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Morita Y, Yoshikawa T, Takahashi M. Long working hours and risk of hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage among Japanese workers claiming compensation for overwork-related intracerebral haemorrhage: an unmatched case-control study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074465. [PMID: 37739464 PMCID: PMC10533741 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Overwork-related cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CCVDs) constitute a major occupational and public health issue worldwide. However, to our knowledge, few studies have reported the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We aimed to determine whether patients with extreme workload have a greater risk of developing hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) located in the deep brain areas than patients without extreme workload. We also determined the association between the number of hours of overtime work and the risk of developing hypertensive ICH. DESIGN Unmatched case-control study. SETTING Database of patients claiming compensation for overwork-related CCVDs in Japan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1215 patients who claimed overwork-related ICH in Japan, of whom 621 had their compensation claim approved (patients with extreme workload) and 622 did not. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the risk of developing hypertensive ICH in patients with extreme workload compared with those without extreme workload, adjusted for confounders such as age, occupation, smoking status, alcohol consumption and medical history. We also calculated the risk of developing hypertensive ICH in compensated patients by average monthly overtime working hours. RESULTS Patients with extreme workloads had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for developing hypertensive ICH (1.44, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.88) than those without extreme workloads. ORs for developing hypertensive ICH according to overtime working hours showed a dose-response relationship; an overtime of 100 hours/month was associated with a significantly higher OR (1.31, 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.91; 1.41, 95% CI: 0.95 to 2.11; and 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.22 for 60-79.9, 80-99.9 and≥100 hours/month, respectively) than that for workloads of less than 60 hours/month. CONCLUSIONS Regarding Japanese workers, overtime work could be associated with the risk of developing hypertensive ICH, and hypertension may play an important role in overwork-related ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Morita
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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Ochiai Y, Takahashi M, Matsuo T, Sasaki T, Sato Y, Fukasawa K, Araki T, Otsuka Y. Characteristics of long working hours and subsequent psychological and physical responses: JNIOSH cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:304-311. [PMID: 37116959 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the prospective association among objectively measured average working hours (AWHs), frequency of long working hours (FLWHs; defined as ≥205 working hours/month (≥45 hours/week)) for 6 months, and workers' self-reported psychological and physical health. METHODS The study included 15 143 workers from 5 Japanese companies. We collected monthly attendance records over 6 months before distributing a questionnaire survey on psychological/physical stress responses and work-related demographics. We then evaluated the associations of those attendance records with psychological/physical measures using analysis of covariance adjusted for sex, age, employment, job type, working conditions, work site and experience of emergency state due to COVID-19. RESULTS Irritability, anxiety and depression were significantly greater at ≥180 hours (≥45 hours/week), and fatigue and lack of vigour were greater at ≥205 hours than those of the normal working-hour group (140-180 hours/month [35-45 hours/week]). Psychological indices increased significantly with FLWH, with ≥3 times for irritability, depression and fatigue; ≥2 times for lack of vigour; and ≥1 time for anxiety when compared with no long working hours. No significant associations were observed between AWH or FLWH and physical stress responses. CONCLUSIONS Longer AWH was associated with higher levels of psychological stress responses. The effects of FLWH in the past 6 months varied among the psychological stress responses and did not occur for physical complaints. Under circumstances requiring long hours, workers' mental health should be protected through minimising the frequency of long work hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ochiai
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuo
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukasawa
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mousavi RA, Roth D, Wallmüller C, Pichler G, Stratil P, Schreiber W, Delle-Karth G, Schober A. Effect of Austrian COVID-19 lockdowns on acute myocardial infarction frequency and long-term mortality: a multicentre observational study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065308. [PMID: 36754558 PMCID: PMC9922876 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to find out if the decrease in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admissions during the first COVID-19 lockdowns (LD), which was described by previous studies, occurred equally in all LD periods (LD1, LD2, LD2021), which had identical restrictions. Further, we wanted to analyse if the decrease of AMI admission had any association with the 1-year mortality rate. DESIGN AND SETTING This study is a prospective observational study of two centres that are participating in the Vienna ST-elevation myocardial infarction network. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1732 patients who presented with AMI according to the 4th universal definition of myocardial infarction in 2019, 2020 and the LD period of 2021 were included in our study. Patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries were excluded from our study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome of this study was the frequency of AMI during the LD periods and the all-cause and cardiac-cause 1-year mortality rate of 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 2020. RESULTS Out of 1732 patients, 70% (n=1205) were male and median age was 64 years. There was a decrease in AMI admissions of 55% in LD1, 28% in LD2 and 17% in LD2021 compared with 2019.There were no differences in all-cause 1-year mortality between the year 2019 (11%; n=110) and 2020 (11%; n=79; p=0.92) or death by cardiac causes [10% (n=97) 2019 vs 10% (n=71) 2020; p=0.983]. CONCLUSION All LDs showed a decrease in AMI admissions, though not to the same extent, even though the regulatory measures were equal. Admission in an LD period was not associated with cardiac or all-cause 1-year mortality rate in AMI patients in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Anahita Mousavi
