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Yavarzadeh M, Anwar F, Saadi S, Saari N. Production of glycerolamines based conjugated γ-aminobutyric acids using microbial COX and LOX as successor enzymes to GAD. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110282. [PMID: 37393814 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (γ-ABA) can be produced by various microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and yeasts using enzymatic bioconversion, microbial fermentation or chemical hydrolysis. Regenerating conjugated glycerol-amines is valid by the intervention of microbial cyclooxygenase [COX] and lipooxygenase [LOX] enzymes produced via lactobacillus bacteria (LAB) as successor enzymes to glutamate decarboxylases (GAD). Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview on γ-ABA production, and microbiological achievements used in producing this signal molecule based on those fermenting enzymes. The formation of aminoglycerides based conjugated γ-ABA is considered the key substances in controlling the host defense against pathogens and is aimed in increasing the neurotransmission effects and in suppressing further cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Yavarzadeh
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine, 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine, 1 UFC1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Rauf A, Joshi PB, Ahmad Z, Hemeg HA, Olatunde A, Naz S, Hafeez N, Simal-Gandara J. Edible mushrooms as potential functional foods in amelioration of hypertension. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37157920 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are popular functional foods attributed to their rich nutritional bioactive constituent profile influencing cardiovascular function. Edible mushrooms are omnipresent in various prescribed Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean diet, and fortified meal plans as they are rich in amino acids, dietary fiber, proteins, sterols, vitamins, and minerals. However, without an understanding of the influence of mushroom bioactive constituents, mechanism of action on heart and allergenicity, it is difficult to fully comprehend the role of mushrooms as dietary interventions in alleviating hypertension and other cardiovascular malfunctions. To accomplish this endeavor, we chose to review edible mushrooms and their bioactive constituents in ameliorating hypertension. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are interrelated and if the former is managed by dietary changes, it is postulated that overall heart health could also be improved. With a concise note on different edible varieties of mushrooms, a particular focus is presented on the antihypertensive potential of mushroom bioactive constituents, mode of action, absorption kinetics and bioavailability. Ergosterol, lovastatin, cordycepin, tocopherols, chitosan, ergothioneine, γ-aminobutyric acid, quercetin, and eritadenine are described as essential bioactives with hypotensive effects. Finally, safety concerns on allergens and limitations of consuming edible mushrooms with special reference to chemical toxins and their postulated metabolites are highlighted. It is opined that the present review will redirect toxicologists to further investigate mushroom bioactives and allergens, thereby influencing dietary interventions for heart health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payal B Joshi
- Operations and Method Development, Shefali Research Laboratories, Ambernath, India
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nabia Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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3
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Wang W, Yamaguchi S, Koyama M, Nakamura K. Evaluation of the Antihypertensive Activity of Eggplant Acetylcholine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062835. [PMID: 36985807 PMCID: PMC10051710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily consumption of eggplant powder containing 2.3 mg acetylcholine (ACh) is known to alleviate hypertension and improve mental status. However, eggplant powder used in clinical trials also contains the antihypertensive compound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Although our previous study indicated that the main antihypertensive compound in eggplant is ACh, given that GABA amounts in eggplant do not reach the effective dosage, the effects of GABA on the antihypertensive effect of eggplant remain unclear. It is necessary to establish whether there is a synergistic effect between GABA and ACh and whether GABA in eggplant exerts antihypertensive effects. Consequently, here we sought to evaluate the effects of GABA on the antihypertensive effects of eggplant. We used a probability sum (q) test to investigate the combined effects of ACh and GABA and prepared eggplant powder with very low ACh content for oral administration in animals. ACh and GABA exhibited additive effects but the GABA content in eggplants was not sufficient to promote a hypotensive effect. In conclusion, ACh is the main component associated with the antihypertensive effects of eggplant but GABA within eggplants has a minimal effect in this regard. Thus, compared with GABA, ACh could be a more effective functional food constituent for lowering blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Wellnas Co., Ltd., 1-28-5 Koenjiminami, Suginami-Ku, Tokyo 166-0003, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Masahiro Koyama
- Wellnas Co., Ltd., 1-28-5 Koenjiminami, Suginami-Ku, Tokyo 166-0003, Japan
| | - Kozo Nakamura
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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4
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do Nascimento LCP, de Souza EL, de Luna Freire MO, de Andrade Braga V, de Albuqeurque TMR, Lagranha CJ, de Brito Alves JL. Limosilactobacillus fermentum prevents gut-kidney oxidative damage and the rise in blood pressure in male rat offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:719-726. [PMID: 35437140 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis is a risk factor for developing arterial hypertension in offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet. Considering the antioxidant capacity of probiotic strains, this study evaluated the effects of a daily multistrain formulation with Limosilactobacillus fermentum 139, 263, and 296 on blood pressure (BP), renal function, and oxidative stress and along the gut-kidney axis in male offspring from dams fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet during pregnancy and lactation. Dams were fed a diet control or HFHC diet during pregnancy and lactation. At 100 days of age, part of the male offspring from dams fed a HFHC diet received Limosilactobacillus fermentum formulation for 4 weeks (HFHC + Lf) daily. After the 4-week intervention, BP (tail-cuff plethysmography) and urinary and biochemical variables were measured. In addition, malondialdehyde levels, enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense (thiols content) were measured in the colon and renal cortex. Male offspring from dams fed a HFHC had increased blood pressure, impaired renal function, and oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis. Administration of Limosilactobacillus fermentum reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure levels and alleviated renal function impairment and oxidative stress along the gut-kidney axis in male offspring from dams fed a HFHC diet. Administration of Limosilactobacillus fermentum formulation attenuated programmed hypertension in the HFHC group through oxidative stress modulation along the gut-kidney axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Valdir de Andrade Braga
- Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Jacques Lagranha
