups were kept sedentary (SED) or submitted to resistance training (RT) performed for thirteen weeks on a vertical ladder in which animals climbed with a workload apparatus. RT sessions were performed with four climbs with 65, 85, 95, and 100 % of the rat's previous maximum workload. Mitochondrial Respiratory Function data were obtained by High-resolution respirometry. Gene expression of FIS1, MFN1 and PGC1-α was evaluated by real-time PCR. There was a decrease on oxidative phosphorylation capacity in OVX-SED compared to other groups. Trained groups presented increase on oxidative phosphorylation capacity when compared to sedentary groups. For respiratory control ratio (RCR), OVX-SED presented lower values when compared to INT-SED and to trained groups. Trained groups presented RCR values higher compared to INT-SED. Exercise increased the values of FIS1, MFN1 and PGC1-α expression compared to OVX-SED. Our results demonstrated that in the absence of ovarian hormones, there is a great decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer system capacities of sedentary animals. RT was able to increase the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics markers, reversing the condition determined by ovariectomy.
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Brisendine MH, Drake JC. Early-stage Alzheimer's disease: are skeletal muscle and exercise the key? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:515-520. [PMID: 36656981 PMCID: PMC9970658 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00659.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting approximately 6.5 million people in the United States alone. The development of AD progresses over a span of years to possibly decades before resulting in cognitive impairment and clinically diagnosed AD. The time leading up to a clinical diagnosis is known as the preclinical phase, a time in which recent literature has noted a more severe loss of body mass and more specifically lean muscle mass and strength prior to diagnosis. Mitochondria dysfunction in neurons is also closely associated with AD, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been seen to occur in skeletal muscle with mild cognitive impairment prior to AD manifestation. Evidence from animal models of AD suggests a close link among skeletal muscle mass, mitochondria function, and cognition. Exercise is a powerful stimulus for improving mitochondria function and muscle health, and its benefits to cognition have been suggested as a possible therapeutic strategy for AD. However, evidence for beneficial effects of exercise in AD-afflicted populations and animal models has produced conflicting results. In this mini-review, we discuss these findings and highlight potential avenues for further investigation that may lead to the implementation of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to delay or prevent the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Brisendine
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
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Nutrients, Physical Activity, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Setting of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051217. [PMID: 36904216 PMCID: PMC10004804 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary heart disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some tumors. It includes insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MetS is primarily linked to lipotoxicity, with ectopic fat deposition from fat storage exhaustion, more than obesity per se. Excessive intake of long-chain saturated fatty acid and sugar closely relates to lipotoxicity and MetS through several pathways, including toll-like receptor 4 activation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma regulation (PPARγ), sphingolipids remodeling, and protein kinase C activation. These mechanisms prompt mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays a key role in disrupting the metabolism of fatty acids and proteins and in developing insulin resistance. By contrast, the intake of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and medium-chain saturated (low-dose) fatty acids, as well as plant-based proteins and whey protein, favors an improvement in sphingolipid composition and metabolic profile. Along with dietary modification, regular exercises including aerobic, resistance, or combined training can target sphingolipid metabolism and improve mitochondrial function and MetS components. This review aimed to summarize the main dietary and biochemical aspects related to the physiopathology of MetS and its implications for mitochondrial machinery while discussing the potential role of diet and exercise in counteracting this complex clustering of metabolic dysfunctions.
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Marshall RN, McKendry J, Smeuninx B, Seabright AP, Morgan PT, Greig C, Breen L. Acute resistance exercise training does not augment mitochondrial remodelling in master athletes or untrained older adults. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1097988. [PMID: 36685204 PMCID: PMC9846504 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1097988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ageing is associated with alterations to skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism that may be influenced by physical activity status, although the mechanisms underlying these changes have not been unraveled. Similarly, the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial regulation is unclear. Methods: Seven endurance-trained masters athletes ([MA], 74 ± 3 years) and seven untrained older adults ([OC]. 69 ± 6 years) completed a single session of knee extension RET (6 x 12 repetitions, 75% 1-RM, 120-s intra-set recovery). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected pre-RET, 1 h post-RET, and 48h post-RET. Skeletal muscle biopsies were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity, mitochondrial content, and markers of mitochondrial quality control via immunoblotting. Results: Pre-RET CS activity and protein content were ∼45% (p < .001) and ∼74% greater in MA compared with OC (p = .006). There was a significant reduction (∼18%) in CS activity 48 h post-RET (p < .05) in OC, but not MA. Pre-RET abundance of individual and combined mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-V were significantly greater in MA compared with OC, as were markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics (p-DRP-1Ser616, p-MFFSer146, OPA-1 & FIS-1, p < .05 for all). Moreover, MA displayed greater expression of p-AMPKThr172, PGC1α, TFAM, and SIRT-3 (p < .05 for all). Notably, RET did not alter the expression of any marker of mitochondrial content, biogenesis, or quality control in both OC and MA. Conclusion: The present data suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training supports superior skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and protein content into later life, which may be regulated by greater mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and supported via superior fission-fusion dynamics. However, a single session of RET is unable to induce mitochondrial remodelling in the acute (1h post-RET) and delayed (48 h post-RET) recovery period in OC and MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Neil Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James McKendry
