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Little CC, Howell DR, Armento AM, Sweeney EA, Walker GA. Training volume recommendations and psychosocial outcomes in adolescent athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:420-426. [PMID: 36000411 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Researchers have recommended that youth athletes limit their practice volume to the number of hours/week that they are old in years. We examined sport perceptions, burnout, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among youth athletes who did and did not report playing more hours/week of organized sports than their age. METHODS Uninjured athletes aged 13-18 years old completed questionnaires documenting demographics, sport participation volume, health and injury history, depressive symptoms, anxiety, burnout, and sport perceptions during a pre-participation physical examination. We grouped participants as those who reported more hours/week in organized sports than their age (exceeds age/volume recommendation) vs. those who reported equal/less hours/week in organized sports than their age (meets age/volume recommendation). RESULTS Of 161 participants, 21% (n = 33) were in the 'exceeds age/volume recommendation' group (age = 15.2 ± 1.3 years; 55% female; 18.7 ± 4.0 hours/week) and 79% (n = 128) were in the 'meets age/volume recommendation' group (age = 15.6 ± 1.2 years; 50% female; 10.2 ± 3.4 hours/week). A higher proportion of the 'exceeds age/volume recommendation' group agreed with the statement 'youth in my sport play too many games before college' than the 'meets age/volume recommendation' group (33% vs. 16%; p = 0.03). After adjusting for the effect of age, sport specialization level, and weight, exceeding age/volume recommendations was associated with the perception that youth in sports play too many games before college (aOR = 3.24; 95% CI = 1.26, 8.29; p = 0.01), while burnout (aOR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.94, 1.06; p = 0.93), anxiety (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.84, 1.11; p = 0.65), and depressive symptoms (aOR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.10; p = 0.30) were not significantly related. CONCLUSION Athletes who spend more hours in sport than their age appear to perceive their competition load during youth sports to be excessive. Coaches and providers should monitor athlete's training hours and perceptions of competition load to offer support and potentially prevent burnout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Little
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - David R Howell
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital, Colorado, CO, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
| | - Aubrey M Armento
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital, Colorado, CO, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
| | - Emily A Sweeney
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital, Colorado, CO, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
| | - Gregory A Walker
- Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital, Colorado, CO, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
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2
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Oršolić M, Barbaros P, Novak D. What makes a Grand Slam champion? Early engagement, late specialization and timely transition from having fun to dedication. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213317. [PMID: 37547818 PMCID: PMC10401607 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide adequate support for young tennis players, it is important to understand the development path and factors which can have a positive or negative impact on the development of a player. The aim of this research was to determine the factors that affected sports specialization in tennis by means of qualitative analysis (early, optimal, or late). As well as to deepen the knowledge around the phenomenon of specialization in tennis among players of differing success levels through their personal experiences, in order to contribute to a better understanding of their specialization. The authors interviewed 30 tennis players of differing levels, including 10 participants from the most elite level (Grand Slam champions), exploring their contrasting experiences of development. The data set was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three topics were generated, which included the following: engaging in sport, decisions, and time of specialization. The obtained results offer a stimulus to reflect on numerous aspects of athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Oršolić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj StrossmayerUniversity of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Barbaros
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Novak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Whatman C, van den Berg C, Black AM, West S, Hagel B, Eliason P, Emery C. High Sport Specialization Is Associated With More Musculoskeletal Injuries in Canadian High School Students. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:233-238. [PMID: 36730669 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe levels of sport specialization in Canadian high school students and investigate whether sport specialization and/or sport participation volume is associated with the history of musculoskeletal injury and/or concussion. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING High schools, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS High school students (14-19 years) participating in various sports. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Level of sport specialization (high, moderate, low) and sport participation volume (hours per week and months per year). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twelve-month injury history (musculoskeletal and concussion). RESULTS Of the 1504 students who completed the survey, 31% were categorized as highly specialized (7.5% before the age of 12 years). Using multivariable, negative, binomial regression (adjusted for sex, age, total yearly training hours, and clustering by school), highly specialized students had a significantly higher musculoskeletal injury rate [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.73] but not lower extremity injury or concussion rate, compared with low specialization students. Participating in one sport for more than 8 months of the year significantly increased the musculoskeletal injury rate (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.02-1.58). Increased training hours significantly increased the musculoskeletal injury rate (IRR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.13-1.25), lower extremity injury rate (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI, 1.09-1.24), and concussion rate (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI, 1.24-1.39). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of Canadian high school students playing sports were categorized as highly specialized. The musculoskeletal injury rate was higher for high sport specialization students compared with low sport specialization students. Musculoskeletal injuries and concussion were also more common in students who train more and spend greater than 8 months per year in one sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whatman
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla van den Berg
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brent Hagel
- Departments of Pediatrics; and
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Eliason
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics; and
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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4
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Pesenti S, Choufani E, Prost S, Guillaume JM, Launay F, Jouve JL. Athletic children: Guidelines and monitoring in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103455. [PMID: 36302446 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In day-to-day practice pediatric orthopedic surgeons often come up against the question of sport. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between sport and childhood, with 3 questions: (1) What are the benefits of sport for children? (2) How to manage high-level child athletes? And (3) What sports are possible after major orthopedic surgery? Sports provide many benefits for children, and are to be encouraged. Sixty minutes' moderate to intense physical activity per day benefits motor development and bone mineralization and reduces the risk of obesity. On the other hand, excessive sports activity, as encountered in high-level sport, can be harmful for the child's development. The amount of training should not exceed a certain threshold in terms of hours per week according to age. Surgical treatment of sport-related traumatic lesions does not necessarily accelerate return to sport: indications need to be reasonable, despite pressure from the patient's circle. Sports are possible after major orthopedic surgery, although return to sport tends to be delayed and the level is lower than preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pesenti
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Elie Choufani
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Solène Prost
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guillaume
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Launay
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jouve
- Orthopédie pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, Aix Marseille université, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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5
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Carpenter CM, Cooper SB, Wilson PL, Miller SM, Wyatt CW, Johnson BL, Shea KG, Ellis HB. An Activity Scale for All Youth Athletes? Clinical Considerations for the HSS Pedi-FABS. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221143534. [PMID: 36582933 PMCID: PMC9793053 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221143534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) has demonstrated normally distributed scores in children aged 10 to 18 years. It has been used to evaluate knee injuries; however, there is limited information regarding its use in evaluating other injury types. Purpose To (1) assess the validity and utility of HSS Pedi-FABS in youth athletes with injuries to different parts of the body and (2) evaluate the association between the HSS Pedi-FABS and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Global Health 7 (PGH), as well as PROMIS-Pain Interference (PGH-PI) and PROMIS-Fatigue (PGH-F) components. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of youth athletes aged 10 to 18 years who completed the HSS Pedi-FABS as part of their previsit intake questionnaire between April 2016 and July 2020. HSS Pedi-FABS score distributions were compared and evaluated for ceiling effects in cohorts determined by demographic, injury characteristic, and sports participation variables; a ceiling effect was determined to be present if >15% of respondents received the highest possible score. HSS Pedi-FABS scores were analyzed for a correlation with PGH, PGH-PI, and PGH-F components. Results Included were 2274 patients (mean age, 14.6 ± 2.1 years; 53.0% female) participating in 21 distinct primary sports for 9.6 ± 7.9 hours per week. The mean HSS Pedi-FABS scores by injury group were as follows: elbow (22.7 ± 6.7), shoulder (21.0 ± 8.7), ankle (20.2 ± 8.8), knee (19.5 ± 9.1), and hip (15.4 ± 10.4) (P < .001). Broad distribution was seen in each cohort, with no floor or ceiling effects. The HSS Pedi-FABS score correlated with patient-reported hours per week (r = 0.33), days per week (r = 0.33), and years of participation (r = 0.21) (P < .001 for all). All 3 PROMIS components correlated with HSS Pedi-FABS: PGH (r = 0.28), PGH-PI (r = -0.11), and PGH-F (r = -0.15) (P < .001). Conclusion Study findings indicated that the HSS Pedi-FABS is a valid tool for measuring physical activity level in most injured youth athletes, not just those with knee injuries. The correlation of HSS Pedi-FABS with the PGH suggests a positive relationship of childhood physical activity with general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M. Carpenter
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA.,Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, Texas,
USA.,Connor M. Carpenter, BBA, Center for Excellence in Sports
Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Pkwy, Frisco, TX 75034, USA
() (Twitter: @CMCarpenter25)
| | - Savannah B. Cooper
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Philip L. Wilson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shane M. Miller
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles W. Wyatt
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Johnson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin G. Shea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for
Children, Frisco, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Beech J, Jones B, King R, Bennett P, Young S, Williams S, Stokes K, Emmonds S. The incidence and burden of injuries in elite English youth female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:605-615. [PMID: 35297310 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2051730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the incidence, severity and burden of injury in English elite youth female soccer players. Qualified therapists at six English girls' academies prospectively recorded all injuries that required medical attention or caused time loss for matches and training in 375 elite youth female soccer players (under-10 [U10], U12, U14 and U16) during the 2019/2020 season. One hundred- and eleven time-loss injuries (52 from training, 59 from matches) were sustained, resulting in 1,946 days absent (779 days from training injuries, 1,167 days from match injuries) from soccer activities. The injury incidence for matches (9.3/1000 hours, 95% CIs: 7.2-11.9) was significantly greater than training (1.1/1000 hours, 95% CIs: 0.9-1.5, p < 0.001). Additionally, the injury burden for matches (183 days lost/1000 hours, 95% CIs: 142-237) was significantly greater than training (17 days lost/1000 hours, 95% CIs: 13-22, p < 0.001). Injury incidence and burden were greatest in the U16 age group and were found to increase with age. Whilst injury incidence and burden are greater in matches than training, a large proportion of preventable injuries, soft-tissue and non-contact in nature, were sustained in training. Findings provide comparative data for elite youth female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Beech
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ryan King
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | | | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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7
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Zoellner A, Whatman C, Sheerin K, Read P. Prevalence of sport specialisation and association with injury history in youth football. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 58:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Applying the Principles of Motor Learning in Preventative Programs of Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the scope of overuse injury prevention programs in young players through the lens of application of motor learning principles. From 280 studies found in the initial search, 13 studies were selected based on a series of inclusion criteria. The selected studies were categorized based on the type of intervention resulting in multicomponent (two studies), Fédération Internationale de Football Association 11+ (five studies), neuromuscular training (two studies), Fédération Internationale de Football Association Medical Assessment and Research Center (two studies), educational (one study), and stability (one study). The studies that had an effective preventative role to reduce overuse injuries applied some principles of motor learning to their intervention, such as contextual interference, variability of practice, task constraints, the power law of practice, transfer of learning, and explicit methods. There is a gap in the literature related to explicit applications of motor learning principles in the design of preventative interventions for overuse injury.
