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Hiéronimus L, Huaux F. B-1 cells in immunotoxicology: Mechanisms underlying their response to chemicals and particles. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:960861. [PMID: 37143777 PMCID: PMC10151831 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.960861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery nearly 40 years ago, B-1 cells have continued to challenge the boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity, as well as myeloid and lymphoid functions. This B-cell subset ensures early immunity in neonates before the development of conventional B (B-2) cells and respond to immune injuries throughout life. B-1 cells are multifaceted and serve as natural- and induced-antibody-producing cells, phagocytic cells, antigen-presenting cells, and anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokine-releasing cells. This review retraces the origin of B-1 cells and their different roles in homeostatic and infectious conditions before focusing on pollutants comprising contact-sensitivity-inducing chemicals, endocrine disruptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, and reactive particles.
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Baldassin P, Taniguchi S, Gallo H, Maranho A, Kolesnikovas C, Amorim DB, Mansilla M, Navarro RM, Tabeira LC, Bicego MC, Montone RC, Mauricio T. Persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in South America. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:391-399. [PMID: 26881336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus, are the most abundant penguins living in temperate regions of South America and are good indicators of environmental pollution in the region. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in the liver of Magellanic penguins found debilitated or dead on the beaches of Brazil (states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) between 2008 and 2012 as well as in Uruguay and Chile in 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were more prevalent than organochlorine pesticides (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Among PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were predominant. Concentrations of POPs were similar between the Pacific and Atlantic penguin populations, except for PCBs, which were relatively higher in the Pacific population. During the study years (2008-2012), large variations were found in organochlorine pesticides and PCBs tended to decline. Overall, the southern portion of South America has low concentrations of POPs, with either a constant trend or evidence of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baldassin
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, IO-USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil.
| | - S Taniguchi
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, IO-USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - H Gallo
- Instituto Argonauta para a Conservação Costeira e Marinha, Rua Guarani, 835, Ubatuba, SP, Cep: 11680-000, Brazil; Aquário de Ubatuba, Rua Guarani, 859, Ubatuba, SP, CEP: 11680-000 Brazil
| | - A Maranho
- Instituto Gremar, Av. Oswaldo Cruz, 1412, Guarujá, SP, CEP 11460-10, Brazil
| | - C Kolesnikovas
- Associação R3 Animal, Rua dos Coroas, 469 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - D B Amorim
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (CECLIMAR/IB/UFRGS) e Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS), Av. Tramandaí, 976, CEP: 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - M Mansilla
- Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Tres Pascualas Concepción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Concepción, Chile
| | - R M Navarro
- Natura Patagonia, Centro de rehabilitación leñadura, Kilometro 7 Sur, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - L C Tabeira
- Sociedad para la Conservacion de la Biodiversidad de Maldonado (SOCOBIOMA), Maldonado, Uruguay
| | - M C Bicego
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, IO-USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - R C Montone
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, IO-USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
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Dinse GE, Jusko TA, Whitt IZ, Co CA, Parks CG, Satoh M, Chan EK, Rose KM, Walker NJ, Birnbaum LS, Zeldin DC, Weinberg CR, Miller FW. Associations Between Selected Xenobiotics and Antinuclear Antibodies in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:426-36. [PMID: 26252071 PMCID: PMC4829978 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential associations between background environmental chemical exposures and autoimmunity are understudied. OBJECTIVES Our exploratory study investigated exposure to individual environmental chemicals and selected mixtures in relation to the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), a widely used biomarker of autoimmunity, in a representative sample of the U.S. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis used data on 4,340 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004), of whom 14% were ANA positive, to explore associations between ANA and concentrations of dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorines, organophosphates, phenols, metals, and other environmental exposures and metabolites measured in participants' serum, whole blood, or urine. For dioxin-like compounds with toxic equivalency factors, we developed and applied a new statistical approach to study selected mixtures. Lognormal models and censored-data methods produced estimates of chemical associations with ANA in males, nulliparous females, and parous females; these estimates were adjusted for confounders and accommodated concentrations below detectable levels. RESULTS Several associations between chemical concentration and ANA positivity were observed, but only the association in males exposed to triclosan remained statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (mean concentration ratio = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.8, 4.5; p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that background levels of most xenobiotic exposures typical in the U.S. population are not strongly associated with ANA. Future studies should ideally reduce exposure misclassification by including prospective measurement of the chemicals of concern and should track changes in ANA and other autoantibodies over time. CITATION Dinse GE, Jusko TA, Whitt IZ, Co CA, Parks CG, Satoh M, Chan EKL, Rose KM, Walker NJ, Birnbaum LS, Zeldin DC, Weinberg CR, Miller FW. 2016. Associations between selected xenobiotics and antinuclear antibodies in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect 124:426-436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg E. Dinse
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd A. Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Irene Z. Whitt
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroll A. Co
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Edward K.L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Rose
- Biostatistics Center, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Clarice R. Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Bacopa monniera (CDRI-08) Upregulates the Expression of Neuronal and Glial Plasticity Markers in the Brain of Scopolamine Induced Amnesic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:837012. [PMID: 26413129 PMCID: PMC4564643 DOI: 10.1155/2015/837012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies on animal models have discerned the antiamnesic and memory-enhancing potential of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) crude extract and standardized extracts. These studies primarily focus on behavioral consequences. However, lack of information on molecular underpinnings has limited the clinical trials of the potent herb in human subjects. In recent years, researchers highlight plasticity markers as molecular correlates of amnesia and being crucial to design therapeutic targets. In the present report, we have investigated the effect of a special extract of B. monniera (CDRI-08) on the expression of key neuronal (BDNF and Arc) and glial (GFAP) plasticity markers in the cerebrum of scopolamine induced amnesic mice. Pre- and postadministration of CDRI-08 ameliorated amnesic effect of scopolamine by decreasing acetyl cholinesterase activity and drastically upregulating the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF, Arc, and GFAP in mouse cerebrum. Interestingly, the plant extract per se elevated BDNF and Arc expression as compared to control but GFAP was unaltered. In conclusion, our findings provide the first molecular evidence for antiamnesic potential of CDRI-08 via enhancement of both neuronal and glial plasticity markers. Further investigations on detailed molecular pathways would encourage therapeutic application of the extract in memory disorders.
