1
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Breslow RG. Creating a Lifelong Passion for Exercise: The Way Forward. Curr Sports Med Rep 2023; 22:276-278. [PMID: 37549211 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
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2
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de Geus EJ. Genetic Pathways Underlying Individual Differences in Regular Physical Activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:2-18. [PMID: 36044740 PMCID: PMC9762726 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Twin and family studies show a strong contribution of genetic factors to physical activity (PA) assessed by either self-report or accelerometers. PA heritability is around 43% across the lifespan. Genome-wide association studies have implied biological pathways related to exercise ability and enjoyment. A polygenic score based on genetic variants influencing PA could help improve the success of intervention programs.
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3
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Ujiie Y, Takahashi K. Association of personality with habituation of physical and non-physical activities among Japanese adults: Results from questionnaire research before COVID-19 pandemic. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100076. [PMID: 36785624 PMCID: PMC9670675 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Physical activity has benefits for public health as it reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases and improves the quality of life. Previous studies have shown that health conditions, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status influence one's tendency to engage in physical activity. However, the influence of psychological traits on engagement in physical activity is not yet fully understood. In this study, we explored personality traits associated with the habituation of physical activity and compared them with personality traits associated with the habituation of non-physical activity. Methods We recruited 1600 Japanese adult volunteers and conducted an online survey just before the spread of COVID-19. We collected data for the prevalence of physical and non-physical activities, and various aspects of personality traits including the Big Five personality traits, sensitivity to behavioral activation, dark triad personality, levels of internal locus of control, and the degree of just-world belief. Findings The results demonstrated that high levels of extraversion, sensitivity to behavioral activation, and an internal locus of control had a positive influence on the habituation of physical activity. Moreover, our results were contradictory as they also showed that high levels of openness, sensitivity to behavioral activation, and just world belief related to the habituation of non-physical activity. Interpretation These results suggest that the personality traits that influenced the habituation of activities depend on the characteristics of the activity and reveal extraversion and internal locus of control as the personality traits specific to the habituation of physical activity. Fundings This study was supported by Senryakuteki-kenkyu from Chukyo University, a Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists (Grant No. 19 K20650 and 22 K13880), the Promotion of Joint International Research (Grant No. 20KK0054). This work was also supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas "Construction of the Face-Body Studies in Transcultural Conditions" (Grant No. 17H06342).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ujiie
- Department of Psychology, College of Contemporary Psychology, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano,Niiza-shi, Saitama Japan 352-8558, Japan
- Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8570, Japan
| | - Kohske Takahashi
- Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8570, Japan
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8570, Japan
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4
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Bok D, Rakovac M, Foster C. An Examination and Critique of Subjective Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity: The Talk Test, Feeling Scale, and Rating of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med 2022; 52:2085-2109. [PMID: 35507232 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prescribing exercise intensity is crucial in achieving an adequate training stimulus. While numerous objective methods exist and are used in practical settings for exercise intensity prescription, they all require anchor measurements that are derived from a maximal or submaximal graded exercise test or a series of submaximal or supramaximal exercise bouts. Conversely, self-reported subjective methods such as the Talk Test (TT), Feeling Scale (FS) affect rating, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) do not require exercise testing prior to commencement of the exercise training and therefore appear as more practical tools for exercise intensity prescription. This review is intended to provide basic information on reliability and construct validity of the TT, FS, and RPE measurements to delineate intensity domains. The TT and RPE appear to be valid measures of both the ventilatory threshold and the respiratory compensation threshold. Although not specifically examined, the FS showed tendency to demarcate ventilatory threshold, but its validity to demarcate the respiratory compensation threshold is limited. Equivocal stage of the TT, RPE of 10-11, and FS ratings between fairly good (+ 1) and good (+ 3) are reflective of the ventilatory threshold, while negative stage of the TT, RPE of 13-15, and FS ratings around neutral (0) are reflective of the respiratory compensation threshold. The TT and RPE can effectively be used to elicit homeostatic disturbances consistent with the moderate, heavy, and severe intensity domains, while physiological responses to constant FS ratings show extensive variability around ventilatory threshold to be considered effective in demarcating transition between moderate and heavy intensity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Rakovac
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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5
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Rogowska AM, Tataruch R, Niedźwiecki K, Wojciechowska-Maszkowska B. The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Approach Motivational System and Sports Success among Elite Speed Skating Athletes and Physical Education Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052899. [PMID: 35270591 PMCID: PMC8910426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the association between self-efficacy and sports success has been well established in previous studies, little is known regarding whether the basic approach motivation system contributes to this relationship in athletes. The study examines associations between self-reported temperamental approach disposition, self-efficacy, and predispositions to sports success in athletes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed between August 3 and 30 November 2020. The participants were 156 athletes, aged 16-34 years (M = 21.57, SD = 3.58, 41.67% women), in two groups: 54 elite athletes in speed skating (EASS) and 102 physical education students (PES). The online survey consisted of the Reinforced Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Sports Success Scale (SSS). RESULTS There were no differences in self-efficacy and sports success in terms of gender, sports discipline, and level of competitions. The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) results were lower in the EASS sample compared with in the PES group. Self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationships between BAS and sports success among athletes, with sport discipline as a moderator between BAS and self-efficacy. Sports success in speed skating relies strongly on BAS, while a weak link has been found in other sports disciplines. CONCLUSIONS BAS is directly correlated to sports success and indirectly related through self-efficacy. Mental training should be focused on maintaining self-efficacy and reward motivation in athletes to increase their sports success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Tataruch
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (R.T.); (B.W.-M.)
