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Yuschen X, Choi JH, Seo J, Sun Y, Lee E, Kim SW, Park HY. Effects of Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation and Exercise on Cardiovascular Function in Healthy Men in Preliminary Study: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, and Crossover Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1240. [PMID: 38998775 PMCID: PMC11241253 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NRBRJ) can potentially enhance exercise performance and improve cardiovascular function, leading to an increased use of NRBRJ over the years. However, the combined effects of NRBRJ supplementation and exercise on cardiovascular function remain unclear. Therefore, this study compared cardiovascular function responses to submaximal exercise with either placebo (PLA) or NRBRJ supplementation in healthy men. Twelve healthy men (aged 25.2 ± 2.3 years) completed the 30-min submaximal cycle ergometer exercise trials corresponding to 70% maximal heart rate (HRmax) with either PLA or NRBRJ supplementation in a random order. The mean exercise load, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured during exercise. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were measured before and after exercise. NRBRJ supplementation was more effective than PLA in increasing the mean exercise load and decreasing DBP and MAP during submaximal exercise. Furthermore, baPWV decreased in the NRBRJ trial and was considerably lower after exercise in the NRBRJ-supplemented group than in the PLA-supplemented group. FMD significantly increased in the PLA and NRBRJ trials; however, NRBRJ supplementation demonstrated a significantly higher FMD before and after exercise than PLA supplementation. In conclusion, acute NRBRJ supplementation and exercise were more effective than PLA supplementation and exercise in improving aerobic exercise capacity and cardiovascular function in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Yuschen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Choi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Moreau KL, Clayton ZS, DuBose LE, Rosenberry R, Seals DR. Effects of regular exercise on vascular function with aging: Does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H123-H137. [PMID: 37921669 PMCID: PMC11208002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular aging, featuring endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening, is a major risk factor for the development of age-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Vascular aging is largely mediated by an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased inflammation leading to reduced bioavailability of the vasodilatory molecule nitric oxide and remodeling of the arterial wall. Other cellular mechanisms (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired stress response, deregulated nutrient sensing, cellular senescence), termed "hallmarks" or "pillars" of aging, may also contribute to vascular aging. Gonadal aging, which largely impacts women but also impacts some men, modulates the vascular aging process. Regular physical activity, including both aerobic and resistance exercise, is a first-line strategy for reducing CVD risk with aging. Although exercise is an effective intervention to counter vascular aging, there is considerable variation in the vascular response to exercise training with aging. Aerobic exercise improves large elastic artery stiffening in both middle-aged/older men and women and enhances endothelial function in middle-aged/older men by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and preserving nitric oxide bioavailability; however, similar aerobic exercise training improvements are not consistently observed in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Sex differences in adaptations to exercise may be related to gonadal aging and declines in estrogen in women that influence cellular-molecular mechanisms, disconnecting favorable signaling in the vasculature induced by exercise training. The present review will summarize the current state of knowledge on vascular adaptations to regular aerobic and resistance exercise with aging, the underlying mechanisms involved, and the moderating role of biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Ryan Rosenberry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Carrick-Ranson G, Howden EJ, Brazile TL, Levine BD, Reading SA. Effects of aging and endurance exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac structure and function in healthy midlife and older women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1215-1235. [PMID: 37855034 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women in developed societies. Unfavorable structural and functional adaptations within the heart and central blood vessels with sedentary aging in women can act as the substrate for the development of debilitating CVD conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The large decline in cardiorespiratory fitness, as indicated by maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2max and V̇o2peak, respectively), that occurs in women as they age significantly affects their health and chronic disease status, as well as the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Midlife and older women who have performed structured endurance exercise training for several years or decades of their adult lives exhibit a V̇o2max and cardiac and vascular structure and function that are on par or even superior to much younger sedentary women. Therefore, regular endurance exercise training appears to be an effective preventative strategy for mitigating the adverse physiological cardiovascular adaptations associated with sedentary aging in women. Herein, we narratively describe the aging and short- and long-term endurance exercise training adaptations in V̇o2max, cardiac structure, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function at rest and exercise in midlife and older women. The role of circulating estrogens on cardiac structure and function is described for consideration in the timing of exercise interventions to maximize beneficial adaptations. Current research gaps and potential areas for future investigation to advance our understanding in this critical knowledge area are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Carrick-Ranson
