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Tu G, Jiang N, Chen W, Liu L, Hu M, Liao B. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise interventions in autistic individuals. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0058. [PMID: 39083671 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a pervasive and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication difficulties and rigid, repetitive behaviors. Owing to the complex pathogenesis of autism, effective drugs for treating its core features are lacking. Nonpharmacological approaches, including education, social-communication, behavioral and psychological methods, and exercise interventions, play important roles in supporting the needs of autistic individuals. The advantages of exercise intervention, such as its low cost, easy implementation, and high acceptance, have garnered increasing attention. Exercise interventions can effectively improve the core features and co-occurring conditions of autism, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. Abnormal changes in the gut microbiome, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity may individually or interactively be responsible for atypical brain structure and connectivity, leading to specific autistic experiences and characteristics. Interestingly, exercise can affect these biological processes and reshape brain network connections, which may explain how exercise alleviates core features and co-occurring conditions in autistic individuals. In this review, we describe the definition, diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and current support strategies for autism; highlight the benefits of exercise interventions; and call for individualized programs for different subtypes of autistic individuals. Finally, the possible neurobiological mechanisms by which exercise improves autistic features are comprehensively summarized to inform the development of optimal exercise interventions and specific targets to meet the needs of autistic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghong Tu
- Department of Sports Medicine, 47878 Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, 47878 Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Graduate School, 47878 Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Graduate School, 47878 Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
| | - Lining Liu
- Graduate School, 47878 Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, 47878 Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
| | - Bagen Liao
- Department of Sports Medicine, 47878 Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, 47878 Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University , Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, P.R. China
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Baldwin E, Kinsella S, Byrne PJ. The Reliability of Field-Based Static and Dynamic Balance Tests in Primary School-Aged Autistic Children. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:640. [PMID: 39199036 PMCID: PMC11351773 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has proven that the balance of autistic children is poor. However, the reliability of assessing balance in this cohort has been inadequately researched. This study therefore aimed to examine if field-based static and dynamic balance tests can be reliably assessed in autistic children, to determine the number of familiarisation sessions required and whether autistic severity impacts on the reliability of these balance tests. The balance of eighteen primary school-aged autistic children was assessed three times a week over five weeks, using the flamingo balance test, a modified version of the balance error scoring system (BESS), the low beam walking test, and the heel to toe walking test. Reliability criteria included an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) level of ≥0.75 and a coefficient of variance (CV%) of ≤46% for the low beam walking test, the heel to toe walking test, and the BESS, and a CV% of ≤82% or the flamingo balance test. Inter-session reliability was achieved and required the least number of familiarisation sessions for the flamingo balance test, compared to the low beam walking test, which required a greater number of familiarisation sessions to achieve inter-session reliability. The heel to toe walking test and the BESS achieved inter-session reliability and familiarisation in an acceptable time frame. Due to the large CV% values reported in the current study, practitioners need to be aware that balance interventions need to achieve improvements greater than the CV% in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J. Byrne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (E.B.); (S.K.)
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Mok KM, Sze CHH, Yu CCW, Mak E, Chan DFY, Wong SWL. A Self-Narrative Study: Changes in Physical Ability and Social Communication in Children with Autism through Taekwondo Training with Elements of Music Therapy from the Parents' Perspective. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:530. [PMID: 39062353 PMCID: PMC11273390 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) significantly affects social and motor skills development in early, middle or even late childhood. To promote social and motor skills development among autistic children, an intervention consisting of Taekwondo and elements of music therapy was designed and implemented in Hong Kong. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effectiveness of this training, based on parents' observations of their children who had completed the key stage of the training. Thirteen parents or caregivers (n = 13) whose children with autism participated in our Taekwondo training for two months were interviewed. Three major themes were identified by thematic analysis: (A) social skills-related change after the intervention, (B) motor skills-related change after the intervention, (C) characteristics of the intervention (i.e., session arrangement, tutor/coach attitude). Our findings show that our training was perceived by parents to have a significant impact on the promotion of physical ability and social communication in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Ming Mok
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Corliss H. H. Sze
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.H.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Clare C. W. Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.H.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Emma Mak
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (C.H.H.S.); (E.M.)