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9
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Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Following Surgical Intervention for Pediatric Sports-Related Injuries to the Knee: a Systematic Review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2022; 15:187-193. [DOI: 10.1007/s12178-022-09756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Friesen KB, Aguinaldo A, Oliver GD. Athlete body composition influences movement during sporting tasks: an analysis of softball pitchers' joint angular velocities. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35410589 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Softball pitchers are often above-average size and frequently injured; therefore, it is necessary to understand how biomechanics can change according to pitcher body composition. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between joint peak angular velocities and pitch velocity, as well as examine how pitchers' joint angular velocities differ between high and healthy body-fat percentage (BF%) groups. Forty high-school and college softball pitchers (170.6 ± 6.3 cm, 75.5 ± 16.1 kg, 16 ± 2 years, 34.6 ± 7.4 BF%) completed body composition testing and were placed in one of two groups: 1) high-fat% (≥32%) or 2) healthy-fat% (<32%). Pitchers completed fastball trials. Kinematic data were tracked using an electromagnetic system synced with motion analysis software. Peak and times-series joint angular velocities were tracked over the final 101 frames of the pitch. Pitch velocity was significantly correlated with peak elbow flexion (r = .380, p = .016) and wrist flexion (r = .621, p < .001) angular velocity. A small difference in elbow joint angular velocity was found between body fat percentage groups between ball release and follow-through (SPM(t)1,38 = 3.296, p = .003). Peak joint angular velocities are related to pitch velocity and slight differences in movement patterns exist according to pitcher body fat percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie B Friesen
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Arnel Aguinaldo
- College of Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Physical Activity Levels and a Sports Injury Reported in Children: A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040870. [PMID: 35215520 PMCID: PMC8875659 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our aim was to analyze dose–response associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and physical activity levels with childhood sports injury rates. Methods: Participants included pre-pregnant mothers (n = 4811) and their children at the age of 7 years (n = 3311). Maternal anthropometry (height, weight, and body mass index), time spent in physical activity, and education level were recorded. All sports injuries were defined as injuries reported in the past year by the children at the age of 7 years. Results: Children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period were 2.04 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12–3.71) times more likely to report a sports injury at the age of 7 years. Underweight mothers exhibited a 74% decrease in the odds of their children reporting a sports injury at follow-up (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.10–0.68). Finally, an increase in maternal physical activity across the last three quartiles was associated with a lower odds of sports injuries. Conclusions: The risk of reporting a sports injury was greater for children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period. However, there was a lower risk with both maternal underweight status and increasing minutes of physical activity.
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12
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Meisel PL, DiFiori JP, Côté J, Nguyen JT, Brenner JS, Malina RM, Ryan E, Güllich A. Age of Early Specialization, Competitive Volume, Injury, and Sleep Habits in Youth Sport: A Preliminary Study of US Youth Basketball. Sports Health 2022; 14:30-44. [PMID: 34753335 PMCID: PMC8655484 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns for youth sports in the United States often focus on early sport specialization, overemphasis on competition, injuries, and burnout. Little research has addressed relationships among the preceding and other concerns, including time away from organized sport, sleep, and perceptions of physical and psychological well-being. HYPOTHESIS There is an association between reported competitive gameplay volume and specialization, injury, and fatigue among elite youth basketball players. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; convenience sample. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of youth basketball players between 13 and 18 years of age from across the United States. Participants were queried about multiple factors, including the extent of their participation in organized basketball and other sports, time away from organized basketball, injury, sleep, and feelings of exhaustion related to basketball participation. RESULTS A total of 772 participants (145 girls, 627 boys) completed a survey. All participants played for a select or elite club basketball team and/or a high school basketball team. Overall, 49% played more than 50 games within the past year. A total of 73% were specialized in basketball, 58% prior to age 14 years, and 35% prior to age 11 years. In all, 70% reported less than 1 month away from organized basketball within the past year, and 28% reported no time away. A total of 54% reported sleeping less than the recommended 8 hours each night during the school year. Within the prior year, 55% reported feeling physically exhausted and 45% reported feeling mentally exhausted from basketball. Regression analysis did not find any significant relationships between early specialization prior to age 14 years and basketball-related injury or feelings of mental or physical exhaustion. CONCLUSION In this select group of youth basketball players, the majority specialized in basketball prior to age 14 years and reported a large number of competitive events with little time away from organized basketball. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results from a sample of highly competitive youth basketball players indicate issues that warrant further attention and research regarding the potential impact of specialization, frequent competitions, lack of time away from organized sport, and perceptions of well-being in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P. DiFiori
- National Basketball Association, New York, NY
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joel S. Brenner
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ed Ryan
- USA Basketball, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Arne Güllich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Whatman C, van den Berg C, Palacios-Derflingher L, Emery C. Sport Specialization, Physical Performance and Injury History in Canadian Junior High School Students. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1566-1574. [PMID: 34909261 PMCID: PMC8637261 DOI: 10.26603/001c.29590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth sports participation is encouraged for proposed physical and psychological benefits. However early sport specialization and the potentially negative consequences may be a cause for concern. PURPOSE To describe sport specialization in Canadian youth and investigate associations with previous injury and physical performance. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Junior high school students (grades 7-9, ages 11-16) were invited to participate. All participants completed a questionnaire capturing specialization level (low, moderate, high; based on year-round training, exclusion of other sports, and single-sport training) and injury history in the previous 12-months. Additionally, all participants completed physical performance measures including vertical jump (cm), predicted VO2max (mL/kg/min), single-leg balance (secs) and Y-Balance composite score (%). Logistic regression examined the association between school grade, school size, sex and sport specialization (Objective 1) and the association between sport specialization and injury history (Objective 2). Multivariable linear regression analyses (4) assessed associations between sport specialization category and physical performance measures (Objective 3). RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-eight students participated in the study. Eighteen percent of participants reported high specialization, with no significant associations between sex, grade or school size and specialization category. There was no significant difference in the odds of sustaining previous injury between participants reporting moderate (odds ratio [OR]=1.94, 95% CI 0.86-4.35) or high (OR=2.21, 95% CI 0.43-11.37) compared to low specialization. There were no significant differences in vertical jump height (mean diff [MD] = -0.4 to 2.1cm), predicted VO2max (MD = 2.2 to 3.1mL/kg/min), single leg balance (MD = 0.5 to 1.9sec) or Y-balance (MD = 0.6 to 7.0%) between sport specialization categories. CONCLUSIONS Sport specialization exists in Canadian junior high schools but may be less common than previously reported and it was not associated with sex, grade, or school size. Level of specialization was not associated with history of injury nor a range of physical performance measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whatman
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology
| | - Carla van den Berg
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary
| | - Luz Palacios-Derflingher
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary; Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary; Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary
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14
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Protections in the Recreational Practice of Ski and Snowboard-An Age and Gender Discussion? A Case Study in Spain. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040084. [PMID: 34698237 PMCID: PMC8544293 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the protections taken by ski and snowboard recreational athletes of the winter stations Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain), regarding gender, age, and practiced sport. A total of 520 users participated, Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58.8%)); Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)), 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women, from 6 to 64 years old, classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%)); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%)); Youth (n = 101 (19.4%)); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%))). For the data collection, an Ad Hoc questionnaire was used (Socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection). The data revealed that 23.5% of the participants did not use any protection. Regarding the development stage, 1% of the children did not use any protection, neither did 3.1% of the teenagers, 6.7% of the youth, or 12.7% of the adults (p < 0.001). Regarding gender, a total of 17.1% of men did not use protection, and regarding women, 6.3% of them did not use it (p < 0.001). In relation to the practiced sport, 15.8% of the skiers did not use it against 7.7% of the snowboarders (p = 0.006). The use of protection for the practice in winter sports is not enough to reduce the injury risk in these sports and, in the worst cases, fatal accidents.
