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Okuno-Ozeki N, Kohama Y, Taguchi H, Kawate Y, Umehara M, Minamida A, Yamauchi-Sawada H, Sunahara Y, Matoba Y, Nakamura I, Nakai K, Nakata T, Kirita Y, Taniguchi T, Tamagaki K, Hirao T, Matoba S, Kusaba T. Aversion to a High Salt Taste is Disturbed in Patients With CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1254-1264. [PMID: 38707820 PMCID: PMC11069016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.02.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A reduced salt intake is a vital lifestyle modification in the management of hypertension. Initiatives aimed at decreasing the intake of salt are based on the preference by humans for a salt taste. Salt intake behavior appears to be affected by the balance between attraction to a low salt taste and aversion to a high salt taste. However, aversion to a high salt taste has not yet been quantitively investigated in both healthy individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Assessments of gustatory and aversion thresholds for salt, bitter, sour, and sweet tastes were performed using a stimulant-impregnated test strip in healthy subjects and patients with CKD. Results In a pilot taste test of 125 healthy subjects, the number of participants with an aversive reaction increased at higher salt concentrations. The threshold for normal taste perception was arbitrarily defined as 10% NaCl, with 47.2% of healthy subjects displaying an aversive reaction. In taste tests performed by 70 patients with CKD, 10% were unable to recognize a salt taste, even at the highest concentration (20% NaCl), suggesting a significant impairment in taste perception in patients with CKD. Only 15.7% of patients with CKD exhibited a normal aversion to NaCl, whereas 78.6% showed the complete loss of aversion to salt. Conclusion The present results confirmed the anticipated aversive response to a high salt taste in humans and demonstrated its impairment in patients with CKD, implying that patients with CKD have reduced resistance to a high salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Okuno-Ozeki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kohama
- Research and Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc. Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromu Taguchi
- Research and Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc. Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawate
- Department of Nutrition, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minato Umehara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Minamida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamauchi-Sawada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Sunahara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matoba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakata
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Taniguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirao
- Research and Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc. Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Chen Z, Qi L, Wang J, Nie K, Peng X, Chen L, Xia L. Research trends and hotpots on the relationship between high salt and hypertension: A bibliometric and visualized analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35492. [PMID: 37832093 PMCID: PMC10578769 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high salt diet is a significant risk factor for hypertension, and scholarly investigations into this relationship have garnered considerable attention worldwide. However, bibliometric analyses in this field remain underdeveloped. This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric and visual analysis of research progress on the link between high salt and hypertension from 2011 to 2022 with the goal of identifying future research trends and providing valuable insights for this field. METHODS High salt and hypertension data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Microsoft Excel, Scimago Graphica, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software were employed to analyze publication output trends, the most productive countries or regions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords. RESULTS After screening, 1470 papers met the inclusion criteria. Relevant publications increased annually by 3.66% from 2011 to 2022. The United States led in research productivity, with The Journal of Hypertension publishing the most papers, and David L. Mattson as the most prolific author. Oxidative stress has emerged as a prominent research topic, and extensive investigations have been conducted on related mechanisms. "Oxidative stress," "gut microbiota," and "kidney injury" are recent hotspots that are expected to remain so, and this study carefully characterizes the mechanism of high salt-induced hypertension based on these hotspots. CONCLUSION This study utilized bibliometric and visualization analysis to identify the development trends and hotspots of publications related to high salt and hypertension. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the forefront of emerging trends and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Chen
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luming Qi
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaidi Nie
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xile Peng
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Xia
- State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Shima H, Okamoto T, Tashiro M, Inoue T, Wariishi S, Okada K, Doi T, Nishiuchi T, Minakuchi J. Reducing the Sodium Intake of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Through Education and Estimating Salt Excretion: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e43510. [PMID: 37727178 PMCID: PMC10506658 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese people traditionally consume high quantities of salt. This study aimed to investigate the effects of educating patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on simple methods for reducing their daily dietary salt intake. METHODS This single-center, retrospective observational study included 115 outpatients with CKD at Kawashima Hospital (Tokushima, Japan). One physician routinely recommended that patients should reduce their salt intake and provided tips for salt restriction. The physician estimated the patients' daily salt intake using spot urine samples at each medical examination (education group; n = 61). The other physicians' outpatients only received dietary guidance on recommended salt intake (control group; n = 54). The estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24hUNaV) and 24-hour potassium excretion (24hUKV) were calculated using Tanaka's equation. RESULTS Estimated 24hUNaV was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), estimated 24hUKV, and urinary Na/K ratio. The patients in the education group were younger and had a lower BMI, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, and lower systolic blood pressure (SBP). Using 38 pairs of patients obtained by propensity score matching with these variables, estimated 24hUNaV, estimated 24hUKV, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) after one year were significantly reduced in the education group. CONCLUSION A simple salt reduction education may reduce salt intake in outpatients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Shima
- Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima, JPN
| | | | | | - Tomoko Inoue
- Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima, JPN
| | | | | | - Toshio Doi
- Kidney Disease, Kawashima Hospital, Tokushima, JPN
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Stress Condition on a Restricted Sodium Diet Using Umami Substance (L-Glutamate) in a Pilot Randomized Cross-Over Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081739. [PMID: 34441517 PMCID: PMC8393573 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive patients who adopt a sodium-restricted diet have difficulty maintaining this change, and this could increase stress. On the other hand, soup rich in umami substances (dashi) was reported to reduce indexes of anxiety and stress. The objective of this study was to measure mood and physiological stress indexes during administration of a sodium-restricted diet with and without an umami substance (free L-glutamate) by a cross-over randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Japanese female university students. The baseline was measured for 5 days followed by a sodium-restricted diet intervention phase that lasted for 10 days. The Profile of Mood States questionnaire was administered, a stress marker in saliva (chromogranin-A) was measured, and the amount of sodium intake was confirmed from 24 h urine collection samples. Results showed that the sodium reduction was verified by 24 h urine excretion. The percentage of change in the stress marker from the baseline showed that the stress level in group without the umami substance was significantly higher than that in the group with the umami substance (p = 0.013) after receiving a sodium-reduced diet for 6 or more days, indicating that stress was alleviated. This study suggested that umami substances might help to ameliorate stress during a sodium-reduced diet, especially in the initial phase.
