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Costa GMJ, Lacerda SMSN, Figueiredo AFA, Wnuk NT, Brener MRG, Andrade LM, Campolina-Silva GH, Kauffmann-Zeh A, Pacifico LGG, Versiani AF, Antunes MM, Souza FR, Cassali GD, Caldeira-Brant AL, Chiarini-Garcia H, de Souza FG, Costa VV, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Campos GRF, Kangussu LM, Martins EMN, Antonio LM, Bittar C, Rahal P, Aguiar RS, Mendes BP, Procópio MS, Furtado TP, Guimaraes YL, Menezes GB, Martinez-Marchal A, Orwig KE, Brieño-Enríquez M, Furtado MH. High SARS-CoV-2 tropism and activation of immune cells in the testes of non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19 patients. BMC Biol 2023; 21:36. [PMID: 36797789 PMCID: PMC9933832 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to rely on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, whose expression in the testis is among the highest in the body. Additionally, the risk of mortality seems higher among male COVID-19 patients, and though much has been published since the first cases of COVID-19, there remain unanswered questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 impact on testes and potential consequences for reproductive health. We investigated testicular alterations in non-vaccinated deceased COVID-19-patients, the precise location of the virus, its replicative activity, and the immune, vascular, and molecular fluctuations involved in the pathogenesis. RESULTS We found that SARS-CoV-2 testicular tropism is higher than previously thought and that reliable viral detection in the testis requires sensitive nanosensors or RT-qPCR using a specific methodology. Through an in vitro experiment exposing VERO cells to testicular macerates, we observed viral content in all samples, and the subgenomic RNA's presence reinforced the replicative activity of SARS-CoV-2 in testes of the severe COVID-19 patients. The cellular structures and viral particles, observed by transmission electron microscopy, indicated that macrophages and spermatogonial cells are the main SARS-CoV-2 lodging sites, where new virions form inside the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate complex. Moreover, we showed infiltrative infected monocytes migrating into the testicular parenchyma. SARS-CoV-2 maintains its replicative and infective abilities long after the patient's infection. Further, we demonstrated high levels of angiotensin II and activated immune cells in the testes of deceased patients. The infected testes show thickening of the tunica propria, germ cell apoptosis, Sertoli cell barrier loss, evident hemorrhage, angiogenesis, Leydig cell inhibition, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that high angiotensin II levels and activation of mast cells and macrophages may be critical for testicular pathogenesis. Importantly, our findings suggest that patients who become critically ill may exhibit severe alterations and harbor the active virus in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. J. Costa
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Samyra M. S. N. Lacerda
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - André F. A. Figueiredo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Natália T. Wnuk
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Marcos R. G. Brener
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Lídia M. Andrade
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alice F. Versiani
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Maísa M. Antunes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Souza
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - André L. Caldeira-Brant
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. de Souza
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Flavio G. da Fonseca
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Guilherme R. F. Campos
- grid.419029.70000 0004 0615 5265Faculdade de Medicina de São Jose do Rio Preto, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lucas M. Kangussu
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Estefânia M. N. Martins
- grid.466576.00000 0004 0635 4678Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear-CDTN/CNEN, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Loudiana M. Antonio
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XUniversidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XUniversidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Renato S. Aguiar
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Yuri L. Guimaraes
- Clínica MF Fertilidade Masculina, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,Departamentos de Urologia e de Reprodução Humana da Rede Mater Dei de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Gustavo B. Menezes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Ana Martinez-Marchal
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kyle E. Orwig
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Miguel Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Marcelo H. Furtado
- Clínica MF Fertilidade Masculina, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,Departamentos de Urologia e de Reprodução Humana da Rede Mater Dei de Saúde, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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2
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Zhu T, Hu Q, Yuan Y, Yao H, Zhang J, Qi J. Mitochondrial dynamics in vascular remodeling and target-organ damage. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1067732. [PMID: 36860274 PMCID: PMC9970102 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1067732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the pathological basis for the development of many cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms underlying endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, fibroblast activation, and inflammatory macrophage differentiation during vascular remodeling remain elusive. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles. Recent studies showed that mitochondrial fusion and fission play crucial roles in vascular remodeling and that the delicate balance of fusion-fission may be more important than individual processes. In addition, vascular remodeling may also lead to target-organ damage by interfering with the blood supply to major body organs such as the heart, brain, and kidney. The protective effect of mitochondrial dynamics modulators on target-organs has been demonstrated in numerous studies, but whether they can be used for the treatment of related cardiovascular diseases needs to be verified in future clinical studies. Herein, we summarize recent advances regarding mitochondrial dynamics in multiple cells involved in vascular remodeling and associated target-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxun Hu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Jian Zhang,