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15
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Arboix-Alió J, Montalvo AM. Return-to-sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in team sport athletes. Part I: From initial injury to return-to-competition. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Materne O, Chamari K, Farooq A, Tabben M, Weir A, Holmich P, Bahr R, Greig M, McNaughton LR. Shedding light on incidence and burden of physeal injuries in a youth elite football academy: A 4-season prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:165-176. [PMID: 34551163 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physeal injuries have been overlooked in epidemiological research in youth sports. Our prospective study investigated the incidence, severity, and burden of physeal injuries in a youth elite football academy. METHODS In total, 551 youth male football players from under-9 to under-19 were included and observed over four consecutive seasons. Injuries involving the physis were diagnosed and recorded according to type, location, and diagnosis. Injury incidence (II), severity (days lost), and injury burden (IB) were calculated per squad per season (25 players/squad). RESULTS There were 307 physeal injuries: 262 apophyseal (85%), 26 physeal (9%), 2 epiphyseal (1%), and 17 other physeal injuries (5%) with 80% (n=245) causing time-loss. The overall mean incidence of time-loss physeal injuries was 6 injuries/squad-season, leading to a total of 157 days lost/squad-season. The U-16s had the highest burden with 444 days lost per squad-season [median: 20 (95% CI: 12-30) days; II: 10 (95% CI: 7.3.1-13.4)]. Apophyseal injuries of the hip-pelvis resulted in the greatest burden [median: 13 (95% CI: 10-17); II: 2.5 (95% CI: 2.1-3.0)]. Peak apophyseal injury incidence per body parts occurred in U-11 for foot-ankle (II: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0-4.9), U-14 for knee (II: 4.5; 95% CI: 2.7-7.1), and U-17 for hip-pelvis (II: 6.4; 95% CI: 4.2-9.3). CONCLUSION Physeal injuries accounted for a quarter of all-time loss with the largest injury burden in U-16. Most physeal injuries involved the lower limb and affected the apophysis. Physeal and apophyseal injuries incidence, burden, and pattern vary substantially depending on age. Hip-pelvic apophyseal injuries accounted for the largest injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Materne
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Aspire Health Centre, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,Rangers Football Club, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Karim Chamari
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Adam Weir
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Sport Medicine and Exercise Clinic Haarlem (SBK), Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Per Holmich
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Sports Orthopaedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Roald Bahr
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matt Greig
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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17
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Ek A, Kowalski J, Jacobsson J. Training in spikes and number of training hours correlate to injury incidence in youth athletics (track and field): A prospective 52-week study. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:122-128. [PMID: 34654650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to describe the annual incidence and types of musculoskeletal injuries, and to examine factors associated with injury risk. DESIGN A 52-week prospective study in Swedish youth athletics aged 12-15 years. METHODS Data on exposure to training and injury were collected from parents/caregivers and youth athletes using a web-survey system. RESULTS A total of 101 (86%) youth athletes participated. Fifty-four (53%) of the athletes reported one new injury. Girls were at higher risk of sustaining an injury than boys (p = 0.048). Ninety-one percent of the new injuries were non-traumatic and 85% occurred in the lower extremities. Injuries to the front thigh represented 20% of the injuries. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed a six-fold increased risk for a first injury for athletes reporting use of spikes and training <6 h every two weeks (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-31.3) compared to athletes training <6 h using no spikes. Athletes training 6 h or more reporting use or no use of spikes had an eight-fold increase injury risk (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the youth athletes experienced a new injury and girls had a higher risk compared to boys. Nine out of ten injuries were related to overuse. An interesting observation was the high incidence of injuries to the quadriceps muscle complex. The study identified a correlation with training hours and an interaction with track spikes and risk of injury that needs further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ek
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Swedish Athletics Association, Sweden; JK Biostatistics AB, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Swedish Athletics Association, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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18
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Exploring the Association Between Sport Participation and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Canadian High School Students. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mental health benefits of physical activity may relate more to the context of the behavior, rather than the behavior of being active itself. The association between varsity sport (VS) participation, depression, and anxiety symptoms was explored using data from 70,449 high school students from the Cannabis use, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol use, Smoking, and Sedentary behavior study. The model adjusted for potential covariates; interactions by sex and participation in outside of school sport (OSS) were explored. Overall, 70% and 24% of respondents met or exceeded cutoff values for depression and anxiety, respectively. Students participating in VS had lower symptoms of anxiety and depression compared with nonparticipants. Results were consistent regardless of OSS participation; associations were strongest among students who participated in both VS and OSS and males. Participation in VS may prove beneficial for the prevention and/or management of depression or anxiety symptoms, particularly among males. An additive beneficial effect of OSS on depression and anxiety scores may exist.