- Independent Researcher, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dorothy F. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Simpson W. L. Wong
- Center for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
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Orhan BE, Uzunçayır D, Canlı U, Karaçam A, Özdemir AS, Popa C, Iconomescu TM, Talaghir LG. Finding Stability-A Case Report on the Benefits of Adapted Kata Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:523. [PMID: 38790518 PMCID: PMC11119168 DOI: 10.3390/children11050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of an Adapted Kata Training Program (AKTP) in enhancing balance for a 10-year-old child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), employing a mixed-model approach for data collection. Over 12 weeks, the AKTP demonstrated significant improvements in the child's balance abilities, with an 11% increase in static balance, 8% in proprioceptive, 12% in horizontal, and 14% in vertical balance performance. These improvements persisted in a follow-up assessment after four weeks. Observations by the child's mother corroborated the above findings. Consequently, this research suggests the AKTP as a valuable non-pharmacological intervention to improve balance in children with ASD. However, further studies are necessary to validate these results and explore the impact on additional developmental domains, such as cognitive and motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Erhan Orhan
- Faculty of Sport Science, Istanbul Aydın University, 34295 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Uzunçayır
- Institute of Educational Sciences, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye;
| | - Umut Canlı
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Türkiye;
| | - Aydın Karaçam
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, 10250 Bandırma, Türkiye;
| | - Ali Selman Özdemir
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Istanbul Topkapı University, 34087 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Cristian Popa
- Faculty of Physical Educațion and Sport, Ovidius University from Constanța, 900527 Constanta, Romania;
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Date S, Munn E, Frey GC. Postural balance control interventions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review. Gait Posture 2024; 109:170-182. [PMID: 38320424 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural control (PC) disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with its severity. Varied sensorimotor interventions have been used for the management of these symptoms. However, there is a lack of a review elucidating all the available postural control interventions in ASD. RESEARCH QUESTION To comprehensively present the variety of interventions targeted at improving PC in ASD and to provide future research recommendations. METHODS PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases were searched for publications examining the effects of PC targeting interventions in those with ASD. Included articles were in English, published after 2000 in the peer-reviewed journals with full text available and used intervention targeted at improving PC or balance with a predefined objective outcome measure for accessing PC or balance. Initial database search yielded 1022 studies and 21 articles were included in this review after screening. RESULTS We identified diverse PC interventions including animal assisted therapies, karate/martial arts, aquatic exercises, virtual reality-based training, standard and customized exercises, and physical activity programs. The effect of long- and short-term interventions on PC improvement in children and adults with ASD is mixed. Future research should focus on undertaking randomized controlled trials with large sample size and participants with varying severity of ASD to improve generalizability of the study findings. The lack of population-specific, reliable, and validated motor outcome measures including neuro-imaging techniques should be addressed. SIGNIFICANCE While many of the interventions improved PC in those with ASD, the sample size and methodological quality of the studies was highly variable. There are limited studies exploring the long-term effects of the interventions. Rigorous study methods with population-specific objective outcome measures are warranted to draw generalizable conclusions regarding the PC interventions in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Date
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1025 E 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Emily Munn
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 820 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Georgia C Frey
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1025 E 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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González León N, González-Olguín A. [Motor intervention strategies on postural control in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review]. Rehabilitacion (Madr) 2024; 58:100820. [PMID: 37913716 DOI: 10.1016/j.rh.2023.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has varied characteristics with an impact at the social, communicative and sensorimotor (SM) level. An SM feature is postural control (PC) problems. There are various motor intervention strategies (MIS), but the benefit over LC is something that has been analyzed less extensively. The objective was to describe the MIS and its results on the PC of children and adolescents with ASD. A search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane was performed. A total of eight articles met the eligibility criteria. All MIS showed beneficial results on the improvement of PC. The MIS were of a varied nature (dance practice, personalized physical activity, video games, Tai Chi Chuan, Taekwondo and virtual reality). It is necessary to improve the designs and consider the risks of bias, since they limit the scope of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N González León