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Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Hansen S, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Maslova E, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Rytter D, Bech BH, Hansen LV, Halldorsson TI. Maternal concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of asthma in offspring: results from a prospective cohort with 20 years of follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:93-9. [PMID: 24162035 PMCID: PMC3888563 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that developmental exposures to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) may be detrimental for the development of the immune system in the offspring. Whether these suspected immunoregulatory effects persist beyond early childhood remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum concentrations of POPs and the risk of asthma in offspring after 20 years of follow-up. METHODS A birth cohort with 965 women was formed in 1988-1989 in Aarhus, Denmark. Concentrations of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (congeners 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) were quantified in maternal serum (n=872) collected in gestation week 30. Information about offspring use of asthma medications was obtained from the Danish Registry of Medicinal Product Statistics. RESULTS Maternal serum concentrations of HCB and dioxin-like PCB-118 were positively associated with offspring asthma medication use after 20 years of follow-up (p for trend<0.05). Compared with subjects in the first tertile of maternal concentration, those in the third tertile of PCB-118 had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.23). For HCB the HR for the third versus the first tertile of maternal concentration was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.15, 3.21). Weak positive associations were also estimated for PCB-156 and the non-dioxin-like PCBs (PCBs 138, 153, 170, 180). No associations were found for p,p´-DDE. CONCLUSIONS Maternal concentrations of PCB-118 and HCB were associated with increased risk of asthma in offspring followed through 20 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hansen S, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Maslova E, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Rytter D, Bech BH, Hansen LV, Halldorsson TI. Maternal concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of asthma in offspring: results from a prospective cohort with 20 years of follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:93-99. [PMID: 24162035 PMCID: PMC3984214 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that developmental exposures to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) may be detrimental for the development of the immune system in the offspring. Whether these suspected immunoregulatory effects persist beyond early childhood remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum concentrations of POPs and the risk of asthma in offspring after 20 years of follow-up. METHODS A birth cohort with 965 women was formed in 1988-1989 in Aarhus, Denmark. Concentrations of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (congeners 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) were quantified in maternal serum (n=872) collected in gestation week 30. Information about offspring use of asthma medications was obtained from the Danish Registry of Medicinal Product Statistics. RESULTS Maternal serum concentrations of HCB and dioxin-like PCB-118 were positively associated with offspring asthma medication use after 20 years of follow-up (p for trend<0.05). Compared with subjects in the first tertile of maternal concentration, those in the third tertile of PCB-118 had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.23). For HCB the HR for the third versus the first tertile of maternal concentration was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.15, 3.21). Weak positive associations were also estimated for PCB-156 and the non-dioxin-like PCBs (PCBs 138, 153, 170, 180). No associations were found for p,p´-DDE. CONCLUSIONS Maternal concentrations of PCB-118 and HCB were associated with increased risk of asthma in offspring followed through 20 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Baldassin P, Taniguchi S, Gallo H, Silva RJ, Montone RC. Persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) found on the northern shore of the state of São Paulo and southern shore of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2502-2506. [PMID: 22910330 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in 25 livers from Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus, found on the state of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The following concentrations of POPs (wet weight) were found: ∑ PCBs: 18.9-775.8 ng g(-1); ∑ DDTs: 2.3-275 ng g(-1); and ∑ HCHs: 1.0-11.8 ng g(-1). Among the PCBs, there was a predominance of hexachlorobiphenyls (138 and 153) and heptachlorobiphenyls (180 and 187). Among the organochlorines, DDT predominated. Through histopathologic exams a positive correlation was found between HCB and cardiovascular failure (p=0.012), as HCB values (wet weight) were 6.33-96.49 ng g(-1) for positive animals and 2.45-19.63 ng g(-1) for negative animals. Studies on POPs in Magellan penguins contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and trends of these pollutants in the western South Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Baldassin
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, IO-USP, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191 São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Corsini E, Sokooti M, Galli CL, Moretto A, Colosio C. Pesticide induced immunotoxicity in humans: a comprehensive review of the existing evidence. Toxicology 2012; 307:123-35. [PMID: 23116691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health. In Western countries pesticides, together with new and modified patterns of exposure to chemicals, have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of diseases associated with alterations of the immune response, such as hypersensitivity reactions, certain autoimmune diseases and cancers. Xenobiotics may initiate, facilitate or exacerbate pathological immune processes, resulting in immunotoxicity by induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors, modifying immune tolerance and activation pathways. The purpose of this article is to update the evidence of pesticide immunotoxicity. Even if experimental data as well as sporadic human studies indicate that some pesticides can affect the immune system, overall, existing epidemiological studies are inadequate to raise conclusions on the immunotoxic risk associated to pesticide exposure. The available studies on the effects of pesticides on human immune system have several limitations including poor indication on exposure levels, multiple chemical exposures, heterogeneity of the approach, and difficulty in giving a prognostic significance to the slight changes often observed. Further studies are necessary, and they should be preferably carried out through comparison of pre and post-exposure findings in the same group of subjects with a matched control group. Attempt should be made to define the prognostic significance of slight changes often observed. Animal and in vitro studies are also important and necessary to scientifically support epidemiological evidences on pesticide-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Weijs L, van Elk C, Das K, Blust R, Covaci A. Persistent organic pollutants and methoxylated PBDEs in harbour porpoises from the North Sea from 1990 until 2008: Young wildlife at risk? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 409:228-237. [PMID: 20937522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the European North Sea, harbour porpoises are top predators with relatively long life spans and a limited capacity for metabolic biotransformation of contaminants compared to some other marine mammal species. As such, they are exposed to a mixture of persistent pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), DDT and metabolites (DDXs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordanes (CHLs) that bioaccumulate in their tissues. We report here on the levels of persistent organic pollutants and of the naturally-produced methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in blubber, liver and kidney of harbour porpoise neonates (n=3), calves (n=15), juveniles (n=6) and adults (n=4) of the southern North Sea. Concentrations of almost all contaminant classes decrease slightly in all age groups over the period 1990-2008. For some classes (e.g. PCBs and DDXs) however, levels seem to increase little in harbour porpoise calves. In all animals, blubber had the highest concentrations, followed by liver and kidney, whereas liver and kidney were the preferred tissues for several compounds, such as octa- and deca-PCBs. Our data suggest that harbour porpoises calves are exposed to higher or comparable concentrations of POPs and of MeO-PBDEs and somewhat different patterns of selected POPs than adults, potentially placing them, and the entire population, at a disproportionate risk for exposure-related health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Langer P. The impacts of organochlorines and other persistent pollutants on thyroid and metabolic health. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:497-518. [PMID: 20797403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of thyroid and metabolic disorders has been repeatedly observed in the population living in the area of eastern Slovakia highly polluted by a mixture of PCBs, DDE and HCB since about 50 years ago. Among thyroid disorders, increase of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasound volumetry may be suggested as one of notable findings which appeared possibly related to increased OCs levels and to autoimmunity signs (e.g. positive thyroperoxidase antibodies in blood and/or hypoechogenicity image obtained by ultrasound), while some participation of individual susceptibility and also of immunogenic effect of OCs and iodine in this iodine replete country cannot be excluded. Another notable finding has been the increase of blood FT4 and TT3 positively related to high PCBs level. Such increased FT4 level has been found associated with TSH level in hyperthyroid range in about 2% of examined population from polluted area. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders strongly supported the assumption on impaired immune system and thus also on presumably increased prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in highly exposed population. In addition, markedly increased prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes significantly related to major OCs (PCBs, DDE and HCB) levels and accompanied by increasing level of cholesterol and triglycerides has been observed. The observations also suggested a role of prenatal exposure to OCs in the development of several adverse health signs (e.g. increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies, impaired fasting glucose level, increased thyroid volume, decreased thymus volume, decreased neurobehavioral performance, increased hearing and dental disorders) in young generation born to highly exposed mothers in polluted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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DDE in Mothers' Blood During Pregnancy and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Their Infants. Epidemiology 2010; 21:729-35. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181e5ea96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Susceptibility to most autoimmune diseases is dependent on polygenic inheritance, environmental factors, and poorly defined stochastic events. One of the significant challenges facing autoimmune disease research is in identifying the specific events that trigger loss of tolerance and autoimmunity. Although many intrinsic factors, including age, sex, and genetics, contribute to autoimmunity, extrinsic factors such as drugs, chemicals, microbes, or other environmental factors can also act as important initiators. This review explores how certain extrinsic factors, namely, drugs and chemicals, can promote the development of autoimmunity, focusing on a few better characterized agents that, in most instances, have been shown to produce autoimmune manifestations in human populations. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease induction are discussed in terms of research obtained using specific animal models. Although a number of different pathways have been delineated for drug/chemical-induced autoimmunity, some similarities do exist, and a working model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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Steerenberg P, van Amelsvoort L, Colosio C, Corsini E, Fustinoni S, Vergieva T, Zaikov C, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Van Loveren H. Toxicological evaluation of the immune function of pesticide workers, a European wide assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:701-7. [PMID: 19042952 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108095993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the prolonged low-dose exposure of mixtures of pesticides has been examined on hematological parameters and components of the immune defense in occupationally exposed humans. This investigation was carried out in five field studies in: the Netherlands (flower bulb growers, mainly re-entry workers), Italy (vineyard workers), Finland (potato farmers), and Bulgaria (workers from a zineb factory and greenhouse workers). Immunotoxicity was studied by measuring hematological parameters, complement, immunoglobulins, lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cells, autoimmunity, and antibody responses to hepatitis B vaccination. The total study population consisted of 248 pesticide-exposed and 231 non-occupationally exposed workers. As a surrogate measure of pesticide exposure the urinary excretion of ethylenethiourea (ETU), the main metabolite ethylenebisdithiocarbamates was measured. A significantly higher level of ETU in occupationally exposed subjects compared with controls (2.7 +/- 8.1 microg/g vs 0.5 +/- 3.7 microg/g creatinine) was found. Statistically significant differences, albeit very low, were found for complement C3 and C4 and the immunoglobulin classes IgG4 and IgA. For complement and IgG4, the levels were slightly increased and the level of IgA was decreased. In the lymphocyte populations, the CD8 subpopulation was increased. No effects were found on autoimmune antibodies and antibody response to hepatitis vaccination. In conclusion, pesticide exposure under various work place conditions in Europe was associated only with some subtle effects on the immune system, which may suggest that occupational exposure to pesticides does not influence the immunologic system in a clinically significant fashion, and does not pose a significant health risk to the exposed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steerenberg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Corsini E, Liesivuori J, Vergieva T, Van Loveren H, Colosio C. Effects of pesticide exposure on the human immune system. