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Antonio J, Newmire DE, Stout JR, Antonio B, Gibbons M, Lowery LM, Harper J, Willoughby D, Evans C, Anderson D, Goldstein E, Rojas J, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Forbes SC, Gomez Lopez J, Ziegenfuss T, Moulding BD, Candow D, Sagner M, Arent SM. Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2323919. [PMID: 38466174 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords "caffeine" and "exercise" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon "crash?" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Texas Woman's University, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Harper
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Dawn Anderson
- Indiana Tech, Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Erica Goldstein
- Stetson University, Department of Health Sciences, Deland, FL, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Universidad de O´Higgins, Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory. Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Rancagua, Chile
- Motion Human Performance Laboratory, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, CBrandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Tim Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA
| | - Blake D Moulding
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Darren Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
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Mor A, Acar K, Alexe DI, Mor H, Abdioğlu M, Man MC, Karakaș F, Waer FB, Yılmaz AK, Alexe CI. Moderate-dose caffeine enhances anaerobic performance without altering hydration status. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1359999. [PMID: 39050139 PMCID: PMC11267619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1359999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of direct nutritional supplements on athletic performance are still being investigated and arouse curiosity. Only one study in the literature was found that investigated the kicking speed performance of futsal players following low-dose caffeine supplementation (3 mg/kg); thus, the question of whether caffeine supplementation improves kicking speed as well as essential physical parameters in soccer players is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine supplementation on vertical jump (VJ), sprint, reaction time, balance, change of direction (COD), and ball-kicking speed in soccer players. In a double-blind, cross-over design, nine moderately trained male soccer players (21.11 ± 2.02 years, 171.22 ± 6.14 cm, 71.78 ± 10.02 kg) consumed caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo 60 min before completing balance, reaction time, vertical jump, agility, 30 m sprint, and ball-kicking speed tests. Greater VJ height (p = 0.01) and power (p = 0.08), and faster completion time according to the Illinois Agility Test (p = 0.08) were found following caffeine supplementation compared to placebo. Elapsed time (p = 0.01), average (p = 0.01) time, and the slowest reaction times (p = 0.016) were significantly reduced after caffeine consumption compared to placebo supplementation. Caffeine intake significantly improved VJ, agility, and reaction time (p < 0.05) but did not affect 30 m sprint, ball-kicking speed, balance, and RPE values in soccer players (p > 0.05). Although non-significant, caffeine intake also improved sprint (0.67%) and ball kicking (2.7%) performance percentages. Also, caffeine consumption did not induce dehydration, and the athletes' body hydration levels were normal. These findings support the use of caffeine supplementation as an effective nutritional ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic performance, at least for vertical jumps, COD speed, and reaction time, in trained male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mor
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Kürşat Acar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
| | - Hakkı Mor
- Department of Coaching Education, Yasar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Mekki Abdioğlu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Maria Cristina Man
- Department of Physical Education, 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Fatih Karakaș
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Ben Waer
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Kerim Yılmaz
- Recreation Department, Yasar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
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Naulleau C, Jeker D, Pancrate T, Claveau P, Deshayes TA, Burke LM, Goulet EDB. Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2431-2445. [PMID: 35616851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat is associated with physiological strain and endurance performance (EP) impairments. Studies have investigated the impact of caffeine intake upon EP and core temperature (CT) in the heat, but results are conflicting. There is a need to systematically determine the impact of pre-exercise caffeine intake in the heat. OBJECTIVE To use a meta-analytical approach to determine the effect of pre-exercise caffeine intake on EP and CT in the heat. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Four databases and cross-referencing. DATA ANALYSIS Weighted mean effect summaries using robust variance random-effects models for EP and CT, as well as robust variance meta-regressions to explore confounders. STUDY SELECTION Placebo-controlled, randomized studies in adults (≥ 18 years old) with caffeine intake at least 30 min before endurance exercise ≥ 30 min, performed in ambient conditions ≥ 27 °C. RESULTS Respectively six and 12 studies examined caffeine's impact on EP and CT, representing 52 and 205 endurance-trained individuals. On average, 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine were taken 1 h before exercises of ~ 70 min conducted at 34 °C and 47% relative humidity. Caffeine supplementation non-significantly improved EP by 2.1 ± 0.8% (95% CI - 0.7 to 4.8) and significantly increased the rate of change in CT by 0.10 ± 0.03 °C/h (95% CI 0.02 to 0.19), compared with the ingestion of a placebo. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise in the heat may provide a worthwhile improvement in EP, is unlikely to be deleterious to EP, and trivially increases the rate of change in CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Naulleau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - David Jeker
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada.