- Department of Surgery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin J Howden
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiffany L Brazile
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Stacey A Reading
- Department of Exercise Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Van der Stede T, Spaas J, de Jager S, De Brandt J, Hansen C, Stautemas J, Vercammen B, De Baere S, Croubels S, Van Assche CH, Pastor BC, Vandenbosch M, Van Thienen R, Verboven K, Hansen D, Bové T, Lapauw B, Van Praet C, Decaestecker K, Vanaudenaerde B, Eijnde BO, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y, Derave W. Extensive profiling of histidine-containing dipeptides reveals species- and tissue-specific distribution and metabolism in mice, rats, and humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14020. [PMID: 37485756 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) are pleiotropic homeostatic molecules with potent antioxidative and carbonyl quenching properties linked to various inflammatory, metabolic, and neurological diseases, as well as exercise performance. However, the distribution and metabolism of HCDs across tissues and species are still unclear. METHODS Using a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS approach and an optimized quantification method, we performed a systematic and extensive profiling of HCDs in the mouse, rat, and human body (in n = 26, n = 25, and n = 19 tissues, respectively). RESULTS Our data show that tissue HCD levels are uniquely produced by carnosine synthase (CARNS1), an enzyme that was preferentially expressed by fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres and brain oligodendrocytes. Cardiac HCD levels are remarkably low compared to other excitable tissues. Carnosine is unstable in human plasma, but is preferentially transported within red blood cells in humans but not rodents. The low abundant carnosine analogue N-acetylcarnosine is the most stable plasma HCD, and is enriched in human skeletal muscles. Here, N-acetylcarnosine is continuously secreted into the circulation, which is further induced by acute exercise in a myokine-like fashion. CONCLUSION Collectively, we provide a novel basis to unravel tissue-specific, paracrine, and endocrine roles of HCDs in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaux Van der Stede
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Spaas
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sarah de Jager
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana De Brandt
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Camilla Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Stautemas
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjarne Vercammen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles-Henri Van Assche
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero Pastor
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vandenbosch
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verboven
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Dominique Hansen
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Heart Center Hasselt, Jessa Hospital Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bové
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles Van Praet
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel Decaestecker
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- SMRC Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Division of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ruediger SL, Pizzey FK, Koep JL, Coombes JS, Askew CD, Bailey TG. Comparison of peripheral and cerebral vascular function between premenopausal, early and late postmenopausal females. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:518-530. [PMID: 36621779 PMCID: PMC10103882 DOI: 10.1113/ep090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We sought to investigate whether peripheral and cerebrovascular function are impaired in early and late postmenopausal females compared with premenopausal females, while also accounting for nitric oxide and estradiol levels. What is the main finding and its importance? We observed no differences in peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular function between healthy and physically active premenopausal females and early and late postmenopausal females. Our findings contradict previous cross-sectional observations of vascular and cerebrovascular dysfunction across menopause. Longitudinal studies assessing vascular and cerebrovascular outcomes across the menopausal transition are warranted. ABSTRACT The risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease increases in ageing females, coinciding with the onset of menopause. Differences in peripheral and cerebrovascular function across menopausal stages, however, are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to compare peripheral and cerebrovascular function between healthy premenopausal (PRE), early (1-6 years after final menstrual period; E-POST) and late (>6 years after final menstrual period; L-POST) postmenopausal females. We