1
|
Prince SA, Dempsey PC, Reed JL, Rubin L, Saunders TJ, Ta J, Tomkinson GR, Merucci K, Lang JJ. The Effect of Sedentary Behaviour on Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:997-1013. [PMID: 38225444 PMCID: PMC11052788 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of current and future health. While the impact of habitual physical activity on CRF is well established, the role of sedentary behaviour (SB) remains less understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effect of SB on CRF. METHODS Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus from inception to August 2022. Randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and cohort studies that assessed the relationship between SB and CRF were eligible. Narrative syntheses and meta-analyses summarised the evidence, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty was based on evidence from randomised controlled trials. RESULTS This review included 18 studies that focused on youth (four randomised controlled trials, three quasi-experimental studies, 11 cohort studies) and 24 on adult populations (15 randomised controlled trials, five quasi-experimental studies, four cohort studies). In youth and adults, evidence from randomised controlled trials suggests mixed effects of SB on CRF, but with the potential for interventions to improve CRF. Quasi-experimental and cohort studies also support similar conclusions. Certainty of evidence was very low for both age groups. A meta-analysis of adult randomised controlled trials found that interventions targeting reducing SB, or increasing physical activity and reducing SB, had a significant effect on post-peak oxygen consumption (mean difference = 3.16 mL.kg-1.min-1, 95% confidence interval: 1.76, 4.57). CONCLUSIONS Evidence from randomised controlled trials indicates mixed associations between SB and CRF, with the potential for SB to influence CRF, as supported by meta-analytical findings. Further well-designed trials are warranted to confirm the relationship between SB and CRF, explore the effects of SB independent from higher intensity activity, and investigate the existence of such relationships in paediatric populations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022356218.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Prince
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Reed
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lukas Rubin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Travis J Saunders
- Department Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Josephine Ta
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of Excessive Screen Time on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: A Longitudinal Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9101422. [PMID: 36291358 PMCID: PMC9601183 DOI: 10.3390/children9101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the effect of different components of screen time (mobile phone use, TV/video viewing, and video gaming) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) development in children aged 9–12 years. Methods: This was a two-year longitudinal study conducted with 175 children (49.7% girls, mean age = 9.5) in Japan. CRF was assessed using a 20 m shuttle run test conducted at baseline and again at follow-up. Children were categorized as “Good” or “Poor” based on the change in CRF scores for each gender. Screen time was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire at baseline and termed as “high” if children reported ≥ 2 h/day. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed after adjusting for gender, physical activity, and time of data collection. Results: Children scoring “high” on mobile phone use had lower odds of being categorized as “Good” in CRF change (crude odds ratio (OR): 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15–0.90 (adjusted OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12–0.91)). There were no significant effects of TV/video viewing (crude OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.84–2.81) and video gaming (crude OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.48–1.97) on changes in CRF. Conclusions: Limiting excessive mobile phone usage might be important for ensuring healthy development of CRF in children.
Collapse
|
3
|
Clustering of screen time behaviours in adolescents and its association with waist circumference and cardiorespiratory fitness. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:487-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Association Between Sitting, Screen Time, Fitness Domains, and Fundamental Motor Skills in Children Aged 5-16 Years: Cross-Sectional Population Study. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:933-940. [PMID: 30404565 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the associations between school-age children's sedentary behavior, screen time, and 3 physical activity attributes: muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE), and fundamental movement skills. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of 2734 children in years 2 and 4 and 3671 adolescents in years 6, 8, and 10. Total sitting time, 6 screen time behaviors, and physical activity were measured by self-report. Muscular strength was assessed by standing broad jump; CRE by 20-m shuttle run test; and fundamental movement skills by process-oriented checklists. Associations between incremental sitting and screen time (in hours) and meeting the healthy zone of physical activity attributes were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates and physical activity, children had lower odds of achieving the healthy zone for muscular strength and CRE for each hour of week (but not weekend) screen time. For adolescents, each hour of screen time per day was associated with lower odds of achieving the healthy fitness zone for CRE, locomotor skills, and overall healthy zone, and each hour of weekend screen time was associated with lower odds of achieving the healthy zone for most attributes and overall healthy zone. The associations were slightly stronger among adolescent girls than boys. The findings were similar for total sitting time. CONCLUSIONS Screen time was associated with a lower likelihood to achieve healthy zones of physical activity attributes, and the effect was more consistent and slightly stronger among adolescents than children. This may suggest that the negative effects of screen time are incremental, emerging during adolescence.