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite the improved treatment protocol of hypertension, the magnitude of the disease and its related burden remains raised. Hypertension makes up the leading cause of stroke, kidney disease, arterial disease, eye disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) growth. Areas covered: This review provides the overview of the role of dietary salt and alcohol use reduction in the management of hypertension, a brief history of alcohol, the vascular endothelium functions, the effects of alcohol use on blood pressure (BP), the mechanisms of alcohol, brief history of salt, the effects of dietary salt intake on BP, and the mechanisms of salt. Expert opinion: Studies found that high dietary salt intake and heavy alcohol consumption have a major and huge impact on BP while both of them have been identified to increase BP. Also, they raise the risk of hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in advance. On the other way, the dietary salt and alcohol use reduction in the management of hypertension are significant in the control of BP and its related morbidity and mortality. Further, studies suggested that the dietary salt and alcohol use reductions are the cornerstone in the management of hypertension due to their significance as part of comprehensive lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Dabi Wake
- Nursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University , Asella, Ethiopia
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Kazmi I, Al-Maliki WH, Ali H, Al-Abbasi FA. Biochemical interaction of salt sensitivity: a key player for the development of essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:767-773. [PMID: 33070283 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, more than 1 billion people have elevated blood pressure, with up to 45% of adults affected by the disease. In 2016 the global health study report on patients from 67 countries was released in Lancet, which identified hypertension as the world's leading cause for death and disability-adjusted years since 1990. This paper aims to analyze the pathophysiological connection between hemodynamic inflammatory reactions through sodium balance, salt sensitivity, and potential pathophysiological reactions. Besides, we explore how sodium consumption enhances the expression of transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) mRNA and facilitates the release of calcium inside immune cell groups, together with elevated blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Hassan Al-Maliki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haider Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, 720048, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Seko C, Odani K, Wada S, Yoshii K, Segawa H, Kitaoka K, Masumoto T, Higashi A. Characteristic dietary habits associated with high values of estimated 24-hours urinary sodium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed by age group among the residents of a rural town in Japan. Clin Exp Hypertens 2019; 42:449-459. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1693587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Seko
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Odani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayori Wada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshii
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics in Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Segawa
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitaoka
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Taeko Masumoto
- Faculty of Nursing, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akane Higashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kawamura A, Kajiya K, Kishi H, Inagaki J, Mitarai M, Oda H, Umemoto S, Kobayashi S. The Nutritional Characteristics of the Hypotensive WASHOKU-modified DASH Diet: A Sub-analysis of the DASH-JUMP Study. Curr Hypertens Rev 2019; 14:56-65. [PMID: 29618312 PMCID: PMC6094561 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666180405100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background We developed a WASHOKU-modified DASH diet named DASH-JUMP. We previously reported the hypotensive effect of the DASH-JUMP diet in Japanese participants with untreated high-normal Blood Pressure (BP) or stage 1 hypertension. Objective We aim to introduce the DASH-JUMP diet worldwide as a new lifestyle medicine. Accordingly, we prospectively assessed the nutritional characteristics of the DASH-JUMP diet. Methods Participants were treated with the DASH-JUMP diet for 2 months. Then, for 4 months after the intervention, they consumed their usual diets. We conducted a nutritional survey using the FFQg nutrient questionnaire at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. We received completed questionnaires from 55 participants (28 men and 27 women; mean age 54.2 ± 8.0 years) and analyzed them. Results The DASH-JUMP diet is rich in green-yellow vegetables, seaweed, milk, and mushrooms, while it has low contents of meat, eggs, confectionery, oils and fats, pickles, shellfish boiled in sweetened soy sauce, and fruits. Nutrients significantly associated with the observed change in systolic BP were niacin (P = 0.005) and carbohydrate (P = 0.033). The results of the FFQg questionnaire revealed that participants who had an increased BP at 1 month after ceasing the intervention had eating habits that broadly imitated the DASH-JUMP diet at 4 months after ceasing the intervention. Therefore, the systolic and diastolic BP values at 4 months after ceasing the intervention decreased significantly compared to those at baseline. Conclusion The DASH-JUMP diet may represent a new lifestyle medicine for reducing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Community / Gerontological nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Katsuko Kajiya
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kishi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Junko Inagaki
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Yamanashi Prefectural University, Kouhu, Japan
| | - Makoto Mitarai
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oda
- Central Research Institute, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sei Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Aghajari P, Hosseinzadeh M, Mahdavi N, Valizadeh S, Fooladi M, Rahmani F, Ghanouni F. Self-care behavior and self-care agency in lowering salt consumption in hypertensive older patients based on orem's self-care theory. SOCIAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/shb.shb_7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Functional foods for augmenting nitric oxide activity and reducing the risk for salt-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Japan. J Cardiol 2018; 72:42-49. [PMID: 29544657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High salt intake is one of the major dietary determinants of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Japan and throughout the world. Although dietary salt restriction may be of clinical benefit in salt-sensitive individuals, many individuals may not wish, or be able to, reduce their intake of salt. Thus, identification of functional foods that can help protect against mechanistic abnormalities mediating salt-induced hypertension is an issue of considerable medical and scientific interest. According to the "vasodysfunction" theory of salt-induced hypertension, the hemodynamic abnormality initiating salt-induced increases in blood pressure usually involves subnormal vasodilation and abnormally increased vascular resistance in response to increased salt intake. Because disturbances in nitric oxide activity can contribute to subnormal vasodilator responses to increased salt intake that often mediate blood pressure salt sensitivity, increased intake of functional foods that support nitric oxide activity may help to reduce the risk for salt-induced hypertension. Mounting evidence indicates that increased consumption of traditional Japanese vegetables and other vegetables with high nitrate content such as table beets and kale can promote the formation of nitric oxide through an endothelial independent pathway that involves reduction of dietary nitrate to nitrite and nitric oxide. In addition, recent studies in animal models have demonstrated that modest increases in nitrate intake can protect against the initiation of salt-induced hypertension. These observations are: (1) consistent with the view that increased intake of many traditional Japanese vegetables and other nitrate rich vegetables, and of functional foods derived from such vegetables, may help maintain healthy blood pressure despite a high salt diet; (2) support government recommendations to increase vegetable intake in the Japanese population.