- Laboraroty of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória DE Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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de Assis Gadelha DD, de Brito Alves JL, da Costa PCT, da Luz MS, de Oliveira Cavalcanti C, Bezerril FF, Almeida JF, de Campos Cruz J, Magnani M, Balarini CM, Rodrigues Mascarenhas S, de Andrade Braga V, de França-Falcão MDS. Lactobacillus group and arterial hypertension: A broad review on effects and proposed mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3839-3860. [PMID: 36269014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2136618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is associated with intestinal dysbiosis with a decrease in beneficial microbiota. Probiotics can positively modulate the impaired microbiota and impart benefits to the cardiovascular system. Among them, the emended Lactobacillus has stood out as a microorganism capable of reducing blood pressure, being the target of several studies focused on managing hypertension. This review aimed to present the potential of Lactobacillus as an antihypertensive non-pharmacological strategy. We will address preclinical and clinical studies that support this proposal and the mechanisms of action by which these microorganisms reduce blood pressure or prevent its elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Serum Metabolomics and Proteomics to Study the Antihypertensive Effect of Protein Extracts from Tenebrio molitor. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163288. [PMID: 36014793 PMCID: PMC9413627 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading risk factor for premature death worldwide and significantly contributes to the development of all major cardiovascular disease events. The management of high blood pressure includes lifestyle changes and treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Recently, it was demonstrated that a diet supplemented with Tenebrio molitor (TM) extracts is useful in the management of numerous pathologies, including hypertension. This study is aimed at unveiling the underlying mechanism and the molecular targets of intervention of TM dietary supplementation in hypertension treatment by means of proteomics and metabolomics techniques based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that serum proteome and metabolome of spontaneously hypertensive rats are severely altered with respect to their normotensive counterparts. Additionally, our results reveal that a diet enriched with TM extracts restores the expression of 15 metabolites and 17 proteins mainly involved in biological pathways associated with blood pressure maintenance, such as the renin–angiotensin and kallikrein–kinin systems, serin protease inhibitors, reactive oxygen scavenging, and lipid peroxidation. This study provides novel insights into the molecular pathways that may underlie the beneficial effects of TM, thus corroborating that TM could be proposed as a helpful functional food supplement in the treatment of hypertension.
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Maeda-Yamamoto M, Honmou O, Sasaki M, Haseda A, Kagami-Katsuyama H, Shoji T, Namioka A, Namioka T, Magota H, Oka S, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Ukai R, Takemura M, Nishihira J. The Impact of Purple-Flesh Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. "Shadow Queen" on Minor Health Complaints in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122446. [PMID: 35745176 PMCID: PMC9227939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purple-flesh potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar "Shadow Queen" (SQ) naturally contains anthocyanins. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study determines whether ingesting purple potatoes increases the number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and improves stress response, a minor health complaint in healthy adults (registration number: UMIN000038876). A total of 15 healthy subjects (ages: 50-70 years) with minor health complaints were randomly assigned to one of two groups. For 8 weeks, the placebo group received placebo potatoes cv. "Haruka" and the test group received test potato cv. SQ containing 45 mg anthocyanin. The MSC count and several stress responses were analyzed at weeks 0 and 8 of the intake periods. The ingestion of a SQ potato did not affect the MSC count but markedly improved psychological stress response, irritability, and depression as minor health complaints compared with "Haruka". No adverse effects were noted. Hence, an 8-week intake of SQ could improve stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-8800
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Akane Haseda
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu 069-0832, Japan; (A.H.); (H.K.-K.); (J.N.)
| | - Hiroyo Kagami-Katsuyama
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu 069-0832, Japan; (A.H.); (H.K.-K.); (J.N.)
| | - Toshihiko Shoji
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan;
| | - Ai Namioka
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Takahiro Namioka
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Hirotoshi Magota
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuko Kataoka-Sasaki
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Ryou Ukai
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Takemura
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (O.H.); (M.S.); (A.N.); (T.N.); (H.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.-S.); (R.U.); (M.T.)
| | - Jun Nishihira
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu 069-0832, Japan; (A.H.); (H.K.-K.); (J.N.)
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Chittrakhani C, Songsermpong S, Trevanich S, Sukor R. Effect of
Levilactobacillus brevis
TISTR 860 and
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
TISTR 951 on gamma‐aminobutyric acid content in fermented rice flour and rice noodles (Kanomjeen). Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chonnipa Chittrakhani
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Ngamwongwan Road Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Sirichai Songsermpong
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Ngamwongwan Road Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Sudsai Trevanich
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Ngamwongwan Road Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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Antihypertensive Mechanism of Orally Administered Acetylcholine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040905. [PMID: 35215556 PMCID: PMC8879022 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A small dose of eggplant powder rich in ACh (equivalent to 22 g fresh eggplant/d) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in individuals with higher BP. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of low-dose orally administered ACh in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The effects of ACh on BP and sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), including lumbar SNA (LSNA) and renal SNA (RSNA), were evaluated by subjecting conscious SHRs to a telemetry method. Single oral administration of ACh decreased LSNA and lowered BP. Repeated oral administration of ACh for 30 d decreased RSNA and suppressed the elevated BP. Noradrenaline levels in the urine also decreased. However, vagotomy and co-administration of M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist reversed the BP-lowering effect; the dynamics of non-absorbable orally administered ACh was revealed using stable isotope-labeled ACh. In conclusion, ACh acts on the gastrointestinal M3 muscarinic ACh receptor to increase afferent vagal nerve activity, which decreases SNA by autonomic reflex, suppressing noradrenaline release and lowering BP. This study suggests the use of exogenous ACh as an antihypertensive food supplement for controlling the autonomic nervous system, without absorption into the blood.