Collapse
|
5
|
Behavior Tracking and 3-Year Longitudinal Associations Between Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Fitness Among Young Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:132-141. [PMID: 28605306 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2016-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the correlates of children's fitness as they develop is needed. The objectives of this study were to 1) examine the longitudinal associations between physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and fitness; 2) determine if sex moderates associations; and 3) track PA and ST over 3 years. METHODS Findings are based on 649 children [baseline = 4.5 (0.5) y; follow-up = 7.8 (0.6) y] from Edmonton, Canada. Parental-reported hour per week of PA and ST were measured at baseline and 3 years later. Fitness (vertical jump, sit and reach, waist circumference, grip strength, predicted VO2max, push-ups, and partial curl-ups) was measured using established protocols at follow-up. Sex-specific z scores or low/high fitness groups were calculated. Linear or logistic multiple regression models and Spearman correlations were conducted. RESULTS Baseline ST was negatively associated with follow-up grip strength [β = -0.010; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.019 to -0.001]. Associations between baseline PA and follow-up overall fitness (β = 0.009; 95% CI, 0.002 to 0.016) were significant, whereas baseline PA and follow-up VO2max (β = 0.014; 95% CI, 0.000 to 0.027) approached significance (P < .06). No sex interactions were observed. Moderate and large tracking were observed for PA (rs = .30) and ST (rs = .53), respectively. CONCLUSIONS PA and ST may be important modifiable correlates of overall fitness in young children.
Collapse
|
6
|
Routen AC, Biddle SJH, Bodicoat DH, Cale L, Clemes S, Edwardson CL, Glazebrook C, Harrington DM, Khunti K, Pearson N, Salmon J, Sherar LB. Study design and protocol for a mixed methods evaluation of an intervention to reduce and break up sitting time in primary school classrooms in the UK: The CLASS PAL (Physically Active Learning) Programme. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e019428. [PMID: 29122808 PMCID: PMC5695437 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children engage in a high volume of sitting in school, particularly in the classroom. A number of strategies, such as physically active lessons (termed movement integration (MI)), have been developed to integrate physical activity into this learning environment; however, no single approach is likely to meet the needs of all pupils and teachers. This protocol outlines an implementation study of a primary school-based MI intervention: CLASS PAL (Physically Active Learning) programme. This study aims to (A) determine the degree of implementation of CLASS PAL, (B) identify processes by which teachers and schools implement CLASS PAL and (C) investigate individual (pupil and teacher) level and school-level characteristics associated with implementation of CLASS PAL. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The intervention will provide teachers with a professional development workshop and a bespoke teaching resources website. The study will use a single group before-and-after design, strengthened by multiple interim measurements. Six state-funded primary schools will be recruited within Leicestershire, UK.Evaluation data will be collected prior to implementation and at four discrete time points during implementation: At measurement 0 (October 2016), school, teacher and pupil characteristics will be collected. At measurements 0 and 3 (June-July 2017), accelerometry, cognitive functioning, self-reported sitting and classroom engagement data will be collected. At measurements 1(December 2016-March 2017) and 3 , teacher interviews (also at measurement 4; September-October 2017) and pupil focus groups will be conducted, and at measurements 1 and 2 (April-May 2017), classroom observations. Implementation will be captured through website analytics and ongoing teacher completed logs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained through the Loughborough University Human Participants Ethics Sub-Committee (Reference number: R16-P115). Findings will be disseminated via practitioner and/or research journals and to relevant regional and national stakeholders through print and online media and dissemination event(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ash C Routen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Active Living & Public Health, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle H Bodicoat
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- The Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester and Loughborough, UK
| | - Lorraine Cale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stacy Clemes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Charlotte L Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- The Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester and Loughborough, UK
| | - Cris Glazebrook
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Deirdre M Harrington
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- The Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester and Loughborough, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- The Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester and Loughborough, UK
| | - Natalie Pearson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim Y, Hibbing P, Saint-Maurice PF, Ellingson LD, Hennessy E, Wolff-Hughes DL, Perna FM, Welk GJ. Surveillance of Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Wrist Accelerometry. