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Silva JKTNF, Menêses AL, Silva GO, O'Driscoll JM, Ritti-Dias RM, Correia MA, Farah BQ. Acute Effects of Breaking up Sitting Time With Isometric Wall Squat Exercise on Vascular Function and Blood Pressure in Sedentary Adults: Randomized Crossover Trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2024:01273116-990000000-00158. [PMID: 38885063 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The World Health Organization has recommended breaking up sitting time to improve cardiovascular health. However, whether isometric exercise can be effectively used as a strategy to break up sitting time remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with isometric wall squat exercise (IWSE) on vascular function and blood pressure (BP) in sedentary adults. METHODS This randomized crossover trial included 17 adults (53% male, 26 ± 6 yr, 22.4 ± 3.6 kg/m2) with high sedentary behavior (≥ 6 hr/d). The participants completed 2 experimental sessions in a randomized order, both sharing a common sitting period of 180 min: Breaks (2-min breaks were incorporated into the IWSE, with participants maintaining their knees at the angle determined by the incremental test, which occurred every 30 min) and Control (sitting for 180 min continuously). Popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and brachial BP were measured before and at 10 and 30 min after the experimental sessions. RESULTS The results did not indicate significant session vs time interaction effects on popliteal FMD and brachial BP (P > .05). A subanalysis including only participants with popliteal FMD reduction after the Control session (n = 11) revealed that Breaks enhanced popliteal FMD after 10 min (1.38 ± 6.45% vs -4.87 ± 2.95%, P= .002) and 30 min (-0.43 ± 2.48% vs -2.11 ± 5.22%, P= .047). CONCLUSION Breaking up prolonged sitting with IWSE mitigates impaired vascular function resulting from prolonged sitting but has no effect on BP in sedentary adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssika K T N F Silva
- Author Affiliations: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Ms Silva, Mr O. Silva, and Drs Ritti-Dias, Correia, and Farah); Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Ms Silva and Dr Farah); University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Dr Menêses); School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, United Kingdom (Dr O'Driscoll); Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Dr Farah)
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Edwards JJ, Coleman DA, Ritti-Dias RM, Farah BQ, Stensel DJ, Lucas SJE, Millar PJ, Gordon BDH, Cornelissen V, Smart NA, Carlson DJ, McGowan C, Swaine I, Pescatello LS, Howden R, Bruce-Low S, Farmer CKT, Leeson P, Sharma R, O'Driscoll JM. Isometric Exercise Training and Arterial Hypertension: An Updated Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:1459-1497. [PMID: 38762832 PMCID: PMC11239608 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is recognised as a leading attributable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Global initiatives towards the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension are centred around non-pharmacological lifestyle modification. Exercise recommendations differ between professional and scientific organisations, but are generally unanimous on the primary role of traditional aerobic and dynamic resistance exercise. In recent years, isometric exercise training (IET) has emerged as an effective novel exercise intervention with consistent evidence of reductions in blood pressure (BP) superior to that reported from traditional guideline-recommended exercise modes. Despite a wealth of emerging new data and endorsement by select governing bodies, IET remains underutilised and is not widely prescribed in clinical practice. This expert-informed review critically examines the role of IET as a potential adjuvant tool in the future clinical management of BP. We explore the efficacy, prescription protocols, evidence quality and certainty, acute cardiovascular stimulus, and physiological mechanisms underpinning its anti-hypertensive effects. We end the review with take-home suggestions regarding the direction of future IET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Damian A Coleman
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Raphael M Ritti-Dias
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Q Farah
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sam J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philip J Millar
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ben D H Gordon
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Debra J Carlson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheri McGowan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Swaine
- Sport Science, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Reuben Howden
- Department of Applied Physiology, Health and Clinical Sciences, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Stewart Bruce-Low
- Department of Applied Sport and Exercise Science, University of East London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Clinical Cardiovascular Research Facility, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
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Zheng K, Wang Z, Han P, Chen C, Huang C, Wu Y, Wang Y, Guo J, Tao Q, Zhai J, Zhao S, Zhang J, Shen N, Guo Q. Lower heart rate variability is associated with loss of muscle mass and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:571-577. [PMID: 37996320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Autonomic nervous system (ANS) disorders may occur in skeletal muscle disease, but the link between them has not been fully established. Studying the relationship between them may yield insights into the mechanisms and treatment of disease. This study aimed to explore the association between heart rate variability (HRV), sarcopenia, and subscales of sarcopenia (muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical mobility). METHODS 2514 community-dwelling older Chinese participants were included in this study. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia guidelines were used to define sarcopenia. HRV was measured by 90-s electrocardiogram RR interval data. All HRV parameters were transformed using natural logarithms. Multiple regression analysis and multivariate linear regression was performed using potential correlates. RESULTS The overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 15.1 % (18.5 % in males and 12.6 % in females). In the logistic regression analysis model, there was a significant association between log-transformed standard deviation of RR interval (lnSDNN) (OR = 0.736, p = 0.019), log-transformed coefficient of variation of RR intervals (lnCVRR) (OR = 0.751, p = 0.020), log-transformed low-frequency power (lnLF) (OR = 0.861, p = 0.008), log-transformed high-frequency power (lnHF) (OR = 0.864, p = 0.003) and sarcopenia in the general population after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), daily activity levels, hypertension, heart disease and cardiac drugs. In addition, in multivariate linear regression, lnSDNN (β = 0.146, p = 0.001), lnCVRR (β = 0.120, p = 0.010), lnLF (β = 0.066, p = 0.002) and lnHF (β = 0.065, p < 0.001) remained significantly positively associated with muscle mass, but there were no significant differences in grip strength and walking speed. CONCLUSION Sarcopenia was independently associated with lower heart rate variability in a community-dwelling elderly Chinese population. In addition, muscle mass was positively associated with heart rate variability in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peipei Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuanjun Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangling Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongying Tao
