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Rakoczy K, Kaczor J, Sołtyk A, Jonderko L, Sędzik M, Lizon J, Lewandowska A, Saczko M, Kulbacka J. Pregnancy, abortion, and birth control methods' complicity with breast cancer occurrence. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 590:112264. [PMID: 38705365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive factors play significantly important roles in determining the breast cancer (BC) risk. The impact of pregnancy, abortion, and birth control methods on tumor development remains unclear. It has been found that early full-term pregnancies in young women can lower their lifetime risk of developing the type of cancer in question. However, having a first full-term pregnancy at an older age can increase this risk. The relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer (BC) is, however, much more complicated. Both induced and spontaneous abortions lead to sudden changes in hormonal balance, which could cause different effects on sensitive breast epithelial cells, making abortion a potential risk factor for breast cancer. The influence of hormonal contraception on carcinogenesis is not comprehensively understood, and therefore, more exhaustive analysis of existing data and further investigation is needed. This review explores how the mentioned reproductive factors affect the risk of breast cancer (BC), focusing on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to its complexity. By comprehending this intricate network of relationships, we can develop new strategies for predicting and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rakoczy
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Kaczor
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sołtyk
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Laura Jonderko
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Sędzik
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Lizon
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Saczko
- A. Falkiewicz Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Warszawska 2, 52-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių 5, 08410, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Nicotra R, Lutz C, Messal HA, Jonkers J. Rat Models of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:12. [PMID: 38913216 PMCID: PMC11196369 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of breast cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 70-80% of all invasive cases. Patients with HR+ BC are commonly treated with endocrine therapy, but intrinsic or acquired resistance is a frequent problem, making HR+ BC a focal point of intense research. Despite this, the malignancy still lacks adequate in vitro and in vivo models for the study of its initiation and progression as well as response and resistance to endocrine therapy. No mouse models that fully mimic the human disease are available, however rat mammary tumor models pose a promising alternative to overcome this limitation. Compared to mice, rats are more similar to humans in terms of mammary gland architecture, ductal origin of neoplastic lesions and hormone dependency status. Moreover, rats can develop spontaneous or induced mammary tumors that resemble human HR+ BC. To date, six different types of rat models of HR+ BC have been established. These include the spontaneous, carcinogen-induced, transplantation, hormone-induced, radiation-induced and genetically engineered rat mammary tumor models. Each model has distinct advantages, disadvantages and utility for studying HR+ BC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all published models to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nicotra
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catrin Lutz
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik A Messal
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Ferreira T, Azevedo T, Silva J, Faustino-Rocha AI, Oliveira PA. Current views on in vivo models for breast cancer research and related drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:189-207. [PMID: 38095187 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2293152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models play a crucial role in breast cancer research, in particular mice and rats, who develop mammary tumors that closely resemble their human counterparts. These models allow the study of mechanisms behind breast carcinogenesis, as well as the efficacy and safety of new, and potentially more effective and advantageous therapeutic approaches. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each model is crucial to select the most appropriate one for the research purpose. AREA COVERED This review provides a concise overview of the animal models available for breast cancer research, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each one for searching new and more effective approaches to treatments for this type of cancer. EXPERT OPINION Rodent models provide valuable information on the genetic alterations of the disease, the tumor microenvironment, and allow the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. However, in vivo models have limitations, and one of them is the fact that they do not fully mimic human diseases. Choosing the most suitable model for the study purpose is crucial for the development of new therapeutic agents that provide better care for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jessica Silva
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, Comprehensive Health Research Center, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Altieri MA, da Silva AS, da Silva Moreira S, Zapaterini JR, Arena AC, Barbisan LF. Safety of lactational exposure to venlafaxine on the rat mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108451. [PMID: 37532207 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The chronic use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in human gynecomastia, mammoplasia, galactorrhea, and elevated breast cancer risk. As antidepressants are frequently used for postpartum depression (PPD) treatment, this study investigated the adverse effects of lactational exposure to venlafaxine (VENL, a selective SNRI) on mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring. Thus, lactating Wistar rats (F0) received VENL by oral gavage at daily doses of 3.85, 7.7, or 15.4 mg/kg (N = 9, each group) from lactational day (LD 1) until the weaning of the offspring (LD 21). F1 female offspring were euthanized for mammary gland, and ovary histological analyses on the post-natal day (PND) 22 and 30 (1 pup/litter/period, N = 9, each group). At PND 22, other females (2 pups/litter, N = 18, each group) received a single dose of carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) for tumor susceptibility assay until PND 250. Tumor incidence and latency were recorded and representative tumor samples were collected for histopathology. The results indicate that lactational exposure to VENL did not alter the development of the mammary gland (epithelial ductal tree or the mean number of terminal end buds), or the ovary (weight and primary, secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles) in prepubertal F1 female offspring. In addition, VENL exposure did not influence tumor incidence or tumor latency in adult female offspring that received MNU. Thus, the findings of this animal study indicated that lactational VENL exposure, a period similar to human PPD, did not exert an adverse effect on the mammary gland development at the prepubertal phase or on chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis in adult F1 female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Augusto Altieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Anielly Sarana da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Suyane da Silva Moreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce Regina Zapaterini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Nair L, Mukherjee S, Kaur K, Murphy CM, Ravichandiran V, Roy S, Singh M. Multi compartmental 3D breast cancer disease model–recapitulating tumor complexity in in-vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130361. [PMID: 37019341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common ailment among women. In 2020, it had the highest incidence of any type of cancer. Many Phase II and III anti-cancer drugs fail due to efficacy, durability, and side effects. Thus, accelerated drug screening models must be accurate. In-vivo models have been used for a long time, but delays, inconsistent results, and a greater sense of responsibility among scientists toward wildlife have led to the search for in-vitro alternatives. Stromal components support breast cancer growth and survival. Multi-compartment Transwell models may be handy instruments. Co-culturing breast cancer cells with endothelium and fibroblasts improves modelling. The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports native 3D hydrogels in natural and polymeric forms. 3D Transwell cultured tumor spheroids mimicked in-vivo pathological conditions. Tumor invasion, migration, Trans-endothelial migration, angiogenesis, and spread are studied using comprehensive models. Transwell models can create a cancer niche and conduct high-throughput drug screening, promising future applications. Our comprehensive shows how 3D in-vitro multi compartmental models may be useful in producing breast cancer stroma in Transwell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Souvik Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Koni, Bilaspur,(C.G 495009, India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons (RCSI), Dublin D02YN77, Ireland
| | - Ciara M Murphy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons (RCSI), Dublin D02YN77, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin D02YN77, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI and TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India.