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Isaka Y, Moriyama T, Kanda K. The SONG (Salt intake and OrigiN from General foods) Study - A Large-scale Survey of the Eating Habits and Dietary Salt Intake in the Working-age Population. Intern Med 2017; 56:2423-2430. [PMID: 28824058 PMCID: PMC5643168 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8370-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dietary salt reduction is important for the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases, including hypertension. Thus, in order to follow a strict low-salt diet, it is necessary to assess one's salt intake and to become aware of the importance of salt reduction. Methods More than 2,000 employees of a company, who received a periodic health checkup, participated in the present study. They assessed their day-to-day diet-related lifestyle, using the Salt Check Sheet, and we analyzed the correlations among the Salt Check Sheet scores, the daily salt intake (as estimated by a spot urine sample), and the results of the periodic health checkup. Results In the overall survey population, we only found a weak correlation between the salt check scores and the salt intake. In a subgroup analysis, significant correlations between these two variables were observed among untreated hypertensive participants, but not among treated hypertensive participants. We examined the association between 13 individual questionnaire items and the estimated daily salt intake using a multivariate linear regression model and found that only 5 of the 13 questionnaire items were correlated with the daily salt intake. Conclusion We found that a Salt Check Sheet composed of the 5 items that showed a strong correlation with the salt intake might be more useful for periodic health checks of the working-age population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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12
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Lee S, Kim SH, Shin C. Interaction according to urinary sodium excretion level on the association between ATP2B1 rs17249754 and incident hypertension: the Korean genome epidemiology study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2016; 38:352-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1116544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Comparison of telmisartan/amlodipine and telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of Japanese patients with uncontrolled hypertension: the TAT-Kobe study. Blood Press Monit 2016; 21:171-7. [PMID: 26719915 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of telmisartan plus amlodipine with telmisartan plus hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of uncontrolled hypertension. METHODS Japanese hypertensive patients with uncontrolled hypertension, despite taking angiotensin II receptor blockers, were assigned randomly to either a fixed-dose combination of telmisartan/amlodipine (n=36) or telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide (n=39). The primary endpoint was the change in office blood pressure from the baseline value at 12 weeks. RESULTS Both telmisartan/amlodipine and telmisaratan/hydrochlorothiazide reduced the office blood pressure efficiently (systole: -25.5±12.1 vs. -24.3±15.0 mmHg, P=0.705; diastole: -10.8±13.8 vs. -11.4±12.3 mmHg, P=0.832). Treatment with telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide resulted in the quicker onset of blood pressure-lowering effects compared with telmisartan/amlodipine. The target therapeutic blood pressure was similar in both groups at the 12-week visit. Home blood pressure measurements taken in the mornings and evenings were also similar in both groups. Compared with the telmisartan/amlodipine group, serum potassium and brain natriuretic peptide levels decreased and uric acid and hemoglobin A1c levels increased significantly in the telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide group. Both treatment groups showed a significant reduction in urine albumin. However, the estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased slightly but significantly in the telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide group alone. Severe adverse effects were not observed in both groups. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with telmisartan/amlodipine or telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide led to efficient blood pressure reduction among Japanese patients with previously uncontrolled hypertension with angiotensin II receptor blocker monotherapy.
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Arakawa K, Sakaki M, Sakata S, Oniki H, Tominaga M, Tsuchihashi T. Variability of urinary salt excretion estimated by spot urine in treated hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 37:445-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1057831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Lee SK, Kim JS, Kim SH, Kim YH, Lim HE, Kim EJ, Park CG, Cho GY, Kim J, Baik I, Park J, Lee JB, Shin C. Sodium Excretion and Cardiovascular Structure and Function in the Nonhypertensive Population: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1010-6. [PMID: 25534867 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of sodium intake on the cardiovascular system remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between sodium intake and cardiovascular structure and function in the nonhypertensive population. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 1,586 nonhypertensive subjects who participated in the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (2007-2008). Sodium intake was assessed by estimating the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from a spot urine sample. Changes in cardiovascular structure and function were assessed by using tissue Doppler echocardiography, the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with increasing tertiles of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. In multivariate analyses adjusting for covariates, there were stepwise decreases in the baPWV (P = 0.003) and CIMT (P = 0.001) values as the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion increased, whereas no significant differences in left ventricular (LV) structural and functional parameters were observed across the tertiles of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was independently and inversely associated with baPWV (P < 0.001) and CIMT (P = 0.001), but not with LV parameters. CONCLUSIONS In the nonhypertensive population, urinary sodium excretion was inversely related to baPWV and CIMT. However, there were no associations between urinary sodium excretion and LV structure or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea;
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hong Euy Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo-Yeong Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Inkyung Baik
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juri Park
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
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Sun YT, Gong Y, Zhu R, Liu X, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Qiu Q, Qi L, Liang J. Relationship between white blood cells and hypertension in Chinese adults: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 37:594-8. [PMID: 26114355 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1036058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased blood pressure was associated with increased white blood cell count (adjusted p < 0.001) in a community-based health examination survey of adults in China (n = 39 282; aged 18-93 years). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for hypertension across white blood cell count quintiles were 1.00, 0.99 (0.89-1.09), 1.11 (1.01-1.22), 1.09 (0.99-1.20), and 1.19 (1.08-1.31) (p for trend < 0.001). Body mass index and white blood cell count had an additive effect on systolic blood pressure (p for interaction = 0.047). Therefore, white blood cell count could independently predict hypertension in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Gong
- b Department of Endocrinology , Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Diabetes , Jiangsu , China .,c Xuzhou Clinical School, Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ruihua Zhu
- c Xuzhou Clinical School, Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China .,d Department of Cardiology , Xuzhou Central Hospital , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xuekui Liu
- b Department of Endocrinology , Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Diabetes , Jiangsu , China .,c Xuzhou Clinical School, Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yan Zhu
- a Xuzhou Medical College , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu Wang
- a Xuzhou Medical College , Jiangsu , China
| | - Qinqin Qiu
- a Xuzhou Medical College , Jiangsu , China
| | - Lu Qi
- e Department of Nutrition , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA , and.,f Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jun Liang
- b Department of Endocrinology , Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Institute of Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Institute of Diabetes , Jiangsu , China .,c Xuzhou Clinical School, Xuzhou Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
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Reilly CM, Anderson KM, Baas L, Johnson E, Lennie TA, Lewis CM, Prasun MA. American Association of Heart Failure Nurses Best Practices paper: Literature synthesis and guideline review for dietary sodium restriction. Heart Lung 2015; 44:289-98. [PMID: 25891648 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Miller Reilly