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:872-879. [PMID: 28526364 PMCID: PMC5497761 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate tracking of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) is important to advance public health, but little is known about how to interpret wrist-worn accelerometer data. This study compares youth estimates of SB and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) obtained using raw and count-based processing methods. METHODS Data were collected between April and October 2014 for the National Cancer Institute's Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study: a cross-sectional Internet-based study of youth/family cancer prevention behaviors. A subsample of 628 adolescents (aged 12-17 years) wore the ActiGraph GT3X+ on the wrist for 7 days. In 2015-2016, SB and MVPA time were calculated from raw data using R-package GGIR and from activity counts data using published cutpoints (Crouter and Chandler). Estimates were compared across age, sex, and weight status to examine the impact of processing methods on behavioral outcomes. RESULTS ActiGraph data were available for 408 participants. Large differences in SB and MVPA time were observed between processing methods, but age and gender patterns were similar. Younger children (aged 12-14 years) had lower sedentary time and greater MVPA time (p-values <0.05) than older children (aged 15-17 years), consistent across methods. The proportion of youth with ≥60 minutes of MVPA/day was highest with the Crouter methods (~50%) and lowest with GGIR (~0%). CONCLUSIONS Conclusions about youth PA and SB are influenced by the wrist-worn accelerometer data processing method. Efforts to harmonize processing methods are needed to promote standardization and facilitate reporting of monitor-based PA data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngwon Kim
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
| | - Paul Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | | | - Erin Hennessy
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dana L Wolff-Hughes
- Science of Research and Technology Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank M Perna
- Health Behaviors Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oliveira T, Pizarro A, Costa M, Fernandes L, Silva G, Mota J, Ribeiro JC. Cardiorespiratory fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:309-315. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1308010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pizarro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Costa
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
van Ekris E, Altenburg TM, Singh AS, Proper KI, Heymans MW, Chinapaw MJM. An evidence-update on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016; 17:833-49. [PMID: 27256486 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for adverse health effects of excessive sedentary behaviour in children is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies, measuring TV viewing as proxy for sedentary behaviour. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators, overall and stratified by type of sedentary behaviour (TV viewing, computer use/games, screen time and objective sedentary time). PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane were systematically searched till January 2015. Methodological quality of all included studies was scored, and a best evidence synthesis was applied. We included 109 studies of which 19 were of high quality. We found moderate-to-strong evidence for a relationship of overall sedentary time with some anthropometrics (overweight/obesity, weight-for-height), one cardiometabolic biomarker (HDL-cholesterol) and some fitness indicators (fitness, being unfit). For other health indicators, we found no convincing evidence because of inconsistent or non-significant findings. The evidence varied by type of sedentary behaviour. The meta-analysis indicated that each additional baseline hour of TV viewing (β = 0.01, 95%CI = [-0.002; 0.02]) or computer use (β = 0.00, 95%CI = [-0.004; 0.01]) per day was not significantly related with BMI at follow-up. We conclude that the evidence for a prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health is in general unconvincing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E van Ekris
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Altenburg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Singh
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Proper
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Heymans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, Saunders TJ, Katzmarzyk PT, Okely AD, Connor Gorber S, Kho ME, Sampson M, Lee H, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:S240-65. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review is an update examining the relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sedentary behaviour and health indicators in children and youth aged 5–17 years. EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Medline were searched in December 2014, and date limits were imposed (≥February 2010). Included studies were peer-reviewed and met the a priori-determined population (apparently healthy children and youth, mean age: 5–17 years), intervention (durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), comparator (various durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), and outcome (critical: body composition, metabolic syndrome/cardiovascular disease risk factors, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, academic achievement; important: fitness, self-esteem) study criteria. Quality of evidence by outcome was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative analysis was conducted. A total of 235 studies (194 unique samples) were included representing 1 657 064 unique participants from 71 different countries. Higher durations/frequencies of screen time and television (TV) viewing were associated with unfavourable body composition. Higher duration/frequency of TV viewing was also associated with higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores. Higher durations of TV viewing and video game use were associated with unfavourable behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour. Higher durations of reading and doing homework were associated with higher academic achievement. Higher duration of screen time was associated with lower fitness. Higher durations of screen time and computer use were associated with lower self-esteem. Evidence ranged from “very low” to “moderate” quality. Higher quality studies using reliable and valid sedentary behaviour measures should confirm this largely observational evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Stephen Hunter
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Nicholas Kuzik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Casey E. Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Veronica J. Poitras
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Travis J. Saunders
- Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Sarah Connor Gorber
- Office of the Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle E. Kho
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Helena Lee