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
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Pan S, Guo Y, Yu W, Hong F, Qiao X, Zhang J, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP disrupts milk lipid homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114463. [PMID: 38321682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different kinds of environmental contaminants or drugs throughout their lifetimes. The widespread presence of these compounds has raised concerns about the consequent adverse effects on lactating women. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3) is known as a xenobiotic sensor for environmental pollution or drugs. In this study, the model environmental chemical 1, 4-bis [2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene, TCPOBOP (TC), which is a highly specific agonist of CAR, was used to investigate the effects of exogenous exposure on lactation function and offspring health in mice. The results revealed that TC exposure decreased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. This deficiency further compromised lobular-alveolar structures, resulting in alveolar cell apoptosis, as well as premature stoppage of the lactation cycle and aberrant lactation. Furthermore, TC exposure significantly altered the size and number of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that TC exposure inhibits milk lipid synthesis. Additionally, TC exposure interfered with the milk lipid metabolism network, resulting in the inability of TC-exposed mice to efficiently secrete nutrients and feed their offspring. These findings demonstrated that restricted synthesis and secretion of milk lipids would indirectly block mammary gland form and function, which explained the possible reasons for lactation failure and retarded offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Dartora VFC, Salata GC, Passos JS, Branco PC, Silveira E, Steiner AA, Costa-Lotufo LV, Lopes LB. Hyaluronic acid nanoemulsions improve piplartine cytotoxicity in 2D and 3D breast cancer models and reduce tumor development after intraductal administration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:84-95. [PMID: 35907458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions modified with chitosan (NE-Q) or hyaluronic acid (NE-HA), developed for intraductal administration of piplartine (piperlongumine) and local breast cancer treatment, were evaluated for cytotoxic effects in vitro in 2D and 3D breast cancer models and in vivo in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model. Droplet size was lower than 100 nm, and zeta potential varied from +17.9 to -25.5 mV for NE-Q and NE-HA, respectively. Piplartine nanoencapsulation reduced its IC50 up to 3.6-fold in T-47D and MCF-7 monolayers without differences between NE-Q and NE-HA, and up to 6.6-fold in cancer spheroids. Cytotoxicity improvement may result from a more efficient NE-mediated delivery, as suggested by stronger fluorescent staining of cells and spheroids. In 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea -induced breast cancer models, intraductal administration of piplartine-loaded NE-HA inhibited breast tumor development and histological alterations. These results support the potential applicability of piplartine-loaded NE-HA for intraductal treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F C Dartora
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas IV, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Salata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia S Passos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paola C Branco
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Miller JL, Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Majhi PD, Jerry DJ, Van de Walle GR. Induced mammary cancer in rat models: pathogenesis, genetics, and relevance to female breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:185-210. [PMID: 35904679 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer, or breast cancer in women, is a polygenic disease with a complex etiopathogenesis. While much remains elusive regarding its origin, it is well established that chemical carcinogens and endogenous estrogens contribute significantly to the initiation and progression of this disease. Rats have been useful models to study induced mammary cancer. They develop mammary tumors with comparable histopathology to humans and exhibit differences in resistance or susceptibility to mammary cancer depending on strain. While some rat strains (e.g., Sprague-Dawley) readily form mammary tumors following treatment with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA), other strains (e.g., Copenhagen) are resistant to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Genetic linkage in inbred strains has identified strain-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting mammary tumors, via mechanisms that act together to promote or attenuate, and include 24 QTLs controlling the outcome of chemical induction, 10 QTLs controlling the outcome of estrogen induction, and 4 QTLs controlling the outcome of irradiation induction. Moreover, and based on shared factors affecting mammary cancer etiopathogenesis between rats and humans, including orthologous risk regions between both species, rats have served as useful models for identifying methods for breast cancer prediction and treatment. These studies in rats, combined with alternative animal models that more closely mimic advanced stages of breast cancer and/or human lifestyles, will further improve our understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arianna P Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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10
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Askar MA, El-Nashar HA, Al-Azzawi MA, Rahman SSA, Elshawi OE. Synergistic Effect of Quercetin Magnetite Nanoparticles and Targeted Radiotherapy in Treatment of Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER: BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:11782234221086728. [PMID: 35359610 PMCID: PMC8961357 DOI: 10.1177/11782234221086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent present in fruits and vegetables. The pharmaceutical uses of quercetin are limited due to many problems associated with low solubility, bioavailability, permeability, and instability. In addition, the high doses of quercetin show toxic effects in clinical and experimental studies. Therefore, a new strategy is warranted to overcome these problems without the use of toxic doses. The iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as a drug delivery system. This study aimed to prepare quercetin-conjugated magnetite nanoparticles (QMNPs) using biological simple nanoprecipitation and mediated by fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Also, we initiated in vitro and in vivo studies to determine whether QMNPs might sensitize breast cancer to radiotherapy treatment. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the prepared nanoparticles were studied. The results indicated that QMNPs were spherical in shape and 40 nm in diameter. The in vitro studies showed that the incubation of MCF-7, HePG-2, and A459 cancer cells with QMNPs for 24 h effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 11, 77.5, and104 nmol/mL, respectively. The combination of QMNPs with irradiation (IR) potently blocked MCF-7 cancer cell proliferation and showed significant changes in the morphology of these cells as observed by bright-field inverted light microscopy. Focusing on the long-term toxicity of QMNPs (20 ml/kg), the assessment of hematological, hepatic, and renal markers indicated no toxic effect. Besides, QMNPs inhibited tumor growth and potently enhanced the lateral radiotherapy treatment in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced breast cancer in female white albino rats. These anticancer and radiosensitizing activities were ascribed to cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, immunomodulation, and efficiency through induction of apoptosis. In a conclusion, these observations suggest that the QMNPs combined with LRT could act as a potential targeted therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Askar
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba As El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmood A Al-Azzawi
- Department of Pathological Analysis Techniques, College of Medical & Health Technologies, Ahl Al Bayt University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sahar S Abdel Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omama E Elshawi
- Department of Health and Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Zapaterini JR, Fonseca ARB, Bidinotto LT, Colombelli KT, Rossi ALD, Kass L, Justulin LA, Barbisan LF. Maternal Low-Protein Diet Deregulates DNA Repair and DNA Replication Pathways in Female Offspring Mammary Gland Leading to Increased Chemically Induced Rat Carcinogenesis in Adulthood. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:756616. [PMID: 35178394 PMCID: PMC8844450 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that maternal malnutrition, especially a low-protein diet (LPD), plays a key role in the developmental mechanisms underlying mammary cancer programming in female offspring. However, the molecular pathways associated with this higher susceptibility are still poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated the adverse effects of gestational and lactational low protein intake on gene expression of key pathways involved in mammary tumor initiation after a single dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in female offspring rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal-protein diet (NPD) (17% protein) or LPD (6% protein) from gestational day 1 to postnatal day (PND) 21. After weaning (PND 21), female offspring (n = 5, each diet) were euthanized for histological analysis or received NPD (n = 56 each diet). At PND 28 or 35, female offspring received a single dose of MNU (25 mg/kg body weight) (n = 28 each diet/timepoint). After 24 h, some females (n = 10 each diet/timepoint) were euthanized for histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses at PDN 29 or 36. The remaining animals (n = 18 each diet/timepoint) were euthanized when tumors reached ≥2 cm or at PND 250. Besides the mammary gland development delay observed in LPD 21 and 28 groups, the gene expression profile demonstrated that maternal LPD deregulated 21 genes related to DNA repair and DNA replication pathways in the mammary gland of LPD 35 group after MNU. We further confirmed an increased γ-H2AX (DNA damage biomarker) and in ER-α immunoreactivity in mammary epithelial cells in the LPD group at PND 36. Furthermore, these early postnatal events were followed by significantly higher mammary carcinogenesis susceptibility in offspring at adulthood. Thus, the results indicate that maternal LPD influenced the programming of chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in female offspring through increase in DNA damage and deregulation of DNA repair and DNA replication pathways. Also, Cidea upregulation gene in the LPD 35 group may suggest that maternal LPD could deregulate genes possibly leading to increased risk of mammary cancer development and/or poor prognosis. These findings increase the body of evidence of early-transcriptional mammary gland changes influenced by maternal LPD, resulting in differential response to breast tumor initiation and susceptibility and may raise discussions about lifelong prevention of breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce R Zapaterini
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio R B Fonseca
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Botucatu, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata-FACISB, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Ketlin T Colombelli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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12
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Ramhøj L, Mandrup K, Hass U, Svingen T, Axelstad M. Developmental exposure to the DE-71 mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants induce a complex pattern of endocrine disrupting effects in rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12738. [PMID: 35036103 PMCID: PMC8740517 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are legacy compounds with continued widespread human exposure. Despite this, developmental toxicity studies of DE-71, a mixture of PBDEs, are scarce and its potential for endocrine disrupting effects in vivo is not well covered. To address this knowledge gap, we carried out a developmental exposure study with DE-71. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were exposed to 0, 40 or 60 mg/kg bodyweight/day from gestation day 7 to postnatal day 16, and both sexes were examined. Developmental exposure affected a range of reproductive toxicity endpoints. Effects were seen for both male and female anogenital distances (AGD), with exposed offspring of either sex displaying around 10% shorter AGD compared to controls. Both absolute and relative prostate weights were markedly reduced in exposed male offspring, with about 40% relative to controls. DE-71 reduced mammary gland outgrowth, especially in male offspring. These developmental in vivo effects suggest a complex effect pattern involving anti-androgenic, anti-estrogenic and maybe estrogenic mechanisms depending on tissues and developmental stages. Irrespective of the specific underlying mechanisms, these in vivo results corroborate that DE-71 causes endocrine disrupting effects and raises concern for the effects of PBDE-exposure on human reproductive health, including any potential long-term consequences of disrupted mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karen Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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How Lineage Tracing Studies Can Unveil Tumor Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010003. [PMID: 35052683 PMCID: PMC8772890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage tracing studies have become a well-suited approach to reveal cellular hierarchies and tumor heterogeneity. Cellular heterogeneity, particularly in breast cancer, is still one of the main concerns regarding tumor progression and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Here, we review the current knowledge about lineage tracing analyses that have contributed to an improved comprehension of the complexity of mammary tumors, highlighting how targeting different mammary epithelial cells and tracing their progeny can be useful to explore the intra- and inter-heterogeneity observed in breast cancer. In addition, we examine the strategies used to identify the cell of origin in different breast cancer subtypes and summarize how cellular plasticity plays an important role during tumorigenesis. Finally, we evaluate the clinical implications of lineage tracing studies and the challenges remaining to address tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer.