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jia Qi,
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González-Blázquez R, Alcalá M, Cárdenas-Rebollo JM, Viana M, Steckelings UM, Boisvert WA, Unger T, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Somoza B, Gil-Ortega M. AT2R stimulation with C21 prevents arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction in the abdominal aorta from mice fed a high-fat diet. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2763-2780. [PMID: 34854902 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, on the prevention of endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and arterial stiffness associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard (Chow) or high-fat diet (HF) for 6 weeks. Half of the animals of each group were simultaneously treated with C21 (1 mg/kg/day, in the drinking water), generating four groups: Chow C, Chow C21, HF C, and HF C21. Vascular function and mechanical properties were determined in the abdominal aorta. To evaluate ECM remodeling, collagen deposition and TGF-β1 concentrations were determined in the abdominal aorta and the activity of metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 was analyzed in the plasma. Abdominal aortas from HF C mice showed endothelial dysfunction as well as enhanced contractile but reduced relaxant responses to Ang II. This effect was abrogated with C21 treatment by preserving NO availability. A left-shift in the tension-stretch relationship, paralleled by an augmented β-index (marker of intrinsic arterial stiffness), and enhanced collagen deposition and MMP-2/-9 activities were also detected in HF mice. However, when treated with C21, HF mice exhibited lower TGF-β1 levels in abdominal aortas together with reduced MMP activities and collagen deposition compared with HF C mice. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that AT2R stimulation by C21 in obesity preserves NO availability and prevents unhealthy vascular remodeling, thus protecting the abdominal aorta in HF mice against the development of endothelial dysfunction, ECM remodeling and arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cárdenas-Rebollo
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Estadística. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB311, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Str., Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - María S Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
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Creamer TJ, Bramel EE, MacFarlane EG. Insights on the Pathogenesis of Aneurysm through the Study of Hereditary Aortopathies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020183. [PMID: 33514025 PMCID: PMC7912671 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) are permanent and localized dilations of the aorta that predispose patients to a life-threatening risk of aortic dissection or rupture. The identification of pathogenic variants that cause hereditary forms of TAA has delineated fundamental molecular processes required to maintain aortic homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) elaborate and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to mechanical and biochemical cues from their environment. Causal variants for hereditary forms of aneurysm compromise the function of gene products involved in the transmission or interpretation of these signals, initiating processes that eventually lead to degeneration and mechanical failure of the vessel. These include mutations that interfere with transduction of stimuli from the matrix to the actin-myosin cytoskeleton through integrins, and those that impair signaling pathways activated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In this review, we summarize the features of the healthy aortic wall, the major pathways involved in the modulation of VSMC phenotypes, and the basic molecular functions impaired by TAA-associated mutations. We also discuss how the heterogeneity and balance of adaptive and maladaptive responses to the initial genetic insult might contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Creamer
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily E. Bramel
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Predoctoral Training in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Latorre M, Spronck B, Humphrey JD. Complementary roles of mechanotransduction and inflammation in vascular homeostasis. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20200622. [PMID: 33642928 PMCID: PMC7897647 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteries are exposed to relentless pulsatile haemodynamic loads, but via mechanical homeostasis they tend to maintain near optimal structure, properties and function over long periods in maturity in health. Numerous insults can compromise such homeostatic tendencies, however, resulting in maladaptations or disease. Chronic inflammation can be counted among the detrimental insults experienced by arteries, yet inflammation can also play important homeostatic roles. In this paper, we present a new theoretical model of complementary mechanobiological and immunobiological control of vascular geometry and composition, and thus properties and function. We motivate and illustrate the model using data for aortic remodelling in a common mouse model of induced hypertension. Predictions match the available data well, noting a need for increased data for further parameter refinement. The overall approach and conclusions are general, however, and help to unify two previously disparate literatures, thus leading to deeper insight into the separate and overlapping roles of mechanobiology and immunobiology in vascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Latorre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,e-mail:
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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Fujie S, Hasegawa N, Sanada K, Hamaoka T, Maeda S, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA, Iemitsu M. Increased serum salusin-α by aerobic exercise training correlates with improvements in arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1201-1212. [PMID: 31918410 PMCID: PMC7053613 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging causes arterial stiffening which can be mitigated by increased physical activity. Although low circulating levels of salusin-α are associated with cardiovascular disease, whether salusin-α decreases with aging and whether the reduced arterial stiffening occurring with exercise training is associated with increased serum salusin-α is unknown. Herein we assessed carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures in a cross-sectional study that compared young (20-39-year-old, n=45) versus middle-aged and older (40-80-year-old, n=60) subjects. We also performed an interventional study in which 36 young and 40 middle-aged and older subjects underwent eight weeks of aerobic exercise training. In the cross-sectional study, serum salusin-α levels were lesser in middle-aged and older subjects compared to young individuals and negatively correlated with age, SBP, DBP, or cfPWV. In the interventional study, exercise training increased serum salusin-α in middle-aged and older subjects. Notably, negative correlations were noted between the exercise training-induced changes in serum salusin-α and cfPWV, SBP and DBP. Results indicate that advanced age associates with low circulating salusin-α, the levels of which can be augmented by exercise training. Importantly, increased serum salusin-α with exercise correlates with improvements in arterial stiffness and a reduction in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Huang G, Cong Z, Wang X, Yuan Y, Xu R, Lu Z, Wang X, Qi J. Targeting HSP90 attenuates angiotensin II-induced adventitial remodelling via suppression of mitochondrial fission. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 116:1071-1084. [PMID: 31346611 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Adventitial remodelling presenting with the phenotypic switch of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) to myofibroblasts is reportedly involved in the evolution of several vascular diseases, including hypertension. In our previous study, we reported that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibition by 17-dime-thylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) markedly attenuates angiotensin II (AngII)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by simultaneously inhibiting several key signalling and transcriptional pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells; however, little is known about its role on AFs. Given that the AF phenotypic switch is likely to be associated with mitochondrial function and calcineurin (CN), a client protein of HSP90 that mediates mitochondrial fission and function, the aim of this study was to investigate whether mitochondrial fission contributes to phenotypic switch of AF, and if it does, we further aimed to determine whether HSP90 inhibition attenuates mitochondrial fission and subsequently suppresses AF transformation and adventitial remodelling in AngII-induced hypertensive mice.
Methods and results
In primary mouse AFs, we found that CN-dependent dephosphorylation of Drp1 induced mitochondrial fission and regulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, which stimulated AF proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching in AngII-treated AFs. Moreover, AngII was found to increase the binding of HSP90 and CN in AFs, while HSP90 inhibition significantly reversed AngII-induced mitochondrial fission and AF phenotypic switching by modulating the CN-dependent dephosphorylation of Drp1. Consistent with the effects in AFs, in an animal model of AngII-induced adventitial remodelling, 17-DMAG markedly reduced mitochondrial fission, AF differentiation, vessel wall thickening, and fibrosis in the aortic adventitia, which were mediated by CN/Drp1 signalling pathways.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that CN/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission may be essential for understanding adventitial remodelling in hypertension and that HSP90 inhibition may serve as a novel approach for the treatment of adventitial remodelling-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Hypertension and Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhilei Cong
- Department of Emergency, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhaoyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
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Contribution of acid sphingomyelinase to angiotensin II-induced vascular adventitial remodeling via membrane rafts/Nox2 signal pathway. Life Sci 2019; 219:303-310. [PMID: 30677425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) in the vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis are increasing arousing attention. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a soluble glycoprotein which is involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, it remains unknown if ASM is expressed in vascular AFs and regulates vascular adventitial remodeling and underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS ASM downregulation with gene silencing was used in the rat AFs treated with angiotensin (Ang) II, which is universally demonstrated to induce vascular adventitia remodeling. It was showed that ASM was indeed expressed in vascular AFs and ASM downregulation resulted in a significant decrease in the protein level of PCNA and collagen I and cell migration under Ang II stimulation. Such improvement of adventitial remodeling was not further augmented by Ang-(1-7), which is deemed as an endogenous Ang II blocker. We further found that ASM downregulation blocked the Nox2-dependent superoxide (O2-) generation, which regulated vascular remodeling in AFs under Ang II. ASM siRNA decreased the aggregation of membrane rafts (MRs) and the consequent recruiting of ceramide and Nox2 in MRs. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, these results suggested that ASM downregulation could improve vascular adventitial remodeling which was attributed to inhibiting MRs/Nox2 redox signaling pathway in AFs. Thus, these data supported the idea that ASM is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complication.