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Takagi H, Kozuka K, Mimura K, Nakano S, Ito S. Design of a Full-Consensus Glutamate Decarboxylase and Its Application to GABA Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100447. [PMID: 34545992 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) catalyses the decarboxylation of L-glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Improvement of the enzymatic properties of GAD is important for the low-cost synthesis of GABA. In this study, utilizing sequences of enzymes homologous with GAD from lactic acid bacteria, highly mutated GADs were designed using sequence-based protein design methods. Two mutated GADs, FcGAD and AncGAD, generated by full-consensus design and ancestral sequence reconstruction, had more desirable properties than native GADs. With respect to thermal stability, the half-life of the designed GADs was about 10 °C higher than that of native GAD. The productivity of FcGAD was considerably higher than those of known GADs; more than 250 mg/L of purified enzyme could be produced in the E. coli expression system. In a production test using 26.4 g of l-glutamate and 3.0 g of resting cells, 17.2 g of GABA could be prepared within one hour, without purification, in a one-pot synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Numazu Technical Support Center, Industrial Research Institute of Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kozuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Mimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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11
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Cookson TA. Bacterial-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: Mechanisms for the Treatment of Hypertension via the Gut. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:721393. [PMID: 34485420 PMCID: PMC8414577 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.721393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. As more research into the gut microbiome emerges, we are finding increasing evidence to support that these microbes may have significant positive and negative effects on blood pressure and associated disorders. The bacterial-derived metabolites that are produced in the gut are capable of widespread effects to several tissue types and organs in the body. It is clear that the extensive metabolic function that is lost with gut dysbiosis is unlikely to be replenished with a single metabolite or bacterial strain. Instead, combinations of bacteria and concomitant therapies will provide a more well-rounded solution to manage hypertension. The bioactive molecules that are recognized in this review will inform on ideal characteristics of candidate bacteria and provide direction for future research on the gut microbiome in hypertension.
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12
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Differential Antihypertensive Effects of Oral Doses of Acetylcholine between Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Normotensive Rats. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092107. [PMID: 34574216 PMCID: PMC8469729 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a novel antihypertensive food component. Here, we demonstrate the differential effects of oral ACh on high and normal blood pressure in rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats were administered ACh orally. The blood pressure and heart rate of SHRs were significantly lowered with ACh doses of 10−5 and 10−3 mol/kg body weight (b.w.), and the urinary catecholamine levels were significantly decreased with 10−3 mol/kg b.w. In contrast, oral ACh administration had no effect on WKY rats. This difference was likely caused by differences in sympathetic nervous activity and the baroreflex between strains. Comparison of gene sequences between the two strains revealed Chga mutations, suggesting that changes in the expression of chromogranin A might be involved in the baroreflex in SHRs. Oral ACh had an antihypertensive effect under hypertension but not normotension, indicating that this may be used safely to prevent hypertension.
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13
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Wang D, Wang Y, Lan H, Wang K, Zhao L, Hu Z. Enhanced production of γ-aminobutyric acid in litchi juice fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum HU-C2W. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Kagota S, Morikawa K, Ishida H, Chimoto J, Maruyama-Fumoto K, Yamada S, Shinozuka K. Vasorelaxant effects of benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics, and tandospirone on isolated rat arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 892:173744. [PMID: 33220270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) and non-BDZ sedative-hypnotics are effective for the management of chronic insomnia; however, they are associated with adverse effects such as headache, dizziness, and palpitations. Furthermore, long-term use of these medications is associated with decreased blood pressure (BP) or depressed baroreflex function. Therefore, here, we assessed whether BDZs and non-BDZs cause vasorelaxation directly. Vasorelaxation in response to 22 BDZs, 2 non-BDZs, and tandospirone was determined by myograph methods using isolated Wistar rat thoracic aortas. All the drugs relaxed phenylephrine-contracted rat aortas in a concentration-dependent manner. Zolpidem and tandospirone caused over 80% relaxation at a concentration of 10 μM; diazepam, estazolam, etizolam, and tofisopam caused 60-70% relaxation; whereas 18 other BDZs (alprazolam, bromazepam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, ethyl loflazepate, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, midazolam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, and triazolam) and zaleplon caused less than 50% relaxation. The relaxation was partially but significantly inhibited to the same extent by a nitric oxide (NO) synthase antagonist and after endothelium removal. Binding assay of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors was performed using [3H]flunitrazepam. No correlation was observed between vasorelaxation at a concentration of 10 μM and the binding affinities for 23 drugs. The study demonstrated that zaleplon, zolpidem, tandospirone, and many BDZs cause vasorelaxation to different extents via endothelial NO-dependent and endothelium-independent pathways. In conclusion, the direct vasodilatory effects of these drugs may be involved in the mechanisms underlying their adverse effects. Additionally, the decreased BP observed in persons who take BDZs or non-BDZs may be partly due to direct vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| | - Kana Morikawa
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirotake Ishida
- Center for Pharma-Food Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Chimoto
- Center for Pharma-Food Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Ibrahim M, Sarhan HA, Naguib YW, Abdelkader H. Design, characterization and in vivo evaluation of modified release baclofen floating coated beads. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Diez-Gutiérrez L, San Vicente L, R. Barrón LJ, Villarán MDC, Chávarri M. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and probiotics: Multiple health benefits and their future in the global functional food and nutraceuticals market. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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17