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14
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Leonel ECR, Ruiz TFR, Bedolo CM, Campos SGP, Taboga SR. Inflammatory repercussions in female steroid responsive glands after perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and 17-β estradiol. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2264-2274. [PMID: 34288236 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) and female prostate are plastic reproductive organs which are highly responsive to hormones. Thus, endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and exogenous estrogens, negatively affect glandular homeostasis. In addition to previously described alterations, changes in inflammatory markers expression also trigger the development of a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. The current work aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of the MG and prostate gland to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17-β estradiol (35 µg/kg) exposure during the perinatal window of susceptibility. The results showed that at 6 months of age there was an increase in the number of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) positive cells in the female prostate from animals perinatally exposed to 50 µg/kg BPA daily. In addition, the number of macrophages increased in these animals in comparison with nonexposed animals, as shown by the F4/80 marker. Despite an increase in the incidence of lobuloalveolar and intraductal hyperplasia, the MG did not show any difference in the expression of the four inflammatory markers evaluated: tumor necrosis factor-α, COX-2, P-STAT3, and F4/80. Analysis of both glands from the same animal led to the conclusion that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the perinatal window of susceptibility leads to different inflammatory responses in different reproductive organs. As the prostate is more susceptible to these inflammatory mechanisms, it is reasonable to affirm that possible neoplastic alterations in this organ are related to changes in the inflammatory pattern of the stroma, a characteristic that is not evident in the MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Histology, Embriology, and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Cardona B, Rudel RA. Application of an in Vitro Assay to Identify Chemicals That Increase Estradiol and Progesterone Synthesis and Are Potential Breast Cancer Risk Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77003. [PMID: 34287026 PMCID: PMC8293912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Established breast cancer risk factors, such as hormone replacement therapy and reproductive history, are thought to act by increasing estrogen and progesterone (P4) activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to use in vitro screening data to identify chemicals that increase the synthesis of estradiol (E2) or P4 and evaluate potential risks. METHOD Using data from a high-throughput (HT) in vitro steroidogenesis assay developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast program, we identified chemicals that increased estradiol (E2-up) or progesterone (P4-up) in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. We prioritized chemicals by their activity. We compiled in vivo studies and assessments about carcinogenicity and reproductive/developmental (repro/dev) toxicity. We identified exposure sources and predicted intakes from the U.S. EPA's ExpoCast. RESULTS We found 296 chemicals increased E2 (182) or P4 (185), with 71 chemicals increasing both. In vivo data often showed effects consistent with this mechanism. Of the E2- and P4-up chemicals, about 30% were likely repro/dev toxicants or carcinogens, whereas only 5-13% were classified as unlikely. However, most of the chemicals had insufficient in vivo data to evaluate their effects. Of 45 chemicals associated with mammary gland effects, and also tested in the H294R assay, 29 increased E2 or P4, including the well-known mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. E2- and P4-up chemicals include pesticides, consumer product ingredients, food additives, and drinking water contaminants. DISCUSSION The U.S. EPA's in vitro screening data identified several hundred chemicals that should be considered as potential risk factors for breast cancer because they increased E2 or P4 synthesis. In vitro data is a helpful addition to current toxicity assessments, which are not sensitive to mammary gland effects. Relevant effects on the mammary gland are often not noticed or are dismissed, including for 2,4-dichlorophenol and cyfluthrin. Fifty-three active E2-up and 59 active P4-up chemicals that are in consumer products, food, pesticides, or drugs have not been evaluated for carcinogenic potential and are priorities for study and exposure reduction. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8608.
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16
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Hayakawa C, Kimura M, Kuroda Y, Hayashi S, Takeuchi K, Furukawa S. A case report of RccHan TM: WIST rat with multiple neoplastic and non-neoplastic proliferative lesions. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:251-259. [PMID: 34290481 PMCID: PMC8280308 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is extremely rare to have multiple spontaneous proliferative lesions in young adult rats. Here, we report the occurrence of different proliferative lesions in multiple tissues of a 7-week-old female rat in a 1-week repeated toxicity study. Grossly, multiple white patches and nodules in the bilateral kidneys, femoral and subcutaneous masses, and a nodule in the liver were observed. Renal lesions were diagnosed as renal mesenchymal tumors. One of the femoral subcutaneous masses was diagnosed as an adenolipoma consisting of mammary epithelial cells and mature adipocytes. The other femoral and abdominal subcutaneous masses were diagnosed as lipomas consisting of mature adipocytes. The liver nodule was diagnosed as non-regenerative hepatocellular hyperplasia, which was characterized by the proliferation of slightly hypertrophic hepatocytes. In the cauda equina, the growth of enlarged Schwann cells around the axon was observed, and this lesion was diagnosed as a neuroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Hayakawa
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Seigo Hayashi
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takeuchi
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
| | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Toxicology and Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 1470 Shiraoka, Shiraoka-shi, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
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17
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Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and in vitro Predictions of Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Activities of Ixodicidal Ethyl-Carbamates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:2981681. [PMID: 33274201 PMCID: PMC7700028 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2981681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl-4-bromophenyl-carbamate (LQM 919) and Ethyl-4-chlorophenyl-carbamate (LQM 996) are compounds that inhibit egg-laying and hatching of tick larvae that are resistant to conventional ixodicides. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) to get the endpoint predictions of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the LQM 919 and LQM 996 was performed and the absence of mutagenicity was confirmed by Ames test. SAR analysis show no structural alerts indicating the ability of ethyl-carbamates to bind biomolecules or estrogen receptors. Endpoint of mutagenicity with and without metabolic activation showed that the ethyl-carbamates were negative (p <0.05) for mutagenicity induction in strains TA97, TA98, TA102, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 of Salmonella typhimurium. Pre-incubation with different ethyl-carbamate concentrations did not increase the number of spontaneously reverting colonies; moreover, the compounds did not induce a concentration-dependent increase in the number of reverting colonies in any of the strains used. This confirmed the absence of mutagenic activity in this test system. Exogenous metabolic activation did not modify these observations; suggesting that no metabolites with mutagenic activity were present. The endpoint of carcinogenicity in rats were negative for LQM 919 (p <0.05,) and LQM 996 (p <0.001). The results of the present study strongly suggest that ethyl-carbamates do not represent a risk for cancer in mammals.
