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Delgado-Floody P, Caamaño-Navarrete F, Barahona-Fuentes G, Arriagada-Hernández C, Valdés-Badilla P, Del-Cuerpo I, Cresp-Barría M, Gómez-López M. The Mediating Role of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Association between a Negative Lifestyle and Poor Mental Health in Chilean Schoolchildren. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:866. [PMID: 39062315 PMCID: PMC11276541 DOI: 10.3390/children11070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A negative lifestyle has a reported relationship with psychological problems and deteriorated well-being. However, there is little information regarding the mediating role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in this relationship. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study are twofold: first, to investigate the association between negative lifestyle, physical self-concept (PSC), and depression, and second, to assess the potential mediating role of CRF in this complex relationship. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 612 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 14 years from the Araucanía region (southern Chile). CRF was measured using the Leger test, and lifestyle, depression, and PSC were measured using validated questionnaires. RESULTS A negative lifestyle reported an inverse association with PSC (p < 0.001) and a positive association with depression levels (p < 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that CRF was positively related to PSC (p < 0.001) and inversely related to depression (p = 0.001); besides, the indirect effect CRF acted as a partial mediator in the association between a negative lifestyle and PSC (indirect effect = -1.15; SE = 0.01; 95% CI, -1.87, -0.55) and depression levels (indirect effect = 0.22; SE = 0.08; 95% CI, 0.08, 0.38). CONCLUSION In conclusion, CRF in schoolchildren played a potential mediating role in the association between a negative lifestyle and depression and PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete
- Physical Education Career, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (F.C.-N.); (C.A.-H.)
| | - Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes
- Núcleo de Investigación en Salud Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile;
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Carlos Arriagada-Hernández
- Physical Education Career, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (F.C.-N.); (C.A.-H.)
- Grupo de Investigación Colaborativa para el Desarrollo Escolar (GICDE), Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile;
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Indya Del-Cuerpo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Strength & Conditioning Laboratory, CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
| | - Mauricio Cresp-Barría
- Department of Education and Innovation, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Manuel Gómez-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
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Yu Y, Liu J, Skokauskas N, Liu F, Zhang L, Teng T, Zou Y, Lyu Q, Liu R, Liu X, Meng H, Zhou X. Prevalence of depression and anxiety, and associated factors, among Chinese primary and high school students: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2023; 15:e12523. [PMID: 36596718 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and associated factors, among Chinese children and adolescents aged 8-18 years who attend primary or high school. METHODS A total of 23 005 primary and high school students were recruited from February to December, 2019 for this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire included demographic information, questions assessing suicidality, resilience, depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children), and anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent correlates of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Overall, 13.06% of participants experienced depressive symptoms, 22.34% experienced anxiety symptoms, 26.34% experienced transient suicidal ideation, 2.23% had serious suicidal ideation, and 1.46% had a history of suicide attempts. Anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 4.935; 95% confidence interval [CI][4.442-5.485]), suicidality (OR, 2.671; 95% CI[2.203-3.237]), skipping breakfast (OR, 1.920; 95% CI[1.348-2.736]), sleep duration (OR, 0.470; 95% CI[0.398-0.556]) and self-expectations (OR, 1.924; 95% CI[1.550-2.389]) were associated with depression (all p < .05). Depression (OR, 4.424; 95% CI[3.983-4.914]), female sex (OR, 1.903; 95% CI[1.759-2.060]), school-based traumatic experience(s) (OR, 1.905; 95% CI[1.747-2.077]), relationships with teachers (OR, 1.575; 95% CI[1.103-2.249]), and suicidality (OR, 1.467; 95% CI[1.218-1.766]) were associated with anxiety symptoms (all p < .05). DISCUSSION Depression and anxiety are common among school-age children and adolescents in China. Childhood school- and family-based traumatic experience(s), female sex, and lifestyle factors (eating breakfast, sleep duration, exercising, and Internet use) are significantly associated with mental health among children and adolescents. Developing interventions targeting these factors to protect students from depression and anxiety are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxiu Liu
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Regional Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Child Protection, IPH, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yaru Zou
- Academic of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Lyu