- Jiading Subdistrict Community Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhai
- Jiading Subdistrict Community Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyan Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nijia Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Lässing J, Maudrich T, Kenville R, Uyar Z, Bischoff C, Fikenzer S, Busse M, Falz R. Intensity-dependent cardiopulmonary response during and after strength training. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6632. [PMID: 37095279 PMCID: PMC10126007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas cardiopulmonary responses are well understood in endurance training, they are rarely described in strength training. This cross-over study examined acute cardiopulmonary responses in strength training. Fourteen healthy male strength training-experienced participants (age 24.5 ± 2.9 years; BMI 24.1 ± 2.0 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into three strength training sessions (three sets of ten repetitions) with different intensities (50%, 62,5%, and 75% of the 3-Repetition Maximum) of squats in a smith machine. Cardiopulmonary (impedance cardiography, ergo-spirometry) responses were continuously monitored. During exercise period, heart rate (HR 143 ± 16 vs. 132 ± 15 vs. 129 ± 18 bpm, respectively; p < 0.01; η2p 0.54) and cardiac output (CO: 16.7 ± 3.7 vs. 14.3 ± 2.5 vs. 13.6 ± 2.4 l/min, respectively; p < 0.01; η2p 0.56) were higher at 75% of 3-RM compared to those at the other intensities. We noted similar stroke volume (SV: p = 0.08; η2p 0.18) and end-diastolic volume (EDV: p = 0.49). Ventilation (VE) was higher at 75% compared to 62.5% and 50% (44.0 ± 8.0 vs. 39.6 ± 10.4 vs. 37.6 ± 7.7 l/min, respectively; p < 0.01; η2p 0.56). Respiration rate (RR; p = .16; η2p 0.13), tidal volume (VT: p = 0.41; η2p 0.07) and oxygen uptake (VO2: p = 0.11; η2p 0.16) did not differ between intensities. High systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evident (62.5% 3-RM 197 ± 22.4/108.8 ± 13.4 mmHG). During the post-exercise period (60 s), SV, CO, VE, VO2, and VCO2 were higher (p < 0.01) than during the exercise period, and the pulmonary parameters differed markedly between intensities (VE p < 0.01; RR p < 0.01; VT p = 0.02; VO2 p < 0.01; VCO2 p < 0.01). Despite the differences in strength training intensity, the cardiopulmonary response reveals significant differences predominantly during the post-exercise period. Intensity-induced breath holding induces high blood pressure peaks and cardiopulmonary recovery effects after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lässing
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tom Maudrich
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rouven Kenville
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zarah Uyar
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 20-30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Bischoff
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 20-30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Fikenzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Busse
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 20-30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Falz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße 20-30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Muñoz-Diosdado A, Solís-Montufar ÉE, Zamora-Justo JA. Visibility Graph Analysis of Heartbeat Time Series: Comparison of Young vs. Old, Healthy vs. Diseased, Rest vs. Exercise, and Sedentary vs. Active. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25040677. [PMID: 37190463 PMCID: PMC10137780 DOI: 10.3390/e25040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Using the visibility graph algorithm (VGA), a complex network can be associated with a time series, such that the properties of the time series can be obtained by studying those of the network. Any value of the time series becomes a node of the network, and the number of other nodes that it is connected to can be quantified. The degree of connectivity of a node is positively correlated with its magnitude. The slope of the regression line is denoted by k-M, and, in this work, this parameter was calculated for the cardiac interbeat time series of different contrasting groups, namely: young vs. elderly; healthy subjects vs. patients with congestive heart failure (CHF); young subjects and adults at rest vs. exercising young subjects and adults; and, finally, sedentary young subjects and adults vs. active young subjects and adults. In addition, other network parameters, including the average degree and the average path length, of these time series networks were also analyzed. Significant differences were observed in the k-M parameter, average degree, and average path length for all analyzed groups. This methodology based on the analysis of the three mentioned parameters of complex networks has the advantage that such parameters are very easy to calculate, and it is useful to classify heartbeat time series of subjects with CHF vs. healthy subjects, and also for young vs. elderly subjects and sedentary vs. active subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Éric E Solís-Montufar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - José A Zamora-Justo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC), Santo Domingo 10602, Dominican Republic
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Xinyue Z, Bao Z, Wei L, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Xu D, Sun W, Xu D. Comparison of the effects of three kinds of hand exercises on improving limb function in patients after transradial cardiac catheterization. Int J Nurs Sci 2023; 10:182-188. [PMID: 37128485 PMCID: PMC10148249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to compare effects of different hand exercises on improving limb function in patients after transradial cardiac catheterization. Methods This single-center, randomized clinical trial was conducted from August 20, 2020, to July 20, 2021, at an academic medical center. A total of 102 participants were selected from a Class A tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China and randomized into three groups: finger exercise group (n = 34), acupoint massage group (n = 34), and handgrip exercise group (n = 34). Symptoms of edema and pain were defined as primary outcomes, while skin temperature and degree of bleeding as secondary outcomes, which were monitored and measured 1, 2, and 4 h, after the intervention. Results Among the 99 participants who completed the process, the palm edema was gradually relieved in the handgrip exercise group at 2 h (H = 6.710, P = 0.035) and 4 h (H = 10.060, P < 0.001) following the intervention. The edema of fingers in the handgrip exercise group was obviously relieved at 2 h (H = 9.353, P < 0.01) and 4 h (H = 10.699, P < 0.001) following the intervention compared with the other two groups. In addition, the pain score at 4 h (H = 7.048, P = 0.029) was clearly decreased in the handgrip exercise group. However, there was no significant difference in the punctured limb's skin temperature (H = 0.922, P = 0.631) and the degree of bleeding (H = 0.123, P = 0.940) among the three groups. Conclusions We found that handgrip exercise is more effective in reducing the edema of the limbs than finger exercise and acupoint massage.