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18
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Basic and translational breast cancer research relies heavily on experimental animal models. Ideally, such models for breast cancer should have commonality with human breast cancer in terms of tumor etiology, biological behavior, pathology, and response to therapeutics. This review introduces current progress in different breast cancer experimental animal models and analyzes their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications. Finally, we propose future research directions for breast cancer animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
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19
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COX-2 promotes mammary adipose tissue inflammation, local estrogen biosynthesis, and carcinogenesis in high-sugar/fat diet treated mice. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:44-57. [PMID: 33429006 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for breast cancer, especially in post-menopausal women. In the breast tissue of obese women, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production has been correlated with inflammation and local estrogen biosynthesis via aromatase. Using a mouse model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/medroxyprogesterone-acetate (DMBA/MPA)-induced carcinogenesis, we demonstrated that an obesogenic diet promotes mammary tissue inflammation and local estrogen production, and accelerates mammary tumor formation in a COX-2-dependent manner. High-sugar/fat (HSF) diet augmented the levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators MCP-1, IL-6, COX-2, and PGE2 in mammary tissue, and this was accompanied by crown-like structures of breast (CLS-B) formation and aromatase/estrogen upregulation. Treatment with a COX-2 selective inhibitor, etoricoxib, decreased PGE2, IL-6, MCP-1, and CLS-B formation as well as reduced aromatase protein and estrogen levels in the mammary tissue of mice fed a HSF diet. Etoricoxib-treated mice showed increased latency and decreased incidence of mammary tumors, which resulted in prolonged animal survival when compared to HSF diet alone. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis also seemed to account for the prolonged survival of COX-2 inhibitor-treated animals. In conclusion, obesogenic diet-induced COX-2 is sufficient to trigger inflammation, local estrogen biosynthesis, and mammary tumorigenesis.
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20
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Costa E, Ferreira-Gonçalves T, Cardoso M, Coelho JMP, Gaspar MM, Faísca P, Ascensão L, Cabrita AS, Reis CP, Figueiredo IV. A Step Forward in Breast Cancer Research: From a Natural-Like Experimental Model to a Preliminary Photothermal Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9681. [PMID: 33353068 PMCID: PMC7765974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and common causes of cancer death in women. Recent studies suggest that environmental exposures to certain chemicals, such as 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), a chemical present in tobacco, may increase the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. The first-line treatments for breast cancer (surgery, chemotherapy or a combination of both) are generally invasive and frequently associated with severe side effects and high comorbidity. Consequently, novel approaches are strongly required to find more natural-like experimental models that better reflect the tumors' etiology, physiopathology and response to treatments, as well as to find more targeted, efficient and minimally invasive treatments. This study proposes the development and an in deep biological characterization of an experimental model using DMBA-tumor-induction in Sprague-Dawley female rats. Moreover, a photothermal therapy approach using a near-infrared laser coupled with gold nanoparticles was preliminarily assessed. The gold nanoparticles were functionalized with Epidermal Growth Factor, and their physicochemical properties and in vitro effects were characterized. DMBA proved to be a very good and selective inductor of breast cancer, with 100% incidence and inducing an average of 4.7 tumors per animal. Epigenetic analysis showed that tumors classified with worst prognosis were hypomethylated. The tumor-induced rats were then subjected to a preliminary treatment using functionalized gold nanoparticles and its activation by laser (650-900 nm). The treatment outcomes presented very promising alterations in terms of tumor histology, confirming the presence of necrosis in most of the cases. Although this study revealed encouraging results as a breast cancer therapy, it is important to define tumor eligibility and specific efficiency criteria to further assess its application in breast cancer treatment on other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Costa
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.C.); (I.V.F.)
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (A.S.C.)
- iMed.ULisboa– Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.F.-G.); (M.M.G.)
- Vasco da Gama Research Group (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Ferreira-Gonçalves
- iMed.ULisboa– Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.F.-G.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (A.S.C.)
- Dentistry Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João M. P. Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- iMed.ULisboa– Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.F.-G.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Pedro Faísca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (ULHT)/IGC, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Lia Ascensão
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - António S. Cabrita
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- iMed.ULisboa– Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.F.-G.); (M.M.G.)
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Isabel V. Figueiredo
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.C.); (I.V.F.)
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Abstract
Every year, over 2 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer. Although considerable progress was made within the last years in cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer is still responsible for over 600,000 of deaths per year. Over the years, numerous mouse models have been developed to understand breast cancer etiology and progression. Among those, mammary carcinomas induced by carcinogen, such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), has been widely used. Generally, 30-70% of mice exposed to 4-6 weekly doses of 1mg of DMBA during the peripubertal period (4-10 weeks of age) will develop mammary tumors within 150-200 days after the first exposure, that sometime metastasize to the lungs. As a result, DMBA-induced tumorigenesis is thought to be an accurate and relevant model to study breast cancer as it closely mimics this multistep process. This chapter presents the typical protocol used in mice to induce mammary gland tumors using DMBA. The influence of the number of doses and the total burden of DMBA given, as well as of the age and strain of the mice on mammary gland incident and on tumor onset are discussed. The current knowledge regarding mechanisms involved in DMBA-induced tumorigenesis is also presented.