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:671-80. [PMID: 19042949 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108094509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence from Western countries indicates that the prevalence of diseases associated with alterations in the immune response, such as asthma, certain autoimmune diseases and cancer, are increasing to such an extent that it cannot be attributed to improved diagnostics alone. There is some concern that this trend could be, at least, partially attributable to new or modified patterns of exposures to chemicals, including pesticides. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence on pesticide immunotoxicity in humans. Overall, the available data are inadequate to draw firm conclusions on the immunotoxic risk associated with pesticide exposure. The available studies on the effects of pesticides on the human immune system have several limitations, including limited data on exposure levels, heterogeneity of the applied methods, and difficulties in assessing the prognostic significance of observed slight changes and in the interpretation of the reported findings. Further studies are needed and preferably as prospective studies, comparing pre- and post-exposure data in the same group of subjects and including an appropriate non-exposed control group. More knowledge is required regarding the prognostic significance of the small changes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Ezendam J, Vos JG, Pieters R. Research Articles Mechanisms of Hexachlorobenzene-Induced Adverse Immune Effects in Brown Norway Rats. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 1:167-75. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910490907026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Langer P, Kocan A, Tajtáková M, Koska J, Rádiková Z, Ksinantová L, Imrich R, Hucková M, Drobná B, Gasperíková D, Seböková E, Klimes I. Increased thyroid volume, prevalence of thyroid antibodies and impaired fasting glucose in young adults from organochlorine cocktail polluted area: outcome of transgenerational transmission? CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1145-1150. [PMID: 18790515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In 137 females (F) and 94 males (M) aged 21-35 years from organochlorines (OCs) polluted area (POLL) increased thyroid volume (ThV), prevalence of antibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPOab), thyrotropin receptor (TRab) and of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was found compared to 116 F and 107 M from background pollution area (BCGR). In F and M from POLL also strikingly increased level of PCBs, DDE and HCB was found. Such findings were compared to the generation of their parents aged 41-55 years consisting of 320F/213M from POLL and 406F/231M from BCGR. However, in spite of strikingly lower level of those OCs in young adults from POLL, they showed about the same prevalence of adverse health signs as the old generation. From such reason 44 young F and 40 young M with lowest PCBs level from POLL were selected to obtain nearly the same PCB level as found in all young F and M from BCGR. In such PCB adjusted groups the prevalence of TPOab, TRab, IFG and increased ThV was still significantly higher than that in all young subjects from BCGR. At the same time, also the level of DDE and HCB in such PCBs adjusted groups was considerably lower. It was concluded that such adverse effects in young adults from POLL possibly did not result from their actual OCs levels, but very likely from their exposure to high OCs levels of their mothers during their prenatal and perinatal life. Thus, the data may be compatible with present views on transgenerational transmission of endocrine disruptors action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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19
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Johnson LL, Ylitalo GM, Sloan CA, Anulacion BF, Kagley AN, Arkoosh MR, Lundrigan TA, Larson K, Siipola M, Collier TK. Persistent organic pollutants in outmigrant juvenile chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia Estuary, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 374:342-66. [PMID: 17306864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical contaminants are recognized as a potential factor contributing to the salmon declines in the Pacific Northwest, United States, information on contaminant concentrations in threatened and endangered salmon from the Columbia Estuary is limited. In this study we monitored exposure to several persistent organic pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and other organochlorine pesticides] in outmigrant juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in the Lower Columbia River, and evaluated the potential for adverse effects on salmon and the estuarine food web. Contaminants were measured in whole bodies and stomach contents of subyearling to yearling chinook collected in 2001 and 2002 from sites near the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Longview, and within the lower Estuary. The contaminants detected at highest concentrations in salmon whole bodies were PCBs and DDTs. Average concentrations of PCBs in salmon from the sampling sites ranged from 1300 to 14,000 ng/g lipid, in some cases exceeding the recently estimated threshold for adverse health effects in juvenile salmonids of 2400 ng/g lipid. Average DDT concentrations ranged from 1800 to 27,000 ng/g lipid. These levels are among the highest measured in juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries to date. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in salmon whole bodies showed no clear spatial gradient from the Willamette/Columbia Confluence to the mouth of the Columbia, but tended to be higher in larger fish and older fish, suggesting a correlation with estuarine residence time. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were all found in salmon stomach contents, indicating that prey is a source of exposure. Hatchery feed may have contributed to contaminant body burdens in those fish that were of hatchery origin. Contaminant body burdens in salmon were poorly correlated with contaminant concentrations previously measured in local bed sediments, suggesting that pelagic as well as benthic sources are important in determining salmon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal L Johnson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
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20