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Xia T, Zhang B, Duan W, Zhang J, Wang M. Nutrients and bioactive components from vinegar: A fermented and functional food. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Engevik MA, Morra CN, Röth D, Engevik K, Spinler JK, Devaraj S, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Kalkum M, Versalovic J. Microbial Metabolic Capacity for Intestinal Folate Production and Modulation of Host Folate Receptors. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2305. [PMID: 31649646 PMCID: PMC6795088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolites, including B complex vitamins contribute to diverse aspects of human health. Folate, or vitamin B9, refers to a broad category of biomolecules that include pterin, para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), and glutamate subunits. Folates are required for DNA synthesis and epigenetic regulation. In addition to dietary nutrients, the gut microbiota has been recognized as a source of B complex vitamins, including folate. This study evaluated the predicted folate synthesis capabilities in the genomes of human commensal microbes identified in the Human Microbiome Project and folate production by representative strains of six human intestinal bacterial phyla. Bacterial folate synthesis genes were ubiquitous across 512 gastrointestinal reference genomes with 13% of the genomes containing all genes required for complete de novo folate synthesis. An additional 39% of the genomes had the genetic capacity to synthesize folates in the presence of pABA, an upstream intermediate that can be obtained through diet or from other intestinal microbes. Bacterial folate synthesis was assessed during exponential and stationary phase growth through the evaluation of expression of select folate synthesis genes, quantification of total folate production, and analysis of folate polyglutamylation. Increased expression of key folate synthesis genes was apparent in exponential phase, and increased folate polyglutamylation occurred during late stationary phase. Of the folate producers, we focused on the commensal Lactobacillus reuteri to examine host-microbe interactions in relation to folate and examined folate receptors in the physiologically relevant human enteroid model. RNAseq data revealed segment-specific folate receptor distribution. Treatment of human colonoid monolayers with conditioned media (CM) from wild-type L. reuteri did not influence the expression of key folate transporters proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) or reduced folate carrier (RFC). However, CM from L. reuteri containing a site-specific inactivation of the folC gene, which prevents the bacteria from synthesizing a polyglutamate tail on folate, significantly upregulated RFC expression. No effects were observed using L. reuteri with a site inactivation of folC2, which results in no folate production. This work sheds light on the contributions of microbial folate to overall folate status and mammalian host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christina N. Morra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Röth
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Kristen Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine – Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Shi Y, Li Y, Yin J, Hu H, Xue M, Li X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Li X, Wang Y, Tan J, Yan S. A novel sympathetic neuronal GABAergic signalling system regulates NE release to prevent ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13315. [PMID: 31116911 PMCID: PMC6813916 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Overactivation of the sympathetic nerve may lead to severe ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after myocardial infarction (MI). Thus, targeting sympathetic nerve activity is an effective strategy to prevent VAs clinically. The superior cervical ganglion (SCG), the extracardiac sympathetic ganglion innervating cardiac muscles, has been found to have a GABAergic signalling system, the physiological significance of which is obscure. We aimed to explore the functional significance of SCG post MI and whether the GABAergic signal system is involved in the process. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven different groups. Rats in the MI groups underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. All animals were used for electrophysiological testing, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) testing, and ELISA. Primary SCG sympathetic neurons were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol significantly decreased the ATP-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ (P < 0.05). GABA treatment in MI rats significantly attenuated the level of serum and cardiac norepinephrine (NE; P < 0.05). Sympathetic activity and inducible VAs were also lower in MI + GABA rats than in MI rats (P < 0.05). Knockdown of the GABAA Rs β2 subunit (GABAA Rβ2 ) in the SCG of MI rats increased the NE levels in serum and cardiac tissue, RSNA and inducible VAs compared with vehicle shRNA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The GABAergic signalling system is functionally expressed in SCG sympathetic neurons, and activation of this system suppresses sympathetic activity, thereby facilitating cardiac protection and making it a potential target to alleviate VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Shi
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Yan Li
- Medical Research CenterShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
- School of MedicineShandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Jiayu Tan
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityShandongChina
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20
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An Updated Review on Pharmaceutical Properties of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152678. [PMID: 31344785 PMCID: PMC6696076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and vertebrates. So far, Gaba is well known as a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its physiological roles are related to the modulation of synaptic transmission, the promotion of neuronal development and relaxation, and the prevention of sleeplessness and depression. Besides, various pharmaceutical properties of Gaba on non-neuronal peripheral tissues and organs were also reported due to anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-allergy, hepato-protection, reno-protection, and intestinal protection. Therefore, Gaba may be considered as potential alternative therapeutics for prevention and treatment of various diseases. Accordingly, this updated review was mainly focused to describe the pharmaceutical properties of Gaba as well as emphasize its important role regarding human health.
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21
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Men Y, Zhu P, Zhu Y, Zeng Y, Yang J, Sun Y. The development of low-calorie sugar and functional jujube food using biological transformation and fermentation coupling technology. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1302-1310. [PMID: 31024703 PMCID: PMC6475756 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube juice has been used as ingredient in a range of foods and dietary supplements. In this study, an enzyme transformation and fermentation coupling technology was applied to increase the nutritional value of concentrated/extracted Jinsi jujube juice. Two enzymes, D-glucose isomerase (GI) and D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE), were employed to convert the glucose and fructose to a low-calorie sweeter D-allulose with a concentration of 110 g/L in jujube juice. Furthermore, the mixed cultures of Pediococcus pentosaceus PC-5 and Lactobacillus plantarum M were employed to increase the content of nutrition components related to bioactivities and flavor volatiles in jujube juice. Accordingly, this fermentation accumulated 100 mg/L gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has neurotransmission, hypotension, diuretic, and tranquilizer effects, and increased the content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and many free amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly, and Ala) at different level. The fermentation not only maintained the concentration of native functional components such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and minerals, but also increased the content of iron (Fe2+) and zinc (Zn2+), which have blood and eyesight tonic function. The value-added jujube juice might serve as a low-calorie and probiotic functional beverage and show high application potential in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yueming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
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Hinton T, Jelinek HF, Viengkhou V, Johnston GA, Matthews S. Effect of GABA-Fortified Oolong Tea on Reducing Stress in a University Student Cohort. Front Nutr 2019; 6:27. [PMID: 30972340 PMCID: PMC6443991 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA-containing tea has gained popularity as an accessible intervention to reduce the impact of chronic stress-induced autonomic imbalance and increased risk for cardiovascular disease despite a lack of evidence concerning the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in a cup of the tea and its effects on physiological and psychological stress as measures of cognitive function. We aimed to measure the effects of GABA-fortified tea consumption on heart rate variability (HRV) and stress in 30 participants using a pre-post cohort study design. Ten minute lead II ECG recordings were analyzed with Kubios software. Frequency domain parameters including total power, high and low frequency power, along with heart rate, were determined. A control group that consumed a non-fortified tea was included in the research. Statistical analysis was by two-way ANOVA for two-group comparison with time as an interaction and a significance level of p < 0.05. Oolong tea consumption led to a significant decrease in the immediate stress score and a significant improvement in HRV. We conclude that autonomic imbalance and HRV in people with acute stress is significantly reduced following a cup of GABA fortified oolong tea and highlights the complex interaction between autonomic nervous system function and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Hinton