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6
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Li Y, Xia X, Yu A, Xu H, Zhang C. Duration of an acute moderate-intensity exercise session affects approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity. Appetite 2022; 172:105955. [PMID: 35122877 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is partly driven by unhealthy eating behaviors underpinned by an approach bias toward high-calorie food. Although exercise is a useful strategy for weight loss among individuals with obesity, whether exercise modulates this approach bias is unclear. This study assessed whether the duration of an acute moderate-intensity exercise altered the approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity. In total, 24 individuals with obesity were included in this study with a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. Participants completed three sessions of 30, 45, or 60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (40%-59% of heart rate reserve) on an elliptical trainer or completed a control rest session for 55 minutes. Food approach bias was evaluated using a joystick-based approach-avoidance task immediately before and after each session. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. We found that compared with that before exercise, the approach bias score toward high-calorie food was significantly decreased only in the 45-minute exercise session (p = .015) and that this score was also significantly lower than that after both the 60-minute exercise session (p = .002) and the control session (p = .024). These findings suggest a dose-response relationship between exercise duration and approach bias, with 45 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise being an effective strategy for decreasing the approach bias toward high-calorie food among individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Yu
- Shanghai Dianfeng Institute of Fat Lose, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangmei Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Teixeira DS, Rodrigues F, Machado S, Cid L, Monteiro D. Did You Enjoy It? The Role of Intensity-Trait Preference/Tolerance in Basic Psychological Needs and Exercise Enjoyment. Front Psychol 2021; 12:682480. [PMID: 34177737 PMCID: PMC8222508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting exercise regimens that aim at enhancing the quality of individuals’ subjective exercise experience can be challenging. Given the recent theoretical contributions regarding the possible interaction of exercise intensity-traits and several motivational variables, as well as their potential value for exercise adherence, the objective of this study was to examine the mediation role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity and enjoyment. This cross-sectional study comprised a total of 160 exercisers (Mage = 34.12, SD = 9.23, 73 males) enrolled in several health clubs. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 23.0/PROCESS v. 3.4. The results indicate that intensity-traits presented positive associations with enjoyment, and negative associations with all of needs frustration variables. A mediation role of needs frustration emerged in the intensity-traits and enjoyment associations that was analyzed according to relatable theoretical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S Teixeira
- Universidade Lusófona, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarem), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarem), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,ESECS - Polytechnique of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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8
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Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng JYY. Increasing Students’ Activity in Physical Education: Results of the Self-determined Exercise and Learning For FITness Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:696-704. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Ha
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, AUSTRALIA
| | - Johan Y Y Ng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG
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9
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Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Walsh JJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS, Goldfield GS. 24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Impulsivity. Pediatrics 2019; 144:e20190187. [PMID: 31413180 PMCID: PMC6856835 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine individual and concurrent associations between meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth (9-11 hours of sleep per night, ≤2 hours of recreational screen time (ST) per day, and at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day) and dimensions of impulsivity. METHODS Data from this cross-sectional observational study were part of the first annual curated release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Participants included 4524 children between the ages of 8 and 11 years. RESULTS In analyses, it was shown that adherence to individual movement behavior recommendations as well as combinations of adherence to movement behavior recommendations were associated with each dimension of impulsivity. Meeting all 3 movement behavior recommendations was associated with lower positive urgency (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.12 to -0.05), negative urgency (95% CI: -0.04 to -0.08), Behavioral Inhibition System (95% CI: -0.08 to -0.01), greater perseverance (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.15), and better scores on delay-discounting (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.94). Meeting the ST and sleep recommendations was associated with less impulsive behaviors on all dimensions of impulsivity: negative urgency (95% CI: -0.20 to -0.10), positive urgency (95% CI: -0.16 to -0.08), perseverance (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.15), Behavioral Inhibition System (95% CI: -0.15 to -0.03), Behavioral Activation System (BAS) reward responsiveness (95% CI: -0.04 to -0.05), BAS drive (95% CI: -0.14 to -0.06), BAS fun-seeking (95% CI: -0.15 to -0.17), and delay-discounting task (95% CI: 0.68 to 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Findings support efforts to determine if limiting recreational ST while promoting adequate sleep enhances the treatment and prevention of impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Guerrero
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Joel D Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Exercise, Metabolism, and Inflammation Laboratory, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Stolarska B, Stolarski M, Matthews G. A Comparison of the Effects of 45-minute Aerobic Training and Cognitive Task Solving on Transient Mood States in a Female Student Sample. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 11:499-521. [PMID: 31183962 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of moderate-intensity physical exercise on mood are well established. Students in higher education are a group vulnerable to stress who may benefit from aerobic exercise classes. The present study broadens existing findings by testing the impact on mood of a 45-minute-long aerobic training session, conducted in a naturalistic setting. METHOD A three-dimensional mood assessment that distinguished hedonic tone (pleasantness of mood) from energetic and tense arousal dimensions was used for assessment of pre- and post-training mood in a sample of women (n = 120) taking part in a 45-minute aerobic training. A control group (n = 120) performed cognitive tasks. RESULTS Physical but not cognitive activity elevated mood on all three dimensions, but the effect size was largest for energetic arousal. It was also found that mood improvements in terms of energy and tension change were strongest for individuals initially low in hedonic tone. CONCLUSIONS The finding supports the hypothesis that successful completion of an exercise session in a naturalistic setting may enhance mood in female students. At a practical level, the study suggests that exercise classes may help students cope with the mood impairments resulting from demanding cognitive activities, leading to potential educational benefits.