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Cytotoxic and cancer chemopreventive potentials of the Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv aqueous extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Corso MC, Cortasa SA, Schmidt AR, Proietto S, Inserra PIF, Fernández MO, Di Giorgio N, Lux-Lantos V, Vitullo AD, Dorfman VB, Halperin J. Mammary gland-specific regulation of GNRH and GNRH-receptor gene expression is likely part of a local autoregulatory system in female vizcachas (Rodentia: Chinchillidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113518. [PMID: 32474048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to key mammotrophic hormones such as the pituitary prolactin (PRL) and the ovarian steroids progesterone and estradiol, there are local factors that modulate the tissue dynamics of the mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. By immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we found local transcription and translation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH), GNRH receptor (GNRHR), PRL and PRL receptor (PRLR) in mammary glands of adult vizcachas during pregnancy and lactation. Both GNRH and GNRHR showed a lag between protein expression and gene transcription throughout the gestational period: while the highest transcription levels of these genes were recorded at early-pregnancy, the epithelial immunoexpressions of both showed their maximum during lactation. RIA results corroborated the presence of GNRH in mammary glands at all the analyzed stages and confirmed the maximum amount of this peptide in the lactating group. Significant amounts of GNRH were detected in milk samples as well. Conversely, PRL and PRLR shared similar protein and gene expression profiles, all exhibiting maximum values during lactation. GNRH peptide content in mammary glands of females with sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia (HP) was significantly lower than that of control females (CT). Although PRL mRNA levels remained unchanged, there was a marked increase in theα-lactalbumin (LALBA) transcription in mammary glands of HP- vs CT-females. These results suggest that after targeting mammary glands, PRL stimulates the expression of milk protein genes, but also, tempers the local expression of GNRH. Mammary gland-explantssupplemented with a GNRH analogue (GN-explants) had no differences in terms of PRLR orLALBA transcription levels compared to CT-explants, so the mammary PRLR signaling would not appear to be modulated by GNRH. Yet, mRNA expression levels of both GNRH and the GNRHR-downstream factor, EGR1, were significantly higher in GN-explants compared to that of CT which would point to a GNRH-positive feedback mechanism. In summary, the local coupled expression of GNRH, GNRHR and EGR1 in the mammary gland throughout pregnancy of vizcachas, the PRL-dependent mammary GNRH secretion as well as the GNRH positive feedback on its own transcription suggest an autocrine-paracrine regulatory mechanism and propose an active role for GNRH in mammary gland tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara Corso
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Santiago Andrés Cortasa
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alejandro Raúl Schmidt
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Sofía Proietto
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marina Olga Fernández
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Noelia Di Giorgio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Victoria Lux-Lantos
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alfredo Daniel Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Verónica Berta Dorfman
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Julia Halperin
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Christiansen S, Axelstad M, Scholze M, Johansson HKL, Hass U, Mandrup K, Frandsen HL, Frederiksen H, Isling LK, Boberg J. Grouping of endocrine disrupting chemicals for mixture risk assessment - Evidence from a rat study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105870. [PMID: 32593051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the rising incidence of hormone-related diseases in humans. Real-life mixtures are complex, comprised of chemicals with mixed modes of action, and essential knowledge is often lacking on how to group such chemicals into cumulative assessment groups, which is an essential prerequisite to conduct a chemical mixture risk assessment. We investigated if mixtures of chemicals with diverse endocrine modes of action can cause mixture effects on hormone sensitive endpoints in developing and adult rat offspring after perinatal exposure. Wistar rats were exposed during pregnancy and lactation simultaneously to either bisphenol A and butylparaben (Emix), diethylhexyl phthalate and procymidone (Amix), or a mixture of all four substances (Totalmix). In male offspring, the anogenital distance was significantly reduced and nipple retention increased in animals exposed to Amix and Totalmix, and the mixture effects were well approximated by the dose addition model. The combination of Amix and Emix responded with more marked changes on these and other endocrine-sensitive endpoints than each binary mixture on its own. Sperm counts were reduced by all exposures. These experimental outcomes suggest that the grouping of chemicals for mixture risk assessment should be based on common health outcomes rather than only similar modes or mechanisms of action. Mechanistic-based approaches such as the concept of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) can provide important guidance if both the information on shared target tissues and the information on shared mode/mechanism of action are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Quad North, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hanna K L Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Karen Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Krag Isling
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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25
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LeBaron MJ, Hotchkiss JA, Zhang F, Koehler MW, Boverhof DR. Investigation of potential early key events and mode of action for 1,2-dichloroethane-induced mammary tumors in female rats. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:362-374. [PMID: 32830330 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1,2-dichloroethane (DCE or EDC) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a chemical intermediate, including in the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride. Although DCE has induced tumors in both rats and mice, the overall weight-of-evidence suggests a lack of in vivo mutagenicity. The present study was conducted to explore a potential mode of action further for tumor formation in rat mammary tissue. Fischer 344 rats were exposed to target concentrations of 0 or 200 ppm of DCE vapors (6 hours/day, 7 days/week) for at least 28 days; 200 ppm represents a concentration of ~20% higher than that reported to induce mammary tumors. Endpoints examined included DNA damage (via Comet assay), glutathione (reduced, oxidized and conjugated), tissue DNA adducts, cell proliferation and serum prolactin levels. Exposure to DCE did not alter serum prolactin levels with consistent estrous stage, did not cause cell proliferation in mammary epithelial cells, nor result in histopathological alterations in the mammary gland. DNA adducts were identified, including the N7 -guanylethyl glutathione adduct, with higher adduct levels measured in liver (nontumorigenic target) compared with mammary tissue isolated from the same rats; no known mutagenic adducts were identified. DCE did not increase the Comet assay response in mammary epithelial cells, whereas DNA damage in the positive control (N-nitroso-N-methylurea) was significantly increased. Although the result of this study did not identify a specific mode of action for DCE-induced mammary tumors in rats, the lack of any exposure-related genotoxic responses further contributes to the weight-of-evidence suggesting that DCE is a nongenotoxic carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J LeBaron
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - Jon A Hotchkiss
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - Fagen Zhang
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew W Koehler
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - Darrell R Boverhof
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
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26
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, which makes it a very impactful malignancy in the society. Breast cancers can be classified through different systems based on the main tumor features and gene, protein, and cell receptors expression, which will determine the most advisable therapeutic course and expected outcomes. Multiple therapeutic options have already been proposed and implemented for breast cancer treatment. Nonetheless, their use and efficacy still greatly depend on the tumor classification, and treatments are commonly associated with invasiveness, pain, discomfort, severe side effects, and poor specificity. This has demanded an investment in the research of the mechanisms behind the disease progression, evolution, and associated risk factors, and on novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, advances in the understanding and assessment of breast cancer are dependent on the ability to mimic the properties and microenvironment of tumors in vivo, which can be achieved through experimentation on animal models. This review covers an overview of the main animal models used in breast cancer research, namely in vitro models, in vivo models, in silico models, and other models. For each model, the main characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated to their use are highlighted.
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27
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Gutiérrez A, Sambuco L, Álvarez L, Núñez M, Bergoc R, Zotta E, Martín G, Randi A. Expression of estrogen receptor α variants and c-Fos in rat mammary gland and tumors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105594. [PMID: 31968225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) is associated with proliferation and survival, while cytoplasmic c-Fos activates phospholipid synthesis in cells induced to differentiate or grow. Estrogen receptor α 46 (ERα46) is a splice variant of full-length ERα66 and it is known that it has an inhibitory role in cancer cell growth. We investigated c-Fos localization, its relationship to AP-1, the non genomic pathway of phospho-Tyr537-ERα66, as well as ERα46 and ERα66 isoforms in rat mammary gland development and carcinogenic transformation, and in mammary tumors. Female rats were injected: a) saline solution (Control mammary gland, CMG) or b) N-Nitroso-N-methyl urea (NMU), and samples were taken at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of life. In addition, we analyzed hormone-dependent (HD) and independent (HI) tumors in ovariectomized rats, and intact tumors (IT) in non-ovariectomized ones. Our results show that, in CMG, nuclear c-Fos and proliferation decreased with age, AP-1 content was low, and nuclear ERα46/ERα66 ratio was higher than 1. In NMU, nuclear c-Fos and proliferation increased with carcinogenic transformation, AP-1 content was high, and nuclear ERα46/ERα66 was below 1. As tumor grade increased, proliferation, nuclear c-Fos and AP-1 expression were negatively associated to nuclear ERα46/ERα66 in IT. In HD, nuclear ERα46/ERα66, nuclear c-Fos expression, AP-1 levels and proliferation were lower than in HI, whose growth is estrogen-independent. Phospho-Tyr537-ERα66 content and ERK1/2 activation were associated with AP-1 levels and cell proliferation. Collectively, our findings support the notion that variant detection and ERα46/ERα66 ratio could shed light on the role of ERα isoforms in mammary gland transformation and the behavior of ERα positive mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gutiérrez
- Uiversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, (CP1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Físicomatematica, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 954, Subsuelo, (CP1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Sambuco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Físicomatematica, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 954, Subsuelo, (CP1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Álvarez
- Uiversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, (CP1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariel Núñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Físicomatematica, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 954, Subsuelo, (CP1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rosa Bergoc
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Físicomatematica, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 954, Subsuelo, (CP1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Elsa Zotta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Sección Patología, Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Paraguay 2155, 5º Piso, (CP1121) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Martín
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Físicomatematica, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Junín 954, Subsuelo, (CP1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Randi
- Uiversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, 5to Piso, (CP1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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28
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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29
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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30
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Zanardi MV, Schimpf MG, Gastiazoro MP, Milesi MM, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Varayoud J, Durando M. Glyphosate-based herbicide induces hyperplastic ducts in the mammary gland of aging Wistar rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110658. [PMID: 31756423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure is known to have adverse effects on endocrine-related tissues. Here, we aimed to determine whether early postnatal exposure to a GBH induces long-term effects on the rat mammary gland. Thus, female Wistar pups were injected with saline solution (Control) or GBH (2 mg glyphosate/kg/day) on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5 and 7. At 20 months of age, mammary gland samples were collected to determine histomorphological features, proliferation index and the expression of steroid hormone receptors expression, by immunohistochemistry, and serum samples were collected to assess 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. GBH exposure induced morphological changes evidenced by a higher percentage of hyperplastic ducts and a fibroblastic-like stroma in the mammary gland. GBH-treated rats also showed a high expression of steroid hormone receptors in hyperplastic ducts. The results indicate that early postnatal exposure to GBH induces long-term alterations in the mammary gland morphology of aging female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Zanardi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marlise Guerrero Schimpf
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María P Gastiazoro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL; UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Mapping Mammary Tumor Traits in the Rat. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2018:249-267. [PMID: 31228161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9581-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, the rat has served as a key model for studying the pathophysiology and genetic risk modifiers of breast cancer. Rat mammary tumors that initiate after exposure to carcinogens or estrogens closely resemble the etiological, histopathological, and genomic features of human breast cancer. Recent developments in genome-editing techniques in the rat have also enabled the development of sophisticated models for identifying the genetic modifiers of the nonmalignant tumor microenvironment that contribute to the formation, progression, and outcome of breast cancer. In this protocol review, we discuss the current methodologies for the three genetic mapping techniques in the rat that are widely used for identifying and testing the heritable genetic modifiers of breast cancer.