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Rd, NE #366, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kelley M Anderson
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, Georgetown University, USA; Medstar, Georgetown University Hospital, USA
| | - Linda Baas
- Advanced Heart Failure Center, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Eva Johnson
- Northeast Georgia Medical Center, Gainesville, GA, USA
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Park JB, Kario K, Wang JG. Systolic hypertension: an increasing clinical challenge in Asia. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:227-36. [PMID: 25503845 PMCID: PMC4396396 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systolic hypertension, the predominant form of hypertension in patients aged over 50-60 years, is a growing health issue as the Asian population ages. Elevated systolic blood pressure is mainly caused by arterial stiffening, resulting from age-related vascular changes. Elevated systolic pressure increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, mortality and renal function decline, and this risk may increase at lower systolic pressure levels in Asian than Western subjects. Hence, effective systolic pressure lowering is particularly important in Asians yet blood pressure control remains inadequate despite the availability of numerous antihypertensive medications. Reasons for poor blood pressure control include low awareness of hypertension among health-care professionals and patients, under-treatment, and tolerability problems with antihypertensive drugs. Current antihypertensive treatments also lack effects on the underlying vascular pathology of systolic hypertension, so novel drugs that address the pathophysiology of arterial stiffening are needed for optimal management of systolic hypertension and its cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Bae Park
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cheil General Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ji-Guang Wang
- Centre for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials, The Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ohta Y, Ohta K, Ishizuka A, Hayashi S, Kishida M, Iwashima Y, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, Kawano Y. Awareness of salt restriction and actual salt intake in hypertensive patients at a hypertension clinic and general clinic. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:172-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.933965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Toda A, Ishizaka Y, Tani M, Yamakado M. Current dietary salt intake of Japanese individuals assessed during health check-up. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:163-8. [PMID: 25354779 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excess salt intake is a risk factor for increased blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. To prevent hypertension, the reduction of salt intake is promoted in many countries. For people with hypertension or cardiovascular disease (CVD), a more severe restriction of salt intake is indispensable. Japanese individuals consume high quantities of salt, and it is thus important to determine the degree to which the salt intake of these individuals has been restricted. Here, we investigated the current level of salt consumption of Japanese individuals using data obtained during annual health check-ups. A total of 10 762 individuals were assessed who underwent annual health check-ups at our institution in 2011. The estimated daily salt intake (EDSI) was calculated using spot urine samples. The average EDSI was 7.83±2.02 g per day. BP increased in proportion to the EDSI, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the EDSI was a significant and independent risk factor for hypertension. The average EDSI of the subjects with hypertension or a history of CVD was higher than that of the subjects without these diseases. The subjects who drank more heavily showed higher EDSIs. This study demonstrated that the average EDSI of the subjects needing to restrict their salt intake because of past or present illnesses was high. To achieve adherence to the recommended reduction of salt intake, more efforts are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Toda
- Center for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishizaka
- Center for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tani
- Center for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamakado
- Center for Multiphasic Health Testing and Services, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Sakaki M, Tsuchihashi T, Arakawa K, Fukui H, Kameda W, Tominaga M. Long-term variability of urinary salt excretion and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:939-43. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sakaki M, Tsuchihashi T, Arakawa K. Characteristics of the hypertensive patients with good and poor compliance to long-term salt restriction. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 36:92-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.892119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Ohta Y, Iwashima Y, Hayashi S, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, Kamide K, Horio T, Kawano Y. Trend of office and home blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients: changes in antihypertensive medication and salt intake. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 36:103-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.892118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Willcox DC, Scapagnini G, Willcox BJ. Healthy aging diets other than the Mediterranean: a focus on the Okinawan diet. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:148-62. [PMID: 24462788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional diet in Okinawa is anchored by root vegetables (principally sweet potatoes), green and yellow vegetables, soybean-based foods, and medicinal plants. Marine foods, lean meats, fruit, medicinal garnishes and spices, tea, alcohol are also moderately consumed. Many characteristics of the traditional Okinawan diet are shared with other healthy dietary patterns, including the traditional Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, and Portfolio diet. All these dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, among other age-associated diseases. Overall, the important shared features of these healthy dietary patterns include: high intake of unrefined carbohydrates, moderate protein intake with emphasis on vegetables/legumes, fish, and lean meats as sources, and a healthy fat profile (higher in mono/polyunsaturated fats, lower in saturated fat; rich in omega-3). The healthy fat intake is likely one mechanism for reducing inflammation, optimizing cholesterol, and other risk factors. Additionally, the lower caloric density of plant-rich diets results in lower caloric intake with concomitant high intake of phytonutrients and antioxidants. Other shared features include low glycemic load, less inflammation and oxidative stress, and potential modulation of aging-related biological pathways. This may reduce risk for chronic age-associated diseases and promote healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Craig Willcox
- Okinawa International University, Department of Human Welfare, 2-6-1 Ginowan, Okinawa 901-2701, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, HPM-9, 347 N. Kuakini Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States; Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, 347 N. Kuakini Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States.
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, HPM-9, 347 N. Kuakini Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States; Department of Research, Kuakini Medical Center, 347 N. Kuakini Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, United States
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26
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Understanding of sodium content labeled on food packages by Japanese people. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:467-71. [PMID: 24173359 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salt reduction is one of the most important lifestyle modifications for the prevention of hypertension. The health promotion law regulates the labeling of the nutrient content of food in Japan and, the level of sodium, not salt (sodium chloride), has to be printed on the labels of manufactured foods. In order to control their salt intake, consumers need to apply a conversion factor to the sodium levels listed on the labels to obtain the salt equivalent. However, it is not known whether people have the knowledge appropriate for making the conversion. We carried out a questionnaire survey at the 7th National Shokuiku (food education) Conference in 2012, asking subjects to determine the salt equivalent of 1000 mg of sodium on food labels. We also asked about the target values of salt reduction in grams in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010 (DRI2010) and the Guidelines for Management of Hypertension 2009 by the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH2009). We analyzed the data from 683 respondents (169 men and 514 women); only 13.3% of respondents gave a correct answer for the salt equivalent of 1000 mg of sodium (2.50-2.60 g), whereas 61.8 and 40.4% of respondents chose the correct target values for salt reduction according to DRI2010 and JSH2009, respectively. In conclusion, few people could convert sodium content to salt, which suggested difficulty in using food labels to control their salt intake. Salt content in grams, not sodium content, should be labeled on food packages for effective salt reduction and prevention of hypertension.