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - A González-Olguín
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Estudios del Movimiento Humano, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
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Ben Hassen I, Abid R, Ben Waer F, Masmoudi L, Sahli S, Driss T, Hammouda O. Intervention Based on Psychomotor Rehabilitation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD: Effect on Postural Control and Sensory Integration. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1480. [PMID: 37761443 PMCID: PMC10529430 DOI: 10.3390/children10091480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Postural stability and control are essential motor skills for successfully performing various activities of daily living. However, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit significant sensorimotor impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of psychomotricity training on postural control (PC) of children with ASD. We recruited thirty children (age = 8.01 ± 1.2; weight = 31.66 ± 8.1 kg; height = 129.7 ± 10.8 cm) diagnosed with ASD (intellectual quotient > 50) to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 16) and control group (n = 14). Children in the experimental group were trained with psychomotor activities two times a week for nine weeks. Statistic postural balance was assessed before and after intervention and on different vision conditions. The results showed that the psychomotor training significantly improved PC in standing position under different conditions when compared to the control group, in all parameters (CoPA; CoPLX; CoPLy) (p < 0.01). Our preliminary findings suggest the usefulness of the psychomotor training in children with ASD on static PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Hassen
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3026, Tunisia; (I.B.H.); (O.H.)
| | - Rihab Abid
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia;
| | - Fatma Ben Waer
- Research Laboratory, Education Motricité Sport et Santé EM2S LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (F.B.W.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Liwa Masmoudi
- Research Laboratory, Education Motricité Sport et Santé EM2S LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (F.B.W.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory, Education Motricité Sport et Santé EM2S LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (F.B.W.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, 92001 Nanterre, France
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax 3026, Tunisia; (I.B.H.); (O.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, 92001 Nanterre, France
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Kim J, Kim Y, Seo DC, Han S. A qualitative investigation of health benefits through a modified Taekwondo activity among nursing home residents. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:232. [PMID: 37069507 PMCID: PMC10108803 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03749-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies suggest that Taekwondo is an effective intervention in increasing physical functions among older adults. This study is intended to focus on a multitude of health benefits of participation in a modified Taekwondo activity for nursing home residents in the U.S. METHODS This qualitative study used semi-structured, in-depth interviews with seven participants consisting of 2 males and 5 females older adults from a community nursing home. The interview protocol included content mapping and content mining interview questions. The study followed the five steps of constant comparative analysis. RESULTS Four main themes were identified as health benefits resulting from a modified Taekwondo participation: (a) promoting mental health, (b) increasing physical functions, (c) stimulating cognitive abilities, and (d) facilitating positive social interaction. DISCUSSION This study indicates modified Taekwondo can be instrumental in promoting their physical functioning, cognitive functioning, social interactions, and mental health. Practical implications and further discussion are addressed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyoung Kim
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Yongseop Kim
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Dong-Chul Seo
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Sua Han
- Department of Sports Coaching, Osan University, Osan, South Korea
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Fears NE, Sherrod GM, Templin TN, Bugnariu NL, Patterson RM, Miller HL. Community-based postural control assessment in autistic individuals indicates a similar but delayed trajectory compared to neurotypical individuals. Autism Res 2023; 16:543-557. [PMID: 36627838 PMCID: PMC10023334 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autistic individuals exhibit significant sensorimotor differences. Postural stability and control are foundational motor skills for successfully performing many activities of daily living. In neurotypical development, postural stability and control develop throughout childhood and adolescence. In autistic development, previous studies have focused primarily on individual age groups (e.g., childhood, adolescence, adulthood) or only controlled for age using age-matching. Here, we examined the age trajectories of postural stability and control in autism from childhood through adolescents using standardized clinical assessments. In study 1, we tested the postural stability of autistic (n = 27) and neurotypical (n = 41) children, adolescents, and young adults aged 7-20 years during quiet standing on a force plate in three visual conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), and eyes open with the head in a translucent dome (Dome). Postural sway variability decreased as age increased for both groups, but autistic participants showed greater variability than neurotypical participants across age. In study 2, we tested autistic (n = 21) and neurotypical (n = 32) children and adolescents aged 7-16 years during a dynamic postural control task with nine targets. Postural control efficiency increased as age increased for both groups, but autistic participants were less efficient compared to neurotypical participants across age. Together, these results indicate that autistic individuals have a similar age trajectory for postural stability and control compared to neurotypical individuals, but have lower postural stability and control overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Fears