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Carmo KEO, Pérez DIV, Valido CN, Dos Santos JL, Miarka B, Mendes-Netto RS, Leite MMR, Antoniêtto NR, Aedo-Muñoz EA, Brito CJ. Caffeine improves biochemical and specific performance after judo training: a double-blind crossover study in a real judo training situation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:15. [PMID: 33485363 PMCID: PMC7825225 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional ergogenic aids are foods or nutrients that can improve physical performance. Among these foods with ergogenic properties, caffeine has shown that it can increase the fat catabolism, strength, and improve the cognition and time reaction of an athlete, therefore, it is hoped that it can improve the performance of judokas. This study through a double-blind crossover (supplement X placebo) protocol, investigated the effects caffeine supplementation (single capsule containing 5 mg/kg body mass intake 60 min before the session) on biochemical, anthropometrical, physical, subjective and hemodynamic variables measured before, during and after two typical judo trainingcxs sessions (120-min: 40-min of gymnastics; 40-min of specific technics and; 40-min of judo combat). Methods 8 high-level athletes (21.4 ± 2.0 years; 83.6 ± 15.2 kg; 1.8 ± 0.1 m; 17.9 ± 7.0 Fat%) were evaluated before and after each training for body mass, hydration, upper and lower limb power, performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, heart rate, and pain. In addition, heart rate, FFA in plasma, uric acid, glucose, lactate, rating of perceived exertion and pain were assessed during the training. Results At 120 min, supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of plasma FFA (1.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L; p = 0.047) and lactate (4.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L; p = 0.047), and a lower concentration of uric acid (5.4 ± 0.9 vs. 7.0 ± 1.5 mg/dL; p = 0.04). Supplementation also resulted in performance maintenance (fatigue index) in the SJFT (Δ0.3 ± 2.0 vs Δ1.7 ± 2.5, for caffeine and placebo respectively, p = 0.046). No adverse effects were observed. Conclusion Based on the applied dose, intake time, and sample of this study, we can conclude that caffeine produces an ergogenic biochemical effect, and improves performance in judo athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez
- Escuela de Kinesiologia, Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Education Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer St., Governador Valadares, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | | | | | - Naiara Ribeiro Antoniêtto
- Physical Education Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer St., Governador Valadares, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Physical Education Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer St., Governador Valadares, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil.
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5
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Nakamura D, Tanabe Y, Arimitsu T, Hasegawa H, Takahashi H. Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102698. [PMID: 33077119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While the effects of caffeine have been evaluated in relation to endurance exercise, few studies have assessed the ergogenic effects of low caffeine doses on intermittent exercise performance in hot and humid environments. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of low-dose caffeine supplementation on intermittent exercise performance under these conditions. Eight male soccer players (age, 19.9 ± 0.3 years; height, 173.7 ± 6.3 cm; body mass, 65.1 ± 5.5 kg; V˙O2max, 50.0 ± 3.1 mL ⋅ kg-1⋅ min-1) participated in this double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Caffeine was orally administered at 60 min before exercise (dosage, 3 mg ⋅ kg-1). The participants completed a 90-min intermittent sprint cycling protocol under two conditions (after receiving caffeine and placebo) at 32 °C and at 70% relative humidity. A significant improvement in the total amount of work was observed in the caffeine condition compared to the placebo condition (155.0 ± 15.8 vs 150.8 ± 14.5 kJ, respectively; p < 0.05, d = 0.28). In contrast, the rectal temperature measured at the end of exercise showed no significant difference between the conditions (38.9 ± 0.4 °C and 38.7 ± 0.5 °C in the caffeine and placebo conditions, respectively; p > 0.05, d = 0.57). Other thermal responses, such as the mean skin temperature, heart rate, or sweat volume, were not significantly different between these conditions. These results suggested that a low caffeine dose improved the intermittent sprint performance and the reasons could be explained by the fact that a low caffeine dose ingestion did not affect the thermoregulatory responses compared to the placebo condition and, thus, did not attenuate its ergogenic effect on exercise in hot and humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakamura
- Rikkyo research institute of Wellness, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, 171-8501 Tokyo, Japan; Wheathernews Inc., Makuhari Techno Garden, Nakase 1-3 Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, 261-0023, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences at University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Faculty of Health Care, Department of Human Health Hachinohe Gakuin University, 13-98 Oazamihono, Hachinohe, 031-8588, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), 3-15-1 Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
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Acute Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Change the Hydration Status following a 10 km Run in Recreationally Trained Runners. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6598753. [PMID: 32596348 PMCID: PMC7298264 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6598753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Caffeine mouth rinsing has emerged as an alternative to oral caffeine consumption for improving performance without provoking lower gastrointestinal distress. However, it remains unclear if hydration status and sweat rate are negatively affected by caffeine mouth rinsing. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of 10 seconds of caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2% anhydrous caffeine solution) on hydration status and sweat rate following a 10 km run trial. Methods Ten recreationally trained runners (30.1 ± 6.4 y) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover research study. Participants completed two 10 km run trials separated by approximately one week. Immediately prior to running, participants completed a 10-second mouth rinse protocol with either 300 mg of caffeine or microcrystalline cellulose (placebo) diluted in 25 mL of water. The effects of caffeine mouth rinsing on hydration status and sweat rate were assessed following a 10 km run trial. Results Sweat rate (placebo: 15.34 ± 9.71 vs. caffeine: 11.91 ± 6.98 mL · min−1; p = 0.39), dehydration (placebo: 1.20 ± 0.57 vs. caffeine: 1.49 ± 0.29%; p = 0.15), and hydration (placebo: 15.32 ± 9.71 vs. caffeine: 11.89 ± 6.99 mL · min−1; p = 0.37) measures were not significantly different between trials. Conclusion Caffeine mouth rinse does not appear to alter the hydration status or sweat rate following a 10 km run.