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gammon C, Pfeiffer KA, Kazanis A, Ling J, Robbins LB. Cardiorespiratory fitness in urban adolescent girls: associations with race and pubertal status. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:29-34. [PMID: 26942487 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1154594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness affords health benefits to youth. Among females, weight-relative fitness declines during puberty and is lower among African American (AA) than Caucasian girls. Data indicate racial differences in pubertal timing and tempo, yet the interactive influence of puberty and race on fitness, and the role of physical activity (PA) in these associations have not been examined. Thus, independent and interactive associations of race and pubertal development with fitness in adolescent girls, controlling for PA were examined. Girls in grades 5-8 (n = 1011; Caucasian = 25.2%, AA = 52.3%, Other Race group = 22.5%) completed the Pubertal Development Scale (pubertal stage assessment) and Fitnessgram® Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test (cardiorespiratory fitness assessment). PA was assessed by accelerometry. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine associations among race, pubertal stage and fitness, controlling for vigorous PA, AA, and pubertally advanced girls demonstrated lower fitness than Caucasian and less mature counterparts. Puberty and race remained significantly associated with fitness after controlling for vigorous PA. The interaction effect of race and puberty on fitness was non-significant. The pubertal influence on fitness is observed among AA adolescents. Associations between fitness and race/puberty appear to be independent of each other and vigorous PA. Pubertally advanced AA girls represent a priority group for fitness interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gammon
- a Department of Kinesiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Karin A Pfeiffer
- a Department of Kinesiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Anamaria Kazanis
- b College of Nursing , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA.,c School of Health Sciences , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
| | - Jiying Ling
- b College of Nursing , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Lorraine B Robbins
- b College of Nursing , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Byun W, Beets MW, Pate RR. Sedentary Behavior in Preschoolers: How Many Days of Accelerometer Monitoring Is Needed? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13148-61. [PMID: 26492261 PMCID: PMC4627022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of accelerometry for measuring sedentary behavior in preschoolers has not been determined, thus we determined how many days of accelerometry monitoring are necessary to reliably estimate daily time spent in sedentary behavior in preschoolers. In total, 191 and 150 preschoolers (three to five years) wore ActiGraph accelerometers (15-s epoch) during the in-school (≥4 days) and the total-day (≥6 days) period respectively. Accelerometry data were summarized as time spent in sedentary behavior (min/h) using three different cutpoints developed for preschool-age children (<37.5, <200, and <373 counts/15 s). The intraclass correlations (ICCs) and Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were used to estimate the reliability of accelerometer for measuring sedentary behavior. Across different cutpoints, the ICCs ranged from 0.81 to 0.92 for in-school sedentary behavior, and from 0.75 to 0.81 for total-day sedentary behavior, respectively. To achieve an ICC of ≥0.8, two to four days or six to nine days of monitoring were needed for in-school sedentary behavior and total-day sedentary behavior, respectively. These findings provide important guidance for future research on sedentary behavior in preschool children using accelerometry. Understanding the reliability of accelerometry will facilitate the conduct of research designed to inform policies and practices aimed at reducing sedentary behavior in preschool children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoo Byun
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Michael W Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marques A, Santos R, Ekelund U, Sardinha LB. Association between physical activity, sedentary time, and healthy fitness in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:575-80. [PMID: 24977696 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the associations between objectively measured physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and health-related fitness and to investigate the combined association of PA and sedentary time on health-related fitness in youths. METHODS PA and sedentary time were assessed with accelerometers in 2506 youths age 10-18 yr (M(age) = 13.2 ± 2.3). Participants were classified as active (≥60 min·d(-1) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) versus inactive (<60 min·d(-1) of MVPA) and as "low sedentary" versus "high sedentary" (according to the median value of sedentary time per day) and thereafter grouped as active/low sedentary, active/high sedentary, inactive/low sedentary, and inactive/high sedentary. Five physical fitness tests (body mass index, push-ups, curl-ups, sit and reach, and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test) were assessed with FITNESSGRAM, and participants were categorized as being in the healthy fitness zone (HFZ) versus the unhealthy fitness zone. A fitness composite score was calculated using the individual fitness test z-score. Regression models were used to examine the relation between PA, sedentary time, and physical fitness. RESULTS Time spent in MVPA (min·d(-1)) (β = 0.002, P < 0.001) was significantly associated with fitness score independent of sedentary time. Sedentary time was not associated with physical fitness independent of MVPA. Compared with the inactive/high sedentary group (referent), being categorized as active/low sedentary was associated with increased likelihood of being in the HFZ for sit and reach (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.96-3.32) and having a higher fitness composite score (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.69). CONCLUSIONS Time in MVPA was associated with better physical fitness independent of sedentary time. Participants classified as active/low sedentary had higher odds of being in the HFZ, for flexibility, and to have a better fitness composite score. These findings suggest that time in MVPA contributes to better physical fitness in youths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Marques