- University of Michigan, 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48170, USA
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Health Professions, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- Louisiana State University, 50 Fieldhouse Dr. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70802, USA
| | - Gabriela M. Sherrod
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Health Professions, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Tylan N. Templin
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Health Professions, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Nicoleta L. Bugnariu
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Health Professions, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- University of the Pacific, School of Health Sciences, 155 Fifth St., San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Rita M. Patterson
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Haylie L. Miller
- University of Michigan, 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48170, USA
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Health Professions, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
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Zaghlul N, Goh SL, Razman R, Danaee M, Chan CK. Test-retest reliability of the single leg stance on a Lafayette stability platform. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280361. [PMID: 36649257 PMCID: PMC9844846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The validity and reliability of the Lafayette stability platform are well-established for double leg testing. However, no evaluation of single leg (SL) stance on the platform was discovered yet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reliability of conducting the SL stance on the Lafayette platform. Thirty-six healthy and active university students (age 23.2 ± 3.2 years; BMI 21.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2) were tested twice, one week apart (week 1; W1, week 2; W2). They stood on their dominant leg with eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) in random order. Three successful trials of 20 seconds each were recorded. The duration during which the platform was maintained within 0° of tilt was referred to as time in balance (TIB). At all-time points, TIB was consistently longer in EO (EOW1: 17.02 ± 1.04s; EOW2: 17.32 ± 1.03s) compared to EC (ECW1: 11.55 ± 1.73s; ECW2: 13.08 ± 1.82s). A ±10 seconds difference was demonstrated in the Bland-Altman analysis in both EO and EC. Lower standard error of measurement (SEM) and coefficient of variation (CV) indicated consistent output. High intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were seen between weeks (EO = 0.74; EC = 0.76) and within weeks (EOW1 = 0.79; EOW2 = 0.86; ECW1 = 0.71; ECW2 = 0.71). Although statistical measures (i.e., SEM, CV, and ICC) indicated good reliability of Lafayette for SL tasks, the wide agreement interval is yet to be clinically meaningful. Factors underlying the wide variation need to be identified before Lafayette is used for TIB assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureen Zaghlul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Li Goh
- SEMREG, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rizal Razman
- Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (RR); (CKC)
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chow Khuen Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (RR); (CKC)
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Bodnar I, Pavlova I, Hamade A. Inclusive physical education program of schoolchildren with autism spectrum disorders. HEALTH, SPORT, REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.34142/hsr.2022.08.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose was to develop an inclusive physical education program for schoolchildren with ASD and experimentally test its effectiveness.
Materials and methods: An inclusive physical education curriculum for children with ASD was made up and incorporated into the process of physical education in secondary schools. At the beginning and the end of the pedagogical experiment, 12-year-old children were tested in the experimental (involved in the author's program, n=9) and control groups (involved in the traditional curriculum, n=11). The indicators of psychophysical fitness of children were determined according to the results of 19 test exercises. The reliability of the differences was determined by the Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Under the influence of the author's program, physical fitness of children of the experimental group improved significantly. Whereas the trend towards improving almost all indicators of the physical fitness of children with ASD in the traditional program has not been confirmed statistically. The traditional physical education program was most effective in promoting flexibility (inclinations forward) and coordination (passing and catching a ball against a wall) in children with ASD.