- Second Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Second Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaqing Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Haverkamp BF, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. Physical fitness and psychosocial health in a sample of Dutch adolescents. Prev Med Rep 2022; 25:101689. [PMID: 35223384 PMCID: PMC8855700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Franca Haverkamp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, PO box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Esther Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departmct of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam UMC Follow-Me Program & Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cadenas-Sanchez C, Mena-Molina A, Torres-Lopez LV, Migueles JH, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Lubans DR, Ortega FB. Healthier Minds in Fitter Bodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Youth. Sports Med 2021; 51:2571-2605. [PMID: 34313979 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical fitness is an important marker of current and future health status, yet the association between physical fitness and indicators of mental health in youth has not been systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between physical fitness components (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, speed-agility, flexibility and fitness composite) and mental health indicators (i.e. psychological well-being and psychological ill-being) in preschoolers, children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from database inception to May 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention designs) were included if they measured at least one physical fitness component and one mental health indicator in healthy youth (2-18 years). RESULTS A total of 58 unique studies (52 cross-sectional, 4 longitudinal and 4 intervention studies) met all eligibility criteria and were included. There was a significant positive overall association between physical fitness and mental health in children and adolescents (pooled r = 0.206, p < 0.001). We found suggestive evidence of moderation by age group, fitness components and socioeconomic status (all p < 0.08). No relevant studies focusing on preschoolers were identified. Evidence based on longitudinal and intervention studies was limited. CONCLUSION We observed a small to medium sized positive association between physical fitness and overall mental health in youth. However, as the majority of studies were cross-sectional, additional longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to provide evidence of causation. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42017080005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Mena-Molina
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia V Torres-Lopez
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Del Río-de Cózar P, Carbonell-Baeza A, Padilla-Moledo C, Veiga OL, Esteban-Gonzalo L, Mota J, Castro-Piñero J. A cross-sectional association of physical fitness with positive and negative affect in children and adolescents: the up & down study. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:202-209. [PMID: 32609931 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affect and physical fitness play an important role in psychological and physical health; however, the association between those variables in youth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of physical fitness on positive and negative affect in Spanish children and adolescents. METHOD Healthy young Spanish people (n = 1,490) were recruited for the present study: 542 children (n = 272 girls; mean age 9.6 years) and 948 adolescents (n = 454 girls; mean age 14.1 years) with complete baseline data on health-related fitness tests (20 m shuttle run test, 4 × 10 m test, muscular fitness index, and physical fitness index), and positive and negative affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule). RESULTS Higher performance on physical fitness components was associated with positive affect (β = -0.176-0.118, all P < 0.05). There was no association between all physical fitness components and negative affect (β = -0.100-0.15, all P > 0.05). There were differences on positive affect between the lowest and the highest quartile of the physical fitness index in boys (P = 0.037, Cohen's d 0.60) and girls (P = 0.004, Cohen's d = 0.69), and between the lowest and the highest quartile of muscular fitness index in girls (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS Promoting physical activity during the school years, including strength exercises to increase muscular fitness, could improve positive affect levels and thus psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Del Río-de Cózar
- Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Carbonell-Baeza
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Padilla-Moledo
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Oscar L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Esteban-Gonzalo
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre on Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Cádiz, Spain
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6
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Conder A, Conder R, Friesen C. Neurorehabilitation of Persistent Sport-Related Post-Concussion Syndrome. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 46:167-180. [PMID: 32083597 DOI: 10.3233/nre-192966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent Sport-Related Post-Concussion Syndrome is often diagnosed with any type of prolonged PCS symptoms. However, there are not specific diagnostic criteria for PPCS such that misdiagnosis often occurs. Further, the signs and symptoms of PCS overlap with other common illnesses such as depression, anxiety, migraines, ADHD and others. Misdiagnosis may lead to less than efficacious treatment, resulting in prolonged symptoms. OBJECTIVE This article will review relevant evidence-based literature on PCS, pointing out the lack of a systemic diagnostic framework. It will also provide evidence that highlights the multiple conflicting findings in the literature. This article will posit the BioPsychoSocial framework as the best diagnostic framework for understanding the impact of concussions on the person and to generate individualized and personal interventions. METHODS A narrative review of sport concussion-related articles was conducted, after extensive searches of relevant and non-relevant literature by each author, as well as articles recommended by colleagues. Articles varied from American Academy of Neurology Class I to IV for evaluation and critique. Class IV articles were reviewed, as there is much public misconception regarding sport and other concussion treatment that needed identification and discussion. RESULTS Articles reviewed varied by quality of research design and methodology. Multiple symptoms, recovery patterns and rehabilitation treatment approaches are purported in the sport-related concussion literature. Current consensus data as well as the mixed and contradictory findings were explored. CONCLUSIONS Persistent Sport-Related Post-Concussion Syndrome is a topic of great interest to both professionals and the general public. There is much misunderstanding about the etiology, causation, diagnostic formulations, symptom presentation, prolonging factors and treatment involved in this syndrome. This article posits an individualized multi-system diagnostic formulation, examining all relevant factors, as generating the best interventions for neurorehabilitation of Persistent Sport-Related Post-Concussion Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Conder