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O'Driscoll JM, Edwards JJ, Coleman DA, Taylor KA, Sharma R, Wiles JD. One year of isometric exercise training for blood pressure management in men: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2406-2412. [PMID: 35969194 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isometric exercise training (IET) over 4-12 weeks is an effective antihypertensive intervention. However, blood pressure (BP) reductions are reversible if exercise is not maintained. No work to date has investigated the long-term effects of IET on resting BP. METHODS We randomized 24 unmedicated patients with high-normal BP to a 1-year wall squat IET intervention or nonintervention control group. Resting BP and various clinically important haemodynamic variables, including heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured pre and post the 1-year study period. RESULTS One year of IET produced statistically significant reductions in resting systolic (-8.5 ± 5 mmHg, P < 0.001) and diastolic (-7.3 ± 5.8 mmHg, P < 0.001) BP compared with the control group. There was also a significant reduction in resting HR (-4.2 ± 3.7 b/min, P = 0.009) and a significant increase in SV (11.2 ± 2.8 ml, P = 0.012), with no significant change in CO (0.12 ± 2.8 l/min, P = 0.7). TPR significantly decreased following IET (-246 ± 88 dyne·s/cm 5 , P = 0.011). Adherence to the IET sessions was 77% across all participants (3x IET sessions per week), with no participant withdrawals. CONCLUSION This novel study supports IET as an effective long-term strategy for the management of resting BP, producing clinically important, chronic BP adaptations in patients at risk of hypertension. Importantly, this work also demonstrates impressive long-term adherence rates, further supporting the implementation of IET as a means of effective BP management in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M O'Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Jamie J Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
| | - Damian A Coleman
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
| | - Katrina A Taylor
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Jonathan D Wiles
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
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Zafeiridis A, Kounoupis A, Papadopoulos S, Koutlas A, Boutou AK, Smilios I, Dipla K. Brain oxygenation during multiple sets of isometric and dynamic resistance exercise of equivalent workloads: Association with systemic haemodynamics. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1020-1030. [PMID: 35271420 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2045061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain function relies on sufficient blood flow and oxygen supply. Changes in cerebral oxygenation during exercise have been linked to brain activity and central command. Isometric- and dynamic-resistance exercise-(RE) may elicit differential responses in systemic circulation, neural function and metabolism; all important regulators of cerebral circulation. We examined whether (i) cerebral oxygenation differs between isometric- and dynamic-RE of similar exercise characteristics and (ii) cerebral oxygenation changes relate to cardiovascular adjustments occurring during RE. Fourteen men performed, randomly, an isometric-RE and a dynamic-RE of similar characteristics (bilateral-leg-press, 2-min×4-sets, 30% of maximal-voluntary-contraction, equivalent tension-time-index/workload). Cerebral-oxygenation (oxyhaemoglobin-O2Hb; total haemoglobin-tHb/blood-volume-index; deoxyhemoglobin-HHb) was assessed by NIRS and beat-by-beat haemodynamics via photoplethysmography. Cerebral-O2Hb and tHb progressively increased from the 1st to 4th set in both RE-protocols (p < 0.05); HHb slightly decreased (p < 0.05). Changes in NIRS-parameters were similar between RE-protocols within each exercise-set (p = 0.91-1.00) and during the entire protocol (including resting-phases) (p = 0.48-0.63). O2Hb and tHb changes were not correlated with changes in systemic haemodynamics. In conclusion, cerebral oxygenation/blood-volume steadily increased during multiple-set RE-protocols. Isometric- and dynamic-RE of matched exercise characteristics resulted in similar prefrontal oxygenation/blood volume changes, suggesting similar cerebral haemodynamic and possibly neuronal responses to maintain a predetermined force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zafeiridis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kounoupis
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Aggelos Koutlas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Swift HT, O'Driscoll JM, Coleman DD, Caux AD, Wiles JD. Acute cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to leg and arm isometric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:975-985. [PMID: 35089384 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute cardiovascular responses following a single session of isometric exercise (IE) have been shown to predict chronic adaptations in blood pressure (BP) regulation. It was hypothesised that exercises which recruit more muscle mass induce greater reductions in BP compared to exercises using smaller muscle mass. To test this hypothesis, the current study aimed to compare the acute haemodynamic and autonomic responses to a single session of isometric wall squat (IWS) and isometric handgrip (IHG) training. METHODS Twenty-six sedentary participants performed a single IWS and IHG session in a randomised cross-over design, with training composed of 4 × 2-min contractions, with 2-min rest, at 95 HRpeak and 30% MVC respectively. Haemodynamic and cardiac autonomic variables were recorded pre, during, immediately post, and 1-h post-exercise, with the change from baseline for each variable used for comparative analysis. RESULTS During IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater increase in systolic BP (P < 0.001), diastolic BP (P < 0.001), mean BP (P < 0.001), heart rate (P < 0.001), and cardiac output (P < 0.001), and a contrasting decrease in baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI) and cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (cBRS). In the 10-min recovery period following IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater reduction in systolic BP (P = 0.005), diastolic BP (P = 0.006), mean BP (P = 0.003), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (P < 0.001), BEI (P = 0.003), and power spectral density (PSD-RRI) (P < 0.001). There were no differences in any variables between conditions 1-h post exercise. CONCLUSIONS Isometric wall squat exercise involving larger muscle mass is associated with a significantly greater post-exercise hypotensive response during a 10-min recovery window compared to smaller muscle mass IHG exercise. The significantly greater reduction in TPR may be an important mechanism for the differences in BP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry T Swift
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Damian D Coleman
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Anthony De Caux
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Jonathan D Wiles
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