Conclusions: The author's program was proven to be significantly more effective than the traditional ones in the formation of the strength of shoulder extensors and hand flexors, fine coordination of hand muscles, the speed-strength of leg muscles, and balance. This allows us to recommend it for use in physical education lessons in institutions of general secondary education.
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Pierantozzi E, Morales J, Fukuda DH, Garcia V, Gómez AM, Guerra-Balic M, Carballeira E. Effects of a Long-Term Adapted Judo Program on the Health-Related Physical Fitness of Children with ASD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16731. [PMID: 36554612 PMCID: PMC9779502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical fitness is one of the most important physical and mental health aspects for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study aimed to test the effects of a long-term adapted judo program on the health-related physical fitness of children with ASD. The participants were recruited from various associations of families and schools for children with special needs. Twenty-one children were assigned to an experimental group and nineteen to a control group. The experimental group participated in a six-month adapted judo program consisting of 90 min of practice each week. Health-related physical fitness was measured using the indicators obtained from the ALPHA-fitness battery, the estimated VO2max and the waist/height ratio0.5. Changes within and between groups were analyzed using linear mixed models for repeated measures designs and test-retest reliability of tests requiring a maximum score using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). A judo program tailored for children with ASD can improve the cardio-metabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness of its participants. The problems involved with administering physical aptitude tests that involve maximum effort or performance in children with ASD cast serious doubts on the reproducibility of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 1700 Genoa, Italy
| | - José Morales
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna—Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David H. Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Vanessa Garcia
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna—Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia M. Gómez
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna—Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna—Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, 15179 Oleiros, Spain
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Morales J, Pierantozzi E, Fukuda DH, Garcia V, Guerra-Balic M, Sevilla-Sánchez M, Carballeira E. Improving motor skills and psychosocial behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder through an adapted judo program. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1067310. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an adapted judo program on the motor skills and psychosocial abilities of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).MethodsAll participants had been diagnosed with ASD and were assessed twice, one time at the start of the intervention and again 6 months later, with the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) and the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition (GARS-3). A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was carried out in order to evaluate these assessments, and a mediation analysis was done to determine the relationship between them.ResultsThe experimental group significantly improved (p < 0.05) from the pre-test to the post-test for several subtests of the TGMD-3 and the GARS-3.ConclusionThe study shows that participation in an adapted judo program clearly helps to improve the motor skills and psychosocial behaviors of children with ASD.
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Hariri R, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Mohammadi F, Memari AH, Oskouie IM, Haghparast A. An Overview of the Available Intervention Strategies for Postural Balance Control in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 2022:3639352. [PMID: 36452121 PMCID: PMC9705119 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3639352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural instability is a prevalent issue among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that affects the development of their perceptual-motor skills and social functioning. Visual and somatosensory processing deficits, hypotonia, basal ganglia dysfunction, and anxiety are some of the concurrent disorders in individuals with ASD. Nevertheless, a definite management protocol for postural instability in ASD has not been introduced yet. Hence, we aim to shed light on the available intervention strategies for postural instability in individuals with ASD. METHODS Even though several studies have been conducted on the effects of various interventions for balance control in individuals with ASD, no study has compared their efficacy, limitations, and clinical implications. RESULTS This review discusses diverse proposed interventions contributing to ASD postural instability, including martial arts, water-based interventions, animal-assisted therapies, trampoline, balance training, vestibular therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation, sports, play, and active recreation for kids (SPARK), and square-stepping exercise (SSE). CONCLUSION Enhancing motor skills, cerebellum function, and sensory input integration were some of the main mechanisms of these interventions to improve balance control in ASD. Some interventions, such as water-based exercises and video games, were enjoyable for children with ASD and could raise their treatment adherence. In most studies, small sample sizes and the lack of a control group represented their major limitations. Therefore, future well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to assess the effects of available interventions on postural control in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeeh Hariri
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Memari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Menbari Oskouie
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afarin Haghparast