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Roth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Wallmüller
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Pichler
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Stratil
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schreiber
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Delle-Karth
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schober
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
There are several patterns of epidemiological study in Japan. One is the international collaborative studies, such as Seven Countries Study, NI-HON-SAN Study, International Study of Salt and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT), International Study of Macro-and Micro-nutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP), and Monitoring of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA). The next one is the several cohort studies in Japanese unique surveys, such as Hisayama Study, Osaka-Akita Study, Tanno-Sobetsu Study, Suita Study, Ohazama Study, National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Noncommunicable Disease and Its Trends in the Aged (NIPPON DATA), Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC), and Japan Public Health Center-Based Study (JPHC). Finally, some recent special meta-analysis in Japan are Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study (JALS) and Evidence for Cardio-vascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN). The aim of this review is to introduce the history of epidemiologcal study, especially, cardiovascular epidemiology from the mid-20th century to in the early 21st century by dividing three patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Hattori K, Sobue T, Zha L, Kitamura T, Shimomura Y, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Yamaji T, Tsugane S, Sawada N. Association between working hours and cancer risk in Japan: The Japan public health center-based prospective study. J Occup Health 2022; 64:e12375. [PMID: 36502469 PMCID: PMC9741916 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the association between working hours and cancer risk in the Japanese population, which has not been evaluated. METHODS Using a cohort database from a Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, we evaluated 26 738 participants (16 351 men and 10 387 women), who responded to a questionnaire about working hours and followed these participants from 1993-1994 to 2013. Participants were divided into four groups according to working hours (≤6, 7-8, 9-10, ≥11 h/day). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each cancer incidence were calculated using a multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS During 488 383 person-years of follow-up, 481 patients with newly diagnosed cancers were identified. There was no clear association between long working hours and overall cancer, lung cancer, and stomach cancer risks. Long working hours tended to increase prostate cancer risk in men and breast cancer risk in women, although the difference was not statistically significant. Increased liver cancer risk with short working hours (HR [95% CI]; 3.15 [1.44-6.88] in the ≤6 h/day group vs. 7-8 h/day) was observed. Colorectal cancer also tended to increase risk in short working hours, however, there were not statistically significance. CONCLUSIONS In this population, long working hours were not associated with cancer risk with statistically significance. The association between short working hours and liver cancer risk was observed, probably due to the reverse causation of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Hattori
- Department of Social and Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, SuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Tomotaka Sobue
- Department of Social and Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, SuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Ling Zha
- Department of Social and Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, SuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Department of Social and Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, SuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimomura
- Department of Social and Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, SuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of EpidemiologyNational Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer CenterChuo‐kuJapan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of PreventionNational Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer CenterChuo‐kuJapan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of EpidemiologyNational Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer CenterChuo‐kuJapan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort ResearchNational Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer CenterChuo‐kuJapan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort ResearchNational Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer CenterChuo‐kuJapan
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Descatha A, Fadel M, Savary D. Cardiac arrest: work on global prevention, global at prevention at work? Resuscitation 2022; 175:72-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Matsushita M, Yamamura S. The Relationship Between Long Working Hours and Stress Responses in Junior High School Teachers: A Nationwide Survey in Japan. Front Psychol 2022; 12:775522. [PMID: 35087451 PMCID: PMC8786715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.775522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long working hours and mental health problems among teachers are a concern in Japan. More specifically, it has been reported that junior high school teachers tend to work overtime. In this study, examined the working hours of junior high school teachers in public schools and investigated the association between overtime work and stress responses across job titles. Methods: From June to December 2018, 54,772 teachers in public junior high schools completed a web-based nationwide survey regarding occupational stress and submitted self-evaluated working hours per day of the previous month. Psychological and physical stress responses were assessed using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Results: Results showed that 59.6% of the participants worked 11 h or more per day. Additionally, the length of working hours significantly differed across job titles (χ2 (30) = 5295.8, p < 0.001, Cramér’s V = 0.14). With respect to tenured teachers, sex (female), age, taking charge of the class, number of working years in the same school, working hours of 10 to 11 h, 11 to 12 h, 12 to 13 h, and 13 h or more were significantly associated with high stress, compared to those who worked less than 9 h per day. Moreover, for fixed-term teachers, sex (female), age, working hours of 9 to 10 h, 10 to 11 h, 11 to 12 h, 12 to 13 h, and 13 h or more were related with more stress as compared to those who worked less than 9 h per day. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between long working hours and stress response among vice-principals, even though they tended to work the longest hours. Conclusion: We verified that Japanese junior high school teachers work long hours. Long working hours were associated with stress responses in both tenured and fixed-term teachers, but not in vice-principals. However, vice-principals work the longest hours among teachers, and we suggest that these long working hours may be a hidden problem that is often overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Matsushita
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Konan Women's University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kinki Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Itami, Japan
| | - Schuhei Yamamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinki Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Itami, Japan
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8
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Moretti Anfossi C, Ahumada Muñoz M, Tobar Fredes C, Pérez Rojas F, Ross J, Head J, Britton A. OUP accepted manuscript. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:698-713. [PMID: 35237787 PMCID: PMC9250287 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death, and there is evidence that work exposures could be associated with their development. This study aimed to systematically review observational studies of adults exposed to job strain, effort–reward imbalance, long working hours, job insecurity, shift work, and occupational noise, and assess the association of those work exposures with CVDs. Methods The Navigation Guide framework was applied. The population were adults of working age (18–65), and cohort and case–control studies were included. The work exposures were job strain, effort–reward imbalance, long working hours, job insecurity, shift work, and occupational noise. The outcomes were cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart disease, and hypertensive diseases. The selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers independently and disagreements were solved by a third reviewer or by consensus. The synthesis of the results was done by applying the ‘vote counting based on direction’ method, and the results were summarized in an effect direction plot. The strength of the evidence for every risk factor and CVD was defined by consensus. Results A total of 17 643 papers were initially identified in the literature search, but after applying the filters by title and abstract, and full text, 86 studies were finally included. From the included studies, sufficient evidence was found of the harmfulness of job strain for cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. Furthermore, there was sufficient evidence of the harmfulness of shift work for ischemic heart disease. Evidence of no relationship was found between long working hours and shift work with ischaemic heart disease and hypertensive disease, respectively. The other associations of work exposures and CVDs had limited or inadequate evidence of harmfulness. Conclusions In this comprehensive review, there was sufficient evidence of a harmful relationship between job strain, shift work, and CVDs. For the other work exposures, more high-quality studies are needed. In order to improve current prevention strategies for CVDs, the findings of this review imply that job strain and shift work are work exposures that constitute additional risk factors that could be approached as targets for worksite interventions. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020179972.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Tobar Fredes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la salud, Campus Los Leones, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jamie Ross
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Annie Britton
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
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Health problems associated with single, multiple, and the frequency of months of objectively measured long working hours: a cohort study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:685-699. [PMID: 34669025 PMCID: PMC8938362 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to examine the prospective associations of monthly working hours measured in a month, the 6-month averaged hours, and the frequency of long working hours (≥ 205 h/month) during the past 6 months with health indicators. Methods This study included 6,806 Japanese company workers (response rate = 86.6%). Data on the workers’ monthly attendance during the second half of fiscal year 2016 and annual health checkups in fiscal years 2016 and 2017 were collected. We evaluated the association of the above three types of monthly working hours with subsequent health checkup data in fiscal year 2017. We adjusted for the corresponding data in fiscal year 2016. Results Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between monthly working hours and workers’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and triglyceride levels. However, the associations were not consistent between months. The average monthly working hours were significantly associated with higher LDL levels for the 220–240 h/mo group (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07–2.08) and lower triglyceride levels for the < 140 h/mo group (OR: 0.15, 95%CI: 0.03–0.77), compared to the 140–180 h/mo group. The frequency of long working hours was significantly associated with higher LDL levels. Conclusions Working hours over several months produced various associations with health indicators compared to those measured in a single month. Our present data suggest that the effects of average or frequency of long working hours during the past 6 months are likely to appear in LDL levels.