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19
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Buscà B, Vicens-Bordas J, Arboix-Alió J. Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2850-2858. [PMID: 34412556 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1968123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to provide seasonal variation data for inter-limb asymmetry in youth elite team-sport athletes. Fifty-nine players performed the single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) and the one leg hop for distance (OLHT) tests during pre-season, mid-season and end-season. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to determine magnitude differences in asymmetry scores between time points. Kappa coefficients (κ) were calculated to determine the levels of agreement for the direction of asymmetry. When comparing inter-limb asymmetry magnitudes across the season, the SLCMJ test showed significantly higher asymmetries at mid-season in comparison with pre-season and end-season (p< 0.01, d= -1.03 for pre to mid; p< 0.01, d= 1.12 for pre to end). However, OLHT inter-limb asymmetry magnitude remained consistent throughout the season (ES range = -0.02 to -0.06). For the direction of asymmetry, levels of agreement ranged from poor to slight in the SLCMJ (k= -0.10 to 0.18) and in the OLHT (k= -0.21 to 0.18). No significant differences were found between mean asymmetry values at any time point or for either test when comparing males and females. In conclusion, jump height asymmetry during the SLCMJ was the only metric to show significant magnitude changes across the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball Esplugues De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University London, UK
| | - Bernat Buscà
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat De Girona Salt, Spain.,UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia Vic, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Clark NC. Noncontact Knee Ligament Injury Prevention Screening in Netball: A Clinical Commentary with Clinical Practice Suggestions for Community-Level Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:911-929. [PMID: 34123542 PMCID: PMC8169033 DOI: 10.26603/001c.23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Netball is a predominantly female team court-sport which is played worldwide. Netball is becoming more popular in the United States following its countrywide introduction to schools and community centers. A unique characteristic of netball is the footwork rule which restricts players to a one-step landing after catching the ball. Most netball landings are single-leg landings resulting in high vertical ground reaction forces and high skeletal tissue forces. Thus, high-risk landing events that have the biomechanical potential for injury occur frequently. Noncontact knee ligament injuries are common following a knee abduction collapse when landing. Because the consequences of noncontact knee ligament injury are profound, strategies are needed to mitigate the burden of such injury for players, teams, and society. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to demonstrate how theoretical principles, different types of research, and different levels of evidence underpin a rational clinical reasoning process for developing noncontact knee ligament injury prevention screening procedures in netball. The theoretical principles that are discussed in this commentary include injury control, the sequence of prevention, principles of screening in injury prevention, the multifactorial model of injury etiology, complex systems theory, and systems science. The different types of research that are reviewed include descriptive and analytic-observational studies. The different levels of evidence that are discussed include prospective studies, cross-sectional studies, and clinicians' own kinesiological modelling. Subsequently, an integrated approach to the evidence-informed development of noncontact knee ligament injury prevention screening procedures is presented. Clinical practice suggestions include a selection of evidence-informed screening tests that are quickly and easily implemented with netball players in local communities. The need for repeated screening at strategic timepoints across a season/year is explained. Sports physical therapists will find this commentary useful as an example for how to undertake clinical reasoning processes that justify the content of screening procedures contributing to noncontact knee ligament injury prevention in community-level netball. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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21
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Allahabadi S, Calthorpe L, Pandya N. Financial and medical burdens of youth sports specialization - survey of pediatric sports patients. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:716-721. [PMID: 33768778 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trend towards youth sports specialization has led to increased costs from higher injury rate and from private club fees. The objectives were to characterize the financial and medical burdens of sports specialization with single sport participation or club sports involvement. METHODS An 18-item survey on sports participation and musculoskeletal injury was administered to parents of patients visiting the clinic of a pediatric sports medicine orthopaedic surgeon over a three-month period. Comparisons were made between groups to identify differences in medical and financial burdens. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate odds ratios for binary outcomes. RESULTS Club athletes were significantly younger than non-club athletes (12.9 ± 3.1 years versus 14.9 ± 2.8 years, p = .0002) with club athletes starting sports at average of 7.2 ± 3.1 years. Club sports participation (adjusted OR 5.88, 95% CI: 1.10, 31.4) and female sex (adjusted OR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.12, 10.74) were significant predictors of spending > $1000 USD on sports annually. Multisport participation (OR 5.72, 95% CI: 1.21, 26.96) and spending > $1000 on sports annually (OR 17.21, 95% CI: 1.49, 199.25) were significant predictors of presenting to clinic for a sports-related injury. Single sport athletes had a higher number of medical appointments for sports injuries (18.6 ± 23.0 versus 9.3 ± 10.0 for multisport, p = .0042). CONCLUSIONS Youth sports specialization is of substantial financial and medical burden to families. This data can help identify areas of intervention to mitigate injury risk and reduce financial barriers to youth sports participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Allahabadi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Calthorpe
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nirav Pandya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA -
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22
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Jiang R, Xie C, Shi J, Mao X, Huang Q, Meng F, Ji Z, Li A, Zhang C. Comparison of physical fitness and mental health status among school-age children with different sport-specific training frequencies. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10842. [PMID: 33665022 PMCID: PMC7906039 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study compared the physical fitness and mental health status of 140 school-age children who participated in sport-specific training with 180 age-matched peers. All the participants were grouped by sport-specific training frequencies in extracurricular time into the following: (i) high sports training frequency group (HFG): training three to five times per week (n = 77, mean [SD] age: 9.60 [0.12] years); (ii) low sports training frequency group (LFG): training once per week (n = 63, mean [SD] age: 9.88 [0.14] years); and (iii) control group (CG): maintaining routine life (n = 180, mean (SD) age: 9.77(0.09) years). Physical fitness status, including body composition (body mass index), endurance (vital capacity; 50 × 8 round trip), speed and agility (50 m sprint), flexibility (sit-and-reach), coordination (1-min rope skipping), and core strength (1-min sit-ups) as well as mental health status was measured. Overall, the results showed that Grade 3 to 4 HFG students showed better total physical fitness scores than the LFG and CG students. Grade 2 and 5 participants in the three groups showed no significant difference in the total physical fitness score. Children in HFG performed better in several PF indicators (i.e., cardiopulmonary function, flexibility, core strength, and coordination) than those in LFG and CG, and children in LFG got a higher score than those in CG on a testing item of 1-min rope skipping. The mental health test results showed that HFG performed better than LFG and CG. The results indicated that participating in sport-specific training 3–5 times per week was beneficial for children’s physical and mental health. Additionally, there was a weak and negative correlation between physical fitness and mental health in LFG and CG, while no correlation was found between physical fitness and mental health in HFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Teacher Education, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Chun Xie
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilong Shi
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechen Mao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Huang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanying Meng
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhiguang Ji
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anmin Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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23
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The Effects of Body Mass Index on Softball Pitchers' Hip and Shoulder Range of Motion. Sports Med Int Open 2020; 5:E8-E13. [PMID: 33354621 PMCID: PMC7746518 DOI: 10.1055/a-1244-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently it is hypothesized that increased body mass index may contribute to overuse injuries. Thus, if hip or shoulder range of motion is affected by body mass index, pitchers may be placing additional stress on joints as they seek to pitch at maximal velocity. The purpose of this study was to examine if range of motion at the hips and shoulders were related to body mass index classification. A sample of 147 female softball pitchers (17.0±4.2 years; 167.6±11.8 cm; 70.6±17.5 kg; body mass index=24.8±4.7 kg/m
2
) participated. Bilateral hip and shoulder range of motion were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated body mass index [Wilks’
Λ
=0.742, F=1.722, p=0.014, η
2
=0.095] significantly affected range of motion of the shoulder and hip. Post hoc results indicated the underweight group had significantly more range of motion than the obese group in hip internal range of motion on both the throwing side (mean difference=12.39, p=0.005) and glove side (mean difference=11.98, p=0.004). Although body composition is not overly emphasized among softball pitchers, the current study reveals excess weight may inhibit proper mechanics. Coaches, athletic trainers, strength and conditioning personnel, and athletes should acknowledge the role that body composition can play in affecting pitch outcomes.
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24
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Milà-Villarroel R, Pujol-Marzo M, Arboix-Alió J, Bishop C. Higher Vertical Jumping Asymmetries and Lower Physical Performance are Indicators of Increased Injury Incidence in Youth Team-Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2204-2211. [PMID: 33009354 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A, Milà-Villarroel, R, Pujol-Marzo, M, Arboix-Alió, J, and Bishop, C. Higher vertical jumping asymmetries and lower physical performance are indicators of increased injury incidence in youth team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-To date, the literature about the association between injury-risk factors and actual injury incidence in young elite team-sports athletes is scarce. The main objective of this study was to examine how modifiable factors may affect injury incidence. Eighty-one young elite team-sports athletes (age: under-14 to under-18) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ), a single leg CMJ (SLCMJ), the one-legged hop test (OLHT), a 30-m sprint test, the V-cut test, a repeated sprint ability, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT) during the pre-season period. Interlimb asymmetries were calculated for SLCMJ and OLHT. Injuries were recorded prospectively for the entirety of the 2017-2018 season. Comparison of injury and noninjury data was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of the ANOVA according to injury showed significant differences in CMJ (p = 0.01), SLCMJ on the lowest performing limb (p = 0.03), and SLCMJ asymmetry (<0.001). Sex × injury interaction was significant from CMJ (p = 0.018) and 30-15 IFT (p = <0.001). In conclusion, this study indicated that athletes with greater interlimb asymmetries, less vertical jump capacity, and lower intermittent aerobic fitness had a greater predisposition to injury. Therefore, monitoring CMJ, aerobic performance, and interlimb asymmetries is recommended given their sensitivity to detect significant differences between injured and healthy youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.,Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Montse Pujol-Marzo