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Varuzza MB, Zapaterini JR, Colombelli KT, Barquilha CN, Justulin LA, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Kass L, Barbisan LF. Impact of gestational low protein diet and postnatal bisphenol A exposure on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in female offspring rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1263-1272. [PMID: 31287222 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of gestational low protein diet (LPD) and/or postnatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in female offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal protein diet (NPD, 17% protein) or LPD (6% protein). At weaning, female offspring were distributed in four groups (NPD, LPD, NPD + BPA, and LPD + BPA) and received vehicle or BPA in drinking water (0.1%), during postnatal day (PND) 21 to 51. On PND 51, some female offspring were euthanized or received a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenzoanthracene (DMBA, 30 mg/kg, i.g.) and were euthanized on PND 250. On PND 51, neither gestational LPD nor postnatal BPA exposure, individually or in combination, significantly altered the development of mammary gland tree, mean number of terminal structures or estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or caspase-3 protein expression in the mammary tissue. A significant reduction in mammary epithelial area (%) was observed in both LPD groups and a significant increase in ER-α protein expression was detected only in LPD group. In LPD + BPA group was observed a significant increase in both fat pad area (%) and in mean number of mammary epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor (PR). On PND 250, the groups that received BPA presented lower latency and higher tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity and LPD + BPA group more aggressive tumors. These findings suggest that postnatal BPA exposure associated with gestational LPD is able to induce morphological changes in the mammary gland and increase susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriele B Varuzza
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce R Zapaterini
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ketlin T Colombelli
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline N Barquilha
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Human Pathology Department, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, UNL-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Plasterer C, Tsaih SW, Peck AR, Chervoneva I, O’Meara C, Sun Y, Lemke A, Murphy D, Smith J, Ran S, Kovatich AJ, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Hu H, Mitchell EP, Bergom C, Joshi A, Auer P, Prokop J, Rui H, Flister MJ. Neuronatin is a modifier of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer incidence and outcome. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:77-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Claro F, Morari J, Moreira LR, Sarian LOZ, Velloso LA. Breast Lipofilling Does Not Pose Evidence of Chronic Inflammation in Rats. Aesthet Surg J 2019; 39:NP202-NP212. [PMID: 30265289 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjy257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory reports on adipose tissue suggest that fat grafting to the breast may pose an oncologic risk. One possible reason for this is the theoretic chronic inflammation due to adipokynes released by grafted white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze inflammatory activity in lipofilled breast through the use of proinflammatory markers. METHODS Fifty-four paired-breasts of female rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sham, and breasts grafted with either autologous subcutaneous (SC) WAT or autologous omentum (OM). The WAT was prepared through centrifugation, and the grafting was performed with the use of 0.9-mm blunt-tip cannula. The rats were killed 8 weeks postoperatively, and their breasts were harvested for immunohistochemical staining for CD68-expressing macrophages, gene expression (real-time PCR) for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), F4/80, Cox-2, and IL-6. RESULTS The weights of the rats that underwent a procedure differed from those of the unmanipulated control group (P < 0.01). The macrophage counts of CD68 differed only between breasts lipofilled with OM and control (P < 0.01). MCP-1, F4/80, and Cox-2 were similarly expressed among the groups (P = 0.422, P = 0.143, and P = 0.209, respectively). The expression of IL-6 differed between breast samples grafted with SC and OM WAT (P = 0.015), but not between samples of control and OM (P = 0.752), and control and SC (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS No inflammation activity was identified in the microenvironment of lipofilled breasts, indicating that chronic inflammation does not seem to be triggered by the breast lipofilling procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Claro
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Moreira
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis O Z Sarian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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Escrich R, Costa I, Moreno M, Cubedo M, Vela E, Escrich E, Moral R. A high-corn-oil diet strongly stimulates mammary carcinogenesis, while a high-extra-virgin-olive-oil diet has a weak effect, through changes in metabolism, immune system function and proliferation/apoptosis pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 64:218-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Perrot-Applanat M, Kolf-Clauw M, Michel C, Beausoleil C. Alteration of mammary gland development by bisphenol a and evidence of a mode of action mediated through endocrine disruption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:29-53. [PMID: 30048677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and function of the mammary gland are endocrine-dependent processes, depending on the stage of development. Foetal and/or postnatal exposure to low doses of BPA alters tissue organisation through epithelial proliferation and stroma-epithelial interactions. BPA also alters the expression of E2-dependent epithelial and stroma transcriptomes. Several signalling pathways are consistent with the observed phenotype: proliferation and apoptosis, a focal adhesion pathway indicating changes in biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, and immune function. Some of BPA's effects are reversed by oestrogen and/or GPER inhibitors. BPA also alters the expression of epigenetic marks (EZH2, HOTAIR), which would explain the delayed effect of foetal BPA exposure. In conclusion, experimental evidence shows that pre- or postnatal BPA exposure consistently causes endocrine modifications in the mammary tissue of different animal species, disrupting stromal-epithelial interactions and ultimately increasing its susceptibility to carcinogens. An interspecies comparison highlights why and how these effects apply to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Kolf-Clauw
- CREFRE, Toulouse University, INSERM, Toulouse Veterinary School, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F 310176, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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VEGFR2 Expression Is Differently Modulated by Parity and Nulliparity in Mouse Ovary. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6319414. [PMID: 30310818 PMCID: PMC6166384 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6319414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parity and nulliparity exert opposite effects on women's health, as parity is considered a protective factor for several reproductive diseases. This study is aimed at determining if ovarian VEGF and VEGFR2 expression are differently modulated in the ovaries of parous and nulliparous mice. To this end primiparous and nulliparous fertile mice were sacrificed at postovulatory stage. Whole ovaries, corpus luteum, and residual stromal tissues were analyzed to assess VEGF/VEGFR2 expression levels. Ovarian mRNA amounts of Vegfa (120 and 164) and Vegfr2 were comparable between primiparous and nulliparous mice; both isoforms and receptor were accumulated mainly in corpus luteum tissues. VEGF 120 and 164 protein accumulation and distribution mirrored that of mRNA. Conversely, VEGFR2 protein content was significantly higher in ovaries of nulliparous mice and was more efficiently phosphorylated in ovaries of primiparous mice. In both groups, VEGFR2 was preferentially expressed in corpus luteum, while its phosphorylated form was equally distributed in two somatic compartments. We suggest that parity influences VEGFR2/phospho-VEGFR2 expression and tissue distribution. This difference could be part of a more complex mechanism that at least in mice is activated after the first pregnancy and likely aims to preserve female health.