also explored the association between reproductive hormones, NO bioavailability and cerebrovascular function. In 39 females (40-65 years of age), we measured arterial stiffness, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to hypercapnia in the middle (MCAv) and internal (ICA) carotid arteries. Follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, progesterone and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were also measured. Years since final menstrual period (PRE, 0 ± 0 years; E-POST, 3 ± 1 years; L-POST, 11 ± 4 years; P < 0.001) and estradiol levels (PRE, 145.5 ± 65.6 pg ml-1 ; E-POSTm 30.2 ± 81.2 pg ml-1 ; L-POST, 7.7 ± 11.3 pg ml-1 ; P < 0.001) were different between groups. All groups exceeded the guidelines for recommended physical activity. There were no group differences in blood pressure (P = 0.382), arterial stiffness (P = 0.129), flow-mediated dilatation (P = 0.696) or MCAv CVR (P = 0.442). The ICA CVR blood flow response was lower in PRE compared with L-POST (26.5 ± 19.2 vs. 47.8 ± 12.6%; P = 0.010), but after adjusting for age these differences were no longer present. Flow-mediated dilatation (r = 0.313, P = 0.105) and ICA CVR (r = -0.154, P = 0.495) were not associated with the estradiol concentration. There were no associations between the estradiol concentration and NO bioavailability. These results suggest that in healthy, physically active early and late postmenopausal females, vascular and cerebrovascular function is generally well preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L. Ruediger
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseCentre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and HealthSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Faith K. Pizzey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseCentre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and HealthSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jodie L. Koep
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseCentre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and HealthSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Jeff S. Coombes
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseCentre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and HealthSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- VasoActive Research GroupSchool of HealthUniversity of the Sunshine CoastSippy DownsQueenslandAustralia
- Sunshine Coast Health InstituteSunshine Coast Hospital and Health ServiceBirtinyaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tom G. Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseCentre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and HealthSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of NursingMidwifery and Social WorkThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Lew LA, Ethier TS, Pyke KE. The impact of exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1388-1421. [PMID: 36288824 DOI: 10.1113/ep090702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate and summarize all published literature examining the impact of various exercise training interventions on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. What advances does it highlight? There was a moderate effect of training on macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function and just under two-thirds of studies demonstrated a significant increase in at least one measure of endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Factors including exercise intensity and duration, vessel type, clinical status, hormone therapy, and menopausal status may influence the effects of training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. ABSTRACT Women experience a rapid decline in endothelial function during menopause. Therefore, it is important to explore interventions, such as exercise training, that may prevent endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate and summarize all published literature examining the impact of various exercise training interventions on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science) were used to systematically select studies related to exercise training, endothelial function and postmenopausal women. The major initial and secondary update systematic searches yielded 502 unique articles that were screened for eligibility. Thirty-five studies were included in the systematic review. Two-thirds of all studies demonstrated a group-level increase in at least one measure of endothelial function with training. Most studies investigating biomarkers of endothelial function showed improvement in at least one measured biomarker post-training. There was a moderate effect of training on both macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function in observational and randomized intervention studies. Variability in study designs, training protocols and participant characteristics make it difficult to directly compare studies. Factors including exercise intensity and duration, vessel type, clinical status, hormone therapy, and menopausal status may contribute to the inconsistent effects of training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Future research is needed in this population to understand the mechanisms driving inter-study and inter-individual differences in training-induced changes in endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Lew
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarrah S Ethier