- Consell Català de l'Esport, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Albrecht J, Biese KM, Bell DR, Schaefer DA, Watson AM. Training Load and Injury Among Middle School-Aged Athletes. J Athl Train 2020; 55:954-959. [PMID: 32991704 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-435-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Young athletes are encouraged to participate in high-intensity sport programs. However, most research on the association between training volume (TV) and injury has been performed on adult or professional athletes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between acute and chronic TV (hours/week) and reported injury (yes/no) and evaluate the relationship between acute : chronic TV and injury while controlling for sex, age, and prior injury in young athletes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Online surveys. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Middle school-aged adolescents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We conducted a baseline survey at the start of the 2017-2018 academic year. The baseline survey solicited information regarding demographics, injury history, and primary sport. Subsequent surveys were delivered electronically at the start of each week. Information obtained with the weekly survey included weekly TV and injuries sustained the previous week. Injuries were reported and classified (eg, acute or gradual onset) by the participants. Weekly TV was aggregated as rolling averages over the prior 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Acute:chronic TV was calculated for each participant for every week as the prior week TV divided by the TV during the prior 2 (1 : 2), 3 (1 : 3), and 4 (1 : 4) weeks of the study period. RESULTS A total of 244 recruits participated. Higher average TV over the prior 4 weeks (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93, 1.00; P = .05) was associated with fewer reported injuries. Additionally, higher average TV over the prior 2 (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.99; P = .04), 3 (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91, 0.99; P = .02), and 4 (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91, 0.99; P = .05) weeks was associated with fewer reported acute injuries the following week. Acute:chronic TV and any injury type were not related. CONCLUSIONS Consistent, higher levels of physical activity may offer protection against acute injury in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M Biese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - David R Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Andrew M Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Evaluation of adolescent sport specialization and injury mechanism by sex: A secondary analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:721-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ahlquist S, Cash BM, Hame SL. Associations of Early Sport Specialization and High Training Volume With Injury Rates in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120906825. [PMID: 32201707 PMCID: PMC7068747 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120906825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are 60 million US youth who participate in organized athletics, with
large increases in both sport participation and specialization during the
past 2 decades. There is some evidence that increased sport specialization
and training volumes may be associated with increased injuries in adolescent
populations. This study examines these variables in a population of elite
college athletes. Hypothesis: Early sport specialization (ESS) and a high training volume are risk factors
for injury and/or surgery in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Division I athletes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All Division I athletes at a single institution were surveyed regarding
demographics, scholarship status, reason for specialization, age at
specialization, training volume, and injury history. Chi-square and
Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to identify significant
differences. Results: Athletes who specialized in their eventual varsity sport before age 14 years
were more likely to report a history of injuries (86.9% vs 71.4%), multiple
injuries (64.6% vs 48.8%), multiple college injuries (17.2% vs 6.0%), a
greater number of total injuries (2.0 vs 1.0), and require more time out for
an injury (15.2 vs 6.5 weeks) than those who did not. They were also more
likely to be recruited (92.9% vs 82.1%) and receive a scholarship (82.8% vs
67.9%). Athletes who trained for greater than 28 hours per week in their
eventual varsity sport before high school were more likely to report
multiple injuries (90.0% vs 56.3%), multiple college injuries (40.0% vs
12.5%), a surgical injury (60.0% vs 22.9%), multiple surgical injuries
(30.0% vs 4.7%), a greater number of total injuries (2.5 vs 2.0), and more
time out for an injury (36.5 vs 11.0 weeks) than those who did not (all
P < .05). However, these athletes were not more
likely to be recruited (90.0% vs 89.8%) or receive a scholarship (80.0% vs
74.5%). Conclusion: NCAA Division I athletes with ESS and/or a high training volume sustained
more injuries and missed more time because of an injury, but those with ESS
were more likely to be recruited and receive a college scholarship. This
knowledge can help inform discussions and decision making among athletes,
parents, coaches, trainers, and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Ahlquist
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian M Cash
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sharon L Hame
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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McGowan J, Whatman C, Walters S. The associations of early specialisation and sport volume with musculoskeletal injury in New Zealand children. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Emery CA, van den Berg C, Richmond SA, Palacios-Derflingher L, McKay CD, Doyle-Baker PK, McKinlay M, Toomey CM, Nettel-Aguirre A, Verhagen E, Belton K, Macpherson A, Hagel BE. Implementing a junior high school-based programme to reduce sports injuries through neuromuscular training (iSPRINT): a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:913-919. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a junior high school-based sports injury prevention programme to reduce injuries through neuromuscular training (NMT).MethodsThis was a cluster randomised controlled trial. Students were recruited from 12 Calgary junior high schools (2014–2017). iSPRINT is a 15 min NMT warm-up including aerobic, agility, strength and balance exercises. Following a workshop, teachers delivered a 12-week iSPRINT NMT (six schools) or a standard-of-practice warm-up (six schools) in physical education classes. The definition of all recorded injuries included injuries that resulted in participants being unable to complete a sport and recreation (S&R) session, lost time from sport and/or seek medical attention. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated based on multiple multilevel Poisson regression analyses (adjusting for sex (considering effect modification) and previous injury, offset by S&R participation hours, and school-level and class-level random effects were examined) for intent-to-treat analyses.Results1067 students (aged 11–16) were recruited across 12 schools (6 intervention schools (22 classes), 6 control schools (27 classes); 53.7% female, 46.3% male). The iSPRINT programme was protective of all recorded S&R injuries for girls (IRR=0.543, 95% CI 0.295 to 0.998), but not for boys (IRR=0.866, 95% CI 0.425 to 1.766). The iSPRINT programme was also protective of each of lower extremity injuries (IRR=0.357, 95% CI 0.159 to 0.799) and medical attention injuries (IRR=0.289, 95% CI 0.135 to 0.619) for girls, but not for boys (IRR=1.055, 95% CI 0.404 to 2.753 and IRR=0.639, 95% CI 0.266 to 1.532, respectively).ConclusionThe iSPRINT NMT warm-up was effective in preventing each of all recorded injuries, lower extremity injuries and medically treated S&R injuries in female junior high school students.Trial registration numberNCT03312504
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Post EG, Biese KM, Schaefer DA, Watson AM, McGuine TA, Brooks MA, Bell DR. Sport-Specific Associations of Specialization and Sex With Overuse Injury in Youth Athletes. Sports Health 2019; 12:36-42. [PMID: 31724908 DOI: 10.1177/1941738119886855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant evidence has emerged that sport specialization is associated with an increased risk of overuse injury in youth athletes. Several recommendations exist to reduce the risk of overuse injury in youth sports, but the risk of overuse injuries may be dependent on specific movements required by a given sport. HYPOTHESES Associations between specialized sport participation and overuse injury will exist in volleyball athletes but not soccer or basketball athletes. Female athletes will be more likely to report an overuse injury in the previous year, regardless of sport. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Youth athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 years were recruited in-person at club team tournaments, competitions, and events around the state of Wisconsin during the 2016-2017 school year. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire that consisted of (1) participant demographics, (2) sport specialization status, (3) monthly and weekly sport volume, and (4) sport-related injury history in the previous year. RESULTS A total of 716 youth athletes completed the questionnaire (70.8% female; mean age, 14.21 ± 1.50 years; 43.2% basketball, 19.4% soccer, 37.4% volleyball; 41.8% highly specialized; 32.3% reported overuse injury in the previous year). Sex was associated with overuse injury among basketball athletes, with female basketball athletes nearly 4 times more likely to report an overuse injury compared with male basketball athletes (odds ratio, [OR], 3.7; 95% CI, 2.1-6.6; P < 0.001). High specialization (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.9; P = 0.02) and participating in a single sport for more than 8 months per year (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P < 0.05) were associated with overuse injury only among volleyball athletes. CONCLUSION Specialization and exceeding 8 months per year in a single sport was associated with overuse injury in volleyball, which is one of the most popular youth sports for female athletes. Specialization was not associated with overuse injury in basketball or soccer athletes. Female basketball athletes were nearly 4 times more likely to report a history of overuse injury compared with male basketball athletes. The sex of a youth athlete and the sport that he or she plays may influence the risk of overuse injury associated with sport specialization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Youth athletes, parents, and clinicians should be aware that the potential risks of specialization might vary based on the athlete's sport and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Kevin M Biese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel A Schaefer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew M Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy A McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - M Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David R Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Luiggi M, Griffet J. Sport injury prevalence and risk by level of play and sports played among a representative population of French adolescents. A school-based study. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2019; 67:383-391. [PMID: 31561942 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports practice has both benefits and physical risks. In France, data related to adolescent sports injury are rare. The main purpose of this article is to study the prevalence and risk of injuries by level of play and sports in the southeast of France. METHODS Data collection was conducted in French schools among adolescents in 2015 and 2017 (n=1849; aged 14-19). Only sports players were included (n=1366). Two level of play were created. The low-level group included adolescents playing sport either outside or within a club, at the local level of competition or below. The high-level group included adolescents playing sport within a club at the state (regional) level of competition or higher. Odds-ratios and their 95% confidence intervals adjusted for variables selected using stepwise regression procedures were calculated to determine the injury risk of high-level athletes compared with those at low-level, in each sport. We also calculated the injury risk of each sport compared to all the other sports, by level of play. RESULTS In almost all sports activities, the prevalence of injured athletes was higher in the high-level of play than in the low-level of play. The increase in injury risk was the highest in tennis, basketball, dance, athletics and volleyball. When comparing sports, at the lowest level, handball, boxing, soccer and gymnastics practitioners were more at risk than the rest of the sample. At the highest level of play, only basketball players were more at-risk. Dancing is the less dangerous sport in terms of injury outcome, regardless the level. CONCLUSION From the state level of competition, injury risk increases significantly across most of the sports. Meanwhile, differences appeared regarding the prevalence, severity and nature of the sustained injuries. It would be useful to perform such analysis on a greater sample size, ideally representative of the national population of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luiggi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - J Griffet
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France
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Sports Specialization Is Not Associated With Greater Odds of Previous Injury in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players. Clin J Sport Med 2019; 29:368-373. [PMID: 31460949 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between sport specialization and previous injury in elite male youth soccer players. DESIGN Retrospective survey. SETTING U.S. Soccer Development Academy. PARTICIPANTS Male youth soccer players (N = 2123). ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS Sport specialization, weekly training volume, training ratio, and age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Previous sports-related injury, injury type (traumatic vs overuse), injury severity, and injury location. RESULTS Of 2099 participants (average age 13.2 ± 1.8 years), 61.7% were specialized in soccer (played soccer >8 mo/yr and no other sports) and 38.3% were nonspecialized (played soccer >8 mo/yr and also played other organized sports). Specialized athletes were older than nonspecialized athletes (13.7 ± 1.9 vs 12.5 ± 1.4, P < 0.0001). Thirty-three percent (690/2099) of athletes reported at least one previous sports-related injury for a total of 765 traumatic injuries and 25 overuse injuries. Distribution of injury type was similar for specialized and nonspecialized athletes. Among athletes with overuse injuries, nonspecialized athletes were more likely to report upper-extremity and trunk overuse injuries than specialized athletes. After accounting for age and weekly training volume, specialized athletes had decreased odds of reporting any previous injury compared with nonspecialized athletes [odds ratio (OR), 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64-0.95], and similar odds of reporting a previous lower-extremity (LE) overuse injury as nonspecialized athletes (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-1.1). However, specialized athletes missed more practices due to injury than nonspecialized players [median = 3, interquartile range (IQR) 2-4 vs median = 2, IQR 2-4, P = 0.0003]. CONCLUSIONS In this national sample of elite, male youth soccer players, after accounting for age and weekly training volume, specialized athletes had decreased odds of reporting any previous injury and similar odds of reporting a previous LE overuse injury as nonspecialized athletes. These data suggest the need for further research to determine whether injury risk related to sports specialization depends on sex, chosen sport, and skill/competitive level.