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Furuya Y, Fukai K, Furuya H, Tatemichi M. A pilot study on the effects of playing background music in the workplace on overtime work. ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1539/eohp.2021-0005-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Furuya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kota Fukai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Furuya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine
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Kim S, Jung Y. Effect of Long Working Hours on Cardiovascular Disease in South Korean Workers: A Longitudinal Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 33:213-219. [PMID: 33291938 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520979927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between working hours and onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using a prospective study design. We used the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) data from 2006 to 2016. A total of 2405 workers who were working 35 hours or more per week and who did not have CVD at baseline were analyzed. Cox proportional hazard model was used for the analysis to determine the association between working hours per week at baseline and the new onset of CVD. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between average working hours throughout the entire follow-up period and the risk of CVD (N = 1134). Working above 52 hours per week at baseline was related to higher risk of CVD than working between 35 and 40 hours a week (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60-2.70 for 52-60 hours; HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.05-1.81 for >60 hours). A worker's average working hours throughout the following period were also significantly associated with elevated risks of CVD (odds ratio = 4.40, 95% CI = 1.58-12.22 for >60 hours). The findings underline the need for more proactive interventions to protect the health of workers exposed to long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Kim
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Jung
- Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kivimäki M, Virtanen M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD. The WHO/ILO report on long working hours and ischaemic heart disease - Conclusions are not supported by the evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106048. [PMID: 33051042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Working hours is a ubiquitous exposure given that most adults are employed, and one that is modifiable via legislative change if not always through individual-level choice. According to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO), there is currently sufficient evidence to conclude that long working hours (i.e., ≥55 h per week) elevate the risk of fatal and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease to a clinically meaningful extent. After assessing the data used by the ILO/WHO, we feel that the expert group has not correctly applied their own framework for assessing the strength of the evidence. In the meta-analysis of observational studies in the report, the association between long working hours and incident heart disease appeared stronger in lower quality cohort studies with a high risk of bias (minimally-adjusted hazard ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.41, compared to standard 35-40 weekly hours) than in the superior-quality studies with a lower risk of bias for which the estimate was not significantly different from the null (1.08, 95% CI 0.93-1.25). There was also marked effect modification, such that there was no increase in ischaemic heart disease for those working long hours in high socioeconomic status occupations, a finding also reported in analyses of a recent census-based cohort study which was not included in the report. Our meta-analysis of all these studies confirm that the findings are not consistent but differ between subgroups and that the summary age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio for long working hours in high socioeconomic status occupations does not support excess risk: 0.85, 95% CI 0.63-1.13 (Pinteraction = 0.005, total N = 451,982). For these and other reasons detailed in this commentary, we advance a more cautious interpretation of the existing evidence. The conclusions should be restricted to low socioeconomic status occupations only and more research is still needed to confirm or refute harmfulness and determine clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT London, UK; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 B 22, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonkatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Solja T Nyberg
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 B 22, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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Li J, Rugulies R, Morgan RL, Woodruff T, Siegrist J. Systematic review and meta-analysis on exposure to long working hours and risk of ischaemic heart disease - Conclusions are supported by the evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106118. [PMID: 33051043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rebecca L Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Tracey Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Life Science Centre, University of Düsseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