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Takabatake M, Daino K, Imaoka T, Blyth BJ, Kokubo T, Nishimura Y, Showler K, Hosoki A, Moriyama H, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Fukushi M, Shimada Y. Differential effect of parity on rat mammary carcinogenesis after pre- or post-pubertal exposure to radiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14325. [PMID: 30254198 PMCID: PMC6156598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure during the peri-pubertal period is a proven risk factor for breast cancer, whereas parity is an established protective factor. The present study investigated whether parity imposes differential protective effects against radiation-induced rat mammary carcinoma depending on the age at exposure. Pre- and post-pubertal female rats, irradiated or left unirradiated, were mated and allowed to nurse until weaning or left unmated. Appearance of mammary tumors was monitored, and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were measured following weaning. Carcinomas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67. Parity reduced the risk of carcinoma in unirradiated and pre-pubertally irradiated rats but not post-pubertally irradiated rats. Although radiation exposure increased serum progesterone level, parity after pre-pubertal exposure significantly decreased the elevated progesterone to a normal level, reflecting a protective effect. Moreover, parity significantly decreased the proportion of hormone receptor-positive carcinomas after pre-pubertal exposure. Parity was also related to the observed positive association between progesterone receptor and Ki-67 indices in cancer tissue, implying progesterone receptor-dependent cell proliferation. Thus, parity protects against radiation-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis depending on the age at exposure; the mechanisms may involve changes in hormone levels and cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
| | - Benjamin J Blyth
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Department of Engineering and Safety, NIRS, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kaye Showler
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hosoki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Healios K.K. Kobe Research Institute, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitomi Moriyama
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukushi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
- Executive Director, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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Ma Z, Kim YM, Howard EW, Feng X, Kosanke SD, Yang S, Jiang Y, Parris AB, Cao X, Li S, Yang X. DMBA promotes ErbB2‑mediated carcinogenesis via ErbB2 and estrogen receptor pathway activation and genomic instability. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1632-1640. [PMID: 30015966 PMCID: PMC6072406 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including 7,12‑dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) exposure, and genetic predisposition, including ErbB2 overexpression/amplification, have been demonstrated to increase breast cancer susceptibility. Although DMBA‑ and ErbB2‑mediated breast cancers are well‑studied in their respective models, key interactions between environmental and genetic factors on breast cancer risk remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of DMBA exposure on ErbB2‑mediated mammary tumorigenesis. MMTV‑ErbB2 transgenic mice exposed to DMBA (1 mg) via weekly oral gavage for 6 weeks exhibited significantly enhanced mammary tumor development, as indicated by reduced tumor latency and increased tumor multiplicity compared with control mice. Whole mount analysis of premalignant mammary tissues from 15‑week‑old mice revealed increased ductal elongation and proliferative index in DMBA‑exposed mice. Molecular analyses of premalignant mammary tissues further indicated that DMBA exposure enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB2 and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, which was associated with increased mRNA levels of EGFR/ErbB2 family members and ER‑targeted genes. Furthermore, analysis of tumor karyotypes revealed that DMBA‑exposed tumors displayed more chromosomal alterations compared with control tumors, implicating DMBA‑induced chromosomal instability in tumor promotion in this model. Together, the data suggested that DMBA‑induced deregulation of EGFR/ErbB2‑ER pathways plays a critical role in the enhanced chromosomal instability and promotion of ErbB2‑mediated mammary tumorigenesis. The study highlighted gene‑environment interactions that may increase risk of breast cancer, which is a critical clinical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Erin W Howard
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Feng
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Sciences and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471500, P.R. China
| | - Stanley D Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shihe Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yunbo Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Amanda B Parris
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Johnson MB, Hoffmann JN, You HM, Lastra RR, Fernandez S, Strober JW, Allaw AB, Brady MJ, Conzen SD, McClintock MK. Psychosocial Stress Exposure Disrupts Mammary Gland Development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:59-73. [PMID: 29687293 PMCID: PMC6207373 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to psychosocial stressors and ensuing stress physiology have been associated with spontaneous invasive mammary tumors in the Sprague-Dawley rat model of human breast cancer. Mammary gland (MG) development is a time when physiologic and environmental exposures influence breast cancer risk. However, the effect of psychosocial stress exposure on MG development remains unknown. Here, in the first comprehensive longitudinal study of MG development in nulliparous female rats (from puberty through young adulthood; 8-25 wks of age), we quantify the spatial gradient of differentiation within the MG of socially stressed (isolated) and control (grouped) rats. We then demonstrate that social isolation increased stress reactivity to everyday stressors, resulting in downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the MG epithelium. Surprisingly, given that chemical carcinogens increase MG cancer risk by preventing normal terminal end bud (TEB) differentiation, chronic isolation stress did not alter TEBs. Instead, isolation blunted MG growth and alveolobular differentiation and reduced epithelial cell proliferation in these structures. Social isolation also enhanced corpora luteal progesterone at all ages but reduced estrogenization only in early adulthood, a pattern that precludes modulated ovarian function as a sufficient mechanism for the effects of isolation on MG development. This longitudinal study of natural variation provides an integrated view of MG development and the importance of increased GR activation in nulliparous ductal growth and alveolobular differentiation. Thus, social isolation and its physiological sequelae disrupt MG growth and differentiation and suggest a contribution of stress exposure during puberty and young adulthood to the previously observed increase in invasive MG cancer observed in chronically socially-isolated adult Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna B Johnson
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Hannah M You
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ricardo R Lastra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sully Fernandez
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan W Strober
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahmad B Allaw
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Brady
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martha K McClintock
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Departments of Psychology and Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Dall GV, Hawthorne S, Seyed-Razavi Y, Vieusseux J, Wu W, Gustafsson JA, Byrne D, Murphy L, Risbridger GP, Britt KL. Estrogen receptor subtypes dictate the proliferative nature of the mammary gland. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:323-336. [PMID: 29636363 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen induces proliferation of breast epithelial cells and is responsible for breast development at puberty. This tightly regulated control is lost in estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers, which comprise over 70% of all breast cancers. Currently, breast cancer diagnosis and treatment considers only the α isoform of ER; however, there is a second ER, ERβ. Whilst ERα mediates estrogen-driven proliferation of the normal breast in puberty and breast cancers, ERβ has been shown to exert an anti-proliferative effect on the normal breast. It is not known how the expression of each ER (alone or in combination) correlates with the ability of estrogen to induce proliferation in the breast. We assessed the levels of each ER in normal mouse mammary glands subdivided into proliferative and non-proliferative regions. ERα was most abundant in the proliferative regions of younger mice, with ERβ expressed most abundantly in old mice. We correlated this expression profile with function by showing that the ability of estrogen to induce proliferation was reduced in older mice. To show that the ER profile associated with breast cancer risk, we assessed ER expression in parous mice which are known to have a reduced risk of developing ERα breast cancer. ERα expression was significantly decreased yet co-localization analysis revealed ERβ expression increased with parity. Parous mice had less unopposed nuclear ERα expression and increased levels of ERβ. These changes suggest that the nuclear expression of ERs dictates the proliferative nature of the breast and may explain the decreased breast cancer risk with parity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Hawthorne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Wanfu Wu
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Byrne
- Department of PathologyPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gail P Risbridger