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Ongali B, Nicolakakis N, Tong XK, Lecrux C, Imboden H, Hamel E. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces cerebrovascular dysfunction and astrogliosis through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:527-534. [PMID: 29505736 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice constitutively overexpressing the cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (TGF mice) display cerebrovascular alterations as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), but no or only subtle cognitive deficits. TGF-β1 may exert part of its deleterious effects through interactions with angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling pathways. We test such interactions in the brain and cerebral vessels of TGF mice by measuring cerebrovascular reactivity, levels of protein markers of vascular fibrosis, nitric oxide synthase activity, astrogliosis, and mnemonic performance in mice treated (6 months) with the AT1R blocker losartan (10 mg/kg per day) or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (3 mg/kg per day). Both treatments restored the severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity to acetylcholine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin-1, and the baseline availability of nitric oxide in aged TGF mice. Losartan, but not enalapril, significantly reduced astrogliosis and cerebrovascular levels of profibrotic protein connective tissue growth factor while raising levels of antifibrotic enzyme matrix metallopeptidase-9. Memory was unaffected by aging and treatments. The results suggest a pivotal role for AngII in TGF-β1-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation through AT1R-mediated mechanisms. Further, they suggest that AngII blockers could be appropriate against vasculopathies and astrogliosis associated with AD and VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Ongali
- a Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nektaria Nicolakakis
- a Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- a Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clotilde Lecrux
- a Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hans Imboden
- b Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 43012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hamel
- a Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Kittana N. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-Angiotensin 1-7/1-9 system: novel promising targets for heart failure treatment. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:14-25. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naim Kittana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; An-Najah National University; New Campus, Pharmacy Building, 2nd Floor, Akademia Street, PO Box: 7 Nablus West-Bank Palestine
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12
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Nuglozeh E. Connective Tissue Growth Factor Transgenic Mouse Develops Cardiac Hypertrophy, Lean Body Mass and Alopecia. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:GC01-GC05. [PMID: 28892929 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28158.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) is one of the six members of cysteine-rich, heparin-binding proteins, secreted as modular protein and recognised to play a major function in cell processes such as adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation as well as chondrogenesis, skeletogenesis, angiogenesis and wound healing. The capacity of CTGF to interact with different growth factors lends an important role during early and late development, especially in the anterior region of the embryo. CTGF Knockout (KO) mice have several craniofacial defects and bone miss shaped due to an impairment of the vascular system development during chondrogenesis. AIM The aim of the study was to establish an association between multiple modular functions of CTGF and the phenotype and cardiovascular functions in transgenic mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bicistronic cassette was constructed using pIRES expressing vector (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). The construct harbours mouse cDNA in tandem with LacZ cDNA as a reporter gene under the control of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The plasmid was linearised with NotI restriction enzyme, and 50 ng of linearised plasmid was injected into mouse pronucleus for the chimaera production. Immunohistochemical methods were used to assess the colocalisation renin and CTGF as well as morphology and rheology of the cardiovascular system. RESULTS The chimeric mice were backcrossed against the wild-type C57BL/6 to generate hemizygous (F1) mouse. Most of the offsprings died as a result of respiratory distress and those that survived have low CTGF gene copy number, approximately 40 molecules per mouse genome. The copy number assessment on the dead pups showed 5×103 molecules per mouse genome explaining the threshold of the gene in terms of toxicity. Interestingly, the result of this cross showed 85% of the progenies to be positive deviating from Mendelian first law. All F2 progenies died excluding the possibility of establishing the CTGF transgenic mouse line, situation that compelled us to work at the level of hemizygosity. The histological characterisation of left ventricle shows cardiac hypertrophy together with decrease in body mass and alopecia, this compared to the wild type. The immunohistochemical staining of aorta root showed hyperplasia with increased expression and colocalisation of renin and CTGF demonstrating that CTGF may be involved in vascular tone control. CONCLUSION Genetic engineering is a noble avenue to investigate the function of new or existing genes. Our data have shown that CTGF transgenic mouse has cardiac and aorta root hypertrophy and abnormal renin accumulation in aorta root as compared to the wild-type animals. The transgenic animals developed alopecia and lean body mass adding two new functions on pre-existing CTGF multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Nuglozeh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition Protected against Angiotensin II-induced Adventitial Remodeling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6926. [PMID: 28761179 PMCID: PMC5537243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the metabolites of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases derived from arachidonic acid, exert important biological activities in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) hydrolyzes EETs to less biologically active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. However, the effects of sEH inhibition on adventitial remodeling remain inconclusive. In this study, the adventitial remodeling model was established by continuous Ang II infusion for 2 weeks in C57BL/6 J mice, before which sEH inhibitor 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) was administered by gavage. Adventitial remodeling was evaluated by histological analysis, western blot, immunofluorescent staining, calcium imaging, CCK-8 and transwell assay. Results showed that Ang II infusion significantly induced vessel wall thickening, collagen deposition, and overexpression of α-SMA and PCNA in aortic adventitia, respectively. Interestingly, these injuries were attenuated by TPPU administration. Additionally, TPPU pretreatment overtly prevented Ang II-induced primary adventitial fibroblasts activation, characterized by differentiation, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis via Ca2+-calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling pathway in vitro. In summary, our results suggest that inhibition of sEH could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat adventitial remodeling related disorders.