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Kazman JB, Attipoe S, Kupchak BR, Deuster PA. Caffeine and heat have additive but not interactive effects on physiologic strain: A factorial experiment. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102563. [PMID: 32364995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the interactive effects of heat and caffeine on exercise-induced physiological strain by using a 2x2 within-subjects factorial design. Thirty-five physically fit Caucasians underwent a bout of exercise under four conditions wherein ambient conditions (heat vs no heat) and caffeine (placebo vs caffeine; double-blinded) were manipulated. Exercise consisted of a 60-min walk and 5-min step/squat test while wearing weighted backpack. Primary outcomes include measures of physiologic strain (Core temperature [Tr] and heart rate [HR]). Secondary measures included blood pressure, markers of sweat loss, and creatine kinase (CK). Repeated measures models were created to evaluate the individual and combined effects of heat and caffeine. Key results indicated that heat and caffeine significantly increased Tr and HR after walking and stair-stepping. No significant heat by caffeine interactions were detected, and caffeine's main effects were relatively low (≤0.17 °C for Tr and ≤6.6 bpm for HR). Of note, heat and caffeine exhibited opposite effects on blood pressure: caffeine increased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (by 6-7 mmHg) and heat decreased them (by 4-6 mm Hg; ps < 0.05). In summary, heat and caffeine affected physiologic strain during exercise but exhibited no synergistic effects. In contrast, neither factor affected muscle damage. Clinical implications for heat illness risk in the military are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh B Kazman
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA.
| | - Selasi Attipoe
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA; College of Public Health, Ohio State University, USA
| | - Brian R Kupchak
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA
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Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Sackett JR, Parker MD, Schlader ZJ. Soft drink consumption during and following exercise in the heat elevates biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R189-R198. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00351.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that consuming a soft drink (i.e., a high-fructose, caffeinated beverage) during and following exercise in the heat elevates biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans. Twelve healthy adults drank 2 liters of an assigned beverage during 4 h of exercise in the heat [35.1 (0.1)°C, 61 (5)% relative humidity] in counterbalanced soft drink and water trials, and ≥1 liter of the same beverage after leaving the laboratory. Stage 1 AKI (i.e., increased serum creatinine ≥0.30 mg/dl) was detected at postexercise in 75% of participants in the Soft Drink trial compared with 8% in Water trial ( P = 0.02). Furthermore, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a biomarker of AKI, was higher during an overnight collection period after the Soft Drink trial compared with Water in both absolute concentration [6 (4) ng/dl vs. 5 (4) ng/dl, P < 0.04] and after correcting for urine flow rate [6 (7) (ng/dl)/(ml/min) vs. 4 (4) (ng/dl)/(ml/min), P = 0.03]. Changes in serum uric acid from preexercise were greater in the Soft Drink trial than the Water trial at postexercise ( P < 0.01) and 24 h ( P = 0.05). There were greater increases from preexercise in serum copeptin, a stable marker of vasopressin, at postexercise in the Soft Drink trial ( P < 0.02) than the Water trial. These findings indicate that consuming a soft drink during and following exercise in the heat induces AKI, likely via vasopressin-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - James R. Sackett
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Bowtell JL, Mohr M, Fulford J, Jackman SR, Ermidis G, Krustrup P, Mileva KN. Improved Exercise Tolerance with Caffeine Is Associated with Modulation of both Peripheral and Central Neural Processes in Human Participants. Front Nutr 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29484298 PMCID: PMC5816050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caffeine has been shown to enhance exercise performance and capacity. The mechanisms remain unclear but are suggested to relate to adenosine receptor antagonism, resulting in increased central motor drive, reduced perception of effort, and altered peripheral processes such as enhanced calcium handling and extracellular potassium regulation. Our aims were to investigate how caffeine (i) affects knee extensor PCr kinetics and pH during repeated sets of single-leg knee extensor exercise to task failure and (ii) modulates the interplay between central and peripheral neural processes. We hypothesized that the caffeine-induced extension of exercise capacity during repeated sets of exercise would occur despite greater disturbance of the muscle milieu due to enhanced peripheral and corticospinal excitatory output, central motor drive, and muscle contractility. Methods Nine healthy active young men performed five sets of intense single-leg knee extensor exercise to task failure on four separate occasions: for two visits (6 mg·kg-1 caffeine vs placebo), quadriceps 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans were performed to quantify phosphocreatine kinetics and pH, and for the remaining two visits (6 mg·kg-1 caffeine vs placebo), femoral nerve electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the quadriceps cortical motor area were applied pre- and post exercise. Results The total exercise time was 17.9 ± 6.0% longer in the caffeine (1,225 ± 86 s) than in the placebo trial (1,049 ± 73 s, p = 0.016), and muscle phosphocreatine concentration and pH (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the latter sets of exercise after caffeine ingestion. Voluntary activation (VA) (peripheral, p = 0.007; but not supraspinal, p = 0.074), motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude (p = 0.007), and contractility (contraction time, p = 0.009; and relaxation rate, p = 0.003) were significantly higher after caffeine consumption, but at task failure MEP amplitude and VA were not different from placebo. Caffeine prevented the reduction in M-wave amplitude that occurred at task failure (p = 0.039). Conclusion Caffeine supplementation improved high-intensity exercise tolerance despite greater-end exercise knee extensor phosphocreatine depletion and H+ accumulation. Caffeine-induced increases in central motor drive and corticospinal excitability were attenuated at task failure. This may have been induced by the afferent feedback of the greater disturbance of the muscle milieu, resulting in a stronger inhibitory input to the spinal and supraspinal motor neurons. However, causality needs to be established through further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Bowtell