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11
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Lightfoot JT, DE Geus EJC, Booth FW, Bray MS, DEN Hoed M, Kaprio J, Kelly SA, Pomp D, Saul MC, Thomis MA, Garland T, Bouchard C. Biological/Genetic Regulation of Physical Activity Level: Consensus from GenBioPAC. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:863-873. [PMID: 29166322 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity unquestionably maintains and improves health; however, physical activity levels globally are low and not rising despite all the resources devoted to this goal. Attention in both the research literature and the public policy domain has focused on social-behavioral factors; however, a growing body of literature suggests that biological determinants play a significant role in regulating physical activity levels. For instance, physical activity level, measured in various manners, has a genetic component in both humans and nonhuman animal models. This consensus article, developed as a result of an American College of Sports Medicine-sponsored round table, provides a brief review of the theoretical concepts and existing literature that supports a significant role of genetic and other biological factors in the regulation of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Future research on physical activity regulation should incorporate genetics and other biological determinants of physical activity instead of a sole reliance on social and other environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timothy Lightfoot
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Eco J C DE Geus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Molly S Bray
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Marcel DEN Hoed
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Scott A Kelly
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Michael C Saul
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Martine A Thomis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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12
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Andersz N, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K. Gray’s Personality Dimensions and Reasons for Voluntary Sleep Deprivation Among College Students. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2316. [PMID: 30532726 PMCID: PMC6265364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendency toward healthy and health-risk behavior is associated with external factors, and healthy lifestyle affects its quality. Activation of Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and its association with sleeping habits provides insight into the correlates of voluntary sleep deprivation. Aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between BIS/BAS activity and reasons for voluntary sleep deprivation among young adults and to assess benefits and costs of decreasing sleep duration. Participants were 223 college students. The instruments used were the BIS/BAS Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a newly developed survey. Statistical analysis wasconducted using Mann-Whitney’s U-test and Spearman’s rho correlation. Increased BIS activity is positively correlated with the frequency of foregoing sleep to study (r = 0.19; p < 0.01), while activation of BAS Fun Seeking is associated with more frequent voluntary sleep deprivation due to work (r = 0.18; p < 0.05), social life (r = 0.34; p < 0.01), and participation in various types of entertainment (p = 0.24; p < 0.01). Analysis yielded a positive correlation between BAS activity and the amount of perceived benefits of cutting down sleep (p = 0.26; p < 0.01 for BAS Fun Seeking and p = 0.25; p < 0.01 for BAS Reward Responsiveness) and the magnitude of BIS activation and the number of perceived losses (r = 0.19; p < 0.01). Individuals with a higher BAS activity in the Reward Responsiveness subscale more often report choosing sleep deprivation voluntarily (r = 0.14; p < 0.5). The quality of sleep is related to BIS/BAS activation. The reasons for voluntary sleep deprivation differ depending on the level of BAS/BIS activation.
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13
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Jones L, Hutchinson JC, Mullin EM. In the Zone: An Exploration of Personal Characteristics Underlying Affective Responses to Heavy Exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 40:249-258. [PMID: 30380980 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Positive affective responses to exercise have been linked to longer-term adherence. The dual-mode model indicates that affective responses during heavy exercise (between the ventilatory threshold and the respiratory compensation point) are subject to interindividual variability (zone of response variability). Participants (N = 48) completed measures to assess personal characteristics prior to a graded exercise test. Responses to the Feeling Scale were recorded during the graded exercise test and subsequently used to group participants as either negative responders or neutral/positive responders to heavy exercise. Discriminant function analysis was applied, and a significant weighted linear composite predicted affective response. Preference for exercise intensity and sex were significant predictors (p = .003). Negative responders had lower preference scores and were more likely to be men. The combination of these two variables successfully predicted group membership 71% of the time. Individual differences appear relevant when examining affective responses to heavy exercise.