- Carolina Neuropsychological Service, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert Conder
- Carolina Neuropsychological Service, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Bou-Sospedra C, Adelantado-Renau M, Beltran-Valls MR, Moliner-Urdiales D. Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Risk of Depression in Adolescents: Dados Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124316. [PMID: 32560324 PMCID: PMC7345278 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental disorder, affecting around 5% of adolescents. Physical fitness is considered a powerful marker of physical and mental health. The scientific results on the relationship between physical fitness and depression in the adolescent population are mixed. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyse the association between objectively assessed physical fitness and self-rated risk of depression in a group of adolescents. A total of 225 participants (44% girls), aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years, from the Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud (DADOS) study were included in the analyses. Field-based Assessing Levels of Physical fitness and Health in Adolescents (ALPHA) health-related fitness test battery was used to objectively assess physical fitness components. The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) level 3 was used to evaluate self-rated risk of depression. Our results showed that self-rated risk of depression was inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (β = −0.172), as well as positively associated with body mass index (β = 0.146) and waist circumference (β = 0.137) (all p < 0.05). Adolescents with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness had significantly higher odds of self-rated risk of depression (OR = 7.17; 95% CI, 1.51–33.95). These findings suggest that health-related physical fitness, particularly cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition, is associated with depression in adolescents.
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8
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Åvitsland A, Leibinger E, Haugen T, Lerum Ø, Solberg RB, Kolle E, Dyrstad SM. The association between physical fitness and mental health in Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:776. [PMID: 32448149 PMCID: PMC7247223 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that health-related components of physical fitness are associated with mental health outcomes. However, research is scarce concerning this relationship in young adolescents in general and non-existent in Norwegian populations specifically. The aim of the study was to examine whether body composition, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with self-reported mental health in Norwegian adolescents. METHODS Adolescents from four regions of Norway (n = 1486; mean age = 13.9; girls = 50.6%) participated. Self-reported mental health (psychological difficulties) was measured by completing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with an intermittent running test; muscular strength was assessed by measuring handgrip strength, standing broad jump and sit-ups; and body composition was assessed by calculating body mass index from weight and height. Linear mixed effects models were conducted to assess the associations between the health-related components of physical fitness and psychological difficulties. School clusters were included as random effects and all models were controlled for sex, socioeconomic status and birthplace (domestic or foreign). RESULTS Body composition was not associated with psychological difficulties. Muscular strength was independently associated with psychological difficulties, but when all independent variables were entered in the fully adjusted model, only cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with psychological difficulties. CONCLUSIONS There was a small but significant inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of psychological difficulties in Norwegian adolescents. The results suggest that muscular strength is not associated with psychological difficulties in adolescents, when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Future research should focus on the prospective association between physical fitness components and mental health outcomes in adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov ID nr: NCT03817047. Retrospectively registered January 25, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Åvitsland
- Department of Education and Sport Science, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Eva Leibinger
- Department of Education and Sport Science, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tommy Haugen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øystein Lerum
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6851, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Runar B Solberg
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre M Dyrstad
- Department of Education and Sport Science, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Public Health, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
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9