- 1Centro de Estudos de Educação e Promoção da Saúde, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana, Univ Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, PORTUGAL; 2Maia Institute of Higher Education (CIDAF), Maia, PORTUGAL; 3Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL; 4Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, NORWAY; 5MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM; and 6Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana, Univ Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, PORTUGAL
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic review. Prev Med 2015; 76:48-57. [PMID: 25895839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presented systematic review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of studies assessing the relationship between sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS Six online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) as well as personal libraries and reference lists of existing literature were searched for eligible studies. RESULTS Ninety-one studies met all inclusion criteria. There was strong evidence that high levels of screen time were associated with more hyperactivity/inattention problems and internalizing problems as well as with less psychological well-being and perceived quality of life. Concerning depressive symptoms, self-esteem, eating disorder symptoms, and anxiety symptoms, no clear conclusion could be drawn. But, taking quality assessment into account, self-esteem was negatively associated with sedentary behavior, i.e. high levels of time engaging in screen-based sedentary behavior were linked to lower scores in self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the association between sedentary behavior and mental health indicators was rather indeterminate. Future studies of high quality and with an objective measure of sedentary behavior will be necessary to further examine this association as well as to investigate longitudinal relationships and the direction of causality. Furthermore, more studies are needed to identify moderating and mediating variables.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen YC, Tu YK, Huang KC, Chen PC, Chu DC, Lee YL. Pathway from central obesity to childhood asthma. Physical fitness and sedentary time are leading factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1194-203. [PMID: 24669757 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201401-0097oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Available prospective studies of obesity and asthma have used only body mass index (BMI) as an indicator for adiposity; studies using detailed obesity measures are lacking, and the role of physical fitness level and sedentary time remains unexplored in the link between obesity and asthma. OBJECTIVES To compare various anthropometric measures of obesity in relation to childhood asthma, and to further characterize the interrelations among central obesity, physical fitness level, sedentary time, and asthma. METHODS The nationwide Taiwan Children Health Study followed 2,758 schoolchildren from fourth to sixth grade, annually collecting data regarding physical fitness, sedentary time, obesity measures (comprising body weight and height, abdominal and hip circumference, skin fold thickness, and body composition), asthma, and pulmonary function tests. The generalized estimating equation was used for 3 years of repeated measurements to analyze the interrelation among obesity, sedentary time, physical fitness level, and asthma; a structural equation model was used to explore the pathogenesis among these factors. Asthma incidence was analyzed during a 2-year follow-up among centrally obese and nonobese groups in baseline children without asthma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Central obesity most accurately predicts asthma. Low physical fitness levels and high screen time increase the risk of central obesity, which leads to asthma development. Obesity-related reduction in pulmonary function is a possible mechanism in the pathway from central obesity to asthma. CONCLUSIONS Central obesity measures should be incorporated in childhood asthma risk predictions. Children are encouraged to increase their physical fitness levels and reduce their sedentary time to prevent central obesity-related asthma.
Collapse
|
16
|
Grøntved A, Ried-Larsen M, Froberg K, Wedderkopp N, Brage S, Kristensen PL, Andersen LB, Møller NC. Screen time viewing behaviors and isometric trunk muscle strength in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1975-80. [PMID: 24048320 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318295af56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine the association of screen time viewing behavior with isometric trunk muscle strength in youth. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out including 606 adolescents (14-16 yr old) participating in the Danish European Youth Heart Study, a population-based study with assessments conducted in either 1997/1998 or 2003/2004. Maximal voluntary contractions during isometric back extension and abdominal flexion were determined using a strain gauge dynamometer, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was obtained using a maximal cycle ergometer test. TV viewing time, computer use, and other lifestyle behaviors were obtained by self-report. Analyses of association of screen use behaviors with isometric trunk muscle strength were carried out using multivariable adjusted linear regression. RESULTS The mean (SD) isometric strength was 0.87 (0.16) N·kg-1. TV viewing, computer use, and total screen time use were inversely associated with isometric trunk muscle strength in analyses adjusted for lifestyle and sociodemographic factors. After further adjustment for CRF and waist circumference, associations remained significant for computer use and total screen time, but TV viewing was only marginally associated with muscle strength after these additional adjustments (-0.05 SD (95% confidence interval, -0.11 to 0.005) difference in strength per 1 h·d-1 difference in TV viewing time, P = 0.08). Each 1 h·d-1 difference in total screen time use was associated with -0.09 SD (95% confidence interval, -0.14 to -0.04) lower isometric trunk muscle strength in the fully adjusted model (P = 0.001). There were no indications that the association of screen time use with isometric trunk muscle strength was attenuated among highly fit individuals (P = 0.91 for CRF by screen time interaction). CONCLUSIONS Screen time use was inversely associated with isometric trunk muscle strength independent of CRF and other confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Grøntved