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14
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Schneider M. Intrinsic Motivation Mediates the Association Between Exercise-Associated Affect and Physical Activity Among Adolescents. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1151. [PMID: 30104987 PMCID: PMC6077231 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
American adolescents overwhelmingly engage in insufficient physical activity (PA). Attention has turned to the role of affect in shaping PA, raising questions as to whether the impact of affect on PA is direct/automatic or cognitively mediated ("Type 1" or "Type 2" in the dual-process model). This study examines whether intrinsic motivation (IM) mediates the association between affect and PA. Adolescents (N = 142, 48% Male, 20% non-Latino White, mean age = 11.04 years, mean VO2 = 37.19 ml/kg/min, mean BMI = 63.19) completed assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness, affective response to exercise on a stationary cycle, IM, preferred exercise intensity, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; ActiGraph). Fitness, exercise intensity and MVPA assessments were repeated 5 months later. Tests for mediation showed that affect predicted PA at baseline and 5 months, and IM mediated the relationship between affect and PA both cross-sectionally (CI = 0.03, 0.17) and longitudinally (CI = 0.04, 0.18). Results suggest a cognitively mediated pathway from affect to behavior. Adolescent PA may be increased either by enhancing IM or by tailoring interventions to accommodate individuals with a predisposition to respond to exercise with negative affect. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (ID # NCT01876602).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schneider
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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15
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Affective Responses to Intermittent Physical Activity in Healthy Weight and Overweight/Obese Elementary School-Age Children. J Phys Act Health 2017; 14:845-851. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of intermittent physical activity (2-min bouts of varying intensities) on psychological mood and enjoyment in elementary school-age children and to examine the effect of weight status on these psychological outcomes. Methods: A total of 39 children (healthy weight, n = 26; overweight/obese, n = 13) completed 4 experimental conditions in random order, which consisted of 8 hours of sitting interrupted with 20 two-minute low-, moderate-, or high-intensity activity breaks or 20 two-minute screen-time breaks. Mood was assessed using the Feeling Scale immediately following each break. Enjoyment was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale immediately following 10 and 20 breaks. Results: Mood was significantly higher during the sedentary versus active conditions (P < .01). Overweight/obese children reported lower mood scores compared with healthy weight children at the initiation of the low- (P < .05) and high-intensity conditions (P < .001) but experienced improvements in mood throughout the day in all 3 active conditions (P = .02). Enjoyment was significantly higher after completing the active versus sedentary conditions (P = .02). Conclusion: These findings suggest that both healthy weight and overweight/obese children felt better immediately after engaging in screen-time breaks but subsequently rated the activity breaks as more enjoyable compared with screen-time breaks.
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Gutmann B, Hülsdünker T, Mierau J, Strüder HK, Mierau A. Exercise-induced changes in EEG alpha power depend on frequency band definition mode. Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:271-275. [PMID: 29055724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of studies investigating cortical alpha oscillations the alpha frequency is defined as a fixed band thus, neglecting recommendations in the EEG literature to adjust the alpha band according to the individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF). Based on our previous findings indicating exhaustive exercise induces an increase of the post-exercise iAPF, we scrutinized the influence of exercise on post-exercise alpha power by comparing fixed and iAPF-adjusted alpha frequency bands. Resting EEG was recorded from 13 scalp locations in nine subjects before, immediately after as well as ten minutes following an exhaustive exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer. Lower and upper band alpha power was calculated for fixed and iAPF-adjusted frequency bands. Post-exercise lower alpha power increased in both fixed and individually defined bands while a higher upper alpha power was only observed in the fixed frequency band condition. Further, the increase in iAPF was positively related to the changes in fixed-band upper alpha power. It is concluded that lower alpha power is significantly increased following exhaustive exercise whereas the results for upper alpha power are substantially influenced by the method of frequency band definition. Therefore, caution is indicated when analyzing and interpreting exercise-induced changes in alpha power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gutmann
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorben Hülsdünker
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Mierau
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Mierau
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg.
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Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng JYY. Increasing students' physical activity during school physical education: rationale and protocol for the SELF-FIT cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28697797 PMCID: PMC5505035 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Self-determined Exercise and Learning For FITness (SELF-FIT) is a multi-component school-based intervention based on tenets of self-determination theory. SELF-FIT aims to increase students’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education lessons, and enhance their autonomous motivation towards fitness activities. Using a cluster randomized controlled trial, we aim to examine the effects of the intervention on students’ MVPA during school physical education. Methods Secondary 2 students (approximately aged 14 years) from 26 classes in 26 different schools will be recruited. After baseline assessments, students will be randomized into either the experimental group or wait-list control group using a matched-pair randomization. Teachers allocated to the experimental group will attend two half-day workshops and deliver the SELF-FIT intervention for 8 weeks. The main intervention components include training teachers to teach in more need supportive ways, and conducting fitness exercises using a fitness dice with interchangeable faces. Other motivational components, such as playing music during classes, are also included. The primary outcome of the trial is students’ MVPA during PE lessons. Secondary outcomes include students’ leisure-time MVPA, perceived need support from teachers, need satisfaction, autonomous motivation towards physical education, intention to engage in physical activity, psychological well-being, and health-related fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness). Quantitative data will be analyzed using multilevel modeling approaches. Focus group interviews will also be conducted to assess students’ perceptions of the intervention. Discussion The SELF-FIT intervention has been designed to improve students’ health and well-being by using high-intensity activities in classes delivered by teachers who have been trained to be autonomy needs supportive. If successful, scalable interventions based on SELF-FIT could be applied in physical education at large. Trial registration The trial is registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12615000633583; date of registration: 18 June 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Ha