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Baffour-Awuah B, Pearson MJ, Smart NA, Dieberg G. Safety, efficacy and delivery of isometric resistance training as an adjunct therapy for blood pressure control: a modified Delphi study. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:483-495. [PMID: 35017680 PMCID: PMC8752388 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled hypertension remains the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Isometric resistance training (IRT) has been shown to be a useful nonpharmacological therapy for reducing blood pressure (BP); however, some exercise physiologists and other health professionals are uncertain of the efficacy and safety of IRT. Experts' consensus was sought in light of the current variability of IRT use as an adjunct treatment for hypertension. An expert consensus-building analysis (Delphi study) was conducted on items relevant to the safety, efficacy and delivery of IRT. The study consisted of 3 phases: (1) identification of items and expert participants for inclusion; (2) a two-round modified Delphi exercise involving expert panelists to build consensus; and (3) a study team consensus meeting for a final item review. A list of 50 items was generated, and 42 international experts were invited to join the Delphi panel. Thirteen and 10 experts completed Delphi Rounds 1 and 2, respectively, reaching consensus on 26 items in Round 1 and 10 items in Round 2. The study team consensus meeting conducted a final item review and considered the remaining 14 items for the content list. A final list of 43 items regarding IRT reached expert consensus: 7/10 items on safety, 11/11 items on efficacy, 10/12 items on programming, 8/10 items on delivery, and 7/7 on the mechanism of action. This study highlights that while experts reached a consensus that IRT is efficacious as an antihypertensive therapy, some still have safety concerns, and there is also ongoing conjecture regarding optimal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biggie Baffour-Awuah
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Melissa J. Pearson
- grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Neil A. Smart
- grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Gudrun Dieberg
- grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
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11
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Decaux A, Edwards JJ, Swift HT, Hurst P, Hopkins J, Wiles JD, O’Driscoll JM. Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic adaptations to isometric exercise training: A randomized sham-controlled study. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15112. [PMID: 35083878 PMCID: PMC8792514 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Isometric exercise training (IET) is increasingly cited for its role in reducing resting blood pressure (BP). Despite this, few studies have investigated a potential sham effect attributing to the success of IET, thus dictating the aim of the present study. Thirty physically inactive males (n = 15) and females (n = 15) were randomly assigned into three groups. The IET group completed a wall squat intervention at 95% peak heart rate (HR) using a prescribed knee joint angle. The sham group performed a parallel intervention, but at an intensity (<75% peak HR) previously identified to be inefficacious over a 4-week training period. No-intervention controls maintained their normal daily activities. Pre- and post-measures were taken for resting and continuous blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation. Resting clinic and continuous beat-to-beat systolic (-15.2 ± 9.2 and -7.3 ± 5.6 mmHg), diastolic (-4.6 ± 5 and -4.5 ± 5.1), and mean (-7 ± 4.2 and -7.5 ± 5.3) BP, respectively, all significantly decreased in the IET group compared to sham and no-intervention control. The IET group observed a significant decrease in low-frequency normalized units of heart rate variability concurrent with a significant increase in high-frequency normalized units of heart rate variability compared to both the sham and no-intervention control groups. The findings of the present study reject a nonspecific effect and further support the role of IET as an effective antihypertensive intervention. Clinical Trials ID: NCT05025202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Decaux
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Jamie J. Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Harry T. Swift
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Philip Hurst
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Jordan Hopkins
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Jonathan D. Wiles
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
| | - Jamie M. O’Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityKentUK
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12
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Edwards J, De Caux A, Donaldson J, Wiles J, O'Driscoll J. Isometric exercise versus high-intensity interval training for the management of blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:506-514. [PMID: 34911677 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the efficacy of isometric exercise training (IET) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the management of resting blood pressure (BP). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane library and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials published between 1 January 2000 and 1 September 2020. Research trials reporting the effects of IET or HIIT on resting BP following a short-term intervention (2-12 weeks). RESULTS 38 studies were analysed (18 IET and 20 HIIT), including 1583 (672 IET and 911 HIIT) participants, of which 612 (268 IET and 344 HIIT) were controls.IET produced significantly greater reductions in resting BP compared with HIIT with systolic, diastolic and mean BP effect sizes of 8.50 mm Hg vs 2.86 mm Hg (Q=17.10, p<0.001), 4.07 mm Hg vs 2.48 mm Hg (Q=4.71, p=0.03) and 6.46 mm Hg vs 3.15 mm Hg (Q=4.21, p=0.04) respectively. However, HIIT reduced resting heart rate significantly more than IET (3.17bpm vs 1.34bpm, Q=7.63, p=0.006). CONCLUSION While both modes are efficacious, IET appears to be the superior mode of exercise in the management of resting BP. However, HIIT may achieve wider physiological benefits, with greater reductions in resting heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Anthony De Caux
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - James Donaldson
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK.,Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Wiles
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Jamie O'Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
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13
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Left ventricular mechanical, cardiac autonomic and metabolic responses to a single session of high intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:383-394. [PMID: 34738196 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) produces significant health benefits. However, the acute physiological responses to HIIT are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to measure the acute cardiac autonomic, haemodynamic, metabolic and left ventricular mechanical responses to a single HIIT session. METHODS Fifty young, healthy participants completed a single HIIT session, comprising of three 30-s maximal exercise intervals on a cycle ergometer, interspersed with 2-min active recovery. Cardiac autonomics, haemodynamics and metabolic variables were measured pre-, during and post-HIIT. Conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography was used to record standard and tissue Doppler measures of left ventricular (LV) structure, function and mechanics pre- and post-HIIT. RESULTS Following a single HIIT session, there was significant post-exercise systolic hypotension (126 ± 13 to 111 ± 10 mmHg, p < 0.05), parallel to a significant reduction in total peripheral resistance (1640 ± 365 to 639 ± 177 dyne⋅s⋅cm5, p < 0.001) and significant increases in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and baroreceptor effectiveness index (9.2 ± 11 to 24.8 ± 16.7 ms⋅mmHg-1 and 41.8 ± 28 to 68.8 ± 16.2, respectively) during recovery compared to baseline. There was also a significant increase in the low- to high-frequency heart rate variability ratio in recovery (0.7 ± 0.48 to 1.7 ± 1, p < 0.001) and significant improvements in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (- 18.3 ± 1.2% to - 29.2 ± 2.3%, p < 0.001), and myocardial twist mechanics (1.27 ± 0.72 to 1.98 ± 0.72°·cm-1, p = 0.028) post-HIIT compared to baseline. CONCLUSION A single HIIT session is associated with acute improvements in autonomic modulation, haemodynamic cardiovascular control and left ventricular function, structure and mechanics. The acute responses to HIIT provide crucial mechanistic information, which may have significant acute and chronic clinical implications.