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Ando K, Kawarazaki H, Miura K, Matsuura H, Watanabe Y, Yoshita K, Kawamura M, Kusaka M, Kai H, Tsuchihashi T, Kawano Y. [Scientific Statement]. Hypertens Res 2013; 36:1009-19. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Teramoto T, Kawamori R, Miyazaki S, Teramukai S, Mori Y, Okuda Y, Hiramatsu K. Risk factors for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and risk reduction by lipid control: the OMEGA study risk factor sub-analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2013; 36:236-43. [PMID: 23865387 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2013.810226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To identify risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hypertensive patients with no history of CVD being treated with antihypertensive drugs, we examined subgroup data (n = 13 052) from the prospective, observational Olmesartan Mega Study to Determine the Relationship between Cardiovascular Endpoints and Blood Pressure Goal Achievement (OMEGA) study. Risk factors for CVD, stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) were examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. In addition, the effect of statin therapy at baseline on CHD prevention was analyzed in dyslipidemic patients. The factors significantly related to CVD were female (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.637, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.428-0.948), older age (65-69 years: HR = 2.165, 95% CI 1.214-3.861; 70-74 years: HR = 2.324, 95% CI 1.294-4.174; ≥75 years: HR = 2.448, 95% CI 1.309-4.578), family history of CHD (HR = 1.993, 95% CI 1.249-3.179), diabetes (HR = 2.287, 95% CI 1.700-3.078), current smoking (HR = 2.289, 95% CI 1.512-3.466) and alcohol drinking socially (HR = 0.589, 95% CI 0.379-0.913). Diabetes was a risk factor for both stroke and CHD, while age, family history of CHD, and sodium intake score were risk factors for stroke alone. Sex, dyslipidemia, smoking and exercise habits were risk factors for CHD alone. The risk of CHD in dyslipidemic patients on statin treatment was comparable to the risk in patients without dyslipidemia (HR = 1.134, 95% CI 0.604-2.126). However, in dyslipidemic patients not on statin treatment, the HR increased to 1.807 (95% CI 1.156-2.825). In conclusion, some risk factors for CVD in hypertensive patients being treated with antihypertensive drugs with no history of CVD differed between CHD and stroke. These results suggest the importance of managing dyslipidemia with a statin for primary prevention of CHD, as well as the importance of hypertension therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Teramoto
- Teikyo Academic Research Center , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo , Japan
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Takeshima T, Okayama M, Harada M, Ae R, Kajii E. Effects of disclosing hypothetical genetic test results for salt sensitivity on salt restriction behavior. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:361-8. [PMID: 23696713 PMCID: PMC3658438 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s44979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies have explored the effects of disclosure of genetic testing results on chronic disease predisposition. However, these effects remain unclear in cases of hypertension. Reducing salt intake is an important nonpharmacological intervention for hypertension. We investigated the effects of genetic testing for salt sensitivity on salt restriction behavior using hypothetical genetic testing results. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-completed questionnaire. We enrolled consecutive outpatients who visited primary care clinics and small hospitals between September and December 2009 in Japan. We recorded the patients' baseline characteristics and data regarding their salt restriction behavior, defined as reducing salt intake before and after disclosure of hypothetical salt sensitivity genetic test results. Behavioral stage was assessed according to the five-stage transtheoretical model. After dividing subjects into salt restriction and no salt restriction groups, we compared their behavioral changes following positive and negative test results and analyzed the association between the respondents' characteristics and their behavioral changes. RESULTS We analyzed 1562 participants with a mean age of 58 years. In the no salt restriction group, which included patients at the precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, 58.7% stated that their behavioral stage progressed after a positive test result, although 29.8% reported progression after a negative result (P < 0.001). Conversely, in the salt restriction group, which included patients at the active and maintenance stages, 9.2% stated that they would quit restricting salt intake following a negative test result, and 2.2% reported they would quit following a positive result (P < 0.001). Age < 65 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.71), female gender (adjusted OR 1.84; CI 1.29-2.62), graduation from college or university (adjusted OR 1.66; CI 1.11-2.49), and desire for genetic testing (adjusted OR 4.53; CI 3.13-6.57) were associated with progression of behavioral stage in the no salt restriction group. Conversely, salt preference (adjusted OR 2.13; CI 1.31-3.49) was associated with quitting salt restriction in the salt restriction group. CONCLUSION Patients in the no salt restriction group show the possibility of progression from the behavioral stage to the action stage after testing positive for salt sensitivity. Conversely, patients in the salt restriction group, particularly those with a salt preference, would quit salt restriction after testing negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Takeshima
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan ; Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
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Cerebral aqueduct block attenuates cardio-renal injuries in post-DOCA-NaCl-hypertensive Dahl R rats. Hypertens Res 2013; 36:596-602. [PMID: 23466628 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The systemic and/or local effects of the hydrocephalic brain were investigated in DOCA-NaCl-hypertensive Dahl R rats induced by 250 mg kg(-1) DOCA in silicone and 1% saline water. After a 1-week recovery with 0.3% NaCl chow and tap water, one group had the aqueduct of Sylvius blocked with silicone and epoxy materials with a control sham group matching mean blood pressure (BP) and body weight. The 4-week-postsurgery BP on the 0.3% NaCl diet averaged 161±3.2 in the sham group and 146±2.3 mm Hg in the blocked group (P<0.0001). Both groups were then given an 8% NaCl diet and after 4 weeks, the sham group's BP was increased further with markedly increased mortality: 186 mm Hg vs. 154 mm Hg (P<0.0001); 12 sham rats died after 11 weeks, while all the blocked rats survived (P<0.0001). A transient change in plasma Na levels was observed in the blocked group after 48 h on the 8% NaCl diet. At 14 weeks, 0 sham rats survived, compared with 10 out of 16 blocked rats (P<0.0001). After 11 weeks on 8% NaCl, the average tail venous pressure in the sham group was significantly higher than that of the blocked rats (P<0.0001) indicating the end stage of renal and heart failure. The hearts and kidneys weighed significantly more in the sham vs. the blocked rats (P<0.0001 for both groups). These results indicate that the aqueduct block prevents post-DOCA hypertension and cardio-renal injuries, suggesting that centralized third ventricular brain signaling has a role in salt-genetic hypertension.