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Magni Mohr
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Centre of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Exeter NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Department of Exercise and Wellness, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katya N Mileva
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Effect of a moderate caffeine dose on endurance cycle performance and thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1024-1028. [PMID: 28420550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the influence of a moderate caffeine dose on endurance cycle performance and thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in high ambient temperature. DESIGN Double-blind cross-over study. METHODS Eight healthy, recreationally active males (mean±SD; age: 22±1 years; body mass: 71.1±8.5kg; VO2peak: 55.9±5.8mLkg-1min-1; Wmax: 318±37W) completed one VO2peak test, one familiarisation trial and two experimental trials. After an overnight fast, participants ingested a placebo or a 6mgkg-1 caffeine dose 60min before exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 60min of cycle exercise at 55% Wmax, followed by a 30min performance task (total kJ produced) in 30°C and 50% RH. RESULTS Performance was enhanced (Cohen's d effect size=0.22) in the caffeine trial (363.8±47.6kJ) compared with placebo (353.0±49.0kJ; p=0.004). Caffeine did not influence core (p=0.188) or skin temperature (p=0.577) during exercise. Circulating prolactin (p=0.572), cortisol (p=0.842) and the estimated rates of fat (p=0.722) and carbohydrate oxidation (p=0.454) were also similar between trial conditions. Caffeine attenuated perceived exertion during the initial 60min of exercise (p=0.033), with no difference in thermal stress across trials (p=0.911). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 6mgkg-1 caffeine improved endurance cycle performance in a warm environment, without differentially influencing thermoregulation during prolonged exercise at a fixed work-rate versus placebo. Therefore, moderate caffeine doses which typically enhance performance in temperate environmental conditions also appear to benefit endurance performance in the heat.
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McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Glaister M, Williams BH, Muniz-Pumares D, Balsalobre-Fernández C, Foley P. The Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise in Endurance-Trained Men. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161375. [PMID: 27532605 PMCID: PMC4988702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on physiological responses to submaximal exercise, with a focus on blood lactate concentration ([BLa]). METHODS Using a randomised, single-blind, crossover design; 16 endurance-trained, male cyclists (age: 38 ± 8 years; height: 1.80 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 76.6 ± 7.8 kg; [Formula: see text]: 4.3 ± 0.6 L∙min-1) completed four trials on an electromagnetically-braked cycle ergometer. Each trial consisted of a six-stage incremental test (3 minute stages) followed by 30 minutes of passive recovery. One hour before trials 2-4, participants ingested a capsule containing 5 mg∙kg-1 of either caffeine or placebo (maltodextrin). Trials 2 and 3 were designed to evaluate the effects of caffeine on various physiological responses during exercise and recovery. In contrast, Trial 4 was designed to evaluate the effects of caffeine on [BLa] during passive recovery from an end-exercise concentration of 4 mmol∙L-1. RESULTS Relative to placebo, caffeine increased [BLa] during exercise, independent of exercise intensity (mean difference: 0.33 ± 0.41 mmol∙L-1; 95% likely range: 0.11 to 0.55 mmol∙L-1), but did not affect the time-course of [BLa] during recovery (p = 0.604). Caffeine reduced ratings of perceived exertion (mean difference: 0.5 ± 0.7; 95% likely range: 0.1 to 0.9) and heart rate (mean difference: 3.6 ± 4.2 b∙min-1; 95% likely range: 1.3 to 5.8 b∙min-1) during exercise, with the effect on the latter dissipating as exercise intensity increased. Supplement × exercise intensity interactions were observed for respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.004) and minute ventilation (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study illustrate the clear, though often subtle, effects of caffeine on physiological responses to submaximal exercise. Researchers should be aware of these responses, particularly when evaluating the physiological effects of various experimental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Glaister
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary’s University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Henley Williams
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary’s University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Muniz-Pumares
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary’s University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Foley
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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13