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Peter Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Leigh Breen,
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Palma-Flores C, Zárate-Segura PB, Hernández-Hernández JM, de los Santos S, Tejeda-Gómez AS, Cano-Martínez LJ, Canto P, Garcia-Rebollar JO, Coral-Vázquez RM. (−)-Epicatechin modulates the expression of myomiRs implicated in exercise response in mouse skeletal muscle. Gene X 2023; 849:146907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zuo C, Ma X, Ye C, Zheng Z, Bo S. Acute and chronic functional and traditional resistance training improve muscular fitness in young males via the AMPK/PGC-1α/irisin signaling pathway. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:69. [PMID: 37967946 PMCID: PMC10654215 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic resistance training of varying intensities on molecular responses and their association with muscular fitness in a cohort of young males who participated in this intervention study. METHODS Young males (19-28 years) with no prior training experience underwent a six-week program consisting of two distinct modalities of resistance training. The participants were randomly divided into a functional resistance training group (FRT; n = 9; participants performed 4-5 sets of 20 repetitions maximum (RM) at 40% 1RM) or a traditional resistance training group (TRT; n = 9; participants performed 4-5 sets of 12 RM at 70% 1RM). Both protocols entailed training three days per week for six weeks. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after an acute bout of training, and after the six-week training program to determine alterations in molecular responses. Muscular fitness analysis and anthropometric measurements were conducted before and after the six-week training program. RESULTS After the six-week training program, the lean body mass of participants in both TRT and FRT groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas body fat percentage and fat mass were significantly decreased solely in the FRT group (p < 0.05). All muscular fitness variables were significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.01), with no difference between the two groups. Additionally, in the TRT group, serum levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were significantly increased following acute training and six weeks of resistance training, whereas in the FRT group, no significant increase in serum levels of AMPK was observed. In both groups, serum levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), irisin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 were significantly increased. Moreover, myostatin was significantly decreased following acute training and six weeks of resistance training (p < 0.05), with no difference between the two groups. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between barbell back squat and certain molecular variables. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicates that acute and chronic resistance training of varying intensities are effective changing molecular responses, the chronic FRT and TRT improve muscular fitness in young males through the AMPK/PGC-1α/irisin signaling pathway. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2200059775 (11/05/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Zuo
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chaoqun Ye
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhiyang Zheng
- Air Force Medical Center of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
- Beijing Sports University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shumin Bo
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
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Franklin BA, Eijsvogels TM, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth PP. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the ASPC Part I: Bioenergetics, contemporary physical activity recommendations, benefits, risks, extreme exercise regimens, potential maladaptations. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 12:100424. [PMID: 36281324 PMCID: PMC9586848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) and increased levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or aerobic capacity are widely promoted as cardioprotective measures in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Nevertheless, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors remain a worldwide concern. The continuing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been especially devastating to patients with known or occult CVD since sitting time and recreational PA have been reported to increase and decrease by 28% and 33%, respectively. Herein, in this first of a 2-part series, we discuss foundational factors in exercise programming, with specific reference to energy metabolism, contemporary PA recommendations, the dose-response relationship of exercise as medicine, the benefits of regular exercise training, including the exercise preconditioning cardioprotective phenotype, as well as the CV risks of PA. Finally, we discuss the 'extreme exercise hypothesis,' specifically the potential maladaptations resulting from high-volume, high-intensity training programs, including accelerated coronary artery calcification and incident atrial fibrillation. The latter is commonly depicted by a reverse J-shaped or U-shaped curve. On the other hand, longevity data argue against this relationship, as elite endurance athletes live 3-6 years longer than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A. Franklin
- Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
- Professor, Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, Michigan, USA
| | - John Quindry
- Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana and International Heart Institute – St. Patrick's Hospital, Providence Medical Center, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kano R, Sato K. The Relationship between Training Cycle-Dependent Fluctuations in Resting Blood Lactate Levels and Exercise Performance in College-Aged Rugby Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040093. [PMID: 36278754 PMCID: PMC9589951 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in resting blood lactate (La-) concentration due to metabolic conditions has been reported. However, it is not clear whether resting La- changes with training cycles in athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) the morning resting La- levels are lower in periods of high training compared to periods of low training and (2) these changes in La- concentration are related to athletes' metabolic capacity during exercise in male college-aged rugby players. Resting La- and blood glucose concentrations were measured in the morning in eight league rugby players during the summer pre-season period (Pre-period), the training and competition season period (TC-period), and the winter post-season period (Post-period). In each period, anaerobic power, La- concentration, and respiratory responses were measured during the 40 s maximal Wingate anaerobic test (WT). The resting La- concentration in the morning was significantly lower in the TC-Period (1.9 ± 0.6 mmol/L) than in the Post-Period (2.3 ± 0.9 mmol/L). The rate of decrease in La- level immediately after the 40 s WT was significantly higher in the TC-Period than in the Post-Period. The resting La- concentration was significantly correlated with the peak oxygen uptake and the carbon dioxide output during the WT. These results support the hypothesis that an athlete's training cycle (i.e., in season and off season) influences the resting La- levels as well as the metabolic capacity during high-intensity exercise. The monitoring of resting La- fluctuations may provide a convenient indication of the training cycle-dependent metabolic capacity in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Kano
- Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Branco BHM, Marcondes VA, de Paula Ramos S, Badilla PV, Andreato LV. Effects of Supplementary Strength Program on Generic and Specific Physical Fitness in Cadet Judo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2816-2823. [PMID: 36135031 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Branco, BHM, Marcondes, VA, de Paula Ramos, S, Badilla, PV, and Andreato, LV. Effects of supplementary strength program on generic and specific physical fitness in cadet judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2816-2823, 2022-This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supplementary strength program on general and specific physical fitness in under-18 judo athletes. In total, 21 athletes were randomized into 2 groups: experimental group (EG: aged = 15.5 ± 1.2 years; body mass = 71.3 ± 10.6 kg; practice time = 5.1 ± 1.2 years) and control group (aged = 16.6 ± 0.5 years; body mass = 71.7 ± 11.0 kg; practice time = 5.6 ± 0.8 years). Athletes were submitted to anthropometry, generic physical fitness tests (countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum in bench-press, row, and half-squat machine), and specific field tests (isometric and dynamic judogi chin-up and Special Judo Fitness Test [SJFT]). All measurements were presented at baseline, and 8 athletes per group completed pre-training and post-training assessments. Both groups performed the same judo training routine, and the EG also performed 3/weekly/sessions of strength training for 8 weeks. All measurements were conducted during the competitive season. There were no differences in body mass, height, and body fat percentage after the training period (p > 0.05). Improvements were observed in maximal strength for bench press (26.6%), row (17.7%), half-squat machine (29%), dynamic judogi chin-up (33%), and the following SJFT responses: block A (16.7%), block B (11.3%), sum of 3 blocks (8.3%), heart rate after 1 minute (-7.0%), and index (-12.5%), representing performance improvement for the EG. It was concluded that 8 weeks of strength training was positive for general and specific performance. Finally, this strength program may help coaches to develop strength without changes in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio H M Branco
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion (PPGPS/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pablo V Badilla
- Physical Education Pedagogy, Faculty of Education. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile ; and
| | - Leonardo V Andreato
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis-SC, Brazil
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Gautvik KM, Olstad OK, Raue U, Gautvik VT, Kvernevik KJ, Utheim TP, Ravnum S, Kirkegaard C, Wiig H, Jones G, Pilling LC, Trappe S, Raastad T, Reppe S. Heavy-load exercise in older adults activates vasculogenesis and has a stronger impact on muscle gene expression than in young adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:23. [PMID: 36182918 PMCID: PMC9526277 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking effect of old age is the involuntary loss of muscle mass and strength leading to sarcopenia and reduced physiological functions. However, effects of heavy-load exercise in older adults on diseases and functions as predicted by changes in muscle gene expression have been inadequately studied. METHODS Thigh muscle global transcriptional activity (transcriptome) was analyzed in cohorts of older and younger adults before and after 12-13 weeks heavy-load strength exercise using Affymetrix microarrays. Three age groups, similarly trained, were compared: younger adults (age 24 ± 4 years), older adults of average age 70 years (Oslo cohort) and above 80 years (old BSU cohort). To increase statistical strength, one of the older cohorts was used for validation. Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify predicted biological effects of a gene set that changed expression after exercise, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to visualize differences in muscle gene expressen between cohorts and individual participants as well as overall changes upon exercise. RESULTS Younger adults, showed few transcriptome changes, but a marked, significant impact was observed in persons of average age 70 years and even more so in persons above 80 years. The 249 transcripts positively or negatively altered in both cohorts of older adults (q-value < 0.1) were submitted to gene set enrichment analysis using IPA. The transcripts predicted increase in several aspects of "vascularization and muscle contractions", whereas functions associated with negative health effects were reduced, e.g., "Glucose metabolism disorder" and "Disorder of blood pressure". Several genes that changed expression after intervention were confirmed at the genome level by containing single nucleotide variants associated with handgrip strength and muscle expression levels, e.g., CYP4B1 (p = 9.2E-20), NOTCH4 (p = 9.7E-8), and FZD4 (p = 5.3E-7). PCA of the 249 genes indicated a differential pattern of muscle gene expression in young and elderly. However, after exercise the expression patterns in both young and old BSU cohorts were changed in the same direction for the vast majority of participants. CONCLUSIONS The positive impact of heavy-load strength training on the transcriptome increased markedly with age. The identified molecular changes translate to improved vascularization and muscular strength, suggesting highly beneficial health effects for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare M. Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Lab, Ball State University, Muncie, IN USA
| | - Vigdis T. Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl J. Kvernevik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal Surgical Unit, Arendal, Norway
| | - Solveig Ravnum
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Kirkegaard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Garan Jones
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luke C. Pilling
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Lab, Ball State University, Muncie, IN USA
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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