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14
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Wiles J, Rees-Roberts M, O'Driscoll JM, Doulton T, MacInnes D, Short V, Pellatt-Higgins T, Saxby K, Gousia K, West A, Smith M, Santer E, Darby J, Farmer CK. Feasibility study to assess the delivery of a novel isometric exercise intervention for people with stage 1 hypertension in the NHS: protocol for the IsoFIT-BP study including amendments to mitigate the risk of COVID-19. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:192. [PMID: 34711266 PMCID: PMC8551940 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) affects approximately 25% of the UK population and is a leading cause of mortality. Associated annual health care costs run into billions. National treatment guidance includes initial lifestyle advice, followed by anti-hypertensive medication if blood pressure (BP) remains high. However, adoption and adherence to recommended exercise guidelines, dietary advice and anti-hypertensive medication is poor. Four short bouts of isometric exercise (IE) performed 3 days per week (d/wk) at home elicits clinically significant reductions in BP in those with normal to high-normal BP. This study will determine the feasibility of delivering personalised IE to patients with stage 1 hypertension for whom lifestyle changes would be recommended before medication within NHS primary care. METHODS This is a randomised controlled feasibility study. Participants were 18+ years, with stage 1 hypertension, not on anti-hypertensive medication and without significant medical contraindications. Trial arms will be standard lifestyle advice (control) or isometric wall squat exercise and standard lifestyle advice. Primary outcomes include the feasibility of healthcare professionals to deliver isometric exercise prescriptions in a primary care NHS setting and estimation of the variance of change in systolic BP. Secondary outcomes include accuracy of protocol delivery, execution of and adherence to protocol, recruitment rate, attrition, perception of intervention viability, cost, participant experience and accuracy of home BP. The study will last 18 months. Sample size of 100 participants (50 per arm) allows for 20% attrition and 6.5% incomplete data, based upon 74 (37 each arm) participants (two-sided 95% confidence interval, width of 1.33 and standard deviation of 4) completing 4 weeks. Ethical approval IRAS ID is 274676. DISCUSSION Before the efficacy of this novel intervention to treat stage 1 hypertension can be investigated in any large randomised controlled trial, it is necessary to ascertain if it can be delivered and carried out in a NHS primary care setting. Findings could support IE viability as a prophylactic/alternative treatment option. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN13472393 , registered 18 August 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wiles
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
| | | | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Timothy Doulton
- Renal Department East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Douglas MacInnes
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Vanessa Short
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | | - Katie Saxby
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Katerina Gousia
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | | | | - Ellie Santer
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | | - Chris K Farmer
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Renal Department East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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15
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Kounoupis A, Dipla K, Tsabalakis I, Papadopoulos S, Galanis N, Boutou AK, Vrabas IS, Smilios I, Zafeiridis A. Muscle Oxygenation, Neural, and Cardiovascular Responses to Isometric and Workload-matched Dynamic Resistance Exercise. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:119-130. [PMID: 34380149 DOI: 10.1055/a-1539-6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Differences in blood flow patterns and energy cost between isometric and dynamic resistance exercise may result to variant cardiovascular, neural, and muscle metabolic responses. We aimed to compare the cardiovascular, baroreceptor sensitivity, and muscle oxygenation responses between workload-matched, large muscle-mass isometric and dynamic resistance exercises. Twenty-four young men performed an isometric and a dynamic double leg-press protocol (4 sets×2 min) with similar tension time index (workload). Beat-by-beat hemodynamics, baroreceptor sensitivity, muscle oxygenation, and blood lactate were assessed. The increase in blood pressure was greater (p<0.05) in the 1st set during dynamic than isometric exercise (by ~4.5 mmHg), not different in the 2nd and 3rd sets, and greater in the 4th set during isometric exercise (by ~5 mmHg). Dynamic resistance exercise evoked a greater increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and contractility index (p<0.05), and a greater decline in peripheral resistance, baroreceptor sensitivity, and cardiac function indices than isometric exercise (p<0.05). Participants exhibited a greater reduction in muscle oxyhemoglobin and a greater increase in muscle deoxyhemoglobin in dynamic versus isometric exercise (p<0.001-0.05), with no differences in total hemoglobin and blood lactate. In conclusion, large muscle-mass, multiple-set isometric exercise elicits a relatively similar blood pressure but blunted cardiovascular and baroreceptor sensitivity responses compared to workload-matched dynamic resistance exercise. Differences in blood pressure responses between protocols appear small (~5 mmHg) and are affected by the number of sets. The muscle oxidative stimulus is greater during dynamic resistance exercise than workload-matched isometric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Kounoupis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsabalakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Galanis
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi K Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Thessaloniki G Papanikolaou, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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16
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Li H, Zhang X, Bi S, Liu H, Cao Y, Zhang G. Green Exercise: Can Nature Video Benefit Isometric Exercise? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115554. [PMID: 34067389 PMCID: PMC8196960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Green exercise is the combination of physical activity and nature exposure, which has been associated with positive effects on psychophysiological health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nature video viewing on isometric exercise and find a useful practice for green exercise in urban living. In the current study, 18 male subjects were recruited in a randomized crossover trial and underwent a sequence of wall squat exercises. The whole experiment contained three periods of baseline (before exercise), exercise, and recovery (after exercise), and each period lasted for 2 min. A video of forest walking was played in the exercise and recovery periods as treatment, while a black screen was set as control. The Rate of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) and Feeling Scale (FS) were employed to measure perceived exertion and affective responses in the exercise period; heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) including the standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the standard deviations of the Poincaré plot (SD1), were recorded in the three periods. Heart rate recovery (HRR) in the recovery period was further calculated based on 30 s and 60 s time frames. Results demonstrated that during the exercise period nature video viewing was associated with better affective responses (median of 1.00 and an interquartile (IQR) of 2.00, p = 0.017), lower perceived exertion (median = 6.00, IQR = 2.00, p = 0.021), and lower HR (median = 89.60, IQR = 20.94, p = 0.01), but the differences in HRV indices between the experimental settings were not statistically significant. In the recovery period, significantly higher values of RMSSD (median = 34.88, IQR = 24.52, p = 0.004), SD1 (median = 24.75, IQR = 17.41, p = 0.003), and HR (median = 84.18, IQR = 16.58, p = 0.001) were observed in the treatment setting, whereas no statistically significant difference was found for HRR. In general, our findings support that nature video viewing may help reduce perceived exertion, increase exercise pleasure, buffer heart rate, and improve cardiac autonomic recovery for wall squat exercising, which implies the potential of nature-based stimuli in green exercise. However, due to the limited research sample, further study may need to include female participants and focus on various populations to confirm the effectiveness of using virtual and environments depicting nature at home or in public exercise places to promote positive exercise experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Li
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring of General Administration of Sports of China, Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Basketball and Volleyball, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Shilin Bi
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
| | - Haowei Liu
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring of General Administration of Sports of China, Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +46-19-602-6236 (Y.C.); +86-15730267257 (G.Z.)