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Grønhaug G, Saeterbakken A. No pain no gain: a survey of use of healthcare and reasons not to seek healthcare by Norwegian climbers with chronic injuries. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000513. [PMID: 31191970 PMCID: PMC6539184 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the use of healthcare, and reasons not to seek healthcare, by climbers with a chronic injury. Method Retrospective survey. Setting Web-based questionnaire. Participants 667 active climbers (385 with chronic injuries). Outcome measure Use of healthcare (including reasons not to seek healthcare if the patient was not attended by health professionals), performance level in sport climbing, onset of a climbing-related injury, site of injury, preferred style of climbing and gender differences. Result Of the 667 respondents, 385 had experienced a chronic injury in the past 6 months. Climbers with a chronic injury are reluctant to seek healthcare, and male climbers are less likely to seek healthcare than female climbers. The two most frequent reasons not to seek healthcare were: (1) an assumption that the injury was not serious enough (70%) and (2) a belief that a health professional could not help (60%). Only one in five of the climbers with a finger injury sought healthcare. The more experienced climbers were less likely to seek healthcare than recreational climbers. Conclusion Use of healthcare among climbers with a chronic injury is limited and injured climbers self-assess the injury before seeking medical aid. Experience is a strong predictor for not seeking healthcare after an injury. These findings open up the possibility that some of those who do not seek healthcare after self-assessing the injury are underestimating the seriousness of the injury due to lack of confidence in the health professionals’ abilities to help treating chronic climbing related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudmund Grønhaug
- Education, arts and sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Atle Saeterbakken
- Education, arts and sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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Post EG, Schaefer DA, Biese KM, Watson AM, McGuine TA, Brooks MA, Bell DR. A Comparison of Team Sport Volume Surveyed Between High School and Club Sport Coaches. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119836484. [PMID: 31001566 PMCID: PMC6454658 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119836484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Club sport participation is increasingly common among high school athletes. Sport participation characteristics may vary widely between the high school and club sport settings. However, there have been no large-scale comparisons of sport participation volume between high school and club teams from similar sports. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to compare the sport participation characteristics of high school and high school-aged club teams. We hypothesized that club team athletes would participate in more months per year and hours per week and would take more overnight trips than high school athletes and that club team coaches would be less likely to track their athletes' sport volume than high school coaches. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS A total of 769 coaches (266 female; 34.6%) from 3 sports (basketball, volleyball, soccer) completed an anonymous online questionnaire regarding their team's sport volume and their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding sport specialization. Coaches were eligible to participate if they had served as the head or assistant coach of a high school sport team or high school-aged club sport team in the past 12 months. RESULTS Overall, 64.6% (n = 497) were coaches of a high school team, and 35.4% (n = 272) were coaches of a club team with high school-aged athletes. Club coaches' teams played more months out of the year and took more overnight trips for competitions than high school coaches' teams but participated in fewer hours per week of practices or competitions during their season. There were no differences between club and high school coaches in tracking their athletes' sport volume, with most coaches in both settings reporting that they do not track the amount of time that their athletes participate in other sports. CONCLUSION Significant differences in sport participation volume exist between the teams of high school and club coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Post
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State
University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel A. Schaefer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin M. Biese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew M. Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy A. McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M. Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David R. Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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McLeod TV, Israel M, Christino MA, Chung JS, McKay SD, Lang PJ, Bell DR, Chan CM, Crepeau A, Davis E, Fletcher AL, Laniak J, McCaffrey K, Pacicca D, Riederer M, Rizzone K, Rush JK, Zaslow T. Sport Participation and Specialization Characteristics Among Pediatric Soccer Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119832399. [PMID: 30944839 PMCID: PMC6437330 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119832399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Soccer is an increasingly popular sport for children and adolescents in the United States. Little is known about participation patterns related to sport specialization. Purpose: To investigate soccer participation levels and sport specialization characteristics among youth soccer athletes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Adolescent athletes aged between 12 and 18 years completed an online survey addressing participant demographics, sports and soccer participation history, and level of specialization. Descriptive analyses characterized participation, while chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed the influence of specialization, sex, and grade on survey variables. Results: Overall, 83.7% of 746 respondents participated in an organized soccer league outside of school, and 37% played in multiple leagues concurrently. Nearly three-quarters of respondents trained in soccer more than 8 months of the year, with those who participated in club soccer being more likely to train more than 8 months of the year. More respondents were classified as high specialization (37.5%), followed by moderate (35.6%) and low (28.6%) specialization. No differences between sexes were noted for level of specialization or quitting other sports to specialize in soccer, but male athletes were more likely to train more than 8 months per year compared with female athletes. Respondents in older grades (9th-10th and 11th-12th grades) were more likely to be highly specialized and quit other sports to focus on soccer. No differences between grade levels were found among respondents training more than 8 months per year. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that many youth soccer athletes participated in multiple teams or leagues at the same time and trained more than 8 months of the year. Characteristics including participation on a club team, level of specialization, and male sex were associated with a greater likelihood of exceeding the 8-month training recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Israel
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa A Christino
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jane S Chung
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott D McKay
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pamela J Lang
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David R Bell
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Charles M Chan
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison Crepeau
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda L Fletcher
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Laniak
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kelsie McCaffrey
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donna Pacicca
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark Riederer
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katherine Rizzone
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy K Rush
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tracy Zaslow
- Investigation performed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Abstract
In the United States, there has been a steady increase in sports participation across all age groups. An estimated 27 million youths between the ages of 6 and 18 years participate in team sports, and 60 million participate in some form of organized athletics. While there are great benefits from sports participation, early single sport specialization carries an increased risk of overuse injuries and burnout. Specialization has become increasingly popular among parents and coaches due to the common belief that it is the best way to develop an elite athlete. However, for most sports, there is no evidence that specialization before puberty is necessary to achieve elite status and in fact, there is evidence to the contrary. A recent American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) consensus statement has highlighted the negative side effects of early sports specialization; these include increased risk for overuse injury and burnout. School nurses are well-positioned to affect this issue through providing education and raising awareness of the potential detrimental consequences associated with youth sport specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Matzkin
- Chief of Women's Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Biese KM, Post EG, Schaefer DA, Bell DR. Sport Specialization and Participation Characteristics of Female High School Volleyball Athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3928/19425864-20180830-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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DiFiori JP, Güllich A, Brenner JS, Côté J, Hainline B, Ryan E, Malina RM. The NBA and Youth Basketball: Recommendations for Promoting a Healthy and Positive Experience. Sports Med 2018; 48:2053-2065. [PMID: 29961207 PMCID: PMC6096539 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Participation in sports offers both short-term and long-term physical and psychosocial benefits for children and adolescents. However, an overemphasis on competitive success in youth sports may limit the benefits of participation, and could increase the risk of injury, burnout, and disengagement from physical activity. The National Basketball Association and USA Basketball recently assembled a group of leading experts to share their applied research and practices to address these issues. This review includes the group's analysis of the existing body of research regarding youth sports participation and the related health, performance, and psychosocial outcomes. Based upon this, age-specific recommendations for basketball participation are provided that aim to promote a healthy and positive experience for youth basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P DiFiori
- Primary Care Sports Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Arne Güllich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joel S Brenner
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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40