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Djordjević M, Memisevic H, Potic S, Djuric U. Exercise-Based Interventions Aimed at Improving Balance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 129:90-119. [PMID: 34936828 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211060231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have deficits in motor skills, especially balance. This article presents a meta-analytic review of 15 intervention studies that aimed to improve balance in children and adolescents with ASD. Across these studies, there were 195 participants with ASD for whom pre-intervention and post-intervention balance scores were available. We measured the standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) between their pre-intervention and post-intervention balance scores and found a large, positive effect from these balance interventions (standardized mean difference-1.82 (95% CI [1.34, 2.29])). Various balance intervention procedures were shown to be very efficacious for children and adolescents with ASD. Clearly, balance is a motor skill that is very susceptible to intervention efforts. We also provided recommendations to researchers regarding what information to include when conducting intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Djordjević
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 54801University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Haris Memisevic
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, 112354University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Srecko Potic
- High Medical College for Professional Studies "Milutin Milanković", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Djuric
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 54801University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
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Amonkar N, Su WC, Bhat AN, Srinivasan SM. Effects of Creative Movement Therapies on Social Communication, Behavioral-Affective, Sensorimotor, Cognitive, and Functional Participation Skills of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:722874. [PMID: 34867515 PMCID: PMC8637167 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting multiple developmental domains including social communication, behavioral-affective, sensorimotor, and cognitive systems. There is growing evidence for the use of holistic, whole-body, Creative Movement Therapies (CMT) such as music, dance, yoga, theater, and martial arts in addressing the multisystem impairments in ASD. We conducted a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative review of the evidence to date on the effects of CMT on multiple systems in individuals with ASD. The strongest evidence, both in terms of quantity and quality, exists for music and martial arts-based interventions followed by yoga and theater, with very limited research on dance-based approaches. Our review of 72 studies (N = 1,939 participants) across participants with ASD ranging from 3 to 65 years of age suggests that at present there is consistent evidence from high quality studies for small-to-large sized improvements in social communication skills following music and martial arts therapies and medium-to-large improvements in motor and cognitive skills following yoga and martial arts training, with insufficient evidence to date for gains in affective, sensory, and functional participation domains following CMT. Although promising, our review serves as a call for more rigorous high-quality research to assess the multisystem effects of CMT in ASD. Based on the existing literature, we discuss implications of our findings for autism researchers and also provide evidence-based guidelines for clinicians to incorporate CMT approaches in their plan of care for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Amonkar
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Wan-Chun Su
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Anjana N. Bhat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sudha M. Srinivasan
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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17
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Morales J, Fukuda DH, Garcia V, Pierantozzi E, Curto C, Martínez-Ferrer JO, Gómez AM, Carballeira E, Guerra-Balic M. Behavioural Improvements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder after Participation in an Adapted Judo Programme Followed by Deleterious Effects during the COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8515. [PMID: 34444263 PMCID: PMC8394929 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The public health lockdown prompted by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which included school closures that may have potentially serious consequences for people with disabilities or special educational needs, disrupted an ongoing adapted judo training intervention in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The purpose of this study was to compare repetitive behaviours, social interaction, social communication, emotional responses, cognitive style and maladaptive speech scores across four time-points: baseline, after an eight-week control period, after an eight-week judo intervention and after an eight-week lockdown period due to COVID-19. The sample consisted of 11 children diagnosed with ASD according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-V), with an intelligence quotient (IQ) range between 60 and 70. Significant improvements were shown following the judo intervention period compared to the baseline and control periods. However, the same values significantly declined during the COVID-19 lockdown period resulting in values lower than those recorded at baseline, and following the control period and the judo intervention. The decline in psychosocial and behavioural scores are likely due to the stress caused by the sudden halt in activity and the increase in sedentary practices associated with the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Morales
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - David H. Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Vanessa Garcia
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | | | - Cristina Curto
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Josep O. Martínez-Ferrer
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Antonia M. Gómez
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, 15179 Oleiros, Spain;
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (C.C.); (J.O.M.-F.); (A.M.G.); (M.G.-B.)