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring of General Administration of Sports of China, Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +46-19-602-6236 (Y.C.); +86-15730267257 (G.Z.)
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17
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DeFabio DC, DeFabio CJ. Exercise parameters for the chronic type B aortic dissection patient: a literature review and case report. Postgrad Med 2020; 133:217-222. [PMID: 32940109 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1824728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conservative management of a Stanford type B aortic dissection (TBD) is optimal blood pressure management, cardiac rehabilitation, and progressive return to activities of daily living (ADL) while preventing advancing dissection and aortic dilation. Recent case reports indicate higher levels of activity may be safe; however, the exercise parameters for chronic TBD conditions span a broad range and the research is limited. CASE PRESENTATION The clinical presentation and outpatient cardiac and physical rehabilitation program for a 61-year-old male with a chronic TBD from his subclavian artery to common iliac arteries is presented. The exercise protocol was developed and based on the available literature for the management of chronic aortic diseases. Eighteen months after the patient's acute TBD event, he began an exercise protocol designed to address the sport specific functional deficits related to his recreational activities. The program incorporated a variety of exercises from resistance training to cardiovascular exercise and high interval training. The therapeutic goals included restoration of cardiac fitness and improvement of core stability and appendicular strength, ultimately aiming toward a potential to return to recreational sport involving short duration, high intensity activity. CONCLUSION In conjunction with the appropriate anti-hypertensive medication treatment, understanding the concepts of aortic hemodynamics as they relate to exercise can serve as a guideline for clinicians in developing an individualized exercise program for their TBD patients. Moreover, these physical training programs may include particular exercise guidelines beyond general recommendations of light to moderate cardiovascular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C DeFabio
- Chiropractic Physician, Private Practice, Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA
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18
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AlShahrani AN, Al‐Asoom LI, Alsunni AA, Elbahai NS, Yar T. Assessment of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in young obese Saudi males at rest and in response to physiological challenges. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14625. [PMID: 33190394 PMCID: PMC7666776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic imbalance in overweight/obese persons could lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications including hypertension and arrhythmias. Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity is a sensitive indicator to detect an altered sympathovagal balance in overweight/obese individuals. This study investigated the effects of overweight/obesity on baroreceptor sensitivity in young Saudi males at rest and in response to physiological challenges. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity at rest and in response to deep breathing, isometric hand grip exercise and moderate intensity isotonic exercise were recorded in 20 normal weight and 20 overweight/obese subjects. Finger arterial blood pressure signal, recorded through Finometer, was used to calculate baroreceptor sensitivity through cross-correlation method. The baroreceptor sensitivity data were log transformed before application of parametric tests. RESULTS The spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity was similar in both groups at baseline, but exhibited a significant increase during deep breathing only in normal weight (p < .001). Immediately after the isotonic exercise the baroreceptor sensitivity was significantly lower than baseline in both normal weight and overweight/obese and remained significantly lower in overweight/obese individuals compared to normal weight (p < .05) throughout the recovery period. There was a significant rise in baroreceptor sensitivity after isometric exercise in overweight/obese group only (p = .001). Pearson's correlation showed a significant negative correlation of baroreceptor sensitivity with body mass index during deep breathing (r = -.472, p = .004) and in post-isotonic exercise recovery period (r = -.414, p = .013). CONCLUSION A significantly reduced baroreceptor sensitivity response to deep breathing, reduced baroreceptor sensitivity recovery after isotonic exercise, and an exaggerated shoot up after isometric exercise in overweight/obese suggests an altered sympathovagal balance. Baroreceptor sensitivity measurements in response to physiological challenges, deep breathing, and isotonic exercise, may be more sensitive investigations for detection of early attenuation of cardiac autonomic function. This would enable timely intervention thereby delaying complications and improving the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah N. AlShahrani
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Lubna I. Al‐Asoom
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alsunni
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Nabil S. Elbahai
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Talay Yar
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityDammamSaudi Arabia
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19
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Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:319-329. [PMID: 33070245 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypertension is associated with impaired haemodynamic control mechanisms and autonomic dysfunction. Isometric exercise (IE) interventions have been shown to improve autonomic modulation and reduce blood pressure (BP) predominantly in male participants. The physiological responses to IE are unexplored in female populations; therefore, this study investigated the continous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic response to a single bout of IE in a large female population. METHODS Forty physically inactive females performed a single, individually prescribed isometric wall squat training session. Total power spectral density of heart rate variability (HRV) and associated low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power spectral components were recorded in absolute (ms2) and normalised units (nu) pre, during and post an IE session. Heart rate (HR) was recorded via electrocardiography and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) via the sequence method. Continuous blood pressure was recorded via the vascular unloading technique and stroke volume via impedance cardiography. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was calculated according to Ohm's law. RESULTS During IE, there were significant reductions in HRV (p < 0.001) and BRS (p < 0.001), and significant increases in heart rate (p < 0.001), systolic, mean and diastolic BP (p < 0.001 for all). In recovery following the IE session, cardiac autonomic parameters returned to baseline (p = 0.974); however, total peripheral vascular resistance significantly reduced below baseline (p < 0.001). This peripheral vascular response was associated with significant reductions in systolic (-17.3 ± 16.5 mmHg, p < 0.001), mean (-18.8 ± 17.4 mmHg, p < 0.001) and diastolic BP (-17.3 ± 16.2 mmHg, p < 0.001), below baseline. CONCLUSION A single IE session is associated with improved haemodynamic cardiovascular responses in females. Cardiac autonomic responses return to baseline values, which suggests that alternative mechanisms are responsible for the post-exercise haemodynamic improvements in females. Future mechanistic research is required to investigate the acute and chronic effects of IE in female populations with different resting BP profiles.