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Li J, Pega F, Ujita Y, Brisson C, Clays E, Descatha A, Ferrario MM, Godderis L, Iavicoli S, Landsbergis PA, Metzendorf MI, Morgan RL, Pachito DV, Pikhart H, Richter B, Roncaioli M, Rugulies R, Schnall PL, Sembajwe G, Trudel X, Tsutsumi A, Woodruff TJ, Siegrist J. The effect of exposure to long working hours on ischaemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105739. [PMID: 32505014 PMCID: PMC7339147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing Joint Estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates), with contributions from a large network of experts. Evidence from mechanistic data suggests that exposure to long working hours may cause ischaemic heart disease (IHD). In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from IHD that are attributable to exposure to long working hours, for the development of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of exposure to long working hours (three categories: 41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35-40 h/week), on IHD (three outcomes: prevalence, incidence and mortality). DATA SOURCES We developed and published a protocol, applying the Navigation Guide as an organizing systematic review framework where feasible. We searched electronic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CISDOC, PsycINFO, and WHO ICTRP. We also searched grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand-searched reference lists of previous systematic reviews; and consulted additional experts. STUDY ELIGIBILITY AND CRITERIA We included working-age (≥15 years) workers in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State but excluded children (aged < 15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies which contained an estimate of the effect of exposure to long working hours (41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35-40 h/week), on IHD (prevalence, incidence or mortality). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS At least two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. Missing data were requested from principal study authors. We combined relative risks using random-effect meta-analysis. Two or more review authors assessed the risk of bias, quality of evidence and strength of evidence, using Navigation Guide and GRADE tools and approaches adapted to this project. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (26 prospective cohort studies and 11 case-control studies) met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 768,751 participants (310,954 females) in 13 countries in three WHO regions (Americas, Europe and Western Pacific). The exposure was measured using self-reports in all studies, and the outcome was assessed with administrative health records (30 studies) or self-reported physician diagnosis (7 studies). The outcome was defined as incident non-fatal IHD event in 19 studies (8 cohort studies, 11 case-control studies), incident fatal IHD event in two studies (both cohort studies), and incident non-fatal or fatal ("mixed") event in 16 studies (all cohort studies). Because we judged cohort studies to have a relatively lower risk of bias, we prioritized evidence from these studies and treated evidence from case-control studies as supporting evidence. For the bodies of evidence for both outcomes with any eligible studies (i.e. IHD incidence and mortality), we did not have serious concerns for risk of bias (at least for the cohort studies). No eligible study was found on the effect of long working hours on IHD prevalence. Compared with working 35-40 h/week, we are uncertain about the effect on acquiring (or incidence of) IHD of working 41-48 h/week (relative risk (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.07, 20 studies, 312,209 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence) and 49-54 h/week (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.17, 18 studies, 308,405 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week may have led to a moderately, clinically meaningful increase in the risk of acquiring IHD, when followed up between one year and 20 years (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.26, 22 studies, 339,680 participants, I2 5%, moderate quality of evidence). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, we are very uncertain about the effect on dying (mortality) from IHD of working 41-48 h/week (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.12, 13 studies, 288,278 participants, I2 8%, low quality of evidence) and 49-54 h/week (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.25, 11 studies, 284,474 participants, I2 13%, low quality of evidence). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week may have led to a moderate, clinically meaningful increase in the risk of dying from IHD when followed up between eight and 30 years (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31, 16 studies, 726,803 participants, I2 0%, moderate quality of evidence). Subgroup analyses found no evidence for differences by WHO region and sex, but RRs were higher among persons with lower SES. Sensitivity analyses found no differences by outcome definition (exclusively non-fatal or fatal versus "mixed"), outcome measurement (health records versus self-reports) and risk of bias ("high"/"probably high" ratings in any domain versus "low"/"probably low" in all domains). CONCLUSIONS We judged the existing bodies of evidence for human evidence as "inadequate evidence for harmfulness" for the exposure categories 41-48 and 49-54 h/week for IHD prevalence, incidence and mortality, and for the exposure category ≥55 h/week for IHD prevalence. Evidence on exposure to working ≥55 h/week was judged as "sufficient evidence of harmfulness" for IHD incidence and mortality. Producing estimates for the burden of IHD attributable to exposure to working ≥55 h/week appears evidence-based, and the pooled effect estimates presented in this systematic review could be used as input data for the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Frank Pega
- Environment, Climate Change and Health Department, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Yuka Ujita
- Labour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Route des Morillons 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Chantal Brisson
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City G1S 4L8, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Els Clays
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Campus University Hospital Ghent (4K3 - entrance 42), 4K3, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alexis Descatha
- AP-HP (Paris Hospital), Occupational Health Unit, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Inserm Versailles St-Quentin Univ - Paris Saclay Univ (UVSQ), UMS 011, UMR-S 1168, Villejuif, France; Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Marco M Ferrario
- Research Centre EPIMED, University of Insubria, Via O Rossi 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KIR Department (Knowledge, Information & Research), IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Paul A Landsbergis
- SUNY-Downstate Health Sciences University, School of Public Health, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11238, United States.
| | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group, Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rebecca L Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Daniela V Pachito
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês and Disciplina de Economia e Gestão em Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 412 Barata Ribeiro, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Bernd Richter
- Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group, Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mattia Roncaioli
- Research Centre EPIMED, University of Insubria, Via O Rossi 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter L Schnall
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California-Irvine, 100 Theory Way, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention (OMEP), Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, 175 Community Drive, NY 11021, United States; Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W 125th Street, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Xavier Trudel
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City G1S 4L8, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Life Science Centre, University of Düsseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
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15
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Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Pega F, Ujita Y, Baer M, Boccuni F, Di Tecco C, Duret C, Evanoff BA, Gagliardi D, Godderis L, Kang SK, Kim BJ, Li J, Magnusson Hanson LL, Marinaccio A, Ozguler A, Pachito D, Pell J, Pico F, Ronchetti M, Roquelaure Y, Rugulies R, Schouteden M, Siegrist J, Tsutsumi A, Iavicoli S. The effect of exposure to long working hours on stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105746. [PMID: 32505015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates), with contributions from a large network of individual experts. Evidence from mechanistic data and prior studies suggests that exposure to long working hours may cause stroke. In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from stroke that are attributable to exposure to long working hours, for the development of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of exposure to long working hours (three categories: 41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35-40 h/week), on stroke (three outcomes: prevalence, incidence, and mortality). DATA SOURCES A protocol was developed and published, applying the Navigation Guide to systematic reviews as an organizing framework where feasible. We searched electronic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CISDOC, PsycINFO, and WHO ICTRP. We also searched grey literature databases, Internet search engines, and organizational websites; hand-searched reference lists of previous systematic reviews; and consulted additional experts. STUDY ELIGIBILITY AND CRITERIA We included working-age (≥15 years) individuals in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State but excluded children (aged < 15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the effect of exposure to long working hours (41-48, 49-54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35-40 h/week), on stroke (prevalence, incidence or mortality). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS At least two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first review stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. Missing data were requested from principal study authors. We combined relative risks using random-effects meta-analysis. Two or more review authors assessed the risk of bias, quality of evidence and strength of evidence, using the Navigation Guide and GRADE tools and approaches adapted to this project. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (20 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies) met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 839,680 participants (364,616 females) in eight countries from three WHO regions (Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific). The exposure was measured using self-reports in all studies, and the outcome was assessed with administrative health records (13 studies), self-reported physician diagnosis (7 studies), direct diagnosis by a physician (1 study) or during a medical interview (1 study). The outcome was defined as an incident non-fatal stroke event in nine studies (7 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies), incident fatal stroke event in one cohort study and incident non-fatal or fatal ("mixed") event in 12 studies (all cohort studies). Cohort studies were judged to have a relatively low risk of bias; therefore, we prioritized evidence from these studies, but synthesised evidence from case-control studies as supporting evidence. For the bodies of evidence for both outcomes with any eligible studies (i.e. stroke incidence and mortality), we did not have serious concerns for risk of bias (at least for the cohort studies). Eligible studies were found on the effects of long working hours on stroke incidence and mortality, but not prevalence. Compared with working 35-40 h/week, we were uncertain about the effect on incidence of stroke due to working 41-48 h/week (relative risk (RR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.14, 18 studies, 277,202 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence). There may have been an increased risk for acquiring stroke when working 49-54 h/week compared with 35-40 h/week (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00-1.28, 17 studies, 275,181participants, I2 0%, p 0.04, moderate quality of evidence). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week may have led to a moderate, clinically meaningful increase in the risk of acquiring stroke, when followed up between one year and 20 years (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61, 7 studies, 162,644 participants, I2 3%, moderate quality of evidence). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, we were very uncertain about the effect on dying (mortality) of stroke due to working 41-48 h/week (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.12, 12 studies, 265,937 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence), 49-54 h/week (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99-1.29, 11 studies, 256,129 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence) and 55 h/week (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.89-1.31, 10 studies, 664,647 participants, I2 20%, low quality of evidence). Subgroup analyses found no evidence for differences by WHO region, age, sex, socioeconomic status and type of stroke. Sensitivity analyses found no differences by outcome definition (exclusively non-fatal or fatal versus "mixed") except for the comparison working ≥55 h/week versus 35-40 h/week for stroke incidence (p for subgroup differences: 0.05), risk of bias ("high"/"probably high" ratings in any domain versus "low"/"probably low" in all domains), effect estimate measures (risk versus hazard versus odds ratios) and comparator (exact versus approximate definition). CONCLUSIONS We judged the existing bodies of evidence for human evidence as "inadequate evidence for harmfulness" for all exposure categories for stroke prevalence and mortality and for exposure to 41-48 h/week for stroke incidence. Evidence on exposure to 48-54 h/week and ≥55 h/week was judged as "limited evidence for harmfulness" and "sufficient evidence for harmfulness" for stroke incidence, respectively. Producing estimates for the burden of stroke attributable to exposures to working 48-54 and ≥55 h/week appears evidence-based, and the pooled effect estimates presented in this systematic review could be used as input data for the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. PROTOCOL IDENTIFIER: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.016. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017060124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Descatha
- UNIV Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France; AP-HP (Paris Hospital), Occupational Health Unit, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Versailles St-Quentin Univ-Paris Saclay Univ (UVSQ), UMS 011, UMR-S 1168, France; Inserm, U1168 UMS 011, Villejuif, France.
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Department of Occupational Medicine Epidemiology and Prevention, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, NY, USA.
| | - Frank Pega
- Environment, Climate Change and Health Department, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - Yuka Ujita
- Labour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Route des Morillons 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Baer
- AP-HP (Paris Hospital), SAMU92, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France.
| | - Fabio Boccuni
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Cristina Di Tecco
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Clement Duret
- AP-HP (Paris Hospital), Occupational Health Unit, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France.
| | - Bradley A Evanoff
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8005, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Diana Gagliardi
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d - box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Seong-Kyu Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beon Joon Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | | | - Alessandro Marinaccio
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Anna Ozguler
- AP-HP (Paris Hospital), SAMU92, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif, France.
| | - Daniela Pachito
- Núcleo de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, 142 Barata Ribeiro, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - John Pell
- Hunter College Libraries, Social Work and Public Health Library, 2180 3rd Avenue, 110D, New York, NY 10035, United States.
| | - Fernando Pico
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay, France.
| | - Matteo Ronchetti
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
| | - Yves Roquelaure
- UNIV Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martijn Schouteden
- IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Life Science Centre, University of Düsseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Inail, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy.