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert F. Jelinek
- Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Viengkhou
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham A. Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Slade Matthews
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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He Y, Ouyang J, Hu Z, Yang J, Chu Y, Huang S, Yang Y, Liu C. Intervention mechanism of repeated oral GABA administration on anxiety-like behaviors induced by emotional stress in rats. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:649-657. [PMID: 30791338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of repeated oral administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on anxiety-like behaviors induced by emotional stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (8 rats each): control, emotional stress model, three emotional stress + GABA-treated groups (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg). The rats were given empty water bottles after the training of drinking water to induce emotional stress. Each group was treated with saline or different doses of GABA respectively for 21 consecutive days. Then open field and elevated plus maze were used to assess anxiety-like behaviors. Both frontal cortex and plasma NO metabolites nitrate and nitrite (NOx) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Results showed that oral administration of GABA significantly reversed the stress-induced anxiety-like negative responses dose-dependently. The frontal cortex NOx levels were lower in stressed rats than in control group (P < 0.05), but higher in 2 mg/kg GABA-treated group than stress model group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, NOx levels in plasma showed a gradual decline trend. Collectively, these results suggest that short repeated oral administration of GABA has an anxiolytic-like effect possibly via preventing NO reduction caused by stress and improving availability of NO in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian He
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyan Ouyang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoyan Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Chu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yichao Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, GZ, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Kawakami K, Yamada K, Yamada T, Nabika T, Nomura M. Antihypertensive Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Enriched Brown Rice on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:56-62. [PMID: 29491273 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
'Haiibuki' is a giant embryo rice cultivar that contains abundant γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) compared with conventional rice cultivars. Here, we performed a functional evaluation of 'GABA-enriched brown rice' (GEBR) prepared by modifying the 'Haiibuki' cultivar to contain more GABA. Study 1: Spontaneously hypertensive rats were divided into three groups [control (cornstarch), normal brown rice, and GEBR] and fed an orally administered diet for 4 wk. A significant blood pressure elevation-inhibitory effect was observed in the GEBR group as compared with the other groups. Study 2: Rats were divided into two groups and fed ad libitum for 12 wk. The two groups were control (commercial feed with 5% cornstarch) and GEBR (commercial feed with 5% GEBR). Body weight, blood pressure, food consumption, and water intake were measured during the study period, and blood chemistry was analyzed after the study. Plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and urinary isoprostane were measured 12 and 10 wk after the start of the study, respectively. A significant blood pressure elevation-inhibitory effect was observed in the GEBR group. The 8-OHdG and isoprostane levels were significantly lower in the GEBR group than in the control group, demonstrating an oxidative stress-reducing effect. Therefore, GEBR exhibited a blood pressure elevation-inhibitory effect under the conditions of this study. The antioxidative action may occur secondarily to the antihypertensive action of GABA, suggesting that the long-term ad libitum ingestion of GEBR prevents hypertension. A reduction in oxidative stress could reduce the chances of complications in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Takaya Yamada
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Masato Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kinki University
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Does gamma-aminobutyric acid have a potential role on the antihypertensive effect of fermented milk with Lactococcus lactis NRRL B-50571? J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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26
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Experience in the use of Noophen® 500 in patients with stable angina and gastroesophageal reflux disease in preparation for esophagogastroduodenofibroscopy. Fam Med 2018. [DOI: 10.30841/2307-5112.2.2018.145445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Engevik MA, Versalovic J. Biochemical Features of Beneficial Microbes: Foundations for Therapeutic Microbiology. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0012-2016. [PMID: 28984235 PMCID: PMC5873327 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0012-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal and beneficial microbes secrete myriad products which target the mammalian host and other microbes. These secreted substances aid in bacterial niche development, and select compounds beneficially modulate the host and promote health. Microbes produce unique compounds which can serve as signaling factors to the host, such as biogenic amine neuromodulators, or quorum-sensing molecules to facilitate inter-bacterial communication. Bacterial metabolites can also participate in functional enhancement of host metabolic capabilities, immunoregulation, and improvement of intestinal barrier function. Secreted products such as lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and bacteriocin-like substances can also target the microbiome. Microbes differ greatly in their metabolic potential and subsequent host effects. As a result, knowledge about microbial metabolites will facilitate selection of next-generation probiotics and therapeutic compounds derived from the mammalian microbiome. In this article we describe prominent examples of microbial metabolites and their effects on microbial communities and the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
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28
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Jung WY, Kim SG, Lee JS, Kim HK, Son BG, Kim JW, Suh JW. Effect of Feeding High Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Containing Giant Embryo Black Sticky Rice (Oryza sativa L.) on Anxiety-Related Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. J Med Food 2017; 20:777-781. [PMID: 28704125 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing black sticky rice giant embryo (BSRGE, Oryza sativa L.) on anxiety-related behavior of C57BL/6 mice. Experimental feedstuff (BSRGE with high GABA+AIN-76A) and control (AIN-76A) were provided to C57BL/6 mouse for 10 days. Antianxiety effects of BSRGE with high GABA were measured using an elevated plus maze. On day 8, the number of open arm entries by GABA and control groups were 1.10 ± 1.60 (mean ± SD) and 0.00 ± 0.00 (P = .030). On day 10, the number of open arm entries by the GABA group was 2.00 ± 1.89, which was significantly (P = .025) higher than that in the control group (0.40 ± 0.84). On day 8, the time the mice spent in open arm in the GABA group and control group was 3.60 ± 7.06 and 0.00 ± 0.00 sec (P = .068), respectively. On day 10, the time the mice in the GABA and control groups spent in open arm was 6.20 ± 5.35 sec and 1.80 ± 3.82 sec (P = .042), respectively. In repeated analysis of variance for the number of entries into open arm and time spent in open arm, significant differences were found between the two groups. Therefore, BSRGE with high GABA content might have an antianxiety effect. This study can serve as a preliminary study so that further antianxiety effects of BSRGE can be determined in more extended animal or clinical research studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Jung