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Ribas-Fitó N, Torrent M, Carrizo D, Júlvez J, Grimalt JO, Sunyer J. Exposure to hexachlorobenzene during pregnancy and children's social behavior at 4 years of age. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:447-50. [PMID: 17431497 PMCID: PMC1849941 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine chemical that has been used in agriculture and industrial processes. Behavioral impairment after HCB exposure has been described in animal models, but little information is available in humans. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to study the association of prenatal exposure to HCB with the social behavior of preschool children. METHODS Two birth cohorts in Ribera d'Ebre and Menorca (Spain) were set up between 1997 and 1999 (n = 475). The California Preschool Social Competence Scale and the Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were scored by each 4-year-old child's teacher. Organochlorine compounds were measured in cord serum. Children's diet and parental sociodemographic information were obtained through questionnaire. RESULTS Children with concentrations of HCB > 1.5 ng/mL at birth had a statistically significant increased risk of having poor Social Competence [relative risk (RR) = 4.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.76-9.58] and ADHD (RR = 2.71; 95% CI, 1.05-6.96) scores. No association was found between HCB and the cognitive and psychomotor performance of these children. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to current concentrations of HCB in Spain is associated with a decrease in the behavioral competence at preschool ages. These results should be considered when evaluating the potential neurotoxicologic effects of HCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ribas-Fitó
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institut Municipal Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Baken KA, Vandebriel RJ, Pennings JLA, Kleinjans JC, van Loveren H. Toxicogenomics in the assessment of immunotoxicity. Methods 2007; 41:132-41. [PMID: 17161310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray analysis is used for simultaneous measurement of expression of thousands of genes in a given sample and as such extends and deepens our understanding of biological processes. Application of the technique in toxicology is referred to as toxicogenomics. The examples of assessment of immunotoxicity by gene expression profiling presented and discussed here, show that microarray analysis is able to detect known and novel effects of a wide range of immunomodulating agents. Besides the elucidation of mechanisms of action, toxicogenomics is also applied to predict consequences of exposing biological systems to toxic agents. Successful attempts to classify compounds using signature gene expression profiles have been reported. These did, however, not specifically focus on immunotoxicity. Databases containing expression profiles can facilitate the applications of toxicogenomics. Platforms and methodologies for gene expression profiling may vary, however, hampering data compiling across different laboratories. Therefore, attention is paid to standardization of the generation, reporting, and management of microarray data. Obtained gene expression profiles should be anchored to pathological and functional endpoints for correct interpretation of results. These issues are also important when using toxicogenomics in risk assessment. The application of toxicogenomics in evaluation of immunotoxicity is thus not yet without challenges. It already contributes to the understanding of immunotoxic processes and the development of in vitro screening assays, though, and is therefore expected to be of value for mechanistic insight into immunotoxicity and hazard identification of existing and novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Baken
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology (GRAT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Pieters R. Detection of autoimmunity by pharmaceuticals. Methods 2007; 41:112-7. [PMID: 17161307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important health and economic impact of autoimmunogenicity or allergenicity by pharmaceuticals models to detect such adverse effects are not available yet. The most important reason for this is the related complex interplay of multiple factors, for which reason these adverse effects are also referred to as idiosyncratic in nature. Moreover, clinical effects are quite diverse, and involve both organ-specific and systemic effects, including a diversity of skin diseases. Because of its complexity on the one hand and the fundamental knowledge on certain particular mechanistic effects it may be more relevant to design a rationalistic toolbox of test models from which a predictive strategy can be composed. Since one mechanistic aspect centers around T cell sensitization a straightforward lymph node assay such as the reporter antigen-popliteal lymph node assay (RA-PLNA) would fit in such a toolbox. This RA-PLNA holds a strong promise to distinguish sensitizing and/or neoantigen-forming capacity of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals. In addition, from the pharmacokinetic point of view a rationalistic toolbox should also contain oral exposure models with immunological read out parameters in normal or in genetically predisposed animal strains. This review focuses on these two categories of candidate test methods, PLNA and oral exposure models, and proposes to use these in tandem in order to predict the hazard of induction of allergy or autoimmune phenomena by new pharmaceutical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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23
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Noakes PS, Taylor P, Wilkinson S, Prescott SL. The relationship between persistent organic pollutants in maternal and neonatal tissues and immune responses to allergens: A novel exploratory study. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:1304-11. [PMID: 16289241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contamination are logical candidates in the investigation of the, as yet, unexplained association between allergic disease and progressive industrialisation. POPs have been detected in human cord blood, placental tissues and breast milk, and the reported association between cord blood IgE levels and cord/placental POP levels has raised concerns about potential immunological effects in early life. METHODS The initial aim of this study was to determine if POPs were detectable in maternal blood, cord blood, placental tissues, adipose tissue and breast milk samples from randomly selected Western Australian women (n = 31), where allergic disease is epidemic. Gas chromatography was used to detect polychlorinated biphenyl compounds [PCBs] (as Aroclor 1232, 1254, 1260) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides, including p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and chlordane. Secondly, we assessed the relationship between POP levels detected in vivo and maternal and neonatal responses (cytokine and lymphoproliferation) to allergens and mitogens. RESULTS Low level POP contamination was detected in adipose tissue and breast milk (but not in cord blood, maternal blood or placental tissues). The most ubiquitous compound found in over 90% of adipose tissues samples was a OC metabolite of DDT, p,p'-DDE (median 0.07 mg/kg; interquartile range [IQR] 0.05-0.12). However, the majority of other OC compounds were not detectable and PCB were not detectable in any samples. The three main residues detected in breast milk were p,p'-DDE (0.003 mg/l; 0.001-0.009), dieldrin (0.001 mg/l; 0.001-0.046) and HCB (0.001 mg/l; 0.001-0.001). These levels are significantly lower than reported over 20 years ago. There were no consistent relationships between POP levels in vivo and maternal or infant responses, with the exception of a significant inverse association (Spearman rank correlation: r = -0.406, p = 0.049) between maternal adipose tissue levels of OC p,p'-DDE and maternal T helper cell Type 1 interferon [IFN] gamma to mitogens. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence (in Australia) since the early 1990's that adipose OC levels have continued to fall. The negligible levels in this randomly selected group are significantly lower than those previously recorded, suggesting that POP contamination (at biologically relevant levels) is not likely to be a major contributing factor in the increasing rates of allergy in Western Australia. However, the relationship between Th1 immune function and OC contamination is consistent with other reports and is worth investigating as a relevant factor in populations where OC contamination is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Noakes
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6001, Australia
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24
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Sunyer J, Torrent M, Muñoz-Ortiz L, Ribas-Fitó N, Carrizo D, Grimalt J, Antó JM, Cullinan P. Prenatal dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and asthma in children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1787-90. [PMID: 16330365 PMCID: PMC1314922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of asthma increases with increasing dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) levels. However, the effect of early-life exposure, the fundamental window of exposure, is unknown. We assessed the association between prenatal DDE and other organochlorine compounds, and atopy and asthma during infancy. All women presenting for antenatal care in Menorca (Spain) over 12 months starting in mid-1997 were invited to take part in a longitudinal study; 482 children were subsequently enrolled, and 468 (97.1%) provided complete outcome data up to the fourth year of study. Prenatal exposure of organochlorine compounds was measured in cord serum in 405 (83%) children. Asthma was defined on the basis of wheezing at 4 years of age, persistent wheezing, or doctor-diagnosed asthma. We measured specific immunoglobulin-E (IgE) against house dust mite, cat, and grass in sera extracted at 4 years of age. DDE (median = 1.03 ng/mL) was detected in all children, as well as hexachlorobenzene (0.68 ng/mL) and polychlorobiphenyls (0.69 ng/mL). Wheezing at 4 years of age increased with DDE concentration, particularly at the highest quartile [9% in the lowest quartile (< 0.57 ng/mL) vs. 19% in the highest quartile (1.90 ng/mL); relative risk = 2.63 (95% confidence interval 1.19-4.69), adjusting for maternal asthma, breast-feeding, education, social class, or other organochlorines]. The association was not modified by IgE sensitization and occurred with the same strength among nonatopic subjects and among those with persistent wheezing or diagnosed asthma. DDE was not associated with atopy alone. Prenatal exposure to DDE residues may contribute to development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sunyer
- Unitat Recerca Respiratòria i Ambiental, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ezendam J, Kosterman K, Spijkerboer H, Bleumink R, Hassing I, van Rooijen N, Vos JG, Pieters R. Macrophages are involved in hexachlorobenzene-induced adverse immune effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 209:19-27. [PMID: 16271622 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent environmental pollutant that causes adverse immune effects in man and rat. The Brown Norway (BN) rat is very susceptible to HCB-induced immunopathology and oral exposure causes inflammatory skin and lung lesions, splenomegaly, lymph node (LN) enlargement, and increased serum levels of IgE and anti-ssDNA IgM. T cells play an important role but do not account for all adverse effects induced by HCB. Macrophages are probably also important and the relationship between macrophages and T cells was further investigated. To eliminate macrophages clodronate-liposomes were used. Furthermore, a kinetic study was performed to obtain insight in the early phase of the HCB-induced immune response. Also, experiments were performed to detect specific memory T cells. Therefore, an adoptive transfer study was performed. Our results indicate that macrophages are indeed involved in HCB-induced skin lesions, lung eosinophilia, and elevation of IgM against ssDNA. Kinetics showed that both skin and lung lesions appeared early after exposure. Moreover, immune effects could not be adaptively transferred. Thus, both macrophages and T cells are involved in HCB-induced immune effects but HCB exposure does not lead to specific T cell sensitization. Presumably, HCB exposure induces macrophage activation, thereby generating adjuvant signals that polyclonally stimulate T cells. Together, these events may lead to the observed immunopathology in BN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, Bilthoven, PO Box 1 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
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Snodin DJ. Regulatory immunotoxicology: does the published evidence support mandatory nonclinical immune function screening in drug development? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 40:336-55. [PMID: 15546688 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent immunotoxicity guidance documents from the EU CHMP and the US FDA apply significantly different weightings to immune function testing; whereas the former mandates (as a starting point) incorporation of immune function tests (IFTs) to screen for immunotoxic potential in sub-chronic rodent toxicity studies, the more cautious 'for cause' FDA approach recommends the use of IFTs only when warranted by evidence obtained from conventional nonclinical and/or clinical studies. Conclusions from detailed evaluations of several key drugs, including salmeterol and some opioids, challenge the notion that data on these examples support the need for IFTs to detect unintended immunosuppression. Given the virtual absence of convincing pharmaceutical examples and the rarity of unintended immunosuppression, routine immune function testing of all new pharmaceuticals is not considered justified. Resources currently being employed in this manner in an attempt to detect a seemingly rare phenomenon would appear to be better applied to the development of reliable predictive assays for drug hypersensitivity, which is known to cause significant patient morbidity. Any moves towards a globally harmonised guideline that recommends the use of concern-based IFTs, need ideally to be accompanied by the establishment of appropriate historical control reference intervals and interpretation criteria to support a reliable weight-of-evidence approach to data evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Snodin
- Parexel Consulting, The Quays, 101-105 Oxford Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 1LZ, UK.