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Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG. Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:108-20. [PMID: 25293550 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are increasingly popular among athletes and others. Advertising for these products typically features images conjuring great muscle power and endurance; however, the scientific literature provides sparse evidence for an ergogenic role of energy drinks. Although the composition of energy drinks varies, most contain caffeine; carbohydrates, amino acids, herbs, and vitamins are other typical ingredients. This report analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on prolonged submaximal (endurance) exercise as well as on short-term strength and power (neuromuscular performance). It also analyzes the effects of energy drink ingredients on the fluid and electrolyte deficit during prolonged exercise. In several studies, energy drinks have been found to improve endurance performance, although the effects could be attributable to the caffeine and/or carbohydrate content. In contrast, fewer studies find an ergogenic effect of energy drinks on muscle strength and power. The existing data suggest that the caffeine dose given in studies of energy drinks is insufficient to enhance neuromuscular performance. Finally, it is unclear if energy drinks are the optimal vehicle to deliver caffeine when high doses are needed to improve neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Competitive tennis in the heat can prompt substantial sweat losses and extensive consequent body water and electrolyte deficits, as well as a level of thermal strain that considerably challenges a player's physiology, perception of effort, and on-court well-being and performance. Adequate hydration and optimal performance can be notably difficult to maintain when multiple same-day matches are played on successive days in hot weather. Despite the recognised effects of the heat, much more research needs to be carried out to better appreciate the broader scope and full extent of the physiological demands and hydration and thermal strain challenges facing junior and adult players in various environments, venues and competition scenarios. However, certain recommendations of best practices should be emphasised to minimise exertional heat illness risk and improve player safety, well-being and on-court performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford USD School of Medicine, National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute, , Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this article is to provide a review of the fundamental aspects of body fluid balance and the physiological consequences of water imbalances, as well as discuss considerations for the optimal composition of a fluid replacement beverage across a broad range of applications. Early pioneering research involving fluid replacement in persons suffering from diarrheal disease and in military, occupational, and athlete populations incurring exercise- and/or heat-induced sweat losses has provided much of the insight regarding basic principles on beverage palatability, voluntary fluid intake, fluid absorption, and fluid retention. We review this work and also discuss more recent advances in the understanding of fluid replacement as it applies to various populations (military, athletes, occupational, men, women, children, and older adults) and situations (pathophysiological factors, spaceflight, bed rest, long plane flights, heat stress, altitude/cold exposure, and recreational exercise). We discuss how beverage carbohydrate and electrolytes impact fluid replacement. We also discuss nutrients and compounds that are often included in fluid-replacement beverages to augment physiological functions unrelated to hydration, such as the provision of energy. The optimal composition of a fluid-replacement beverage depends upon the source of the fluid loss, whether from sweat, urine, respiration, or diarrhea/vomiting. It is also apparent that the optimal fluid-replacement beverage is one that is customized according to specific physiological needs, environmental conditions, desired benefits, and individual characteristics and taste preferences.
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Abstract
Running well and safely in the heat is challenging for all runners, from recreational to elite. As environmental heat stress (heat stress modulated or augmented by air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) and the intensity and duration of a training run or race increase, so are metabolic heat production, the parallel need for heat transfer from the body to maintain thermal equilibrium, the consequent increase in blood flow to the skin, and the concomitant sweating response progressively and proportionally amplified. An accumulating total body-water deficit from extensive sweating and escalating level of cardiovascular and thermal strain will, in due course, considerably challenge a runner's physiology, perception of effort, and on-course well-being and performance. However, with the appropriate preparation and modifications to planned running intensity and distance, runners can safely tolerate and effectively train and compete in a wide range of challenging environmental conditions. Clinicians play a key role in this regard as an effective resource for providing the most effective guidelines and making the best overall individual recommendations regarding training and competing in the heat.
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Zhang Y, Coca A, Casa DJ, Antonio J, Green JM, Bishop PA. Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 18:569-74. [PMID: 25154702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although ergogenic, acute caffeine ingestion may increase urine volume, prompting concerns about fluid balance during exercise and sport events. This meta-analysis evaluated caffeine induced diuresis in adults during rest and exercise. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS A search of three databases was completed on November 1, 2013. Only studies that involved healthy adults and provided sufficient information concerning the effect size (ES) of caffeine ingestion on urine volume were included. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, providing a total of 28 ESs for the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS The median caffeine dosage was 300 mg. The overall ES of 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11-0.48, p = 0.001) corresponds to an increase in urine volume of 109 ± 195 mL or 16.0 ± 19.2% for caffeine ingestion vs. non-caffeine conditions. Subgroup meta-analysis confirmed exercise as a strong moderator: active ES = 0.10, 95% CI = -0.07 to 0.27, p = 0.248 vs. resting ES = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.22-0.85, p = 0.001 (Cochran's Q, p = 0.019). Females (ES = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.38-1.13, p < 0.001) were more susceptible to diuretic effects than males (ES = 0.13, 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.31, p = 0.158) (Cochran's Q, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Caffeine exerted a minor diuretic effect which was negated by exercise. Concerns regarding unwanted fluid loss associated with caffeine consumption are unwarranted particularly when ingestion precedes exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Chinese Badminton Association, Zhejiang Jiaxing Branch, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aitor Coca