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Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Kiyohara K. Influence of Salt Intake on Target Organ Damages in Treated Hypertensive Patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34:316-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2011.618199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kitaoka K, Nagaoka J, Matsuoka T, Shigemura C, Harada K, Aoi W, Wada S, Asano H, Sakane N, Higashi A. Dietary intervention with cooking instructions and self-monitoring of the diet in free-living hypertensive men. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 35:120-7. [PMID: 22799766 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2012.702830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The control of blood pressure (BP) is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a dietary educational program for free-living, high-normal, and stage 1 or 2 hypertensive men. The participants were volunteers aged 40-75 years who agreed to the intervention. They were divided into two groups: 39 men for the intervention group and 32 men for the control group. BP, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, dietary and lifestyle data, and nonfasting venous blood sample were collected at baseline and after the intervention period. The intervention was designed to decrease sodium level with an emphasis on a decrease in the consumption of salted foods and to increase potassium level with an emphasis on an increase in the consumption of fruit and vegetables through cooking instructions and self-monitoring of the diet. At the baseline, there were no significant differences observed between the groups, except the diastolic BP. In the intervention group, a greater decrease in the urinary sodium-to-potassium excretion ratio was observed, compared with the control group (net difference 0.6, P = .029). The systolic and diastolic BP (mm Hg) decreased in the intervention group (149.0-143.0, P = .073; 93.0-87.0, P = .002), but no changes were observed in the control group (145.0-143.0, P = .231; 84.9-85.3, P = .381). In the intervention group, the urinary sodium-to-potassium excretion ratio was significantly improved by focusing on cooking instructions and self-monitoring of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kitaoka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Comparison of medium-dose losartan/hydrochlorothiazide and maximal-dose angiotensin II receptor blockers in the treatment of Japanese patients with uncontrolled hypertension: the Kobe-CONNECT Study. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:1080-6. [PMID: 22786569 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of thiazide diuretics, plus medium-dose losartan versus maximal-dose angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on blood pressure (BP) in Japanese patients with uncontrolled hypertension despite the use of medium-dose ARBs. Hypertensive patients in whom BP was inadequately controlled by treatment with medium-dose ARBs alone or with calcium-channel blockers were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to a fixed-dose combination of 50 mg per day losartan and 12.5 mg per day hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; n=98), or to a maximal dose of current ARBs (n=95). The reduction in office BP from baseline was significantly larger in the losartan/HCTZ group than in the maximal-dose ARB group (systolic BP -22.7±13.7 vs. -11.7±13.0 mm Hg, diastolic BP -9.6±10.9 vs. -4.5±11.0 mm Hg; P<0.01, respectively). The proportion of patients in whom the therapeutic target BP was achieved was greater in the losartan/HCTZ group than in the maximal-dose ARB group (59.2 vs. 26.3%; P<0.001). Both early-morning and evening BP were controlled more effectively over 1 year of treatment in the losartan/HCTZ group than in the maximal-dose ARB group (the mean BP difference between the groups, early-morning: 5.6 mm Hg (P=0.001), evening: 3.8 mm Hg (P=0.049)). Adverse changes in serum potassium and uric acid were observed in the losartan/HCTZ group; however, both changes were very slight, and the values were still within the normal range. The concomitant usage of losartan and HCTZ had no influence on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles. Declines in plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and urinary albumin excretion were observed in the losartan/HCTZ group, but not in the maximal-dose ARB group. Switching from medium-dose ARBs to losartan plus HCTZ reduced both office and home BP efficiently in patients with uncontrolled hypertension.
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Suzuki K, Endo R, Kohgo Y, Ohtake T, Ueno Y, Kato A, Suzuki K, Shiraki R, Moriwaki H, Habu D, Saito M, Nishiguchi S, Katayama K, Sakaida I. Guidelines on nutritional management in Japanese patients with liver cirrhosis from the perspective of preventing hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:621-6. [PMID: 22686857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Japanese Nutritional Study Group for Liver Cirrhosis (JNUS) was assembled in 2008 with the support of a Health Labor Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. The goal of the study group was to propose new nutritional guidelines for Japanese patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), with the aim of preventing hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Between 2008 and 2010, the member investigators of JNUS conducted various clinical and experimental studies on nutrition on LC. These included anthropometric studies, a questionnaire study on daily nutrient intake, clinical trials, experimental studies using animal models, re-evaluation of previous publications and patient education. Over this 3-year period, the group members regularly discussed the nutritional issues related to LC, and a proposal was finally produced. RESULTS Based on the results of JNUS projects and discussions among the members, general recommendations were made on how Japanese patients with LC should be managed nutritionally. These recommendations were proposed with a specific regard to the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSION The new JNUS guidelines on nutritional management for Japanese patients with LC will be useful for the actual nutritional management of patients with LC. The JNUS members hope that these guidelines will form the basis for future discussions and provide some direction in nutritional studies in the field of hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University Morioka Municipal Hospital, Iwate Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hokkaido Medical University, Hokkaido Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu Department of Food and Human Health Science, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular diseases, Osaka Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Ando K, Fujita M. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system in salt-sensitive hypertension: possible relationship with obesity-induced hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:111-6. [PMID: 21388436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. There are multiple and complex mechanisms of salt-induced hypertension; however, central sympathoexcitation plays an important role. In addition, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in salt-sensitive hypertensive humans and animals. Thus, we hypothesized that brain ROS overproduction may increase blood pressure (BP) by central sympathostimulation. 2. Recently, we demonstrated that ROS levels were elevated in the hypothalamus of salt-sensitive hypertensive animals. Moreover, intracerebroventricular anti-oxidants suppressed BP and renal sympathetic nerve activity more in salt-sensitive than non-salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Thus, brain ROS overproduction increased BP through central sympathoexcitation in salt-sensitive hypertension. 3. Salt sensitivity of BP is enhanced in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, it is also suggested that, in obesity-induced hypertension models, increases in BP are caused by brain ROS-induced central sympathoexcitation. 4. Recent studies suggest that increased ROS production in the brain and central sympathoexcitation may share a common pathway that increases BP in both salt- and obesity-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Ando
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sodium intake in men and potassium intake in women determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese hypertensive patients: OMEGA Study. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:957-62. [PMID: 21654751 PMCID: PMC3257031 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake affects hypertension and metabolic syndrome (MS) and their management. In Japanese hypertensive patients, little evidence exists regarding the relation between diet and MS. A self-administered lifestyle questionnaire was completed by each patient at the baseline. Three dietary scores were calculated for each patient: sodium intake, potassium intake and soybean/fish intake. The relationships between dietary scores and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The relation between dietary intake of sodium, potassium and soybean/fish, and the presence of MS was evaluated by the Mantel–Haenszel test. A total of 9585 hypertensive patients (mean age, 64.9 years; women, 51.4%) were included in this sub-analysis. High sodium intake was significantly related to increased SBP (P=0.0003) and DBP (P=0.0130). Low potassium intake was significantly related to increased SBP (P=0.0057) and DBP (P=0.0005). Low soybean/fish intake was significantly related to increased SBP (P=0.0133). A significantly higher prevalence of MS was found in men in the highest quartile of sodium intake compared with the lower quartiles (P=0.0026) and in women in the lowest quartile of potassium intake compared with the higher quartiles (P=0.0038). A clear relation between dietary habits and blood pressure was found in Japanese hypertensive patients using a patient-administered questionnaire. Sodium and potassium intake affect MS prevalence. Dietary changes are warranted within hypertension treatment strategies.