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He RQ, Tang XF, Zhang BL, Li XD, Hong MN, Chen QZ, Han WQ, Gao PJ. Protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 contribute to angiotensin II-induced activation of adventitial fibroblasts from rat aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:517-23. [PMID: 27012211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can be activated by angiotensin II (Ang II) and exert pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory effects in vascular remodeling. Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and 2 play a significant role in fibrogenic and inflammatory diseases. The present study hypothesized that PAR1 and PAR2 are involved in Ang II-induced AF activation and contribute to adventitial remodeling. We found that direct activation of PAR1 and PAR2 with PAR1-AP and PAR2-AP led to AF activation, including proliferation and differentiation of AFs, extracellular matrix synthesis, as well as production of pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Furthermore, PAR1 and PAR2 mediated Ang II-induced AF activation, since both PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists inhibited Ang II-induced proliferation, migration, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and production of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in AFs. Finally, mechanistic study showed that Ang II, via Ang II type I receptor (AT1R), upregulated both PAR1 and PAR2 expression, and transactivated PAR1 and PAR2, as denoted by internalization of both proteins. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR1 and PAR2 play a critical role in Ang II-induced AF activation, and this may contribute to adventitia-related pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Na Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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16
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Marinković G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V. The Ins and Outs of Small GTPase Rac1 in the Vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:91-102. [PMID: 26036474 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases forms a 20-member family within the Ras superfamily of GTP-dependent enzymes that are activated by a variety of extracellular signals. The most well known Rho family members are RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42), and Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), which affect intracellular signaling pathways that regulate a plethora of critical cellular functions, such as oxidative stress, cellular contacts, migration, and proliferation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the role of GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. Whereas most recent reviews focus on the role of vascular Rac1 in endothelial cells, in the present review we also highlight the functional involvement of Rac1 in other vascular cells types, namely, smooth muscle cells present in the media and fibroblasts located in the adventitia of the vessel wall. Collectively, this overview shows that Rac1 activity is involved in various functions within one cell type at distinct locations within the cell, and that there are overlapping but also cell type-specific functions in the vasculature. Chronically enhanced Rac1 activity seems to contribute to vascular pathology; however, Rac1 is essential to vascular homeostasis, which makes Rac1 inhibition as a therapeutic option a delicate balancing act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Marinković
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Eberson LS, Sanchez PA, Majeed BA, Tawinwung S, Secomb TW, Larson DF. Effect of lysyl oxidase inhibition on angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension, remodeling, and stiffness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124013. [PMID: 25875748 PMCID: PMC4395147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that angiotensin II (Ang II) induces altered vascular stiffness through responses including both structural and material remodeling. Concurrent with remodeling is the induction of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) through which ECM proteins are cross-linked. The study objective was to determine the effect of LOX mediated cross-linking on vascular mechanical properties. Three-month old mice were chronically treated with Ang II with or without the LOX blocker, β -aminopropionitrile (BAPN), for 14 days. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) from Doppler measurements of the aortic flow wave was used to quantify in vivo vascular stiffness in terms of an effective Young’s modulus. The increase in effective Young’s modulus with Ang II administration was abolished with the addition of BAPN, suggesting that the material properties are a major controlling element in vascular stiffness. BAPN inhibited the Ang II induced collagen cross-link formation by 2-fold and PWV by 44% (P<0.05). Consistent with this observation, morphometric analysis showed that BAPN did not affect the Ang II mediated increase in medial thickness but significantly reduced the adventitial thickness. Since the hypertensive state contributes to the measured in vivo PWV stiffness, we removed the Ang II infusion pumps on Day 14 and achieved normal arterial blood pressures. With pump removal we observed a decrease of the PWV in the Ang II group to 25% above that of the control values (P=0.002), with a complete return to control values in the Ang II plus BAPN group. In conclusion, we have shown that the increase in vascular stiffness with 14 day Ang II administration results from a combination of hypertension-induced wall strain, adventitial wall thickening and Ang II mediated LOX ECM cross-linking, which is a major material source of vascular stiffening, and that the increased PWV was significantly inhibited with co-administration of BAPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance S. Eberson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Pablo A. Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Beenish A. Majeed