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Solís-Montufar EE, Gálvez-Coyt G, Muñoz-Diosdado A. Entropy Analysis of RR-Time Series From Stress Tests. Front Physiol 2020; 11:981. [PMID: 32903750 PMCID: PMC7438833 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The RR-interval time series or tachograms obtained from electrocardiograms have been widely studied since they reflect the cardiac variability, and this is an indicative of the health status of a person. The tachogram can be seen as a highly non-linear and complex time series, and therefore, should be analyzed with non-linear techniques. In this work, several entropy measures, Sample Entropy (SampEn), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), and Fuzzy Entropy (FuzzyEn) are used as a measure of heart rate variability (HRV). Tachograms belonging to thirty-nine subjects were obtained from a cardiac stress test consisting of a rest period followed by a period of moderate physical activity. Subjects are grouped according to their physical activity using the IPAQ sedentary and active questionnaire, we work with youth and middle-aged adults. The entropy measures for each group show that for the sedentary subjects the values are high at rest and decrease appreciably with moderate physical activity, This happens for both young and middle-aged adults. These results are highly reproducible. In the case of the subjects that exercise regularly, an increase in entropy is observed or they tend to retain the entropy value that they had at rest. It seems that there is a possible correlation between the physical condition of a person with the increase or decrease in entropy during moderate physical activity with respect to the entropy at rest. It was also observed that entropy during longer physical activity tests tends to decrease as fatigue accumulates, but this decrease is small compared to the change that occurs when going from rest to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Solís-Montufar
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Gálvez-Coyt
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Yamagata T, Sako T. High cardiovascular reactivity and muscle strength attenuate hypotensive effects of isometric handgrip training in young women: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 2020; 42:595-600. [PMID: 32249609 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2020.1747482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isometric resistance training may reduce resting blood pressure (BP); however, the magnitude of this effect varies among individual subjects and few studies attempted to predict it. This study aimed to investigate the potential hypotensive effects of isometric training and their association with cardiovascular reactivity to acute isometric exercise and muscle strength in young women. METHODS In this randomized trial, twenty young women were randomly assigned to either the training (n = 10) or control (n = 10) group. Women from the training group performed unilateral isometric handgrip sessions for 8 weeks (4 × 2 min at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]; 3 days/week). Cardiovascular reactivity to acute isometric exercise and MVC were measured at baseline. Resting BP was assessed during and after the intervention. RESULTS Resting systolic BP significantly lowered only in the training group. The change in resting systolic BP following an 8-week intervention was significantly associated with the systolic BP and diastolic BP reactivity to the acute exercise at baseline during set 3 and 4 (P <.05). The handgrip MVC was associated with changes in systolic BP (r = 0.79, P =.007), diastolic BP (r = 0.68, P =.032), and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.79, P =.006). These results indicated that high cardiovascular reactivity and strength attenuate the hypotensive effects following isometric training in young women. CONCLUSIONS The hypotensive effects following isometric training may be identified by BP reactivity to acute isometric exercise or handgrip strength in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamagata
- Department of Clothing, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sako
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University , Tokyo, Japan
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Gois MDO, Simões RP, Porta A, Kunz VC, Pastre CM, Catai AM. Cardiovascular responses to low-intensity isometric handgrip exercise in coronary artery disease: effects of posture. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 24:449-457. [PMID: 31526636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) lead to cardiovascular autonomic control disfunctions that can worsen exercise and/or posture adjustments. OBJECTIVES To verify the cardiovascular responses to low-intensity isometric handgrip exercise performed in different postures in CAD patients. This study tested the hypothesis that the posture influences the cardiovascular responses during isometric handgrip exercise and that the presence of CAD leads to greater cardiovascular stress during this type of exercise. METHODS We investigated cardiovascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise in 15 CAD patients (CADG) and 15 health matched-control (CG). The subjects performed isometric handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction until exhaustion in SUPINE, SITTING and STANDING positions. Systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, stroke volume and double product were measured during rest (baseline), exercise (peak value) and recovery in the 1st minute (REC1). Delta PB (ΔPB, peak minus baseline) and PR1 (ΔPR1, peak minus REC1) were calculated. RESULTS Higher ΔPB and ΔPR1 of systolic and mean arterial pressure and double product were observed in STANDING when compared to SITTING and/or SUPINE. CADG showed higher ΔPB of systolic and mean arterial pressure in all postures and higher ΔPR1 of strove volume in the SITTING. CONCLUSION We concluded that the posture during isometric handgrip exercise influences the cardiovascular responses with STANDING leading to higher cardiovascular stress. CAD promoted higher arterial pressure responses however these responses were physiological and expected due to the presence of disease and type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Oliveira Gois
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Polaquini Simões
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCSS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Maria Catai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Falz R, Fikenzer S, Holzer R, Laufs U, Fikenzer K, Busse M. Acute cardiopulmonary responses to strength training, high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1513-1523. [PMID: 30963239 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term effects of exercise training are well studied. Acute hemodynamic responses to various training modalities, in particularly strength training (ST), have only been described in a few studies. This study examines the acute responses to ST, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT). METHODS Twelve young male subjects (age 23.4 ± 2.6 years; BMI 23.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2) performed an incremental exertion test and were randomized into HIIT (4 × 4-min intervals), MCT (continuous cycling) and ST (five body-weight exercises) which were matched for training duration. The cardiopulmonary (impedance cardiography, ergo-spirometry) and metabolic response were monitored. RESULTS Similar peak blood lactate responses were observed after HIIT and ST (8.5 ± 2.6 and 8.1 ± 1.2 mmol/l, respectively; p = 0.83). The training impact time was 90.7 ± 8.5% for HIIT and 68.2 ± 8.5% for MCT (p < 0.0001). The mean cardiac output was significantly higher for HIIT compared to that of MCT and ST (23.2 ± 4.1 vs. 20.9 ± 2.9 vs. 12.9 ± 2.9 l/min, respectively; p < 0.0001). VO2max was twofold higher during HIIT compared to that observed during ST (2529 ± 310 vs. 1290 ± 156 ml; p = 0.0004). Among the components of ST, squats compared with push-ups resulted in different heart rate (111 ± 13.5 vs. 125 ± 15.7 bpm, respectively; p < 0.05) and stroke volume (125 ± 23.3 vs. 104 ± 19.8 ml, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite an equal training duration and a similar acute metabolic response, large differences with regard to the training impact time and the cardiopulmonary response give evident. HIIT and MCT, but less ST, induced a sufficient cardiopulmonary response, which is important for the preventive effects of training; however, large differences in intensity were apparent for ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Falz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sven Fikenzer