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Johan Y Y Ng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Schutte NM, Nederend I, Hudziak JJ, Bartels M, de Geus EJ. Heritability of the affective response to exercise and its correlation to exercise behavior. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2017; 31:139-148. [PMID: 28713221 PMCID: PMC5509346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individual differences in adolescent exercise behavior are strongly influenced by genetic factors. The affective response to exercise is a potential source of these genetic influences. To test its role in the motivation to exercise, we estimated the heritability of the affective responses during and after exercise and the overlap with the genetic factors influencing regular voluntary exercise behavior. DESIGN 226 twin pairs and 38 siblings completed two submaximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer and a treadmill and a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Affective responses were assessed by the Feeling Scale (FS), Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklist (AD ACL). METHODS Multivariate structural equation modeling was used to estimate heritability of the affective responses during and after submaximal and maximal exercise and the (genetic) correlation with self-reported regular voluntary exercise behavior over the past year. RESULTS Genetic factors explained 15% of the individual differences in FS responses during the cycle ergometer test, as well as 29% and 35% of the individual differences in RPE during the cycle ergometer and treadmill tests, respectively. For the AD ACL scales, heritability estimates ranged from 17% to 37% after submaximal exercise and from 12% to 37% after maximal exercise. Without exception, more positive affective responses were associated with higher amounts of regular exercise activity (.15 < r < .21) and this association was accounted for by an overlap in genetic factors influencing affective responding and exercise behavior. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate low to moderate heritability estimates for the affective response during and after exercise and significant (genetic) associations with regular voluntary exercise behavior. These innate individual differences in the affective responses to exercise should be taken into account in interventions aiming to motivate adolescents to adopt and maintain regular exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M. Schutte
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Nederend
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J. Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, 1 South Prospect, Burlington, Vermont 05401, United States of America
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J.C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schneider M, Schmalbach P, Godkin S. Impact of a personalized versus moderate-intensity exercise prescription: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med 2016; 40:239-248. [PMID: 27481104 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective approaches to promote adolescent physical activity are needed. Moreover, a one-size-fits-all approach has been minimally successful to date. This randomized controlled trial evaluates a theory-based personalized exercise prescription to enhance motivation for being active and physical activity participation among adolescent reluctant exercisers. Adolescents were characterized by affective style as reluctant (predisposed to negative affect during exercise) or latent (predisposed to positive affect during exercise) exercisers based on their affective response to an acute exercise task, and then randomly assigned to an exercise prescription of either a personalized or a moderate intensity. Assignment was double-blind. Assessments were pre- and post- the 8-week intervention. Participants were an ethnically diverse group of adolescents (19 % non-Latino White) in a public middle-school. The exercise intensity manipulation and assessments took place at the school site during regular Physical Education. Participants were assigned to either a moderate-intensity exercise prescription [target heart rate (HR) range 60-80 % of HR max] or a personalized exercise prescription corresponding to an intensity that "feels good" to the individual for 8 weeks during daily Physical Education. Outcome measures included exercise-related intrinsic motivation (via questionnaire), and daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; via accelerometer). The exercise intensity manipulation did not yield actual differences in exercise intensity during PE, and had no effect on either Intrinsic Motivation or MVPA. There was no significant interaction between affective style and group assignment in predicting Intrinsic Motivation or MVPA. This study did not find support for a link between affective experiences during exercise and physical activity participation. Providing adolescents with a personalized exercise intensity prescription and asking them to follow the prescription during PE was not an effective strategy to manipulate their affective experience of exercise. A more rigorous test of affective manipulation may require supervised exercise sessions during which exercise intensity can be directly observed and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schneider
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Priel Schmalbach
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sophia Godkin
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Jung YH, Lee US, Jang JH, Kang DH. Effects of Mind-Body Training on Personality and Behavioral Activation and Inhibition System According to BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:333-40. [PMID: 27247601 PMCID: PMC4878969 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been known that mind-body training (MBT) can affect personality and behavior system as well as emotional well-being, but different effects of MBT on them has not been reported according to BDNF genetic polymorphism. METHODS Healthy subjects consisted of 64 subjects and the MBT group who practiced meditation regularly consisted of 72 practitioners. Participants completed neuroticism-extraversion-openness (NEO) Five-Factor Inventory and Behavioral Activation System/Behavioral Inhibition System (BAS/BIS) scales. All subjects were genotyped for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. RESULTS In the same genotypes of the BDNF Val/Val+Val/Met group, MBT group showed the increased Extraversion (p=0.033) and the increased Openness to Experience (p=0.004) compared to the control group. Also, in the same Met/Met carriers, MBT group exhibited the increase of Extraversion (p=0.008), the reduction of Neuroticism (p=0.002), and the increase of Openness to Experience (p=0.008) compared to the control group. In the same genotypes of the BDNF Val/Val+Val/Met group, MBT group showed the decreased BAS-Reward Responsiveness (p=0.016) and the decrease of BIS (p=0.004) compared to the control group. In the BDNF Met/Met group, MBT group increased BAS-Fun Seeking (p=0.045) and decreased BIS (p=0.013) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION MBT would differently contribute to NEO personality and BAS/BIS according to BDNF genetic polymorphism, compensating for different vulnerable traits based on each genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ul Soon Lee