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Matsuura H. [Social strategies for salt-restricted lifestyle]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 100:420-425. [PMID: 21400880 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Onaka U, Miyata E. Long-term compliance of salt restriction and blood pressure control status in hypertensive outpatients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32:234-8. [PMID: 20608894 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2010.491888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the long-term compliance with salt restriction and blood pressure (BP) control status in Japanese hypertensive outpatients. Subjects included 103 patients, 59 women and 44 men, mean age 67 +/- 9 years, who underwent successful 24-h home urine collection more than 10 times over an interval of 5 years. Urinary salt, potassium, and creatinine were measured. During the follow-up period (average 8.6 years), participants underwent urine collection 11.4 times in average. Urinary salt excretion at the last visit was significantly lower than that of the first visit (8.2 +/- 3.1 vs. 9.6 +/- 3.7 g/day; p < 0.01). The achievement of urinary salt excretion <6 g/day increased from 18.5% at the first visit to 26.2% at the last visit. Similarly, BP at the last visit was significantly lower than that of the first visit (130 +/- 14/69 +/- 11 vs. 145 +/- 17/86 +/- 12 mmHg; p < 0.01). The achievement rate of BP <140/90 mmHg and <130/85 mmHg also increased significantly during this period (39.2% to 70.8% and 13.7% to 39.6%, respectively, p < 0.01). Results suggest that urinary salt excretion decreased by repeated measurements using 24-h home urine collection. Lifestyle modification including weight loss as well as the intensive antihypertensive treatment contributed to the improved BP control during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Division of Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Matsui T, Zhu XL, Shiraishi K, Ueki T, Noda Y, Matsumoto K. Antihypertensive Effect of Salt-Free Soy Sauce, a New Fermented Seasoning, in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Food Sci 2010; 75:H129-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abe T, Tsuda A, Yata S, Matsuto T, Okada M. Hypertension is a major risk factor for future atherosclerotic changes in the Japanese population. Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 47:118-24. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.009032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Great differences in age-standardized mortality rates by cardiovascular disease exist among countries. We prospectively assessed determinants of future cardiovascular changes in a Japanese cohort. Methods In 1996, 1011 men and 1153 women from a Japanese community participated in a study on cardiovascular risk factors at a local health centre. Of these, the 896 subjects who visited the centre both in 1996 and 2001 were selected for the analysis. The presence of cardiovascular changes was defined as the appearance of one or more of the following in five years: positive electrocardiographic findings, intima–media thickness of the carotid artery ≥0.8 mm and retinal vascular changes ≥Keith–Wegener–Barker classification stage I. Results Of the 607 subjects who had no history of cardiovascular disease in 1996, 421 showed changes in 2001. Both the age-adjusted and multivariate models showed that the risk of the cardiovascular changes increased as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased to ≥135 mmHg (multivariate odds ratio = 1.739, 95% confidence interval = 1.076–2.810, P < 0.05) compared with those with an SBP of 110–134 mmHg. When we made the analyses only for laboratory test results by excluding SBP, body mass index, alcohol intake and current smoking from the regression model, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose were significant variables. Conclusion The risk of future cardiovascular changes is significantly greater with higher SBP in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsueko Abe
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510
| | | | - Syogo Yata
- Kido Hospital, Niigata City 950-0891, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsuto
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510
| | - Masahiko Okada
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510
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Compound ion salt, a novel low-sodium salt substitute: from animal study to community-based population trial. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:934-42. [PMID: 19661926 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt restriction, an important approach for primary and secondary prevention of hypertension, is undermined by unsatisfactory adherence. A salt-restriction study tested the efficacy and safety of a compound ion salt (CISalt) with low sodium content in an animal model and in a community-based population. METHODS In part 1, 8-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were fed 1% CISalt in the study group and 8% or 1% normal salt (NSalt) in controls (n = 10 each) for 12 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and urinary electrolytes were measured every 3 weeks. After 12 weeks, collagen deposition in the heart and kidney and the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) in plasma and renal cortex were measured. In part 2, a single-blind, randomized, 6-month controlled trial with CISalt was conducted in 248 persons (age >or=65 years) in 10 rural communities. Plasma renin activity and Ang II were included in blood and urinary measures at baseline and 6 months. RESULTS Reduced BP urinary protein excretion and reduced collagen in the heart and kidneys were significantly different in animals fed CISalt compared to controls. In human studies, at 6 months, mean systolic BP (SBP) was decreased by 9.6 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.1 to 6.1, P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (DBP) by 5.3 mm Hg (95% CI: 7.9 to 2.6, P < 0.001), respectively, compared to controls; urinary sodium excretion also decreased by 67.4 mmol/24 h (95% CI: 84.8 to 50.0, P < 0.001), and plasma renin activity was slightly increased by 0.19 ng/ml/h (95% CI: 0.04-0.33, P = 0.013). No adverse cardiovascular events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In these studies, CISalt lowered BP and showed end-organ protection in hypertensive animals and BP reduction in humans. CISalt appears to be a safe and acceptable strategy to reduce BP.