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27
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Cooper GS, Martin SA, Longnecker MP, Sandler DP, Germolec DR. Associations between plasma DDE levels and immunologic measures in African-American farmers in North Carolina. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1080-4. [PMID: 15238281 PMCID: PMC1247381 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies in rodents demonstrate evidence of immunosuppressive effects of dietary exposure to DDT [2,2-bis((italic)p(/italic)-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], but human data pertaining to immunomodulating effects of DDT exposure are limited. In this study we examined the association between the persistent organochlorine breakdown product 1,1-dichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene p,p'-DDE) and immunologic measures using blood samples in a relatively highly exposed population of farmers in the United States. Levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG and the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in relation to plasma p,p'-DDE levels were evaluated in samples from 137 African-American male farmers (30-88 years of age; median, 64 years). Participants were recruited through black churches in four rural counties in eastern North Carolina. Data collection included a telephone interview pertaining to farming practices and health history, and one blood sample was collected from each participant. Linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, and years of any kind of pesticide use, was used to assess the association between immunologic parameters and plasma levels of p,p'-DDE. The median plasma p,p'-DDE concentration was 7.7 microg/L (range, 0.6-77.4 microg/L). There was no association between p,p'-DDE and IgA in any of the models. IgG levels decreased with increasing p,p'-DDE levels, with a statistically significant decrease of approximately 50% in the highest two categories of exposure (greater than or equal to 6.0 microg/L) compared with values of < 3.0 microg/L. Sixteen (12%) were positive for antinuclear antibodies. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies was somewhat elevated in the highest category of p,p'-DDE exposure (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-11.3; for > or = 12.0 microg/L compared with < 3.0 microg/L p,p'-DDE), but this difference was not statistically significant. These analyses provide evidence that p,p'-DDE modulates immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Ezendam J, Staedtler F, Pennings J, Vandebriel RJ, Pieters R, Harleman JH, Vos JG. Toxicogenomics of subchronic hexachlorobenzene exposure in Brown Norway rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:782-91. [PMID: 15159207 PMCID: PMC1241993 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.112-1241993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent environmental pollutant with toxic effects in man and rat. Reported adverse effects are hepatic porphyria, neurotoxicity, and adverse effects on the reproductive and immune system. To obtain more insight into HCB-induced mechanisms of toxicity, we studied gene expression levels using DNA microarrays. For 4 weeks, Brown Norway rats were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 150, or 450 mg HCB/kg. Spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), thymus, blood, liver, and kidney were collected and analyzed using the Affymetrix rat RGU-34A GeneChip microarray. Most significant (p < 0.001) changes, compared to the control group, occurred in spleen, followed by liver, kidney, blood, and MLN, but only a few genes were affected in thymus. This was to be expected, as the thymus is not a target organ of HCB. Transcriptome profiles confirmed known effects of HCB such as stimulatory effects on the immune system and induction of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, porphyria, and the reproductive system. In line with previous histopathological findings were increased transcript levels of markers for granulocytes and macrophages. New findings include the upregulation of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, acute phase proteins, mast cell markers, complements, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Generally, gene expression data provide evidence that HCB induces a systemic inflammatory response, accompanied by oxidative stress and an acute phase response. In conclusion, this study confirms previously observed (immuno)toxicological effects of HCB but also reveals several new and mechanistically relevant gene products. Thus, transcriptome profiles can be used as markers for several of the processes that occur after HCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Vos JG, Kuper CF. Chemically-Induced Immunopathology and Immune Functional Changes. J Toxicol Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.17.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Vos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
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30
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Abstract
With the recent publication of regulatory guidelines from both the FDA and the CPMP addressing the investigation of immunotoxicity of new chemical entities has come the requisite increased application of immunotoxicology protocols. Importantly, the fulfillment of these protocols may require the use of different species, and while in many cases information concerning the structure and function of the immune system can be readily translated across species, there are numerous and significant species differences that need to be considered. In some cases, the generation of meaningful immunotoxicology data can be adversely affected by the choice of a species that does not adequately share the immune function of concern with man. Likewise immunotoxicology testing in one species may produce negative data in one species but positive data in another. Knowing the mechanistic basis through an understanding of species differences in the structure and function of the immune system is pivotal to success. This becomes especially true as pharmaceutical companies design and develop highly specific immunomodulatory molecules that demonstrate species-specific pharmacology. This review is an exploration of various species differences in the structure and function of the immune system and an attempt to identify those differences that may be important in the conduct of immunotoxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Haley
- AstraZeneca LP, DCC2, 1800 Concord Pike, P.O. Box 15437, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The goals of this paper will be to present a critical review of the state of the science of pesticides and autoimmunity, and to discuss research that addresses the potential links between environmental chemicals and autoimmune disease. To date, the science of immunotoxicology has primarily focused on immunosuppression and hypersensitivity/allergy, and test methods are available to address these outcomes. So much progress has been made to address immunosuppression and contact sensitization that there are regulatory guidelines in the U.S. included in the registration of pesticides. In contrast, there are no validated approaches to assess autoimmunity. The overall objective of this paper will be to use pesticides as an important class of environmental chemicals to critically evaluate the state of the science for addressing chemical-induced autoimmunity. Specific examples of studies with pesticides will be discussed in the context of the following types of approaches: animal studies using standard immunotoxicological parameters; animal studies using specialized models of autoimmunity; human studies after environmental or occupational exposure; and human studies after accidental poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Holsapple
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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Abstract
Many chemicals, in particular drugs, cause systemic allergy or autoimmune-like disorders. Due to complex pathogenesis and strong dependence on genetic make-up, these immunotoxicological effects are usually missed in standard toxicity testing. Besides, animal studies that demonstrate chemically induced systemic allergy or autoimmune-like disorders are scarce. Here, animal models are presented that would fit into a predictive two-tiered strategy, designed to allow screening for immunostimulatory potential in the first tier, and more elaborate testing for allergenic or autoimmunogenic potential of selected chemicals in the second tier. The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA), with or without reporter antigens, would fit in the first tier, and relevant route of exposure protocols with selected strains of mice or rats may be further developed to compose the second tier. To date, the relevant route of exposure models mentioned here (with 'normal' inbred mice and/or Brown Norway rats) has been tested with only a few chemicals, and the PLNA, although tested with over 100 chemicals, is not validated as yet. Conceivably, a major challenge in immunotoxicology is to incorporate the present knowledge on chemical-induced systemic allergy and autoimmunity in further development and validation of predictive models and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pieters
- IRAS-Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD, The Netherlands.