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García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Romo-Pérez V, García-Soidán JL. Sex differences in postural control under unstable conditions in schoolchildren with accelerometric assessment. Gait Posture 2021; 87:81-86. [PMID: 33894466 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of balance training on unstable surfaces have been widely studied, the impact of exposure to an unstable surface in static balance throughout childhood has not been described to date. RESEARCH QUESTION How does postural stability vary between sexes in children 6-12 years of age during single leg static support on unstable surface? What are the normative values of centre of mass acceleration in the mentioned age range during such test? Is the postural stability on an unstable surface in the postural control of children aged 6-12 years during static single-leg stance. Secondarily, the normative acceleration values of the gravity centre, recorded during such tests and throughout the mentioned age range, were also provided. METHODS Descriptive, transversal study conducted with a total of 316 school children (girls = 158). The analysed variables were the mean and maximum values obtained in each of the three body axes and their root mean square during static single-leg support test on an unstable surface (a mat). FINDINGS Accelerations decreased in magnitude with the increasing age of the participants. The highest accelerometric values were recorded in the medio-lateral axis in both sexes and throughout the entire age range studied. Between sexes, the greatest differences were obtained between 8 and 11 year-olds. The regression models revealed significant values about the influence of sex on the accelerometric variables (girls were more likely to obtain less accelerations in postural adjustments with increasing age). INTERPRETATION Boys depend more on somatoaesthetic information, whereas girls would use more visual and vestibular information. In the age range of 8-11 years, the postural control system is significantly different between sexes regarding the hierarchy of the efferent information of the available postural control subsystems. Moreover, the reactions of straightening and postural control on single-leg stance are, fundamentally, flexion-extension movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universitdade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- SALBIS Research Group. Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing and Physical Therapy Department. Universidad de León, Astorga Ave. 15, 24401, Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Vicente Romo-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Jose L García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Sustainable Service-Learning in Physical Education Teacher Education: Examining Postural Control to Promote ASD Children's Well-Being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105216. [PMID: 34068915 PMCID: PMC8155850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As classrooms become more and more diverse, it is imperative to provide physical education teacher education (PETE) students with opportunities to develop competencies that promote quality education for all students. In this study, PETE students applied a physical education service-learning (SL) program aimed at enhancing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children’s motor domain and general well-being—objectives that are connected to the third focus of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Traditionally, research on SL has focused on students’ outcomes, and there is a call to examine SL’s effects on service receivers, which is the gap this paper aspires to fill. The aim of this study was to measure the postural control of children with ASD who were involved in a 6-month SL program in comparison to ASD peers in a control group. A quasi-experimental design was used in which a total of 29 children with ASD participated. The results of the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the vestibular pathways, an improvement trend in the somatosensorial and visual pathways and improvements in the dynamic tests. This study provides valuable feedback about how SL programs can benefit ASD children to improve their postural control, thus contributing to the third SDG concerned with well-being promotion.