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Zmudzka M, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. The impact of aging and physical training on angiogenesis in the musculoskeletal system. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14228. [PMID: 36348663 PMCID: PMC9637352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the physiological process of capillary growth. It is strictly regulated by the balanced activity of agents that promote the formation of capillaries (pro-angiogenic factors) on the one hand and inhibit their growth on the other hand (anti-angiogenic factors). Capillary rarefaction and insufficient angiogenesis are some of the main causes that limit blood flow during aging, whereas physical training is a potent non-pharmacological method to intensify capillary growth in the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the key signalling molecules implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle and bone angiogenesis during aging and physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zmudzka
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Kuczmarski AV, Welti LM, Moreau KL, Wenner MM. ET-1 as a Sex-Specific Mechanism Impacting Age-Related Changes in Vascular Function. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727416. [PMID: 35822003 PMCID: PMC9261354 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Globally, the population of adults over the age of 60 is expected to double by the year 2050. CVD prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women as they age in part due to sex-specific mechanisms impacting the biological processes of aging. Measures of vascular function offer key insights into cardiovascular health. Changes in vascular function precede changes in CVD prevalence rates in men and women and with aging. A key mechanism underlying these changes in vascular function is the endothelin (ET) system. Studies have demonstrated sex and sex hormone effects on endothelin-1 (ET-1), and its receptors ETA and ETB. However, with aging there is a dysregulation of this system resulting in an imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Thus, ET-1 may play a role in the sex differences observed with vascular aging. While most research has been conducted in pre-clinical animal models, we describe more recent translational data in humans showing that the ET system is an important regulator of vascular dysfunction with aging and acts through sex-specific ET receptor mechanisms. In this review, we present translational evidence (cell, tissue, animal, and human) that the ET system is a key mechanism regulating sex-specific changes in vascular function with aging, along with therapeutic interventions to reduce ET-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with aging. More knowledge on the factors responsible for the sex differences with vascular aging allow for optimized therapeutic strategies to attenuate CVD risk in the expanding aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Laura M Welti
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M Wenner
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
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9
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Debray A, Enea C, Ravanelli N, Chaseling GK, Gravel H, Bosquet L, Bherer L, Gagnon D. Comparison of Blood Pressure and Vascular Health in Physically Active Late Pre- and Early Postmenopausal Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1066-1075. [PMID: 35704437 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefits of exercise on vascular health are inconsistent in postmenopausal females. We investigated if blood pressure and markers of vascular function differ between physically active early post- and late premenopausal females. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional comparison of 24-h blood pressure, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, microvascular reactivity (reactive hyperemia), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity between physically active late premenopausal (n = 16, 48 ± 2 yr) and early postmenopausal (n = 14, 53 ± 2 yr) females. RESULTS Physical activity level was similar between premenopausal (490 ± 214 min·wk-1) and postmenopausal (550 ± 303 min·wk-1) females (P = 0.868). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (pre, 4.6 ± 3.9, vs post, 4.7% ± 2.2%; P = 0.724), 24-h systolic (+5 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1 to +10, P = 0.972) and diastolic (+4 mm Hg, 95% CI = -1 to +9, P = 0.655) blood pressures, total reactive hyperemia (pre, 1.2 ± 0.5, vs post, 1.0 ± 0.5 mL·mm Hg-1; P = 0.479), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (pre, 7.9 ± 1.7, vs post, 8.1 ± 1.8 m·s-1; P = 0.477), and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (-8 ms·mm Hg-1, 95% CI = -20.55 to 4.62, P = 0.249) did not differ between groups. By contrast, peak reactive hyperemia (-0.36 mL·min-1⋅mm Hg-1, 95% CI = -0.87 to +0.15, P = 0.009) was lower in postmenopausal females. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blood pressure and markers of vascular function do not differ between physically active late pre- and early postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Enea
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement et Exercice, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, FRANCE
| | | | | | - Hugo Gravel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, CANADA
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10