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33
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are pathologic conditions defined by abnormal autoimmune responses and characterized by immune system reactivity in the form of autoantibodies and T cell responses to self-structures. Here we review the limited but growing epidemiologic and experimental literature pertaining to the association between autoimmune diseases and occupational exposure to silica, solvents, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. The strongest associations (i.e., relative risks of 3.0 and higher) have been documented in investigations of silica dust and rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma and glomerulonephritis. Weaker associations are seen, however, for solvent exposures (in scleroderma, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and multiple sclerosis) and for farming or pesticide exposures (in rheumatoid arthritis). Experimental studies suggest two different effects of these exposures: an enhanced proinflammatory (TH1) response (e.g., TNF-alpha and IL-1 cytokine production with T cell activation), and increased apoptosis of lymphocytes leading to exposure to or modification of endogenous proteins and subsequent autoantibody formation. The former is a general mechanism that may be relevant across a spectrum of autoimmune diseases, whereas the latter may be a mechanism more specific to particular diseases (e.g., ultraviolet radiation, Ro autoantibodies, and lupus). Occupational exposures are important risk factors for some autoimmune diseases, but improved exposure assessment methods and better coordination between experimental/animal models and epidemiologic studies are needed to define these risks more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Cochón AC, San Martín de Viale LC, Billi de Catabbi SC. Phospholipid alterations elicited by hexachlorobenzene in rat brain are strain-dependent and porphyria-independent. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 130:199-207. [PMID: 11574289 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) alters phospholipid and heme metabolisms in the liver and Harderian gland. The effects of HCB on phospholipid metabolism, in an organ considered to be non-responsive to its porphyrinogenic effects, remain to be studied. Therefore, as the brain is an organ with this feature, this paper analyzes the effects of HCB on brain phospholipid composition in order to investigate if there is any relationship between HCB-induced porphyrin metabolism disruption and phospholipid alterations. For this purpose, a time-course study of HCB effects on brain phospholipids was performed in two strains of rats differing in their susceptibility to acquire hepatic porphyria: Chbb THOM (low); and Wistar (high). This paper shows for the first time that rat brain phospholipids are affected by HCB exposure. Comparative studies show that HCB-induced disturbances in brain phospholipid patterns are time and strain-dependent. Thus, whereas major phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were more altered in Wistar rats, minor phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine were more affected in Chbb THOM rats. HCB intoxication led to a sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine molar ratio lower than the normal, in both strains. As was expected, brain porphyrin content was not altered by HCB intoxication in either strain. It can be concluded that HCB is able to alter brain phospholipid metabolism in a strain-dependent fashion, and in the absence of alterations in brain heme metabolism. In addition, HCB-induced disturbances in brain phospholipids were not related to the degree of hepatic porphyria achieved by the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Cochón
- Laboratorio de Porfirias Experimentales y Metabolismo del Hemo, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ahmed SA. The immune system as a potential target for environmental estrogens (endocrine disrupters): a new emerging field. Toxicology 2000; 150:191-206. [PMID: 10996675 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is now well known that natural (17beta-estradiol) and synthetic (e.g. diethylstilbestrol) estrogens not only affect the reproductive system, but also markedly influence the immune system. Recently, a new class of estrogens that is abundant in the environment (in industrial chemicals, pesticides, and surfactants) has been recognized. Some of these estrogenic chemicals (which are a large subgroup of endocrine disrupters) have also been shown to influence the immune system. This review assimilates growing evidence in wildlife, laboratory animals and to a limited extent in humans, which suggests that environmental chemicals may also affect the immune system. Further studies are needed to ascertain the immunological consequences of exposure to environmental estrogens, especially in humans. At the present time, it is not known whether the human immune system responds to a low dose of environmental estrogens or if environmental estrogens influence certain subsets of human populations, rather than the general population. Conceivably, an alteration of the immune system by environmental estrogens could affect the individuals' ability to mount well-regulated immune responses to microbial and vaccine antigens, allergens, self and tumor antigens. Possible changes in the immune system must be investigated routinely in toxicity studies. A comprehensive mechanistic understanding of potential immunomodulatory chemicals is needed. In this regard, relevant laboratory animals may be especially useful in identifying susceptible periods of life, whether both genders are equally affected, in analysis of changes in target lymphoid organs, and to determine the immunological effects of mixtures of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ahmed
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, 1410, Prices Fork Road, Virginia, USA.
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36
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Vos JG. Health effects of hexachlorobenzene and the TEF approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2000; 108:A58. [PMID: 10656862 PMCID: PMC1637891 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.108-a58a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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