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16
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OCHIAI Y, TAKAHASHI M, MATSUO T, SASAKI T, FUKASAWA K, ARAKI T, TSUCHIYA M, OTSUKA Y. Objective and subjective working hours and their roles on workers' health among Japanese employees. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2020; 58:265-275. [PMID: 31685757 PMCID: PMC7286714 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2019-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between objective and subjective working hours (OWH and SWH, respectively) and their relation to the workers' health. The study included 6,806 workers of a Japanese company (response rate=86.6%). OWH were collected as the monthly data during fiscal year 2017 from the company record. SWH were self-reported as the weekly data during the past month in November 2017. Both OWH and SWH corresponded to the same period of one month (October 2017). Additionally, the data for the annual health checkup in fiscal year 2017 and self-reported mental health in November 2017 were collected. The results indicated that the longer OWH was related to more underestimation of SWH. The analyses of covariance adjusted for the selected variables showed that irrespective of OWH or SWH, significant relationships were found for stress responses but not for body mass index, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglyceride. However, significant relationships with only OWH were noted for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and positive work-related state of mind. The present findings show that SWH should be used carefully when assessing the health effects of long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko OCHIAI
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki MATSUO
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | - Takeshi SASAKI
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
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17
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Fadel M, Li J, Sembajwe G, Gagliardi D, Pico F, Ozguler A, Evanoff BA, Baer M, Tsutsumi A, Iavicoli S, Leclerc A, Roquelaure Y, Siegrist J, Descatha A. Cumulative Exposure to Long Working Hours and Occurrence of Ischemic Heart Disease: Evidence From the CONSTANCES Cohort at Inception. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015753. [PMID: 32476603 PMCID: PMC7429044 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Long‐working hours (LWH) are a probable risk factor for ischemic heart diseases (IHD); however, no previous study has considered duration of exposure to LWH when addressing this topic. We aimed to determine the association between cumulative exposure to LWH and IHD while accounting for relevant confounders. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, we included all baseline participants from the French population‐based cohort CONSTANCES. Part‐time employees and those who reported a cardiac event in the 5 years before LWH exposure were excluded. From self‐administered questionnaires and clinical examinations, we obtained participants’ age, sex, body mass index, occupational status, smoking habits, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, familial history of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, exposure to LWH, and its duration. We defined LWH as working for >10 hours daily for at least 50 days per year. The main outcome was reported history of IHD, ie, myocardial infarction or angina pectoris, during a clinical examination. Of 137 854 included participants, 69 774 were men. There were 1875 cases (1.36%) of IHD, and exposure to LWH was reported by 42 462 subjects (30.8%) among whom 14 474 (10.50%) reported exposure for at least 10 years. Overall, exposure to LWH for ≥10 years was associated with an increased risk of IHD, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.24 (1.08–1.43), P=0.0021. In stratified analyses, this effect was not observed in women, but was significant amongst men, aOR 1.28 (1.11–1.48), P=0.0008. Conclusions This large population‐based study supports an association between cumulative exposure to LWH and IHD in men. Future research should consider relevant strategies for reducing LWH exposure and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fadel
- INSERM UMS 011 UMR-S 1168 Villejuif France.,AP-HP UVSQ OHU EM92 (Samu92) CHU Poincaré Garches France
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences Fielding School of Public Health School of Nursing University of California Los Angeles CA
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention Northwell Health New York NY
| | - Diana Gagliardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Inail Rome Italy
| | - Fernando Pico
- Neurology and Stroke Unit Versailles Mignot Hospital Le Chesnay France.,Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines/Paris Saclay Univ Versailles France
| | - Anna Ozguler
- INSERM UMS 011 UMR-S 1168 Villejuif France.,AP-HP UVSQ OHU EM92 (Samu92) CHU Poincaré Garches France
| | | | - Michel Baer
- AP-HP UVSQ OHU EM92 (Samu92) CHU Poincaré Garches France
| | | | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Inail Rome Italy
| | | | - Yves Roquelaure
- UMR_S 1085 Irset EHESP, INSERM Univ Rennes CHU Angers Univ Angers France
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Senior Professorship on Work Stress Research Centre for Health and Society Faculty of Medicine University of Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Alexis Descatha
- INSERM UMS 011 UMR-S 1168 Villejuif France.,UMR_S 1085 Irset EHESP, INSERM Univ Rennes CHU Angers Univ Angers France.,AP-HP UVSQ OHU EM92 (Samu92) CHU Poincaré Garches France
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18
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Murohara T. <i>Circulation Journal</i> Awards for the Year 2019. Circ J 2020; 84:361-370. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-66-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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19
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Jiang T, Du W, Chen X, Xia D, Shi L, Cui C. Analyses of the correlations of acute myocardial infarction with basic diseases, smoking status, gender and age and risk factors for death in patients. Panminerva Med 2020; 63:557-558. [PMID: 32009351 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Du
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Xia
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changxing Cui
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China -
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Saito I. Is Working at a Small Company a Component of “The Status Syndrome” in Japan? Circ J 2019; 83:1441-1442. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
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