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea.,2 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Lee
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyeong Kim
- 3 Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Beung-Gu Son
- 4 Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Kim
- 5 Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, KyungHee University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Suh
- 6 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yang-San Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Yangsan, Korea
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Xie M, Chen HH, Nie SP, Yin JY, Xie MY. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Increases the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Decreases pH Values in Mouse Colon. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040653. [PMID: 28425937 PMCID: PMC6154700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) could regulate physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of GABA on colon health in mice. The female Kunming mice were given GABA at doses of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/d for 14 days. Afterwards, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, pH values, colon index, colon length and weight of colonic and cecal contents were determined to evaluate the effects of GABA on colon health. The results showed that intake of GABA could increase the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs in colonic and cecal contents, as well as the weight of colonic and cecal contents. The colon index and length of the 40 mg/kg/d GABA-treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, decrease of pH values in colonic and cecal contents was also observed. These results suggest that GABA may improve colon health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Hai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Kumakura K, Kato R, Kobayashi T, Kimura N, Takahashi H, Takahashi A, Matsuoka H. The salted radish takuan-zuke shows antihypertension effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2017; 8:3491-3500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00890b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the antihypertensive compound, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), increases over time during the dehydration of salted radish, known as takuan-zuke, a popular pickle in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kumakura
- Department of Health and Nutrition
- Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Takasaki-shi
- Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Futaba Nutrition College
- Musashino-shi
- Japan
| | - Taito Kobayashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition
- Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Takasaki-shi
- Japan
| | | | | | - Asaka Takahashi
- Higashinihon College of Nutrition and Pharmaceutical
- Maebashi-shi
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuoka
- Department of Health and Nutrition
- Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Takasaki-shi
- Japan
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31
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Chang VHS, Chiu TH, Fu SC. In vitro anti-inflammatory properties of fermented pepino (Solanum muricatum) milk by γ-aminobutyric acid-producing Lactobacillus brevis and an in vivo animal model for evaluating its effects on hypertension. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:192-198. [PMID: 25582456 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antihypertensive effects of fermented pepino (Solanum muricatum) milk by Lactobacillus brevis with the goal of developing functional healthy products. The inflammatory factors of fermented pepino milk with L. brevis were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages, including nitric oxide (NO) production. Inflammatory factor genes of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also assayed by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Results showed that fermented PE inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with 150 mg mL(-1) fermented PE completely blocking LPS-induced NO production. The mRNA expressions of COX-1, COX-2, and iNOS were attenuated by treatment with higher concentrations of fermented PE (150 mg/ml). Cells treated with fermented pepino extract (PE) (100 ng mL(-1)) exhibited strikingly decreased LPS-induced expression of TNF-α mRNA. During the feeding trial, rats treated with 10% fermented pepino milk (100 µg 2.5 mL(-1)) and 100% fermented pepino milk (1000 µg 2.5 mL(-1)) exhibited significant decreases in the systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Our results showed that fermented pepino milk has wide potential applications for development as a health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hung-Shu Chang
- Program for Translation Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, TMU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Food Science, National PengHu University of Science and Technology, Penghu County, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chieh Fu
- Department of Food Science, National PengHu University of Science and Technology, Penghu County, Taiwan
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Kobuchi S, Tanaka R, Shintani T, Suzuki R, Tsutsui H, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y, Ayajiki K. Mechanisms underlying the renoprotective effect of GABA against ischaemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:278-86. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Pharmacy; Hyogo University of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Takuya Shintani
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; Tondabayashi Osaka Japan
| | - Mamoru Ohkita
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology; Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ayajiki
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Pharmacy; Hyogo University of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo Japan
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Kowaka E, Shimajiri Y, Kawakami K, Tongu M, Akama K. Field trial of GABA-fortified rice plants and oral administration of milled rice in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:561-9. [PMID: 25542346 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most critical risk factors accompanying cardiovascular diseases. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that functions as a major neurotransmitter in mammals and also as a blood-pressure lowering agent. We previously produced GABA-fortified rice lines of a popular Japonica rice cultivar 'Koshihikari' by genetic manipulation of GABA shunt-related genes. In the study reported here, we grew these same novel rice lines in a field trial and administered the milled rice orally to rats. The yield parameters of the transgenic rice plants were almost unchanged compared to those of untransformed cv. 'Koshihikari' plants, while the rice grains of the transgenic plants contained a high GABA content (3.5 g GABA/kg brown rice; 0.75-0.85 GABA g/kg milled rice) in a greenhouse trial. Oral administration of a diet containing 2.5% GABA-fortified rice, with a daily intake for 8 weeks, had an approximately 20 mmHg anti-hypertensive effect in spontaneous hypertensive rats but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. These results suggest that GABA-fortified rice may be applicable as a staple food to control or prevent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kowaka
- Department of Biological Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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Oda K, Imanishi T, Yamane Y, Ueno Y, Mori Y. Bio-functional pickles that reduce blood pressure of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:882-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.893187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Addition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides to the pickles was studied in order to develop a new type of pickles that reduce blood pressure. Based on the outcome of these studies, a new type of fermentation bed composed of rice bran and white miso has been successfully developed. The advantage of such pickles is that they not only contain both GABA and ACE-inhibitory peptides, but also that their taste and flavor are excellent, with colors close to the original ones. The new type of pickles could temporarily reduce blood pressure in two types of rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats and NaCl-sensitive model rats. Thus, the newly developed pickles appear to be beneficial for pickle business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshie Ueno