- National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, United States
| | - Jose Antonio
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, United States
| | - James M Green
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of North Alabama, United States
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18
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Effect of caffeine on cycling time-trial performance in the heat. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17:445-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim BJ, Seo Y, Kim JH, Lee DT. Effect of caffeine intake on finger cold-induced vasodilation. Wilderness Environ Med 2014; 24:328-36. [PMID: 24238217 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeine intake on finger cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). METHODS Ten healthy men underwent 6 experimental trials characterized by control (NCAFF) or caffeine intake (CAFF) via chewing gum (300 mg of caffeine) while resting on a chair or performing submaximal (70% maximal oxygen consumption) or maximal (100% maximal oxygen consumption) treadmill exercise (Bruce protocol) followed by immersion of the middle finger in a water bath (5°C) for 20 minutes. Finger temperature (Tf ) and time parameters of the first CIVD cycle and post-test norepinephrine were measured. RESULTS Exercise duration for submaximal and maximal exercise was 8.9 ± 0.9 and 12.4 ± 0.8 minutes, respectively. CAFF had no effect on Tf, but exercise increased minimal Tf in NCAFF (9.08 ± 1.27°C, 13.02 ± 2.13°C, and 13.25 ± 1.63°C in rest, submaximal, and maximal exercise, respectively) and CAFF (8.76 ± 1.39°C, 12.50 ± 1.91°C, and 12.79 ± 1.20°C). Maximal Tf was significantly higher in NCAFF (15.98 ± 1.04°C, 16.18 ± 1.56°C, and 15.14 ± 1.52°C) than in CAFF (13.56 ± 1.19°C, 15.52 ± 1.31°C, and 14.39 ± 1.43°C), resulting in a significant difference between minimal and maximal Tf in rest (NCAFF, 6.89 ± 1.56°C and CAFF, 4.79 ± 1.23°C), but not in exercise conditions. CAFF had no effect on CIVD time responses, but exercise significantly shortened CIVD onset and peak time compared with rest in both NCAFF and CAFF. Norepinephrine concentration was significantly greater in CAFF (290.6 ± 113.0 pg/mL, 278.1 ± 91.4 pg/mL, and 399.8 ± 125.5 pg/mL) than NCAFF (105.6 ± 29.5 pg/mL, 199.6 ± 89.6 pg/mL, and 361.5 ± 171.3 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Caffeine intake before finger immersion in cold water does not result in a thermogenic effect and adversely affects CIVD responses, whereas exercise modifies CIVD temperature and time responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Jo Kim
- College of Physical Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Lara B, Gonzalez-Millán C, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, Areces F, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Muñoz V, Portillo LJ, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Del Coso J. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1385-92. [PMID: 24615239 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is little information about the effects of caffeine intake on female team-sport performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance in female soccer players during a simulated game. A double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized experimental design was used in this investigation. In two different sessions, 18 women soccer players ingested 3 mg of caffeine/kg in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). After 60 min, they performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 7 × 30 m sprint test followed by a simulated soccer match (2 × 40 min). Individual running distance and speed were measured using GPS devices. In comparison to the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the CMJ height (26.6 ± 4.0 vs 27.4 ± 3.8 cm; P < 0.05) and the average peak running speed during the sprint test (24.2 ± 1.6 vs 24.5 ± 1.7 km/h; P < 0.05). During the simulated match, the energy drink increased the total running distance (6,631 ± 1,618 vs 7,087 ± 1,501 m; P < 0.05), the number of sprints bouts (16 ± 9 vs 21 ± 13; P < 0.05) and the running distance covered at >18 km/h (161 ± 99 vs 216 ± 103 m; P < 0.05). The ingestion of the energy drink did not affect the prevalence of negative side effects after the game. An energy drink with a dose equivalent to 3 mg of caffeine/kg might be an effective ergogenic aid to improve physical performance in female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Madrid, Spain
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Del Coso J, Ramírez JA, Muñoz G, Portillo J, Gonzalez-Millán C, Muñoz V, Barbero-Álvarez JC, Muñoz-Guerra J. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance of elite rugby players during a simulated match. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:368-74. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a caffeine-containing energy drink in enhancing rugby players' physical performance during a simulated match. A second purpose was to determine the urinary caffeine excretion derived from the energy drink intake. In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 26 elite rugby players (mean ± SD for age and body mass, 25 ± 2 y and 93 ± 15 kg) played 2 simulated rugby games (2 × 30 min) 60 min after ingesting (i) 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink (Fure, ProEnergetics) or (ii) the same drink without caffeine (placebo). During the matches, the individual running distance and the instantaneous speed were measured, and the number of running actions above 20 km·h−1 (i.e., sprints) were determined, using global positioning system devices. The number of impacts above 5 g during the matches was determined by accelerometry. The ingestion of the energy drink, compared with the placebo, increased the total distance covered during the match (4749 ± 589 vs 5139 ± 475 m, p < 0.05), the running distance covered at more than 20 km·h−1 (184 ± 38 vs 208 ± 38 m, p < 0.05), and the number of sprints (10 ± 7 vs 12 ± 7, p < 0.05). The ingestion of the energy drink also resulted in a greater overall number of impacts (481 ± 352 vs 641 ± 366, p < 0.05) and a higher postexercise urine caffeine concentration (0.1 ± 0.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.9 μg·mL−1, p < 0.05). The use of an energy drink with a caffeine dose equivalent to 3 mg·kg−1 considerably enhanced the movement patterns of rugby players during a simulated match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid 28692, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Muñoz
- Doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Anti-Doping Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Portillo
- Exercise Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Gonzalez-Millán
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcon, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid 28692, Spain
| | - Víctor Muñoz
- Exercise Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Del Coso J, Muñoz-Fernández VE, Muñoz G, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Hamouti N, Barbero JC, Muñoz-Guerra J. Effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on simulated soccer performance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31380. [PMID: 22348079 PMCID: PMC3279366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on soccer performance during a simulated game. A second purpose was to assess the post-exercise urine caffeine concentration derived from the energy drink intake. Methodology/Principal Findings Nineteen semiprofessional soccer players ingested 630±52 mL of a commercially available energy drink (sugar-free Red Bull®) to provide 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass, or a decaffeinated control drink (0 mg/kg). After sixty minutes they performed a 15-s maximal jump test, a repeated sprint test (7×30 m; 30 s of active recovery) and played a simulated soccer game. Individual running distance and speed during the game were measured using global positioning satellite (GPS) devices. In comparison to the control drink, the ingestion of the energy drink increased mean jump height in the jump test (34.7±4.7 v 35.8±5.5 cm; P<0.05), mean running speed during the sprint test (25.6±2.1 v 26.3±1.8 km · h−1; P<0.05) and total distance covered at a speed higher than 13 km · h−1 during the game (1205±289 v 1436±326 m; P<0.05). In addition, the energy drink increased the number of sprints during the whole game (30±10 v 24±8; P<0.05). Post-exercise urine caffeine concentration was higher after the energy drink than after the control drink (4.1±1.0 v 0.1±0.1 µg · mL−1; P<0.05). Conclusions/significance A caffeine-containing energy drink in a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg increased the ability to repeatedly sprint and the distance covered at high intensity during a simulated soccer game. In addition, the caffeinated energy drink increased jump height which may represent a meaningful improvement for headers or when players are competing for a ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Ganio MS, Armstrong LE. Effect of caffeine on internal temperature. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1977-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Del Coso J, Muñoz G, Muñoz-Guerra J. Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:555-61. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the use of caffeine by athletes after its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list. For this purpose, we measured the caffeine concentration in 20 686 urine samples obtained for doping control from 2004 to 2008. We utilized only urine samples obtained after official national and international competitions. Urine caffeine concentration was determined using alkaline extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The limit of detection (LOD) was set at 0.1 µg·mL–1. The percentage of urine samples below the LOD was 26.2%; the remaining 73.8% of the urine samples contained caffeine. Most urine samples (67.3%) had urinary caffeine concentrations below 5 µg·mL–1. Only 0.6% of urine samples exceeded the former threshold for caffeine doping (12 µg·mL–1). Triathlon (3.3 ± 2.2 µg·mL–1), cycling (2.6 ± 2.0 µg·mL–1), and rowing (1.9 ± 1.4 µg·mL–1) were the sports with the highest levels of urine caffeine concentration; gymnastics was the sport with the lowest urine caffeine concentration (0.5 ± 0.4 µg·mL–1). Older competitors (>30 y) had higher levels of caffeine in their urine than younger competitors (<20 y; p < 0.05); there were no differences between males and females. In conclusion, 3 out of 4 athletes had consumed caffeine before or during sports competition. Nevertheless, only a small proportion of these competitors (0.6%) had a urine caffeine concentration higher than 12 µg·mL–1. Endurance sports were the disciplines showing the highest urine caffeine excretion after competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Camilo Jose Cela University, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Antidoping Agency, Doping Control Laboratory in Madrid, Spain
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Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:588-95. [PMID: 21450118 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a belief that caffeinated drinks, such as tea, may adversely affect hydration. This was investigated in a randomised controlled trial. Healthy resting males (n 21) were recruited from the general population. Following 24 h of abstention from caffeine, alcohol and vigorous physical activity, including a 10 h overnight fast, all men underwent four separate test days in a counter-balanced order with a 5 d washout in between. The test beverages, provided at regular intervals, were 4 × 240 ml black (i.e. regular) tea and 6 × 240 ml black tea, providing 168 or 252 mg of caffeine. The controls were identical amounts of boiled water. The tea was prepared in a standardised way from tea bags and included 20 ml of semi-skimmed milk. All food taken during the 12 h intervention period was controlled, and subjects remained at rest. No other beverages were offered. Blood was sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h, and a 24 h urine sample was collected. Outcome variables were whole blood cell count, Na, K, bicarbonate, total protein, urea, creatinine and osmolality for blood; and total volume, colour, Na, K, creatinine and osmolality for urine. Although data for all twenty-one participants were included in the analysis (mean age 36 years and mean BMI 25·8 kg/m(2)), nineteen men completed all conditions. Statistical analysis, using a factorial ANOVA approach within PROC MIXED, revealed no significant differences between tea and water for any of the mean blood or urine measurements. It was concluded that black tea, in the amounts studied, offered similar hydrating properties to water.