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Supannikar Tawinwung
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Secomb
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Larson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Tian X, Cui M, Zhao S. Safflower yellow inhibits angiotensin II-induced adventitial fibroblast proliferation and migration. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:107-14. [PMID: 25231558 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14055fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower yellow (SY) has been widely used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular disease. Recent studies have indicated that SY has a reverse effect on vascular remodeling (VR). However, its detailed mechanisms require further study to provide more scientific evidence for the clinical treatment of VR. This study aims to investigate the effects of SY on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AFs). The proliferation and migration rates of AFs treated with Ang II for 24 h were higher than those of untreated AFs; and increases in the expression of p-ERK1/2, AP-1, collagen I, and collagen III were observed. Treatment with SY significantly downregulated cell proliferation, migration, and the expression of p-ERK1/2, AP-1, collagen I, and collagen III. We also found that the cell percentage of apoptosis of AFs treated with Ang II for 24 h was lower than those of untreated AFs. After treatment with SY, the percentage of apoptosis was increased. SY exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic activities in rat aortic AFs, perhaps through the Ang II/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. The present findings may provide new clues regarding the potential function of SY to treat or prevent VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, China
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Morales MG, Vazquez Y, Acuña MJ, Rivera JC, Simon F, Salas JD, Alvarez Ruf J, Brandan E, Cabello-Verrugio C. Angiotensin II-induced pro-fibrotic effects require p38MAPK activity and transforming growth factor beta 1 expression in skeletal muscle cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1993-2002. [PMID: 22964022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders are typically characterised by excessive connective tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition that preclude the normal healing of different tissues. Several skeletal muscle dystrophies are characterised by extensive fibrosis. Among the factors involved in skeletal muscle fibrosis is angiotensin II (Ang-II), a key protein of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). We previously demonstrated that myoblasts responded to Ang-II by increasing the ECM protein levels mediated by AT-1 receptors, implicating an Ang-II-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent mechanism. In this paper, we show that in myoblasts, Ang-II induced the increase of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression through its AT-1 receptor. This effect is dependent of the NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)-induced ROS, as indicated by a decrease of the expression of both pro-fibrotic factors when the ROS production was inhibited via the NOX inhibitor apocynin. The increase in pro-fibrotic factors levels was paralleled by enhanced p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to Ang-II. However, only the p38MAPK activity was critical for the Ang-II-induced fibrotic effects, as indicated by the decrease in the Ang-II-induced TGF-β1 and CTGF expression and fibronectin levels by SB-203580, an inhibitor of the p38MAPK, but not by U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that the Ang-II-dependent p38MAPK activation, but not the ERK1/2 phosphorylation, was necessary for the NOX-derived ROS. In addition, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 expression was required for the Ang-II-induced pro-fibrotic effects evaluated by using SB-431542, an inhibitor of TGF-βRI kinase activity, and by knocking down TGF-β1 levels by shRNA technique. These results strongly suggest that the fibrotic response to Ang-II is mediated by the AT-1 receptor and requires the p38MAPK phosphorylation, NOX-induced ROS, and TGF-β1 expression increase mediated by Ang-II in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Morales