- Kyoto Prefectural Technology Center for Small and Medium Enterprises, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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LIN PEIPEI, HSIEH YOUMIIN, KUO WEIWEN, LIN CHIENCHUNG, TSAI FUUJEN, TSAI CHANGHAI, HUANG CHIHYANG, TSAI CHENGCHIH. Inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy by probiotic-fermented purple sweet potato yogurt in spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1365-75. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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36
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Yang NC, Jhou KY, Tseng CY. Antihypertensive effect of mulberry leaf aqueous extract containing γ-aminobutyric acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Dhakal R, Bajpai VK, Baek KH. Production of gaba (γ - Aminobutyric acid) by microorganisms: a review. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1230-41. [PMID: 24031948 PMCID: PMC3769009 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a four carbon non-protein amino acid that is widely distributed in plants, animals and microorganisms. As a metabolic product of plants and microorganisms produced by the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that directly affects the personality and the stress management. A wide range of traditional foods produced by microbial fermentation contain GABA, in which GABA is safe and eco-friendly, and also has the possibility of providing new health-benefited products enriched with GABA. Synthesis of GABA is catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase, therefore, the optimal fermentation condition is mainly based on the biochemical properties of the enzyme. Major GABA producing microorganisms are lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which make food spoilage pathogens unable to grow and act as probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. The major factors affecting the production of GABA by microbial fermentation are temperature, pH, fermentation time and different media additives, therefore, these factors are summarized to provide the most up-dated information for effective GABA synthesis. There has been a huge accumulation of knowledge on GABA application for human health accompanying with a demand on natural GABA supply. Only the GABA production by microorganisms can fulfill the demand with GABA-enriched health beneficial foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Dhakal
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk 712-749 , Republic of Korea
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38
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Uetake K, Okumoto A, Tani N, Goto A, Tanaka T. Calming effect of orally administered γ-aminobutyric acid in Shih Tzu dogs. Anim Sci J 2012; 83:796-8. [PMID: 23216545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2012.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The calming effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by oral administration were investigated in four adult Shih Tzu dogs. Three dosage levels (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight) and non-administration were tested by an increase and decrease method. Changes in activity (for 1.5 h) and urinary cortisol levels (pre-administration, 3 and 7 h later) of dogs were monitored after administration. Without reference to dosage level, the mean times spent standing (P = 0.06), sitting (P < 0.05) and walking (P < 0.05) tended to decrease compared to non-administration. A significant depression in the urinary cortisol level was observed at 7 h after administration (P < 0.05). These results indicate that orally administrated GABA exerts calming effects on dogs as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Uetake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Chuo, Sagamihara, Japan.
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39
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Suzuki R, Maehara R, Kobuchi S, Tanaka R, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Beneficial effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on right ventricular pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Life Sci 2012; 91:693-8. [PMID: 22542556 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS It has been reported that activation of the sympathetic nervous system and increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels are observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and suppresses peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission. This study investigated whether chronic treatment with GABA prevents the development of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH. To elucidate the relationship between the development of PH and sympathetic nerve activity, hemodynamic parameters, cardiac functions, and plasma NE concentrations as well as cardiac endothelin-1 (ET-1) contents of MCT-induced PH rats were evaluated with or without GABA treatment. MAIN METHODS Rats were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously and these rats were randomly divided into GABA (500 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks)- or vehicle-treated groups, respectively. KEY FINDING MCT-treated rats had higher right ventricular systolic pressures, right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septum weight ratios, pulmonary arterial medial thickening, and plasma NE levels than those of saline-injected rats. MCT-induced alternations were significantly attenuated by treatment with GABA. In MCT-induced PH rats with or without GABA treatment, plasma NE levels were positively correlated with right ventricular systolic pressure. Right ventricular endothelin-1 (ET-1) contents were increased by MCT injection, but these increments were not affected by treatment with GABA. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that plasma NE levels play an important role in the development of MCT-induced PH in rats and that GABA exerts a preventive effect against MCT-induced PH by suppressing the sympathetic nervous system but not the cardiac ET-1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Song YR, Kim YE, Kim JH, Song NE, Jeong DY, Baik SH. Preparation of fermented sugar-soaked black soybean snacks (FSBSS) and characterization of their quality changes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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41
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Wu TY, Tsai CC, Hwang YT, Chiu TH. Effect of antioxidant activity and functional properties of Chingshey purple sweet potato fermented milk by Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, and L. gasseri strains. J Food Sci 2011; 77:M2-8. [PMID: 22182227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, individual selected lactic acid bacteria strains Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis (LDL), and L. gasseri (LGA) were grown in Chingshey purple sweet potato (CPSP) substrate/media. CPSP is rich in anthocyanin, which possesses antioxidant activity and in vitro cell assay. The antioxidant ability and functional properties of the fermented milk were examined. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to analyze the free amino acid, organic acids, and anthocyanin content. Total phenolic compounds, scavenging effects of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picyl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and scavenging effects of superoxide anion radicals were determined to evaluate the antioxidant ability of the samples. The cell proliferation of the fermented PSP milk was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. The result indicated that the antioxidant ability of the fermented CPSP milk through LA, LDL, and LGA strains was significantly higher than CPSP. The main anthocyanins present in the samples are cyanidin and delphinidin. MTT assay has revealed that incubation with both PSP and fermented CPSP milk prevented the cell death of macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The potential health benefit of fermented PSP milk through LA, LDL, and LGA strains makes the further application of CPSP in health food highly worthwhile. PRACTICAL APPLICATION (1) In our study, we have employed the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), organic acid contents, total phenol content, anthocyanins content, DPPH, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, superoxide dismutase activity assay, and cytotoxicity assay to assess the functional properties of fermented CPSP milk by different lactic acid bacteria. (2) Our results have revealed that the fermented CPSP milk samples possess high GABA concentrations, organic acid contents, anthocyanins contents, and antioxidant activity. This will provide potential opportunity to develop different functional food products from fermented CPSP milk. (3) The potential health benefit of fermented CPSP milk makes the further application of CPSP in health food highly worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yen Wu
- Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung County, Taiwan
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42
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Kobuchi S, Tanaka R, Shintani T, Suzuki R, Tsutsui H, Ohkita M, Ayajiki K, Matsumura Y. RETRACTION: Mechanisms Underlying the Renoprotective Effect of GABA against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:767-74. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.180174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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43
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Shirai N, Suzuki K, Ohtsubo K. Effects of Extruded Polished Rice, Brown Rice, and Germinated Brown Rice Supplemented with NaCl on the Blood Pressure and Adipocytokines of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR/Izm). J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.58.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Lee BJ, Kim JS, Kang YM, Lim JH, Kim YM, Lee MS, Jeong MH, Ahn CB, Je JY. Antioxidant activity and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in sea tangle fermented by Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 isolated from traditional fermented foods. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Yoshimura M, Toyoshi T, Sano A, Izumi T, Fujii T, Konishi C, Inai S, Matsukura C, Fukuda N, Ezura H, Obata A. Antihypertensive effect of a gamma-aminobutyric acid rich tomato cultivar 'DG03-9' in spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:615-9. [PMID: 20050705 DOI: 10.1021/jf903008t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) rich tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar 'DG03-9' in comparison with 'Momotaro', a commonly consumed tomato cultivar in Japan, on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In a single administration study, treatment with the GABA-rich cultivar elicited a significant decrease in SBP compared to the control group. In a chronic administration study, SHR were fed diets containing one of the tomato cultivars for 4 weeks. Both cultivars significantly reduced the increase in SBP compared to the control. The antihypertensive effect of the GABA-rich cultivar was higher than that of the commonly consumed cultivar in both the single- and chronic-administration studies. Treatment with a comparable amount of GABA elicited a similar response to treatment with the GABA-rich cultivar. These results suggest that the GABA-rich cultivar 'DG03-9' is a potent antihypertensive food and may be useful for treating hypertension effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineka Yoshimura
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 399 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0039, Japan.
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LI J, IZUMIMOTO M, YONEHARA M, HIROTSU S, KURIKI T, NAITO I, YAMADA H. The influence of fig proteases on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting and GABA formation in meat. Anim Sci J 2009; 80:691-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Kobuchi S, Shintani T, Sugiura T, Tanaka R, Suzuki R, Tsutsui H, Fujii T, Ohkita M, Ayajiki K, Matsumura Y. Renoprotective effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 623:113-8. [PMID: 19765583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during ischemic period and the renal venous norepinephrine overflow after reperfusion play important roles in the development of ischemic acute kidney injury. We investigated the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter mainly in the central nervous system, on ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in anesthetized rats. Ischemic acute kidney injury was induced by clamping the left renal artery and vein for 45min followed by reperfusion 2weeks after the contralateral nephrectomy. Intravenous injection of GABA (10 and 50micromol/kg) to ischemic acute kidney injury rats dose-dependently suppressed the enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during the renal ischemia, the renal venous norepinephrine overflow after reperfusion and attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction with histological damage. Intravenous injection of CGP52432 (0.1micromol/kg), a selective GABA(B) receptor antagonist, eliminated the preventive effect by GABA (50micromol/kg) on ischemic acute kidney injury. In contrast, intravenous injection of baclofen (1micromol/kg), a selective GABA(B) receptor agonist, attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury equivalent to GABA (50micromol/kg). These results indicate that GABA prevents the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury presumably via GABA(B) receptor, by suppressing the enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity during ischemia and the increased norepinephrine overflow from renal sympathetic nerve ending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kobuchi
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Tanaka H, Watanabe K, Ma M, Hirayama M, Kobayashi T, Oyama H, Sakaguchi Y, Kanda M, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. The Effects of gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Vinegar, and Dried Bonito on Blood Pressure in Normotensive and Mildly or Moderately Hypertensive Volunteers. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 45:93-100. [PMID: 19590713 PMCID: PMC2704332 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in fermented drinking water prepared from sodium glutamate, vinegar, and dried bonito (FDWG) compared with placebo [vinegar and dried bonito without GABA (FDW)] and its safety in normotensive and mildly or moderately hypertensive volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted involving volunteers with normal (group-N) and mildly or moderately high (group-H) blood pressure (BP). After a pretreatment period of 2 weeks (weeks –2), the subjects received FDWG or FDW for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of no intake (weeks 16). In group-H, both FDWG and FDW significantly decreased systolic (SBP, −7.6 ± 4.0 and −5.5 ± 1.5 mmHg, p<0.05, respectively) and diastolic (DBP, −10.6 ± 4.0 and −7.6 ± 1.7 mmHg, p<0.01, respectively) BP compared to the baseline (0-week) value at 12 weeks, respectively. There were no abnormal changes in hematological or blood chemistry variables, urinalysis, heart rate, or body weight in the study groups. These findings indicated that vinegar and dried bonito with or without GABA might have an effect on BP in mildly or moderately hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashizima, Akihaku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
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Kim JY, Lee MY, Ji GE, Lee YS, Hwang KT. Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid in black raspberry juice during fermentation by Lactobacillus brevis GABA100. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 130:12-6. [PMID: 19167126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Black raspberry juice was fermented to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100) at different temperatures (25, 30, or 37 degrees C) and pHs (3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, or 6) for 15 days. Concentrations of GABA in the juices were determined during fermentation using HPLC. GABA was produced continuously even if the viable bacterial counts markedly decreased. The fermentation at 30 degrees C generally showed higher production of GABA in the juices than those at 25 and 37 degrees C. The GABA in the juices fermented at 30 degrees C reached the maximum levels on the 12th day. The juices fermented at lower pH and lower temperature showed a lower degradation of monomeric anthocyanins. The results suggest that black raspberry juice can be GABA enriched using lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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50
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Shirai N, Suzuki K, Tsushida T. Germinated Lotus Affects Blood Pressure and Emotion in the Spontaneous Hypertension Rat. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.55.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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