- Global Cyber University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ, Ekkekakis P, Miller PC, Bixby WR. Role of self-reported individual differences in preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity in fitness testing performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2443-51. [PMID: 24531429 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Performance in fitness tests could depend on factors beyond the bioenergetic and skeletomuscular systems, such as individual differences in preference for and tolerance of different levels of exercise-induced somatosensory stimulation. Although such individual-difference variables could play a role in exercise testing and prescription, they have been understudied. The purpose of these studies was to examine the relationships of self-reported preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity with performance in fitness tests. Participants in study I were 516 men and women volunteers from a campus community, and participants in study II were 42 men recruit firefighters undergoing a 6-week training program. Both the Preference and Tolerance scores exhibited significant relationships with performance in several fitness tests and with body composition and physical activity participation. Preference and Tolerance did not change after the training program in study II, despite improvements in objective and perceived fitness, supporting their conceptualization as dispositional traits. Preference and Tolerance scores could be useful not only in ameliorating the current understanding of the determinants of physical performance, but also in personalizing exercise prescriptions and, thus, delivering exercise experiences that are more pleasant, tolerable, and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Hall
- 1Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina; 2Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and 3Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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22
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Rhodes RE, Kates A. Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence. Ann Behav Med 2015; 49:715-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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23
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Schneider M, Schmalbach P. Affective Response to Exercise and Preferred Exercise Intensity Among Adolescents. J Phys Act Health 2015; 12:546-52. [PMID: 24770461 PMCID: PMC4333108 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information exists as to the exercise intensity that adolescents enjoy and whether identifiable subgroups of adolescents will choose higher-intensity exercise. METHODS Healthy adolescents (N = 74; mean age = 11.09 years) completed a cardiorespiratory fitness test, a moderate-intensity exercise task, and an exercise task at an intensity that felt "good." Heart rate (HR), work rate (WR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed every 3 minutes. RESULTS During the "feels good" task, adolescents exercised at a HR recognized as beneficial for cardiovascular health (mean HR = 66% to 72% of HR at VO2peak). Adolescents who experienced a positive affective shift during the moderate-intensity task engaged in higher-intensity exercise during the feels-good task as compared with those whose affective response to moderate-intensity exercise was neutral or negative (76% of peak HR vs. 70% of peak HR, P < .01).There was no difference between groups in RPE. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents tend to select an exercise intensity associated with fitness benefits when afforded the opportunity to choose an intensity that feels good. An identified subgroup engaged in higher-intensity exercise without a commensurate perception of working harder. Encouraging adolescents to exercise at an intensity that feels good may increase future exercise without sacrificing fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schneider
- Dept of Planning Policy and Design, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA
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24
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Hamlyn-Williams CC, Freeman P, Parfitt G. Acute affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise sessions in adolescent girls: an observational study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:35. [PMID: 25285215 PMCID: PMC4182279 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Positive affective responses can lead to improved adherence to exercise. This study sought to examine the affective responses and exercise intensity of self-selected exercise in adolescent girls. Methods An observational study where twenty seven females (Age M = 14.6 ± 0.8 years) completed three 20-minute exercise sessions (2 self-selected and 1 prescribed intensity) and a graded exercise test. The intensity of the prescribed session was matched to the first self-selected session. Intensity, affective responses and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded throughout the sessions and differences examined. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to examine differences. Results There were no significant differences in intensity between the prescribed and self-selected sessions, but affective responses were significantly more positive (p < .01) during the self-selected session. Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower (p < .01) during the self-selected session than the prescribed session. On average participants worked at 72% V˙O2 peak; well within the intensity recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. Conclusion Even though the intensity did not differ between the self-selected and prescribed sessions, there was a significant impact on affective responses, with more positive affective responses being elicited in the self-selected session. This highlights the importance of autonomy and self-paced exercise for affective responses and may have potential long-term implications for adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Hamlyn-Williams
- General and Adolescent Paediatrics Unit, Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK ; Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Freeman
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Schneider M. Process evaluation and proximal impact of an affect-based exercise intervention among adolescents. Transl Behav Med 2014; 4:190-200. [PMID: 24904703 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-013-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation and proximal impact of an intervention designed to enhance adolescents' affective experience during Physical Education (PE). Healthy adolescents (N = 74) were randomly assigned to an affect-based or a traditional exercise prescription. Intervention logs, observations and interviews documented the implementation of the intervention. Participants completed a 30-min exercise task at an intensity that felt "good" to them before and after the intervention. Study procedures were implemented successfully and students enjoyed study participation. The intervention had no impact on exercise intensity during PE or during the "feels-good" exercise task. Among adolescents who manifested a negative affective response to moderate-intensity exercise at baseline, the selected intensity during the "feels-good" task increased over time. The intervention may have been too weak to impact behavior over and above a high-quality PE program. The results do suggest, however, that reluctant exercisers may choose to exercise at a higher intensity after experiencing a high-quality PE program in combination with heart rate monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schneider
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA 92797 USA
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26
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Schutte NM, Bartels M, de Geus EJC. Genetic modification of the effects of exercise behavior on mental health. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24917829 PMCID: PMC4042059 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M Schutte