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Fabricant PD, Suryavanshi JR, Calcei JG, Marx RG, Widmann RF, Green DW. The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS): Normative Data. Am J Sports Med 2018. [PMID: 29513554 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518756349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data have shown an increase in youth sports participation at younger ages, which may be linked to greater musculoskeletal injury risk. The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) is a validated 8-item instrument designed to quantify the activity of children between 10 and 18 years old. Normative data on pediatric and adolescent activity level are unknown. PURPOSE To establish normative activity-level data for American youth and to determine if there is a natural decrease in activity level during adolescence. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A cross-sectional investigation was performed among 2002 US children and adolescents equally split by sex and age and representing census-weighted distributions of state of residency, race/ethnicity, and health insurance status. Respondents completed the HSS Pedi-FABS, as well as survey questions on demographics and sports participation. Normative data were reported with descriptive statistics. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine if there was an effect of age on activity level during adolescence. RESULTS A total of 2002 respondents completed the survey; the mean age of the respondents at the time of survey completion was 14.0 ± 2.6 years. Mean weekly amount of reported physical activity was 9.3 ± 8.4 hours. HSS Pedi-FABS scores were normally distributed with a mean of 15.4 ± 8.5 points (out of 30 possible points). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in HSS Pedi-FABS activity scores with increasing age ( r = -0.175, P < .001), corresponding to a linear decrease in activity scores by 27% on average from age 10 to 18 years. CONCLUSION The current study provides baseline normative data for activity level in a census-weighted representative population sample of 2002 American youth through the use of a validated activity score (HSS Pedi-FABS). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in activity scores with increasing age. These results will aid future research by providing normative, representative population-level activity data and will help to quantify the natural rate of decreased activity during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert G Marx
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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41
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Luiggi M, Rindler V, Griffet J. From which level of competition in clubs are adolescents at greater risk of injury compared with outside-of-clubs athletes? A school-based study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018; 46:66-72. [PMID: 29108447 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1402665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sport practice is a key factor in a person's physical and mental health but, for adolescent athletes, some injuries lead to health problems in the long term. The literature provides multiple factors for understanding injury but does not give information about injury risk related to each level of play in a large sample of multisport athletes. This study investigates this relationship in 14- to 19-year-old adolescents. METHODS The survey on adolescents and health was conducted in classrooms of France, from February to March 2015. Only sports players were included in the analyses (n = 986). The levels of play were divided into five categories: outside of a club/no competition, club player/no competition, club player/local level, club player/state level and club player/national and higher level. A three-step binary logistic regression analysis with age, sex, type of sport, weekly hours of exposure, and level of play was used. RESULTS During the past year, 48.1% of the adolescents were injured. Age and sex were not risk factors. The injury risk associated with the increases in level of play is higher than those related to the hours of exposure per week or the type of sport. In clubs, adolescents who do not compete or play at a local level showed no evidence of greater injury risk whereas state-level and national- and higher-level athletes were at greater risk than outside-of-club players (OR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.13-3.94 and OR = 3.89, 95%CI = 2.07-7.31, respectively). CONCLUSION Adolescents who play sports in clubs are clearly more exposed to injury than those who play outside of a club, mainly from state level. Age and sex are not related to injury. Future epidemiological studies should control adolescents' level of play. Special attention should be accorded to the injury risk of athletes playing at these levels of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Luiggi
- a Institute of Movement Sciences , Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM , Marseille , France
| | - Victoria Rindler
- a Institute of Movement Sciences , Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM , Marseille , France
| | - Jean Griffet
- a Institute of Movement Sciences , Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM , Marseille , France
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42
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Bell DR, Post EG, Trigsted SM, Schaefer DA, McGuine TA, Watson AM, Brooks MA. Sport Specialization Characteristics Between Rural and Suburban High School Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967117751386. [PMID: 29376086 PMCID: PMC5777568 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117751386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sport specialization has been associated with overuse injuries and is more common in larger high schools, which are often located in more urban/suburban settings. However, sport participation characteristics have not been compared between suburban and rural high schools. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in sport participation characteristics between athletes at suburban and rural high schools. It was hypothesized that suburban high school students would be more likely to be highly specialized, participate in more athletic competitions per year, and play in a league outside of school. We also hypothesized that suburban high school students would start playing their primary sport at a younger age, would have participated in their primary sport for longer, and would play more months per year and hours per week. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: High school athletes from 4 high schools (2 suburban and 2 rural) participated in this study (N = 354 [222 females]; mean age, 15.7 ± 1.2 years). Athletes were on a school-sponsored athletic team in 1 of 4 sports (volleyball, tennis, basketball, soccer). The suburban schools (study enrollment, n = 226) had total school enrollments of 2271 and 622 students, while the rural schools (study enrollment, n = 128) had total school enrollments of 443 and 297. Participants completed a questionnaire prior to the start of their high school sport season. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, a sport specialization scale, and sport participation information. Primary sport competition volume in the previous 12 months was classified as high (>60 primary sport competitions), moderate (30-60), or low (<30). Sport specialization status was classified via a 3-point scale as low, moderate, or high. Results: As compared with athletes at rural schools, athletes at suburban schools started playing their primary sport at a younger age (suburban, 7.8 ± 2.9 years; rural, 9.7 ± 3.2 years; P < .001) and participated for more years (suburban, 7.9 ± 3.1 years; rural, 6.1 ± 3.3 years; P < .001), more months per year (suburban, 7.6 ± 3.6 months; rural, 5.6 ± 2.8 months; P < .001), and more hours per week (suburban, 15.2 ± 5.1 hours; rural, 12.9 ± 3.3 hours; P < .001). Athletes at suburban schools were more likely than rural athletes to be classified as highly specialized (χ2 = 52.5, P < .001), participate in more competitions (χ2 = 16.5, P < .001), play in a league outside of school (χ2 = 18.4, P < .001), and train in their primary sport for >8 months per year (χ2 = 27.8, P < .001) and >16 hours per week (χ2 = 15.0, P < .001). Conclusion: High school athletes at suburban schools are more likely to exhibit sport participation patterns that are associated with increased risk of overuse injury. These include being classified as highly specialized, playing their primary sport >8 months per year and >16 hours per week, engaging in a high competition volume, and participating in a sport league (eg, club) outside of school. Efforts aimed at safe sport participation should target these groups, as they seem more likely to violate safe sport recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric G Post
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephanie M Trigsted
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel A Schaefer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy A McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew M Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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43
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Read PJ, Oliver JL, De Ste Croix MBA, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. An audit of injuries in six english professional soccer academies. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1542-1548. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1402535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Gregory D. Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Wilhelm A, Choi C, Deitch J. Early Sport Specialization: Effectiveness and Risk of Injury in Professional Baseball Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117728922. [PMID: 28975134 PMCID: PMC5613849 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117728922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rate of early sport specialization in professional baseball players is unknown. Purpose: To report the incidence and age of sport specialization in current professional baseball players and the impact of early specialization on the frequency of serious injuries sustained during the players’ careers. We also queried participants about when serious injuries occurred, the players’ current position on the field, and their opinions regarding the need for young athletes to specialize early to play at the professional level. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A total of 102 current professional baseball players anonymously completed a 7-question written survey. Early sport specialization was defined as “single-sport participation prior to high school.” Injury was defined as “a serious injury or surgery that required the player to refrain from sports (baseball) for an entire year.” Chi-square tests were used to investigate the risk of injury in those who specialized early in baseball versus those who did not. Independent-sample t tests were used to compare injury rates based on current player position. Results: Fifty (48%) baseball players specialized early. The mean age at initiation of sport specialization was 8.91 years (SD, 3.7 years). Those who specialized early reported more serious injuries (mean, 0.54; SD, 0.838) during their professional baseball career than those who did not (mean, 0.23; SD, 0.425) (P = .044). Finally, 63.4% of the queried players believed that early sport specialization was not required to play professional baseball. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a statistically significant higher rate of serious injury during a baseball player’s professional career in those players who specialized early. Most current professional baseball players surveyed believed that sport specialization was not required prior to high school to master the skills needed to play at the professional level. Our findings demonstrate an increased incidence of serious injuries in professional baseball players who specialized in baseball prior to high school. Youth baseball athletes should be encouraged not to participate in a single sport given the potential for an increased incidence of serious injuries later in their careers. No data are available to suggest that early specialization is needed to reach the professional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilhelm
- The Orthopedic Residency of York, York, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - John Deitch