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Centro de Regeneración y Envejecimiento, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhao XY, Li L, Zhang JY, Liu GQ, Chen YL, Yang PL, Liu RY. Atorvastatin prevents left ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int Heart J 2011; 51:426-31. [PMID: 21173520 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.51.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Statins improve left ventricular (LV) remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). This study was designed to investigate the effects of atorvastatin administered in the early stage on LV remodeling in SHRs, and to explore the underlying mechanisms.Sixteen male 8-week-old SHRs were randomized to receive distilled water (SHR-DW) or atorvastatin (SHR-ATV) for 12 weeks. Age-matched male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats gavaged with distilled water served as controls. LV remodeling was evaluated, myocardial CTGF expression levels were detected using Western blotting, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected with the TUNEL method.Compared with WKY and SHR-DW, atorvastatin treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure in SHRs; atorvastatin significantly inhibited LV remodeling, as indicated by the reduced LV weight/body weight ratio (SHR-ATV: 4.0 ± 0.4 versus SHR-DW: 4.7 ± 0.4 mg/g, P < 0.05), cardiomyocyte diameter (SHR-ATV: 16.2 ± 2.8 versus SHR-DW: 19.0 ± 1.0 µm, P < 0.05), and interstitial fibrosis (SHR-ATV: 3.3 ± 2.1 versus SHR-DW: 4.5 ± 1.8%, P < 0.05). Compared with WKY, myocardial CTGF expression was significantly increased and cardiomyocyte apoptosis decreased in SHRs. Compared with the SHR-DW group, atorvastatin treatment significantly inhibited myocardial CTGF expression (SHR-ATV: 0.69 ± 0.21 versus SHR-DW: 1.12 ± 0.27, P < 0.05) and induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in SHRs (SHR-ATV: 5.2 ± 0.6 versus SHR-DW: 1.9 ± 0.3%, P < 0.05).The results indicate that early-stage administration of atorvastatin effectively prevented LV remodeling in SHRs, and that inhibition of myocardial CTGF expression and induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
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Connective tissue growth factor induction in a pressure-overloaded heart ameliorated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker olmesartan. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:1305-11. [PMID: 20944640 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted protein that regulates fibrosis. We hypothesized that CTGF is induced in a pressure-overloaded (PO) heart and that blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor would reduce CTGF expression. Accordingly, we administered olmesartan and compared its effects with other antihypertensive drugs in a PO heart. CTGF induction was determined in a rat PO model, and olmesartan, hydralazine or saline was continuously administered. The effects of olmesartan on CTGF induction, myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis were evaluated. The effect of olmesartan on cardiac function was also examined in CTGF- and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-infused rats. CTGF was increased in the PO heart 3 days after aortic banding and was markedly distributed around the perivascular fibrotic area. After 28 days, blood pressure was not significantly different in the olmesartan and hydralazine groups, but olmesartan treatment reduced CTGF distribution in PO hearts. Olmesartan was associated with a significantly reduced myocyte hypertrophy index (4.77±0.48 for olmesartan and 6.05±1.45 for saline, P<0.01), fibrosis area (32.0±15.5% compared with the saline group, P<0.05) and serum TGF-β1 level (62.6±10.6 ng ml⁻¹ for olmesartan and 84.4±7.2 ng ml⁻¹ for hydralazine, P<0.05). In addition, cardiac function was significantly preserved in the olmesartan group compared with the saline group. Finally, olmesartan ameliorated the cardiac dysfunction in CTGF- and TGF-β1-infused rats. Olmesartan attenuated CTGF induction, reduced perivascular fibrosis and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction in a PO heart. Our results provide insight into the beneficial effects of olmesartan on PO hearts, independent of blood-pressure lowering.
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Role of extracellular matrix in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:187-94. [PMID: 20040870 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328335eec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness due to alterations in extracellular matrix is one of the mechanisms responsible for increased peripheral resistance in hypertension. Recent evidence points to arterial stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology of extracellular matrix proteins involved in hypertension-associated vascular changes. RECENT FINDINGS The vascular extracellular matrix is a complex heterogeneous tissue comprising collagens, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These constituents not only provide mechanical integrity to the vessel wall but also possess a repertoire of insoluble ligands that induce cell signaling to control proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. It is now evident that it is not only the quantity but also the quality of the new synthesized extracellular matrix that determines changes in vascular stiffness in hypertension. Also, the control of cross-linking and the interactions between the extracellular matrix and vascular cells seem to be important. SUMMARY It is now evident that some of the currently used antihypertensive therapies can correct vascular stiffness and fibrosis. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in extracellular matrix in hypertension will provide insights into novel therapies to reduce arterial stiffness and will identify new roles of established antihypertensive drugs.
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Gallego-Delgado J, Connolly SB, Lázaro A, Sadlier D, Kieran NE, Sugrue DD, Doran P, Brady HR, Osende J, Egido J. Transcriptome of hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression by antihypertensive therapies. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:347-57. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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