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Ando K, Fujita T. Metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:213-8. [PMID: 19409982 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an obesity-associated collection of disorders, each of which contributes to cardiovascular risk. Metabolic syndrome is also associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS contribute to the interrelationship between metabolic syndrome and salt-sensitive hypertension, which are both caused by obesity and excess salt consumption and are major threats to health in developed countries. ROS can induce insulin resistance, which is indispensable for the progression of metabolic syndrome, and salt-sensitive hypertension stimulates ROS production, thereby promoting the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, ROS activate mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and the sympathetic nervous system, which can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and salt-sensitive hypertension. Salt-induced progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also accelerated in animal models with metabolic syndrome, probably owing to further stimulation of ROS overproduction and subsequent ROS-induced MR activation and sympathetic excitation. Therefore, ROS contribute to the progression of the metabolic syndrome itself and to the CVD accompanying it, particularly in conjunction with excessive salt consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Ando
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Yamashita C, Damião R, Chaim R, Harima HA, Kikuchi M, Franco LJ, Ferreira SRG. União interétnica de nipo-brasileiros associada a hábitos alimentares menos saudáveis e ao pior perfil de risco cardiometabólico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:485-96. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Casamento interétnico entre brasileiros nikkeis e não nikkeis pode favorecer a ocidentalização da dieta. Compararam-se consumo alimentar, dados clínico-laboratoriais e frequências de doenças metabólicas em população nipo-brasileira, com casamento intraétnico ou interétnico. MÉTODOS: Empregaram-se teste t, Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e coeficiente de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Em 1009 nipo-brasileiros havia 18,9% de casamentos interétnicos, mais frequentes entre homens nikkeis. Estes apresentaram maiores médias de IMC, cintura, pressão arterial, glicemia e triglicérides que mulheres. As frequências de obesidade, hipertrigliceridemia e síndrome metabólica foram 47,7%, 68,1% e 45,2%, sendo maiores nos casamentos interétnicos comparados aos intraétnicos. Comparando-se indivíduos com casamento interétnico, hipertrigliceridemia foi mais frequente nos homens e HDL-c baixo nas mulheres. O consumo de calorias, gorduras e dos grupos de álcool, doces e óleos foram maiores nos casamentos interétnicos. Indivíduos casados intraetnicamente consumiam mais carboidratos, proteínas, fibras, vitaminas, minerais, hortaliças, frutas/sucos, cereais e missoshiru. Comparando-se indivíduos com casamento interétnico, homens nikkeis apresentavam padrão mais ocidental que mulheres nikkeis. CONCLUSÃO: Casamento interétnico associa-se a hábitos alimentares menos saudáveis e pior perfil de risco cardiometabólico.
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Kawano Y, Sato Y, Yoshinaga K. A randomized trial of the effect of an angiotensin II receptor blocker SR47436 (irbesartan) on 24-hour blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2009; 31:1753-63. [PMID: 18971554 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized study was to evaluate the duration of the effect of once-daily administration of irbesartan in patients with essential hypertension. After a placebo run-in baseline period (of 2-4 weeks), 79 patients were randomized to either irbesartan (one 100 mg tablet per day) or placebo, for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was the reduction in the mean 24-h blood pressure (BP) as assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring under standardized conditions. Seventy-six patients completed the study protocol. In the irbesartan group, the average reductions in 24-h systolic and diastolic BPs were 5.8 and 3.4 mmHg, respectively (95% confidence interval: 3.2-8.4/1.6-5.1 mmHg), and in the placebo group, they were -1.7 and -0.5 mmHg, respectively (95% confidence interval: -4.3 to 1.0/-1.8 to 0.7 mmHg). There were statistically significant differences in the average reductions of 24-h BP (7.5/3.9 mmHg, p<0.001), daytime BP (8.6/4.0 mmHg, p<0.001) and nighttime BP (6.1/3.4 mmHg, p<0.05) as well as casual BP (9.0/5.0 mmHg, p<0.001). The trough/peak (T/P) ratios for the systolic and diastolic BPs were 0.84 and 0.78, respectively, in the irbesartan group. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. The results showed that irbesartan administered 100 mg once daily was well tolerated in the treatment of essential hypertension and was effective in producing sustained 24-h BP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kawano
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Japan.
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Jessani S, Hatcher J, Chaturvedi N, Jafar TH. Effect of low vs. high dietary sodium on blood pressure levels in a normotensive Indo-Asian population. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:1238-44. [PMID: 18772855 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor, and while sodium restriction in hypertensive patients appears effective, its role in normotensive individuals remains unclear. We assessed the effect of a low vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure in normotensive Indo-Asian adults. METHODS A randomized, controlled, crossover trial was conducted on 200 normotensive subjects randomly selected from the general population in Karachi, Pakistan. Participants were randomized to either a low (20 mEq/day) or a high-sodium diet (220 mEq/day) for 1 week, followed by 1 week of washout, then the alternate diet for 1 week. The primary outcome was difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured at the end of each phase in the overall population. RESULTS Mean (95% confidence interval) decline in 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 81.0 (69.6-92.4) mEq/day (P < 0.001), and in SBP was 1 (0-3)mm Hg (P = 0.17) between high and low-sodium phase. A significant interaction was detected (P = 0.001) between dietary sodium and baseline SBP with a greater adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) decline in SBP (6 (2-9)mm Hg) among participants with high-normal SBP (130-139 mm Hg) and no significant change (-1(-2 to 1)) in those with normal baseline SBP (<130 mm Hg), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Reducing sodium intake has a beneficial effect on blood pressure in Indo-Asians with high-normal SBP, at least in the short term. Given the ubiquity of high-normal blood pressure (BP), and frank hypertension in this population, we argue that primary prevention strategies, targeted at use of discretionary sodium, should now be designed and evaluated.
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TATSUKAWA Y, HSU WL, YAMADA M, COLOGNE JB, SUZUKI G, YAMAMOTO H, YAMANE K, AKAHOSHI M, FUJIWARA S, KOHNO N. White Blood Cell Count, Especially Neutrophil Count, as a Predictor of Hypertension in a Japanese Population. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1391-7. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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