- Medical Department IV-Cardiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Holzer
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Medical Department IV-Cardiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kati Fikenzer
- Medical Department IV-Cardiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Busse
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention, University of Leipzig, Marschnerstraße 29a, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
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Taylor KA, Wiles JD, Coleman DA, Leeson P, Sharma R, O'Driscoll JM. Neurohumoral and ambulatory haemodynamic adaptations following isometric exercise training in unmedicated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2019; 37:827-836. [PMID: 30817465 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension remains the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Isometric exercise training (IET) has been shown to be a useful nonpharmacological intervention for reducing resting blood pressure (BP). This study aimed to measure alterations in office BP, ambulatory BP, cardiac autonomic modulation and inflammatory and vascular biomarkers following a programme of IET in unmedicated hypertensive patients. METHODS Twenty-four unmedicated stage 1 hypertensive patients (age 43.8 ± 7.3 years; height, 178.1 ± 7 cm; weight 89.7 ± 12.8 kg) were randomly assigned in a cross-over study design, to 4-weeks of home-based IET and control period, separated by a 3-week washout period. Office and ambulatory BP, cardiac autonomic modulation, and inflammatory and vascular biomarkers were recorded pre and post-IET and control periods. RESULTS Clinic and 24-h ambulatory BP significantly reduced following IET by 12.4/6.2 and 11.8/5.6 mmHg in SBP/DBP, respectively (P < 0.001 for both), compared with the control. The BP adaptations were associated with a significant (P = 0.018) reduction in the average real variability of 24-h ambulatory BP following IET, compared with control. Cardiac autonomic modulation improved by 11% (P < 0.001), baroreceptor reflex sensitivity improved by 47% (P < 0.001), and IL-6 and asymmetric dimethylarginine reduced by 10% (P = 0.022) and 19% (P = 0.023), respectively, which differed significantly to the control period. CONCLUSION This is the first evidence of durable BP reduction and wider cardiovascular disease risk benefits of IET in a relevant patient population. Our findings support the role of IET as a safe and viable therapeutic and preventive intervention in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Taylor
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
| | - Jonathan D Wiles
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
| | - Damian A Coleman
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
| | - Paul Leeson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oxford Clinical Cardiovascular Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Araujo FDS, Dias RMR, Nascimento RLD, Numata Filho ES, Moraes JFVND, Moreira SR. Effects of isometric resistance training on blood pressure and physical fitness of men. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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TEIXEIRA ANDRÉL, RITTI-DIAS RAPHAEL, ANTONINO DIEGO, BOTTARO MARTIM, MILLAR PHILIPJ, VIANNA LAUROC. Sex Differences in Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity after Isometric Handgrip Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:770-777. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wiles JD, Taylor K, Coleman D, Sharma R, O’Driscoll JM. The safety of isometric exercise: Rethinking the exercise prescription paradigm for those with stage 1 hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0105. [PMID: 29517686 PMCID: PMC5882444 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the relative safety of prescribing isometric exercise (IE) to reduce resting blood pressure (BP). This study aimed to ascertain the safety of the hemodynamic response during an IE wall squat protocol.Twenty-six hypertensive (BP of 120-139 mm Hg systolic and/or 80-90 mm Hg diastolic) males (45 ± 8 years; 1.78 ± 0.07 m; 89.7 ± 12.3 kg; mean ± SD), visited the laboratory on 2 separate occasions. Heart rate (HR) and BP were measured at rest and continuously throughout exercise. In visit 1, participants completed a continuous incremental isometric wall squat exercise test, starting at 135° of knee flexion, decreasing by 10° every 2 minutes until 95° (final stage). Exercise was terminated upon completion of the test or volitional fatigue. The relationship between knee joint angle and mean HR was used to calculate the participant-specific knee joint angle required to elicit a target HR of 95% HRpeak. This angle was used to determine exercise intensity for a wall squat training session consisting of 4 × 2 minute bouts (visit 2).Systolic BPs during the exercise test and training were 173 ± 21 mm Hg and 171 ± 19 mm Hg, respectively, (P > .05) and were positively related (r = 0.73, P < .05) with ratio limits of agreement (LoA) of 0.995 ×/÷ 1.077. Diastolic BPs were 116 ± 14 mm Hg and 113 ± 11 mm Hg, respectively, (P > .05) and were positively related (r = 0.42, P < .05) with ratio LoA of 0.99 ×/÷ 1.107. No participant recorded a systolic BP > 250 mm Hg. Diastolic BP values > 115 mm Hg were recorded in 12 participants during the incremental test and 6 participants during the training session. Peak rate pressure product was 20681 ± 3911 mm Hg bpm during the IE test and was lower (18074 ± 3209 mm Hg bpm) during the IE session (P = .002). No adverse effects were reported.Based on the current ACSM guidelines for aerobic exercise termination, systolic BP does not reach the upper limit during IE in this population. Diastolic BP exceeds 115 mm Hg in some during the IE protocol, which may suggest the need to individualise IE training prescription in some with suboptimal BP control. Future research is required to ascertain if IE requires modified BP termination guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Wiles
- Section of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University
| | - Katrina Taylor
- Section of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University
| | - Damian Coleman
- Section of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jamie M. O’Driscoll
- Section of Sport & Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University
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Entropy Analysis of Short-Term Heartbeat Interval Time Series during Regular Walking. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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