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Nikolakaros G, Vahlberg T, Sillanmäki L, Sourander A. Recurrent depression in childhood and adolescence and low childhood socioeconomic status predict low cardiorespiratory fitness in early adulthood. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:782-792. [PMID: 32217260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) strongly influences health, but very little is known about the childhood determinants of adult CRF. Our longitudinal study investigated whether childhood psychopathology and socioeconomic status (SES) were related to adult CRF in 1647 Finnish male military conscripts. METHODS Childhood psychopathology was assessed at the age of eight using the Rutter and Children's Depression Inventory questionnaires. Parental education and family structure were used to assess childhood SES. In late adolescence, depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and smoking with a questionnaire. CRF in early adulthood was examined with the Cooper's 12-minute run test. RESULTS General linear models showed that low parental education (p=0.001), depressive symptoms in childhood (p=0.035) and late adolescence, smoking, underweight, and overweight/obesity (all p<0.001) independently predicted lower CRF. The interaction between depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence was significant (p=0.003). In adolescents with depressive symptoms, childhood depressive symptoms (p=0.001) and overweight/obesity (p<0.001) predicted lower CRF. In adolescents without depressive symptoms, conduct problems in childhood predicted lower CRF in the initial models, but the effect disappeared after taking into account smoking and body mass index. Mediational analysis confirmed these results. LIMITATIONS We lacked data on physical activity and only studied males at three time-points. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent depression in childhood and adolescence and low SES in childhood predict lower adult CRF. Conduct problems in childhood predict lower CRF, but the effect is mediated by overweight/obesity and smoking. Psychiatric treatment for children and adolescents should promote physical activity, particularly for children with low SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Nikolakaros
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Sleep Disorders Outpatient Clinic, Psychiatry, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Biostatistics, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland; INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Finland (Principal Investigator)
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Janssen A, Leahy AA, Diallo TMO, Smith JJ, Kennedy SG, Eather N, Mavilidi MF, Wagemakers A, Babic MJ, Lubans DR. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and mental health in older adolescents: A multi-level cross-sectional analysis. Prev Med 2020; 132:105985. [PMID: 31954836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity interventions that promote cardiorespiratory (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) may improve mental health in young adolescents. However, less is known about the links between fitness and mental health in older adolescents, as they are an understudied population. In addition, the association between MF and adolescents' mental health is less clear than it is for CRF. Our primary aim was to investigate whether MF is independently associated with mental health in a sample of older adolescents. Our secondary aim was to determine if the association between fitness and mental health was moderated by sex, socio-economic status (SES) or weight status. Participants were 670 students (16.0 [0.4] years, 44.6% female) from 20 secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Mental health (well-being and internalizing problems) was self-reported using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We assessed CRF using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run and MF using the push-up and standing long jump tests. After controlling for CRF, MF was not associated with mental health. CRF was associated with well-being (β = 0.20, p < .001) and internalizing problems (β = -0.27, p < .001). The strength of association between CRF and mental health was stronger in girls, than boys. No interaction effects were observed for SES or weight status. Although cross-sectional, our findings provide further evidence of the potential benefits of CRF for adolescents' mental health (i.e., well-being and internalizing problems), particularly girls. However, MF may be less relevant for mental health among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Janssen
- Group Health and Society, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thierno M O Diallo
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annemarie Wagemakers
- Group Health and Society, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Babic
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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Leahy AA, Eather N, Smith JJ, Hillman C, Morgan PJ, Nilsson M, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Noetel M, Holliday E, Shigeta TT, Costigan SA, Walker FR, Young S, Valkenborghs SR, Gyawali P, Harris N, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR. School-based physical activity intervention for older adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026029. [PMID: 31122975 PMCID: PMC6537983 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This trial aims to investigate the impact of a school-based physical activity programme, involving high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on the physical, mental and cognitive health of senior school students. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention will be evaluated using a two-arm parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial with allocation occurring at the school level (to treatment or wait-list control). Schools will be recruited in two cohorts from New South Wales, Australia. The trial will aim to recruit ~720 senior school students (aged 16-18 years) from 20 secondary schools (ie, 10 schools per cohort). A range of implementation strategies will be provided to teachers (eg, training, equipment and support) to facilitate the delivery of HIIT sessions during scheduled classes. In phase I and II (3 months each), teachers will facilitate the delivery of at least two HIIT sessions/week during lesson-time. In phase III (6 months), students will be encouraged to complete sessions outside of lesson-time (teachers may continue to facilitate the delivery of B2L sessions during lesson-time). Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end point) and 12 months. Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle run test) is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include: vigorous physical activity, muscular fitness, cognition and mental health. A subsample of students will (i) provide hair samples to determine their accumulated exposure to stressful events and (ii) undergo multimodal MRI to examine brain structure and function. A process evaluation will be conducted (ie, recruitment, retention, attendance and programme satisfaction). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle (H-2016-0424) and the NSW Department of Education (SERAP: 2017116) human research ethics committees. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618000293268; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab Innovations(CRI), School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatsuya T Shigeta
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah A Costigan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Young
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah R Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Harris
- Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Farren GL, Zhang T, Gu X, Thomas KT. Sedentary behavior and physical activity predicting depressive symptoms in adolescents beyond attributes of health-related physical fitness. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:489-496. [PMID: 30450259 PMCID: PMC6226422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior (SB), physical activity (PA), and attributes of physical fitness have been shown to be related to depressive symptoms in adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether SB and fitness-producing activity predicted depression in active adolescents over and above gender and fitness attributes. METHODS Participants were 249 adolescents (age: 12.85 ± 0.89 years, mean ± SD) from 3 public middle schools who wore Actical accelerometers to assess their SB and PA. Participants also completed the FITNESSGRAM health-related fitness assessment and a brief depression questionnaire. A 3-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with gender and fitness attributes (i.e., body mass index (BMI), maximal volume oxygen uptake (VO2max), curlups, and pushups), moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity, and SB entered in respective steps. RESULTS Regression analysis indicated activity variables (i.e., moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity) significantly predicted depression (ΔR 2 = 0.12, p < 0.01) beyond gender and fitness attributes. Overall, gender, fitness attributes, activity variables, SB explained 31% of the variance in depression. Structure coefficients revealed VO2max (r s = -0.77), moderate-intensity activity (r s = -0.67), vigorous-intensity activity (r s = -0.81), and SB (r s = 0.57) were substantially correlated with the criterion variable; thus, they were the strongest predictors of depression. CONCLUSION The findings of the current study indicated SB and PA were both significant predictors of depression; however, sufficient fitness-producing activity and adequate cardiorespiratory fitness may nullify the negative influence of SB on depressive symptoms in active adolescents.
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Stojek MMK, Montoya AK, Drescher CF, Newberry A, Sultan Z, Williams CF, Pollock NK, Davis CL. Fitness, Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Symptoms of Depression, and Cognition in Inactive Overweight Children: Mediation Models. Public Health Rep 2017; 132:65S-73S. [PMID: 29136483 DOI: 10.1177/0033354917731308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We used mediation models to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationships among physical fitness, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), symptoms of depression, and cognitive functioning. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the cohorts involved in the 2003-2006 project PLAY (a trial of the effects of aerobic exercise on health and cognition) and the 2008-2011 SMART study (a trial of the effects of exercise on cognition). A total of 397 inactive overweight children aged 7-11 received a fitness test, standardized cognitive test (Cognitive Assessment System, yielding Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive, and Full Scale scores), and depression questionnaire. Parents completed a Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. We used bootstrapped mediation analyses to test whether SDB mediated the relationship between fitness and depression and whether SDB and depression mediated the relationship between fitness and cognition. RESULTS Fitness was negatively associated with depression ( B = -0.041; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.02) and SDB ( B = -0.005; 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.001). SDB was positively associated with depression ( B = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.67) after controlling for fitness. The relationship between fitness and depression was mediated by SDB (indirect effect = -0.005; 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.0004). The relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition was independently mediated by SDB (indirect effect = 0.058; 95% CI, 0.004 to 0.13) and depression (indirect effect = -0.071; 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.17). CONCLUSIONS SDB mediates the relationship between fitness and depression, and SDB and depression separately mediate the relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M K Stojek
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,2 Emory Healthcare Veterans Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Christopher F Drescher
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,5 Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Newberry