- The Orthopedic Residency of York, York, Pennsylvania, USA.,WellSpan Sports Medicine, York, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Buckley PS, Bishop M, Kane P, Ciccotti MC, Selverian S, Exume D, Emper W, Freedman KB, Hammoud S, Cohen SB, Ciccotti MG. Early Single-Sport Specialization: A Survey of 3090 High School, Collegiate, and Professional Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117703944. [PMID: 28812031 PMCID: PMC5536378 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117703944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Youth participation in organized sports in the United States is rising, with many athletes focusing on a single sport at an increasingly younger age. Purpose: To retrospectively compare single-sport specialization in current high school (HS), collegiate, and professional athletes with regard to the rate and age of specialization, the number of months per year of single-sport training, and the athlete’s perception of injury related to specialization. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A survey was distributed to HS, collegiate, and professional athletes prior to their yearly preparticipation physical examination. Athletes were asked whether they had chosen to specialize in only 1 sport, and data were then collected pertaining to this decision. Results: A total of 3090 athletes completed the survey (503 HS, 856 collegiate, and 1731 professional athletes). A significantly greater percentage of current collegiate athletes specialized to play a single sport during their childhood/adolescence (45.2% of HS athletes, 67.7% of collegiate athletes, and 46.0% of professional athletes; P < .001). The age of single-sport specialization differed between groups and occurred at a mean age of 12.7 ± 2.4 (HS), 14.8 ± 2.5 (collegiate), and 14.1 ± 2.8 years (professional) (P < .001). Current HS (39.9%) and collegiate athletes (42.1%) recalled a statistically greater incidence of sport-related injury than current professional athletes (25.4%) (P < .001). The majority (61.7%) of professional athletes indicated that they believed specialization helps the athlete play at a higher level, compared with 79.7% of HS and 80.6% of collegiate athletes (P < .001). Notably, only 22.3% of professional athletes said they would want their own child to specialize to play only 1 sport during childhood/adolescence. Conclusion: This study provides a foundation for understanding current trends in single-sport specialization in all athletic levels. Current HS athletes specialized, on average, 2 years earlier than current collegiate and professional athletes surveyed. These data challenge the notion that success at an elite level requires athletes to specialize in 1 sport at a very young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Buckley
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan Bishop
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick Kane
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C Ciccotti
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen Selverian
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominique Exume
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William Emper
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin B Freedman
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sommer Hammoud
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven B Cohen
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael G Ciccotti
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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46
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47
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Post EG, Trigsted SM, Riekena JW, Hetzel S, McGuine TA, Brooks MA, Bell DR. The Association of Sport Specialization and Training Volume With Injury History in Youth Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:1405-1412. [PMID: 28288281 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517690848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations exist to encourage safe youth participation in sport. These recommendations include not specializing in 1 sport, limiting participation to less than 8 months per year, and limiting participation to fewer hours per week than a child's age. However, limited evidence exists to support or refute these recommendations. HYPOTHESIS High levels of specialization will be associated with a history of injuries and especially overuse injuries, independent of age, sex, or weekly sport training hours. Athletes who exceed current sport volume recommendations will be more likely to have a history of injuries and overuse injuries. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Youth athletes (n = 2011; 989 female and 1022 male; 12-18 years of age) completed a questionnaire regarding their specialization status, yearly and weekly sport participation volume, and injury history. Specialization was classified as low, moderate, or high using a previously utilized 3-point scale. Athletes were classified into groups based on either meeting or exceeding current volume recommendations (months per year and hours per week). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated to investigate associations of specialization and volume of participation with a history of sport-related injuries in the past year ( P ≤ .05). RESULTS Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report a previous injury of any kind ( P < .001; OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.26-2.02) or an overuse injury ( P = .011; OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.07-1.99) in the previous year compared with athletes in the low specialization group. Athletes who played their primary sport more than 8 months of the year were more likely to report an upper extremity overuse injury ( P = .04; OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.06-2.80) or a lower extremity overuse injury ( P = .001; OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.22-2.30). Athletes who participated in their primary sport for more hours per week than their age (ie, a 16-year-old athlete who participated in his or her primary sport for more than 16 h/wk) were more likely to report an injury of any type ( P = .001; OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.12-1.61) in the previous year. CONCLUSION High levels of specialization were associated with a history of injuries, independent of age, sex, and weekly organized sport volume. Athletes who exceeded volume recommendations were more likely to have a history of overuse injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Parents and youth athletes should be aware of the risks of specialization and excessive sport volume to maximize safe sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephanie M Trigsted
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy W Riekena
- Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy A McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David R Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Injury in Sport Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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48
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Sugimoto D, Stracciolini A, Dawkins CI, Meehan WP, Micheli LJ. Implications for Training in Youth: Is Specialization Benefiting Kids? Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Lloyd RS, Cronin JB, Faigenbaum AD, Haff GG, Howard R, Kraemer WJ, Micheli LJ, Myer GD, Oliver JL. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1491-509. [PMID: 26933920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been a growing interest in long-term athletic development for youth. Because of their unique physical, psychological, and social differences, children and adolescents should engage in appropriately prescribed exercise programs that promote physical development to prevent injury and enhance fitness behaviors that can be retained later in life. Irrespective of whether a child is involved in organized sport or engages in recreational physical activity, there remains a need to adopt a structured, logical, and evidence-based approach to the long-term development of athleticism. This is of particular importance considering the alarmingly high number of youth who fail to meet global physical activity recommendations and consequently present with negative health profiles. However, appropriate exercise prescription is also crucial for those young athletes who are physically underprepared and at risk of overuse injury because of high volumes of competition and an absence of preparatory conditioning. Whether the child accumulates insufficient or excessive amounts of exercise, or falls somewhere between these opposing ends of the spectrum, it is generally accepted that the young bodies of modern day youth are often ill-prepared to tolerate the rigors of sports or physical activity. All youth should engage in regular physical activity and thus should be viewed as "athletes" and afforded the opportunity to enhance athleticism in an individualized, holistic, and child-centered manner. Because of emerging interest in long-term athletic development, an authorship team was tasked on behalf of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) to critically synthesize existing literature and current practices within the field and to compose a relevant position statement. This document was subsequently reviewed and formally ratified by the NSCA Board of Directors. A list of 10 pillars of successful long-term athletic development are presented, which summarize the key recommendations detailed within the position statement. With these pillars in place, it is believed that the NSCA can (a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to long-term athletic development, (b) promote the benefits of a lifetime of healthy physical activity, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 3Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 5Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania; 6Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 9The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 10Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 11Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 12Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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50
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Kahlenberg CA, Nair R, Monroe E, Terry MA, Edwards SL. Incidence of injury based on sports participation in high school athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:269-73. [PMID: 27088736 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1180269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Youth participation in competitive athletics has significantly increased in the past two decades. There has also been a recent rise in the number of sports injuries that physicians are seeing in young athletes. The objective of this study was to assess the likelihood of sports injuries based on several risk factors in a general sample of athletes at a suburban-area high school. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed to 2,200 student-athletes at a local high school with a mean age of 15.9 years. Four hundred eighty four (22%) complete responses were received. Data collected in the survey included demographics, frequency of sports participation, level of participation, types of sports played, participation in cross-training, injuries incurred, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and treatment for sports injuries. RESULTS Athletes played an average of 1.6 different sports. The average number of hours of participation in sports annually was 504.3 ± 371.6 hours. The average total number of sports injuries experienced by athletes in our study was 1.7 per participant. 80.8% of respondents reported having sustained at least one sports injury. A higher total number of hours per year of sports participation and playing a contact sport were significantly associated with more reported lifetime sports injuries. Older age, playing a contact sport, and playing on a travel/club team were associated with students using NSAIDs for sports injuries. Older age, playing a contact sport, and doing cross training are also associated with having had surgery for a sports injury. CONCLUSIONS Although more hours of participation and playing a contact sport may lead to an increased number of injuries, this risk must be weighed against the myriad of benefits that sports provide for young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Kahlenberg
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Rueben Nair
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Emily Monroe
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Michael A Terry
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sara L Edwards
- b California Pacific Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA
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