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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27
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Schneider ML, Kwan BM. Psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and affective response to exercise in adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2013; 14:776-785. [PMID: 24015110 PMCID: PMC3760482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To further understanding of the factors influencing adolescents' motivations for physical activity, the relationship of variables derived from Self-Determination Theory to adolescents' affective response to exercise was examined. DESIGN Correlational. METHOD Adolescents (N = 182) self-reported psychological needs satisfaction (perceived competence, relatedness, and autonomy) and intrinsic motivation related to exercise. In two clinic visits, adolescents reported their affect before, during, and after a moderate-intensity and a hard-intensity exercise task. RESULTS Affective response to exercise and psychological needs satisfaction independently contributed to the prediction of intrinsic motivation in hierarchical linear regression models. The association between affective response to exercise and intrinsic motivation was partially mediated by psychological needs satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Intrinsic motivation for exercise among adolescents may be enhanced when the environment supports perceived competence, relatedness, and autonomy, and when adolescents participate in activities that they find enjoyable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Schneider
- Department of Planning, Policy and Design, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bethany M. Kwan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, USA
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28
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Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Social support from teachers mediates physical activity behavior change in children participating in the Fit-4-Fun intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:68. [PMID: 23714651 PMCID: PMC3672071 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the mediators of behavior change in successful school-based physical activity interventions. The aim of this study was to explore potential mediators of physical activity in the Fit-4-Fun program for primary school children. DESIGN Group randomized controlled trial. METHODS Four primary schools were recruited in April, 2011 and randomized by school into intervention or control conditions. Participants included 213 children (mean age = 10.7 years ± 0.6; 52.2% female) with the treatment group (n = 118) completing the 8-week multi-component Fit-4-Fun program. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. Physical activity was measured using Yamax SW700 pedometers (mean steps/day) and questionnaires were used to assess constructs from Social Cognitive Theory and Competence Motivation Theory. Hypothesized mediators measured included social support from peers, parents and teachers; physical activity self-efficacy (barrier and task); enjoyment; and perceived school physical environment. Mediation was assessed using Preacher and Hayes' multiple mediation regression SPSS macro. Action theory (A), conceptual theory (B) and the significance of the product of coefficients (AB) are reported. RESULTS The intervention had a significant effect on physical activity (p<0.001). The action theory test results revealed significant treatment effects at 3-months for perceived school environment (A=0.28, p<0.001); and at 6-month follow-up for perceived school environment (A=0.058, p<0.001), teacher social support (A=0.54, p<0.05) and enjoyment (A=-0.23, p<0.05). The conceptual theory test revealed a significant relationship between changes in teacher social support and changes in physical activity at 6-month follow-up (B=828, P<0.05). Teacher social support was shown to have a significant mediating effect on physical activity (AB = 445, CI = 77-1068 steps, proportion= 13%), and perceived school environment approached significance (AB = 434, CI= -415 to 1507 steps, proportion= 13%). CONCLUSIONS The Fit-4-Fun program successfully targeted social support for physical activity provided by classroom teachers which contributed to improved physical activity in children. These results demonstrate that classroom teachers play a key role in influencing physical activity behavior outcomes in children.Trial Registration No: ACTRN12611000976987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
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Thompson WM, Berry D, Hu J. A church-based intervention to change attitudes about physical activity among Black adolescent girls: a feasibility study. Public Health Nurs 2013; 30:221-30. [PMID: 23586766 PMCID: PMC3787704 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To feasibility test a 12-week church-based physical activity intervention that was culturally sensitive, age- and gender specific directed at changing attitudes of Black adolescent girls' to be more physically active. DESIGN AND SAMPLE A one-group pre- and posttest design was used. A convenience sample of Black adolescent girls between the age of 12-18 (n = 41). INTERVENTION A 60-min 12-week church-based program that included interactive educational sessions followed by a high energy dance aerobics class was used. MEASURES Data were collected on biophysical measures. Surveys were used to assess the following variables: attitudes, enjoyment, self-efficacy, intention, social and family support, and PA levels. RESULTS Paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant changes in key variables. Positive changes were noted in the odds ratios for attitudes, self-efficacy, and intention. Body mass index, metabolic equivalent tasks, and fitness showed positive trends from pre to post intervention. Family support was significantly correlated with physical activity level (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The study showed that physical activity programs in Black churches aimed at Black adolescent girls are feasible. Participants evaluated the intervention very favorably. Family support may be a key factor in increasing physical activity levels in Black adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M Thompson
- School of Nursing Carrington Hall, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7460, USA.
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Gable PA, Harmon-Jones E. Does arousal per se account for the influence of appetitive stimuli on attentional scope and the late positive potential? Psychophysiology 2013; 50:344-50. [PMID: 23351098 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that high approach-motivated positive affects narrow attentional scope and cause greater late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes. However, because arousal is related to motivational intensity, arousal may be responsible for these past findings. The present research investigated whether arousal, manipulated independently of affect using physical exercise, would influence attentional and LPP responses to stimuli. Results revealed that appetitive (vs. neutral) pictures evoked larger LPPs over central and left frontal regions, and caused more attentional narrowing. Individual differences in approach motivation predicted more attentional narrowing following appetitive stimuli. However, manipulated arousal did not influence attentional scope or LPPs to neutral or appetitive stimuli. Results suggest that attentional narrowing and LPPs to appetitive stimuli are related to approach motivation rather than enhanced general arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0348, USA.