- 5 Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zain Sultan
- 5 Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Norman K Pollock
- 5 Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,6 Departments of Population Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine L Davis
- 5 Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,6 Departments of Population Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Coledam DHC, Ferraiol PF, dos-Santos JW, Oliveira ARD. FATORES ASSOCIADOS À APTIDÃO CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA DE ESCOLARES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162201123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Introdução: Há alta prevalência de jovens que não atendem ao critério de saúde para aptidão cardior- respiratória, o que os expõe a riscos relacionados à saúde metabólica, cardiovascular e mental. Dessa forma, é relevante investigar quais aspectos estão associados à aptidão cardiorrespiratória de jovens. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à aptidão cardiorrespiratória em escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal que envolveu 736 escolares (50,1% do sexo feminino) com idade entre 10 a 18 anos. Foram analisadas a condição socioeconômica, escolaridade paterna, número de irmãos, percepção de atividade física, atividade física moderada a vigorosa, participação nas aulas de educação física, prática esportiva, local para prática, transporte ativo e comportamento sedentário. Foram coletadas medidas de estatura, massa corporal e realizado um teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Para escolares com idade inferior a 14 anos, as variáveis que apresentaram associação com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória foram o sexo feminino (RP = 0,79, 0,68-0,91), sobrepeso (RP = 0,73, 0,61-0,89), percepção de atividade física igual às pessoas de mesma idade (RP = 1,26, 1,03-1,53), atividade física semanal de 3-6h (RP = 1,21, 1,05-1,38), participação nas aulas de educação física (RP = 1,35, 1,03-1,76) e comportamento sedentário ≥ 2h (RP = 0,82, 0,73-0,94). Com relação aos escolares com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, o sexo feminino (RP = 0,35, 0,19-0,63), o sobrepeso (RP = 0,25, 0,09-0,66), praticar esportes algumas vezes (RP = 1,96, 1,00-3,81) e frequentemente (RP = 2,09, 1,01-4,31) apresentaram associação com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Conclusão: Programas de intervenção com o objetivo de aumentar o atendimento ao critério de saúde para aptidão cardiorrespiratória de escolares devem promover a prática de atividade física moderada a vigorosa, prática esportiva, participação nas aulas de educação física e redução do sobrepeso.
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Greenleaf C, Petrie TA, Martin SB. Biopsychosocial correlates of dietary intent in middle school girls. Eat Behav 2015; 18:143-6. [PMID: 26094132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent girls commonly engage in weight management and dietary restriction with the hopes of changing their bodies to more closely approximate social body ideals. The purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial factors that predict dietary restraint. Participants (n=774, Mage=12.38) completed measures of dietary intent, pubertal status, sociocultural pressures, body comparison, internalization, body dissatisfaction, social support, and general self-esteem. Height, weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness were objectively measured. Pressures to lose weight and gain muscle mass, internalization of social body ideals, and friend support predicted higher levels of dietary intent; cardiorespiratory fitness predicted lower levels of dietary intent. Girls who experience pressure, adopt social body ideals as their own, and experience social support from friends may be at increased risk for disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors. Fitness may offer a protective effect against psychological and social risk factors. Additional research is needed to establish the causal nature of these relationships and determine effective methods for reducing disordered eating risk among adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Greenleaf
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, PO 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, United States.
| | - Trent A Petrie
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX 76203-5017, United States
| | - Scott B Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Union Circle #310769, Denton, TX 76203, United States
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Sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic review. Prev Med 2015; 76:48-57. [PMID: 25895839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presented systematic review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of studies assessing the relationship between sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS Six online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) as well as personal libraries and reference lists of existing literature were searched for eligible studies. RESULTS Ninety-one studies met all inclusion criteria. There was strong evidence that high levels of screen time were associated with more hyperactivity/inattention problems and internalizing problems as well as with less psychological well-being and perceived quality of life. Concerning depressive symptoms, self-esteem, eating disorder symptoms, and anxiety symptoms, no clear conclusion could be drawn. But, taking quality assessment into account, self-esteem was negatively associated with sedentary behavior, i.e. high levels of time engaging in screen-based sedentary behavior were linked to lower scores in self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the association between sedentary behavior and mental health indicators was rather indeterminate. Future studies of high quality and with an objective measure of sedentary behavior will be necessary to further examine this association as well as to investigate longitudinal relationships and the direction of causality. Furthermore, more studies are needed to identify moderating and mediating variables.