- 1Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center of Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK; 2Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, England, UNITED KINGDOM; and 3Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitchell JA, Byun W. Sedentary Behavior and Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents. Am J Lifestyle Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613498700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to summarize findings from epidemiological studies that determined if sedentary behavior was associated with obesity, metabolic risk factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. We noted if studies adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), dietary intakes, and/or sleep duration. Articles were identified through PubMed using the search terms: (sedentary OR sitting OR television) AND (adiposity OR blood pressure OR body mass index OR cardiometabolic OR metabolic risk OR waist circumference). The search was limited to ages 6 to 18 years, humans, and published between January 1, 2008 and September 26, 2012. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies observed associations between more sedentary behavior, especially screen-based sedentary behavior, and measures of obesity; and most associations were independent of MVPA and dietary intake. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reported associations between screen-based sedentary behavior and lower cardiorespiratory fitness, and most associations were independent of MVPA and obesity. Cross-sectional studies observed associations between more screen-based and objectively measured sedentary behavior and lower insulin sensitivity; and most associations were independent of MVPA and obesity. There was little-to-no evidence that sedentary behavior was associated with increased blood pressure and increased blood lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Mitchell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (JAM)
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (WB)
| | - Wonwoo Byun
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (JAM)
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (WB)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moore JB, Beets MW, Barr-Anderson DJ, Evenson KR. Sedentary time and vigorous physical activity are independently associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in middle school youth. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1520-5. [PMID: 23713515 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.793378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a diverse sample of youth. Participants were recruited from three middle schools and completed assessments of height, weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, and wore an accelerometer for a minimum of four days. Hierarchical general linear models controlling for age, body mass index (BMI) percentile, and sex were used to evaluate the association of time (minutes per day) spent sedentary, and in moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity with cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., heart rate response [beats per minute], dependent variable). Results indicated age (β = -0.16, P < 0.05), BMI percentile (β = 0.33, P <0.05), being male (β = 0.17, P < 0.05), sedentary time (β = 0.11, P <0.05), moderate (β = -0.03, P > 0.05) and vigorous (β = -0.22, P < 0.05) physical activity explained 29% of the variance in cardiorespiratory fitness. Evaluation of fitness among high sedentary/high vigorous, high sedentary/low vigorous, low sedentary/low vigorous, and low sedentary/high vigorous groups (defined by the median split) showed that high levels of vigorous activity removed the detrimental effect of high levels of sedentary time on cardiorespiratory fitness. These analyses suggest that the negative impact of sedentary time can be mitigated by engaging in vigorous activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moore
- a University of South Carolina , Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior , Columbia , South Carolina , 29208 , United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sollerhed AC, Andersson I, Ejlertsson G. Recurrent pain and discomfort in relation to fitness and physical activity among young school children. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 13:591-8. [PMID: 24050478 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.767946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As an increase in pain symptoms among children has been shown in the last decades, the aim of this study was to describe perceptions of recurrent pain, measured physical fitness and levels of reported physical activity (PA) in children, and to investigate if any associations between PA, fitness and recurrent pain could be identified. A school-based study comprised 206 Swedish children 8-12 years old, 114 boys, 92 girls. A questionnaire with questions about perceived pain, self-reported PA and lifestyle factors was used. Health-related fitness was assessed by 11 physical tests. A physical index was calculated from these tests as a z score. High physical index indicated high fitness and low physical index indicated low fitness. ANOVA test, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to compare active and inactive children. The prevalence of one pain location (head, abdomen or back) was 26%, two 11% and three 4% (n=206). Female gender, living in single-parent families, low PA and low subjective health were associated with reported recurrent pain. Children reporting high levels of PA had high physical index and reported low prevalence of pain symptoms. The physical index and level of self-reported PA decreased gradually the more pain locations. Physically active children had higher fitness levels and reported less pain symptoms than inactive peers. Coping with pain is an integral part of PA, and active children learn to cope with unpleasant body sensations which together with high fitness may reduce the perception of pain.
Collapse
|