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Belcastro AN, Morrison KS, Hicks E, Matta H. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses associated with children’s physical activity during self-paced games. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1269-76. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of identifying clusters of children’s games based on estimated energy expenditures and (or) intensity when performed in a guided active play format. The study also investigated whether the identified active play game clusters were repeatable when the games were performed on different days. Children (9.7 ± 1.1 years; n = 12) were assessed for oxygen consumption, heart rate, energy expenditure (EE), and metabolic equivalent (MET) on a treadmill (at 4, 6, and 8 km·h–1(0% grade)). HR and ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer (ACC) generated linear regression equations were used to estimate EE. The ACC (3 s epochs) were used for estimating METs in assigning percent time at medium–vigorous physical activity (%MVPA) of 10 self-paced games. The results showed a consistent range of EEs (ACC-equation) from 13.57 kcal·(5 min)–1to 25.00 kcal·(5 min)–1(p < 0.05); EEs (HR-equation) from 29.72 to 42.49 kcal·(5 min)–1(p < 0.05); and %MVPA from 10% to 34% (p < 0.05) (from ACC equations) across all games. These were reproducible from day to day (p > 0.05). This study confirms the existence of active play children’s game clusters that might be useful in formatting guided active play in a dose–response manner for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo N. Belcastro
- Pediatric Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Katherine S. Morrison
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Emma Hicks
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Helin Matta
- Pediatric Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Guérin E, Fortier MS. Situational motivation and perceived intensity: their interaction in predicting changes in positive affect from physical activity. J Obes 2012; 2012:269320. [PMID: 22778914 PMCID: PMC3388456 DOI: 10.1155/2012/269320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that affective experiences surrounding physical activity can contribute to the proper self-regulation of an active lifestyle. Motivation toward physical activity, as portrayed by self-determination theory, has been linked to positive affect, as has the intensity of physical activity, especially of a preferred nature. The purpose of this experimental study was to examine the interaction between situational motivation and intensity [i.e., ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)] in predicting changes in positive affect following an acute bout of preferred physical activity, namely, running. Fourty-one female runners engaged in a 30-minute self-paced treadmill run in a laboratory context. Situational motivation for running, pre- and post-running positive affect, and RPE were assessed via validated self-report questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a significant interaction effect between RPE and introjection (P < .05) but not between RPE and identified regulation or intrinsic motivation. At low levels of introjection, the influence of RPE on the change in positive affect was considerable, with higher RPE ratings being associated with greater increases in positive affect. The implications of the findings in light of SDT principles as well as the potential contingencies between the regulations and RPE in predicting positive affect among women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guérin
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- *Eva Guérin:
| | - Michelle S. Fortier
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Ekkekakis P, Parfitt G, Petruzzello SJ. The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Med 2011; 41:641-71. [PMID: 21780850 DOI: 10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The public health problem of physical inactivity has proven resistant to research efforts aimed at elucidating its causes and interventions designed to alter its course. Thus, in most industrialized countries, the majority of the population is physically inactive or inadequately active. Most theoretical models of exercise behaviour assume that the decision to engage in exercise is based on cognitive factors (e.g. weighing pros and cons, appraising personal capabilities, evaluating sources of support). Another, still-under-appreciated, possibility is that these decisions are influenced by affective variables, such as whether previous exercise experiences were associated with pleasure or displeasure. This review examines 33 articles published from 1999 to 2009 on the relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses. Unlike 31 studies that were published until 1998 and were examined in a 1999 review, these more recent studies have provided evidence of a relation between the intensity of exercise and affective responses. Pleasure is reduced mainly above the ventilatory or lactate threshold or the onset of blood lactate accumulation. There are pleasant changes at sub-threshold intensities for most individuals, large inter-individual variability close to the ventilatory or lactate threshold and homogeneously negative changes at supra-threshold intensities. When the intensity is self-selected, rather than imposed, it appears to foster greater tolerance to higher intensity levels. The evidence of a dose-response relation between exercise intensity and affect sets the stage for a reconsideration of the rationale behind current guidelines for exercise intensity prescription. Besides effectiveness and safety, it is becoming increasingly clear that the guidelines should take into account whether a certain level of exercise intensity would be likely to cause increases or decreases in pleasure.
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Thatcher J, Kuroda Y, Legrand FD, Thatcher R. Stress responses during aerobic exercise in relation to motivational dominance and state. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:299-306. [PMID: 21170795 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.534808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that congruence between motivational dominance and state results in optimal psychological responses and performance during exercise. Twenty participants (10 telic dominant and 10 paratelic dominant) rated their stress at 5 min intervals as they cycled on an ergometer at gas exchange threshold for 30 min in both telic and paratelic state manipulated conditions. Participants then performed a test to exhaustion at a resistance equivalent to 110% of VO(2max). The hypothesized interaction between condition and dominance was significant for internal tension stress, as paratelic dominants were more stressed than telic dominants when exercising in the telic state and telic dominants were more stressed than paratelic dominants when exercising in the paratelic state. Similarly, the condition × dominance interaction for internal stress discrepancy was significant, as paratelic dominants reported greater internal stress discrepancy exercising in the telic compared with the paratelic state. Findings are discussed in relation to the application of reversal theory for understanding stress responses during aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Thatcher
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
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