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Ruggero CJ, Petrie T, Sheinbein S, Greenleaf C, Martin S. Cardiorespiratory Fitness May Help in Protecting Against Depression Among Middle School Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57:60-5. [PMID: 26095409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cross-sectional studies demonstrate a robust association between depression, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents, but longitudinal evidence that can better parse the direction of these effects is scarce and conflicting, and no such studies in adolescents have considered the importance of fitness (as opposed to physical activity per se) for preventing depression. Therefore, the present study sought to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness in the first year of middle school (sixth grade) would protect against developing depression a year later (seventh grade), even after controlling for other risk factors (i.e., preexisting depression levels and weight status). METHODS Participants (N = 437 with 54.9% female) were recruited from six different middle schools during their sixth-grade year and reassessed during the seventh grade. At each assessment, participants completed self-report measures of depression and fitness. Participants were also weighed and were asked to complete a shuttle-run at both points. RESULTS A cross-lagged panel model indicated that cardiorespiratory fitness in the sixth grade was associated with significantly less depression by the seventh grade in girls, even after controlling for preexisting depression and weight. The effect was in the same direction for boys, but was nonsignificant. In both cases, effects were modest to small. CONCLUSIONS Cardiorespiratory fitness had a small, but significant protective effect against developing depression in middle school girls, and may have a similar but smaller effect in boys. Promotion of cardiorespiratory fitness can be an important strategy for preventing depression in middle school adolescents, but needs to be coupled with interventions that more directly address symptom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo J Ruggero
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.
| | - Trent Petrie
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Shelly Sheinbein
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Christy Greenleaf
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Scott Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Laurson KR, Saint-Maurice PF, Karsai I, Csányi T. Cross-Validation of FITNESSGRAM® Health-Related Fitness Standards in Hungarian Youth. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86 Suppl 1:S13-S20. [PMID: 26054951 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1042800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to cross-validate FITNESSGRAM® aerobic and body composition standards in a representative sample of Hungarian youth. METHOD A nationally representative sample (N = 405) of Hungarian adolescents from the Hungarian National Youth Fitness Study (ages 12-18.9 years) participated in an aerobic capacity assessment via treadmill test to maximum to determine peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and a bioelectrical impedance assessment to estimate percent body fat (%BF). Additionally, metabolic syndrome status was assessed via finger-stick blood sample. Youth were categorized into Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) and Needs Improvement (NI) groups based on Fitnessgram standards. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was calculated and logistic regression was used to estimate odds of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Hungarian youth were generally fit with a low prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Approximately 69% to 77% of boys and 55% to 57% of girls were classified into the HFZ based on %BF and VO2peak. Youth in the NI health risk zones for VO2peak and %BF were 4 times to 5 and 2 times to 3 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than children in the lower-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Fitnessgram standards for aerobic capacity and body composition were associated with metabolic syndrome status, though odds ratios were larger for VO2peak than for %BF and varied by sex. Even though these standards were developed in U.S. youth, they can be applied in Hungary and still provide a criterion-referenced indication of fitness.
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Heggelund J, Kleppe KD, Morken G, Vedul-Kjelsås E. High aerobic intensity training and psychological States in patients with depression or schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 25400592 PMCID: PMC4214195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore changes in psychological states in response to a bout of high aerobic intensity training (HIT) in patients with depression or schizophrenia compared to healthy individuals. METHODS After familiarization training of HIT, 20 patients with schizophrenia, 13 patients with depression, and 20 healthy individuals performed a no-training day followed by a training day. HIT was 4 × 4 min intervals at 85-95% of peak heart rate, intermitted by 3 min active rest periods at 70% of peak heart rate. Self-evaluation questionnaires of positive affect, negative affect, state anxiety, well-being, distress, and fatigue were completed before training, 15 min after, and 3 h after training. The two latter measures were also completed the no-training day. RESULTS All three groups improved in positive affect and well-being 15 min after HIT (p < 0.01), but only patients with depression had maintained the effect after 3 h (p = 0.007, p = 0.012). The duration of the improved positive affect was longer in depression (p = 0.002) and schizophrenia (p = 0.025) than in healthy individuals (F 2.50 = 5.83, p < 0.01). Patients with depression or schizophrenia had reduced distress and state anxiety 15 min after HIT and 3 h after HIT (p < 0.05). The improvement in distress 15 min after HIT was larger in patients with depression (p = 0.028) compared to healthy individuals (F 2.50 = 5.05, p < 0.01). No changes were found during the no-training day (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION High aerobic intensity training used as an acute intervention improved positive affect and well-being and reduced distress and state anxiety in patients with depression and schizophrenia. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01310998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn Heggelund
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Østmarka, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kim Daniel Kleppe
- Hamar District Psychiatric Centre, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Research and Development (AFFU), St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Vedul-Kjelsås
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Research and Development (AFFU), St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Conder R, Conder AA. Neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions in refractory sport-related post-concussive syndrome. Brain Inj 2014; 29:249-62. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.965209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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