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Hansen C, Møller S, Ehlers T, Wickham KA, Bangsbo J, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. Redox balance in human skeletal muscle-derived endothelial cells - Effect of exercise training. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:144-155. [PMID: 34954023 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic training can improve vascular endothelial function in-vivo. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this improvement in isolated human microvascular endothelial cells. Sedentary males, aged 57 ± 6 years completed 8 weeks of intense aerobic training. Resting muscle biopsies were obtained from the thigh muscle and used for isolation of endothelial cells (pre n = 23, post n = 16). The cells were analyzed for mitochondrial respiration, H2O2 emission, glycolysis, protein levels of antioxidants, NADPH oxidase, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and prostacyclin synthase (PGI2S). In-vivo microvascular function, assessed by acetylcholine infusion and arterial blood pressure were also determined. Endothelial mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 formation were similar before and after training whereas the expression of superoxide dismutase and the expression of glutathione peroxidase were 2.4-fold (p = 0.012) and 2.3-fold (p = 0.006) higher, respectively, after training. In-vivo microvascular function was increased by 1.4-fold (p = 0.036) in parallel with a 2.1-fold increase in endothelial PGI2S expression (p = 0.041). Endothelial cell glycolysis was reduced after training, as indicated by a 65% lower basal production of lactate (p = 0.003) and a 30% lower expression of phosphofructokinase (p = 0.011). Subdivision of the participants according to blood pressure at base-line (n = 23), revealed a 2-fold higher (p = 0.049) rate of H2O2 production in endothelial cells from hypertensive participants. Our data show that exercise training increases skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cell metabolism, antioxidant capacity and the capacity to form prostacyclin. Moreover, elevated blood pressure is associated with increased endothelial mitochondrial ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sophie Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Ehlers
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kate A Wickham
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Environmental Ergonomics Lab, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology Group, Section of Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Pérez-Gómez J, Rytter N, Mandrup C, Egelund J, Stallknecht B, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y. Menopausal transition does not influence skeletal muscle capillary growth in response to cycle training in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:369-375. [PMID: 34080923 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the menopausal transition, with a consequent loss of estrogen, on capillary growth in response to exercise training remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a period of intense endurance training on skeletal muscle angiogenesis in late premenopausal and recent postmenopausal women with an age difference of <4 yr. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the thigh muscle before and after 12 wk of intense aerobic cycle training and analyzed for capillarization, fiber-type distribution, and content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At baseline, there was no difference in capillary per fiber ratio (C:F; 1.41 ± 0.22 vs. 1.40 ± 0.30), capillary density (CD; 305 ± 61 vs. 336 ± 52 mm2), muscle fiber area (MFA; 4,889 ± 1,868 vs. 4,195 ± 749), or distribution of muscle fiber type I (47.3% ± 10.1% vs. 49.3% ± 15.1%), between the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. There was a main effect of training on the C:F ratio (+9.2% and +12.1%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively) and the CD (+6.9% and +8.9%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). MFA and fiber-type distribution were unaltered by training. Skeletal muscle VEGF protein content was similar between groups at baseline, and there was a main effect of training (+21.1% and +27.2%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). In conclusion, the loss of estrogen per se at menopause does not influence the capillary growth response to intense aerobic exercise training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We evaluated the effect of 12 wk of intense aerobic exercise training on skeletal muscle angiogenesis in late pre- and recent postmenopausal women, with <4 yr of age difference. There was a main effect of training on capillary per fiber ratio, capillary density, and muscle VEGF protein content, with no difference between groups. It is concluded that the loss of estrogen per se at menopause does not influence the capillary growth response to intense aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolai Rytter
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Gliemann L, Rytter N, Yujia L, Tamariz-Ellemann A, Carter H, Hellsten Y. A High Activity Level Is Required for Augmented Muscle Capillarization in Older Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:894-903. [PMID: 33844669 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the influence of lifelong regular physical activity on skeletal muscle capillarization in women. METHODS Postmenopausal women, 61±4 yr old, were divided according to self-reported physical activity level over the past 20 yrs: sedentary (SED; n = 14), moderately active (MOD; n = 12), and very active (VERY; n = 15). Leg blood flow (LBF) was determined by ultrasound Doppler, and blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery and vein for calculation of leg oxygen uptake (LVO2) at rest and during one-legged knee extensor exercise. A skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for capillarization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins. Platelets were isolated from venous blood and analyzed for VEGF content and effect on endothelial cell proliferation. RESULTS The exercise-induced rise in LBF and LVO2 was faster (P = 