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallumDepartment of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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McGowan EM, Lin Y, Hatoum D. Good Guy or Bad Guy? The Duality of Wild-Type p53 in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Origin, Treatment, and Recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060172. [PMID: 29857525 PMCID: PMC6025368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Lactation is at one point perilously near becoming a cancerous process if it is at all arrested", Beatson, 1896. Most breast cancers arise from the milk-producing cells that are characterized by aberrant cellular, molecular, and epigenetic translation. By understanding the underlying molecular disruptions leading to the origin of cancer, we might be able to design novel strategies for more efficacious treatments or, ambitiously, divert the cancerous process. It is an established reality that full-term pregnancy in a young woman provides a lifetime reduction in breast cancer risk, whereas delay in full-term pregnancy increases short-term breast cancer risk and the probability of latent breast cancer development. Hormonal activation of the p53 protein (encode by the TP53 gene) in the mammary gland at a critical time in pregnancy has been identified as one of the most important determinants of whether the mammary gland develops latent breast cancer. This review discusses what is known about the protective influence of female hormones in young parous women, with a specific focus on the opportune role of wild-type p53 reprogramming in mammary cell differentiation. The importance of p53 as a protector or perpetrator in hormone-dependent breast cancer, resistance to treatment, and recurrence is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
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Abstract
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is essential for the regulation of reproductive function. Progesterone has been approved for several indications including the treatment of anovulatory menstrual cycles, assisted reproductive technology, contraception during lactation and, when combined with estrogen, for the prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal hormonal therapy. In addition to its role in reproduction, progesterone regulates a number of biologically distinct processes in other tissues, particularly in the nervous system. This physiological hormone is poorly absorbed when administered in a crystalline form and is not active when given orally, unless in micronized form, or from different non-oral delivery systems that allow a more constant delivery rate. A limited number of preclinical studies have been conducted to document the toxicity, carcinogenicity and overall animal safety of progesterone delivered from different formulations, and these rather old studies showed no safety concern. More recently, it has been shown in animal experiments that progesterone, its metabolite allopregnanolone and structurally related progestins have positive effects on neuroregeneration and repair of brain damage, as well as myelin repair. These recent preclinical findings have the potential to accelerate therapeutic translation for multiple unmet neurological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sitruk-Ware
- a Center for Biomedical Research , Population Council , New York , NY , USA
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Safety assessment of propylparaben in juvenile rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:370-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Applegate R, Olin S, Sabatino B. Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence in Dogs: An Update. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:22-29. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common cause of acquired urinary incontinence in dogs. The pathogenesis of USMI is multifactorial and complex. Studies have shown variable results regarding the effects and timing of sterilization on the incidence of USMI. Diagnosis of USMI is often based on history, physical examination, and elimination of other differentials. Treatment options for USMI include medications, such as α-adrenergic agents and estrogen products, minimally-invasive urethral bulking procedures, surgical procedures (e.g., indwelling urethral occluders), or combination therapy. The overall prognosis for USMI is typically fair to good with long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Applegate
- From the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (R.A., S.O.); and Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Gainesville, Florida (B.S.)
| | - Shelly Olin
- From the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (R.A., S.O.); and Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Gainesville, Florida (B.S.)
| | - Bethany Sabatino
- From the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (R.A., S.O.); and Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Gainesville, Florida (B.S.)
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Gautam S, Singh P, Singh M, Roy S, Rawat JK, Yadav RK, Devi U, Gupta PS, Saraf SA, Kaithwas G. Rifaximin, a pregnane X receptor (PXR) activator regulates apoptosis in a murine model of breast cancer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3512-3521. [PMID: 35542911 PMCID: PMC9077680 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was proposed to investigate the effect of rifaximin (RFX) on methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats.
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Murata M, Kang JH. Bisphenol A (BPA) and cell signaling pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:311-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Parodi DA, Greenfield M, Evans C, Chichura A, Alpaugh A, Williams J, Cyrus KC, Martin MB. Alteration of Mammary Gland Development and Gene Expression by In Utero Exposure to Cadmium. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1939. [PMID: 28891935 PMCID: PMC5618588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to estrogens and estrogen like contaminants during early development is thought to contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer primarily due to an early onset of puberty; however, exposure during key developing windows may also influence the risk of developing the disease. The goal of this study was to ask whether in utero exposure to the metalloestrogen cadmium alters mammary gland development due to acceleration of puberty onset or to an effect on early development of the mammary gland. The results show that, in addition to advancing the onset of puberty, in utero exposure to the metalloestrogen cadmium altered mammary gland development prior to its effect on puberty onset. In utero exposure resulted in an expansion of the number of mammosphere-forming cells in the neonatal mammary gland and an increase in branching, epithelial cells, and density in the prepubertal mammary gland. In the postpubertal mammary gland, there was a further expansion of the mammary stem/progenitor cell population and overexpression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) that was due to the overexpression and altered regulation of the ERα transcripts derived from exons O and OT in response to estradiol. These results suggest that in utero exposure to cadmium increases stem/progenitor cells, cell density, and expression of estrogen receptor-alpha that may contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Parodi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Morgan Greenfield
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Claire Evans
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Anna Chichura
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Alexandra Alpaugh
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - James Williams
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Kedra C Cyrus
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Maternal Resveratrol Treatment Reduces the Risk of Mammary Carcinogenesis in Female Offspring Prenatally Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:286-297. [DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Nguyen NM, de Oliveira Andrade F, Jin L, Zhang X, Macon M, Cruz MI, Benitez C, Wehrenberg B, Yin C, Wang X, Xuan J, de Assis S, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Maternal intake of high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet during pregnancy causes transgenerational increase in mammary cancer risk in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:77. [PMID: 28673325 PMCID: PMC5494892 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and paternal high-fat (HF) diet intake before and/or during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk in several preclinical models. We studied if maternal consumption of a HF diet that began at a time when the fetal primordial germ cells travel to the genital ridge and start differentiating into germ cells would result in a transgenerational inheritance of increased mammary cancer risk. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6NTac mouse dams were fed either a control AIN93G or isocaloric HF diet composed of corn oil high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids between gestational days 10 and 20. Offspring in subsequent F1-F3 generations were fed only the control diet. RESULTS Mammary tumor incidence induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was significantly higher in F1 (p < 0.016) and F3 generation offspring of HF diet-fed dams (p < 0.040) than in the control offspring. Further, tumor latency was significantly shorter (p < 0.028) and burden higher (p < 0.027) in F1 generation HF offspring, and similar trends were seen in F3 generation HF offspring. RNA sequencing was done on normal mammary glands to identify signaling differences that may predispose to increased breast cancer risk by maternal HF intake. Analysis revealed 1587 and 4423 differentially expressed genes between HF and control offspring in F1 and F3 generations, respectively, of which 48 genes were similarly altered in both generations. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis validated 13 chosen up- and downregulated genes in F3 HF offspring, but only downregulated genes in F1 HF offspring. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified upregulation of Notch signaling as a key alteration in HF offspring. Further, knowledge-fused differential dependency network analysis identified ten node genes that in the HF offspring were uniquely connected to genes linked to increased cancer risk (ANKEF1, IGFBP6, SEMA5B), increased resistance to cancer treatments (SLC26A3), poor prognosis (ID4, JAM3, TBX2), and impaired anticancer immunity (EGR3, ZBP1). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that maternal HF diet intake during pregnancy induces a transgenerational increase in offspring mammary cancer risk in mice. The mechanisms of inheritance in the F3 generation may be different from the F1 generation because significantly more changes were seen in the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen M Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Fabia de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Madisa Macon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - M Idalia Cruz
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Carlos Benitez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bryan Wehrenberg
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Sonia de Assis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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