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Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics 2011; 127:511-28. [PMID: 21321035 PMCID: PMC3065144 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults. METHODS We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," "caffeine," "taurine," "ADHD," "diabetes," "children," "adolescents," "insulin," "eating disorders," and "poison control center" to identify articles related to energy drinks. Manufacturer Web sites were reviewed for product information. RESULTS According to self-report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults. Frequently containing high and unregulated amounts of caffeine, these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults with seizures, diabetes, cardiac abnormalities, or mood and behavioral disorders or those who take certain medications. Of the 5448 US caffeine overdoses reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years. Several countries and states have debated or restricted energy drink sales and advertising. CONCLUSIONS Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. In the short-term, pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks in vulnerable populations and screen for consumption to educate families. Long-term research should aim to understand the effects in at-risk populations. Toxicity surveillance should be improved, and regulations of energy drink sales and consumption should be based on appropriate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Seifert
- Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Judith L. Schaechter
- Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eugene R. Hershorin
- Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Coso JD, Hamouti N, Ortega JF, Fernández-Elías VE, Mora-Rodríguez R. Relevance of individual characteristics for thermoregulation during exercise in a hot-dry environment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2173-81. [PMID: 21305382 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of individual characteristics for thermoregulation during prolonged cycling in the heat. For this purpose, 28 subjects cycled for 60 min at 60% VO(2peak) in a hot-dry environment (36 ± 1°C; 25 ± 2% relative humidity, airflow 2.5 m/s). Subjects had a wide range of body mass (99-43 kg), body surface area (2.2-1.4 m(2)), body fatness (28-5%) and aerobic fitness level (VO(2peak) = 5.0-2.1 L/min). At rest and during exercise, rectal and mean skin temperatures were measured to calculate the increase in body temperature (ΔT (body)) during the trial. Net metabolic heat production (M (NET)) and potential heat loss (by means of evaporation, radiation and convection) were calculated. Although subjects exercised at the same relative intensity, ΔT (body) presented high between-subjects variability (range from 0.44 to 1.65°C). ΔT (body) correlated negatively with body mass (r = -0.49; P < 0.01), body surface area (r = -0.47; P < 0.01) and T(body) at rest (r = -0.37; P < 0.05), but it did not significantly correlate with body fatness (r = 0.12; P > 0.05). ΔT (body) positively correlated with the body surface area/mass ratio (r = 0.46; P < 0.01) and the difference between M (NET) and potential heat loss (r = 0.56; P < 0.01). In conclusion, a large body size (mass and body surface area) is beneficial to reduce ΔT (body) during cycling exercise in the heat. However, subjects with higher absolute heat production (more aerobically fit) accumulate more heat because heat production may exceed potential heat loss (uncompensability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1135-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Willoughby D, Stout J, Graves BS, Wildman R, Ivy JL, Spano M, Smith AE, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20205813 PMCID: PMC2824625 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The position of The Society regarding caffeine supplementation and sport performance is summarized by the following seven points: 1.) Caffeine is effective for enhancing sport performance in trained athletes when consumed in low-to-moderate dosages (~3-6 mg/kg) and overall does not result in further enhancement in performance when consumed in higher dosages (≥ 9 mg/kg). 2.) Caffeine exerts a greater ergogenic effect when consumed in an anhydrous state as compared to coffee. 3.) It has been shown that caffeine can enhance vigilance during bouts of extended exhaustive exercise, as well as periods of sustained sleep deprivation. 4.) Caffeine is ergogenic for sustained maximal endurance exercise, and has been shown to be highly effective for time-trial performance. 5.) Caffeine supplementation is beneficial for high-intensity exercise, including team sports such as soccer and rugby, both of which are categorized by intermittent activity within a period of prolonged duration. 6.) The literature is equivocal when considering the effects of caffeine supplementation on strength-power performance, and additional research in this area is warranted. 7.) The scientific literature does not support caffeine-induced diuresis during exercise, or any harmful change in fluid balance that would negatively affect performance.
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Kellawan JM, Stuart-Hill LA, Petersen SR. The effects of caffeine during exercise in fire protective ensemble. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:1445-1454. [PMID: 19851910 DOI: 10.1080/00140130903197453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effects of caffeine during exercise in fire protective ensemble (FPE), 10 healthy males completed 3 x 10 min bouts of treadmill exercise on two separate days. Sixty minutes prior to exercise either 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAFF) or dextrose placebo (PLA) capsules were ingested (randomly assigned, double blind). End-exercise gastrointestinal temperature (T(gi)) was higher in CAFF compared to PLA (38.80 +/- 0.08 degrees C vs. 38.43 +/- 0.11 degrees C, p < or = 0.01). Ventilation (V(E)) and tidal volume (V(t)) were also significantly higher in CAFF, which resulted in higher consumption of air from the self-contained breathing apparatus. While perceived exertion in the caffeine condition was decreased (p < or = 0.05) compared to placebo, the higher T(gi) values increased calculated physiological strain index in CAFF (p < or = 0.01). Caffeine appears to alter the physiological and psycho-physical responses to exercise in FPE and may influence factors related to work tolerance in firefighting. These findings are relevant to occupations such as firefighting where workers are encapsulated during exposure to heavy physical work and/or environmental heat. The results indicate that workers may be more susceptible to heat-related fatigue, illness or injury with ingestion of significant amounts of caffeine. To the authors' knowledge this is the first study involving humans and exercise to detect an increase in body temperature with caffeine ingestion.
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ISHIJIMA T, HASHIMOTO H, SATOU K, MURAOKA I, SUZUKI K, HIGUCHI M. The Different Effects of Fluid with and without Carbohydrate Ingestion on Subjective Responses of Untrained Men during Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:506-10. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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