0.008) in VERY compared with SED and MOD. Steady-state LBF and LVO2 were lower (P < 0.04) in MOD and VERY compared with SED. Capillary-fiber ratio and capillary density were greater (P < 0.03) in VERY (1.65 ± 0.48 and 409.3 ± 57.5) compared with MOD (1.30 ± 0.19 and 365.0 ± 40.2) and SED (1.30 ± 0.30 and 356.2 ± 66.3). Skeletal muscle VEGF and OXPHOS complexes I, II, and V were ~1.6-fold and ~1.25-fold (P < 0.01) higher, respectively, in VERY compared with SED. Platelets from all groups induced an approximately nine-fold (P < 0.001) increase in endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSION A very active lifestyle is associated with superior skeletal muscle exercise hemodynamics and greater potential for oxygen extraction concurrent with a higher skeletal muscle capillarization and mitochondrial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Nicolai Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | | | | | - Howard Carter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Hoier B, Olsen LN, Leinum M, Jørgensen TS, Carter HH, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. Aerobic High-Intensity Exercise Training Improves Cardiovascular Health in Older Post-menopausal Women. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:667519. [PMID: 35822005 PMCID: PMC9261406 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.667519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a period of aerobic high intensity training on central- and peripheral cardiovascular parameters in older post-menopausal women. Eleven healthy post-menopausal (>10 years after menopause) women (mean age: 64 years; BMI: 25.3 kg m−2) completed an 8-week period of supervised, high intensity cycle training, with sessions conducted three times per week. Before and after the training period maximal oxygen uptake, body composition, popliteal artery flow mediated dilation, exercise hyperemia, arterial blood pressure, and plasma lipids were assessed. In addition, levels of estrogen related receptor α (ERRα) and vasodilator enzymes were determined in muscle biopsy samples. Training induced an 18% increase (P < 0.001) in maximal oxygen uptake. Plasma High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was higher (P < 0.05) after than before the training period. Fat mass was reduced (4.9%; P < 0.01), whereas lean body mass was unaltered. Mean arterial blood pressure was unchanged (91 vs. 88 mmHg; P = 0.058) with training. Training did not induce a change in popliteal flow mediated dilation. Exercise hyperemia at submaximal exercise was lower (P < 0.01; 11 and 4.6% at 10 and 16 W, respectively) after compared to before training. Muscle ERRα (~1.7-fold; P < 0.01) and eNOS (~1.4-fold; P < 0.05) were higher after the training intervention. The current study demonstrates that, in older post-menopausal women, a period of aerobic high intensity training effectively increases maximal oxygen uptake and improves the cardiovascular health profile, without a parallel improvement in conduit artery function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Nørregaard Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Leinum
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue Smith Jørgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Howard Henry Carter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Williams JS, Dunford EC, Cheng JL, Moncion K, Valentino SE, Droog CA, Cherubini JM, King TJ, Noguchi KS, Wiley E, Turner JR, Tang A, Al-Khazraji BK, MacDonald MJ. The impact of the 24-h movement spectrum on vascular remodeling in older men and women: a review. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1136-H1155. [PMID: 33449851 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00754.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, which are preceded by early, negative remodeling of the vasculature. Low physical activity is a well-established risk factor associated with the incidence and development of disease. However, recent physical activity literature indicates the importance of considering the 24-h movement spectrum. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to examine the impact of the 24-h movement spectrum, specifically physical activity (aerobic and resistance training), sedentary behavior, and sleep, on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes in older adults, with a focus on recent evidence (<10 yr) and sex-based considerations. The review identifies that both aerobic training and being physically active (compared with sedentary) are associated with improvements in endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and cerebrovascular function. Additionally, there is evidence of sex-based differences in endothelial function: a blunted improvement in aerobic training in postmenopausal women compared with men. While minimal research has been conducted in older adults, resistance training does not appear to influence arterial stiffness. Poor sleep quantity or quality are associated with both impaired endothelial function and increased arterial stiffness. Finally, the review highlights mechanistic pathways involved in the regulation of vascular and cerebrovascular function, specifically the balance between pro- and antiatherogenic factors, which mediate the relationship between the 24-h movement spectrum and vascular outcomes. Finally, this review proposes future research directions: examining the role of duration and intensity of training, combining aerobic and resistance training, and exploration of sex-based differences in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Williams
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily C Dunford
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jem L Cheng