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Ansari S, Hosseinkhanzadeh AA, AdibSaber F, Shojaei M, Daneshfar A. The Effects of Aquatic Versus Kata Techniques Training on Static and Dynamic Balance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:3180-3186. [PMID: 33206268 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the effect of a land-based and a swimming-based exercise program on balance abilities in children with autism. Thirty children were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to karate exercise, aquatic training and control groups. Participants practiced for 10 weeks, 2 sessions of 60 min per week. Before and after the 10-week intervention, static and dynamic balance tests were administered. The results showed that both interventions had a significant effect on balance abilities (p < 0.001); interestingly, we found the greater improvement in balance performance in kata techniques group. Due to the importance of balance performance on daily functions, communication and interaction skills, karate and swimming exercises can be the valuable interventions added to autism's daily programs. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials number: IRCT20180626040242N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleyman Ansari
- PhD of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Fahimeh AdibSaber
- Department of Physical Education, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Shojaei
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afkham Daneshfar
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Rivera P, Renziehausen J, Garcia JM. Effects of an 8-Week Judo Program on Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:734-741. [PMID: 32394411 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that a combination of physical activity and mind-body exercises, often seen in martial arts, may attenuate negative behaviors in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week judo program on behavioral factors in children with ASD, using a mixed-methods approach. A total of 25 children (ages 8-17), diagnosed with ASD, participated in an 8-week judo program (1 × week). Parents of participants were given the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) to compare the severity of ASD-related behavior at baseline and at the end of the program. A subset of parents (n = 9) participated in semi-structured interviews that focused on their child's behaviors during the judo program. Non-parametric paired t-tests were conducted to compare differences in the ABC scores from at baseline and at the end of the program. Interviews were coded independently by two trained researchers and categorized into behavioral themes. Participants attended an average of 7.04 ± 1.06 classes (out of 8 sessions). There were no significant changes in ABC scores, however, parent interviews revealed that 78% of parents observed improvements in both social skills and self-esteem as a result of the judo program. Despite no significant differences in ABC scores pre and post-judo, data from parent interviews indicate improvements in self-esteem and social skills. Future studies should further examine the effects of judo in a larger sample of youth with ASD, and include control conditions (e.g. no-exercise group) for comparison purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rivera
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Justine Renziehausen
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jeanette M Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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The impact of sport activities on basic motor skills of children with autism. PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2019.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Study Aim: This study aims to investigate the impact of sports training on basic motor skills of children with autism. Material and Methods: The study included sixteen children with autism who were aged between 12-16 years. The study aims to present the difference between basic motor skills of children with autism before sports training and after taking sports training for 12 weeks. The study was conducted in experimental design and compared values before and after sports training. SPSS 23.0 statistics program was used to perform statistical assessment of the data. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used for intragroup changes of fine and gross motor development, balance, life skills and self-care test data in the test battery. Results: At the end of a 12-week study, positive developments were observed in balance, catching, skipping, basic gymnastics, and some psychomotor and life skills, while no significant difference was observed in throwing skills. Based on daily life generalization, it can be said that the learned skills positively contribute to life standards of individuals with autism. Conclusions: The study results show that exercise programs also develop the physical fitness levels of children with autism. At the end of a 12-week sports training, a positive development was seen in basic motor skills and life skills. It is thought that useful results can be obtained with such exercise programs.
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Sarabzadeh M, Azari BB, Helalizadeh M. The effect of six weeks of Tai Chi Chuan training on the motor skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:284-290. [PMID: 31103109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is related to a dysfunction of central nervous system that most frequently appears at the age of three years old. There is no certain cure for this disorder; however, decreasing complications can produce positive life changes. Increasing physical activity is an appealing method for reducing behavioral disorders in ASD. Since Tai Chi Chuan training improves focus, attention to internal cues and balance, it seems to be an effective system for autistic children. MATERIALS & METHODS 18 children with ASD in the age range between 6-12 years old were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a six-week program of Tai Chi Chuan consisting of 18 sessions, limited to 60 min each. To assess motor skills, an M-ABC test was used during pre- and post-assessment. In order to analyze the data, dependent and independent T tests were used (with significance level of 0.05). RESULTS Results showed a significant difference in the subscales of ball skills and balance performance (P < 0.05) and no significant difference in the manual agility scale (P > 0.05) between the two groups. CONCLUSION According to the results, it may be concluded that forms of Tai Chi Chuan improve balance and motion coordination. Moreover, this training consists of slow motion workouts with strongly focused attention, which may lead to developed control of body motions with harmony and discipline. Therefore, Tai Chi Chuan training seems to be a helpful therapeutic program to reduce motor limitations, and these benefits can be transferred to daily life in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarabzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Science and Research Branch, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Bordbar Azari
- Founder and Chief of the Body Balance Committee, Sport for All Federation, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Helalizadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
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