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Moncion
- MacStroke Canada, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney E Valentino
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connor A Droog
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua M Cherubini
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J King
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth S Noguchi
- MacStroke Canada, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise Wiley
- MacStroke Canada, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua R Turner
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ada Tang
- MacStroke Canada, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maureen J MacDonald
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Gliemann L, Tamariz-Ellemann A, Baasch-Skytte T, Ehlers TS, Gunnarsson TP. Increased prostacyclin formation after high-intensity interval training in late postmenopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1711-1720. [PMID: 32474682 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging impairs vascular function in women, with the largest detrimental effects occurring during the menopausal transition. Deficiency in the nitric oxide system has been suggested to be responsible for impairment in vascular function with aging, but recent observations suggest that the prostacyclin system, acting in redundancy with the nitric oxide system, may be of importance too. Improvement in vascular function is a hallmark of exercise training and we hypothesize that leg vascular function is improved by exercise training in late postmenopausal women, and that the underlying mechanism is increased endothelial formation of prostacyclin and responsiveness to prostacyclin by the vascular smooth muscle cells. METHOD Femoral-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and epoprostenol was used to assess vascular function and prostacyclin release in ten late postmenopausal women (62 ± 7 years) before and after 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (floorball conducted as small-sided games). RESULT The training intervention increased fitness level (V̇O2max) by 7 ± 7% and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 10 ± 10 and 5 ± 6 mmHg, respectively. Leg vascular responsiveness to during acetylcholine and epoprostenol infusion was unchanged with training, whereas the release of prostacyclin during acetylcholine infusion increased by 125%. CONCLUSIONS In late postmenopausal women, vascular function assessed by femoral-arterial infusion of acetylcholine was not improved after 10 weeks of floorball training, but acetylcholine-induced prostacyclin formation and blood pressure were substantially improved. It is possible that a longer training period could lead to improvements in vascular function and that the observed increase in prostacyclin formation is one of the initial underlying changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Andrea Tamariz-Ellemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Baasch-Skytte
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Ehlers
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Gunnarsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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16
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Rytter N, Piil P, Carter H, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y, Gliemann L. Microvascular Function Is Impaired after Short-Term Immobilization in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2107-2116. [PMID: 32496738 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether 2 wk of one-leg immobilization would impair leg microvascular function and to what extent a subsequent period of intense aerobic cycle training could restore function. METHODS Study participants were healthy young men (n = 12; 20-24 yr of age). Leg microvascular function was determined before the intervention, after the immobilization period, and after a 4-wk exercise training period. Microvascular function was assessed as the vasodilator response to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside and as the vasoconstrictor response to endogenous noradrenaline release induced by tyramine infusion. Vasodilator enzymes as well as prooxidant and antioxidant enzymes were assessed by protein analysis in skeletal muscle samples: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase (NOX p67 and NOX gp91), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). RESULTS The acetylcholine-induced change in vascular conductance was reduced after the 2 wk of immobilization (P = 0.003), tended to increase (P = 0.061), and was back to baseline levels after the subsequent 4 wk of exercise training. Plasma prostacyclin levels in response to acetylcholine infusion were lower after immobilization than before (P = 0.041). The changes in vascular conductance with sodium nitroprusside and tyramine were similar during all conditions. Skeletal muscle protein levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the experimental leg were unchanged with immobilization and subsequent training but increased 47% in the control leg with training (P = 0.002). NOX p67, NOX gp91, and SOD2 in the experimental leg remained unaltered with immobilization, and SOD2 was higher than preimmobilization after 4 wk of training (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The study shows that 2 wk of immobilization impairs leg microvascular endothelial function and prostacyclin formation but that 4 wk of intense aerobic exercise training restores the function. The underlying mechanism may reside in the prostacyclin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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