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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A, Brun JF. Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2023; 53:2399-2416. [PMID: 37584843 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. METHODS A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%[Formula: see text]O2peak]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HRpeak]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax. RESULTS Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (n = 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (n = 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (n = 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40-60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg-1·min-1; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min-1. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L-1 while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h-1 and 42.8-60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (p < 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HRpeak. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax. CONCLUSION Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Ferguson BK, Wilson PB. Ordered Eating and Its Effects on Various Postprandial Health Markers: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:746-757. [PMID: 36574255 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2161664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrations in glucose, insulin, and other postprandial (PP) markers are common in obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. One potentially simple lifestyle/dietary modification to manage these issues is to change the order in which foods are consumed within meals. Carbohydrate exerts the largest effect on PP glucose, and there is some evidence that ingesting dietary fat or protein before carbohydrate delays gastric emptying of carbohydrate and reduces PP glucose. Additionally, certain dietary proteins may augment insulin release if ingested with carbohydrate, thereby improving blood glucose clearance. This review aimed to systematically evaluate evidence from acute experiments that modified the order in which foods were consumed in isocaloric meals. METHODS Outcomes of interest were PP glucose and insulin (including area under the curve for both), C-peptide, gut hormones, and perceptual responses. Three databases were searched (PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science) in February 2022. Additionally, reference lists of identified reports were searched, and an author of several studies was consulted to verify that relevant literature was included. The review included acute interventions that administered isocaloric meals of the same foods but with foods eaten in different orders. Studies were not excluded based on participant characteristics. RESULTS Eleven reports were identified. All reports that assessed glucose and insulin showed a tendency toward lower levels, at least over parts of the PP period, by consuming carbohydrates last. GLP-1 tended to be higher in carbohydrate-last conditions, though this was only measured in a few studies. Perceptual responses (hunger, fullness, etc.) were not consistently different between conditions in two studies, but the certainty of evidence was very low. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that, at least acutely, there may be benefits to eating carbohydrate after vegetable and/or protein-rich foods. The most consistent effect (judged as moderate certainty) is that carbohydrate-last meal orders tend to lower blood glucose and insulin excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Ferguson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick B Wilson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Magri CJ, Xuereb S, Xuereb RA, Fava S. Metabolic Health and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Association of Different Definitions in Women. Am J Cardiol 2023; 206:35-39. [PMID: 37677881 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of metabolic health and the metabolic syndrome is to identify subjects at a higher cardiovascular risk. However, many definitions are currently in use, and it is uncertain which is the best in identifying at-risk subjects. We performed a cross-sectional study whereby women were invited to participate and were assessed for several anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured in both common carotid arteries in each participant. The study cohort consisted of 203 white premenopausal women with a mean age of 38.3 ± 5.4 years. The prevalence of the metabolically unhealthy varied from 7.3% to 61.6%, according to the definition used. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the International Diabetes Federation, was 20.7%. Women with a metabolically unhealthy phenotype had a higher referent CIMT for all definitions of metabolic health. Defining metabolically unhealthy phenotype as having <2 abnormalities using the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (NCEP-ATPIII) cutoffs had the highest odds ratio for an abnormal CIMT. In conclusion, we found that in a contemporary cohort of middle-aged women, the NCEP-ATPIII definition of the metabolic syndrome was more strongly associated with atherosclerosis as determined by the CIMT than the International Diabetes Federation definition or other definitions of metabolic health; it was also more strongly associated than body mass index or waist circumference. Our results need to be validated by other investigators in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jane Magri
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta; Department of Cardiology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Sara Xuereb
- Department of Cardiology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Rachel-Anne Xuereb
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta; Department of Cardiology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Stephen Fava
- University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta; Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Labayen I, Aguilera CM, Ruiz JR. The role of sex in the relationship between fasting adipokines levels, maximal fat oxidation during exercise, and insulin resistance in young adults with excess adiposity. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115757. [PMID: 37598975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Previous evidence suggest that a sexual dimorphism in exercise fat oxidation and adipokines levels may explain a lower risk of cardio-metabolic disorders in women. Therefore, we investigated the role of sex in the relationship between adipokines levels, maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise and insulin resistance. METHODS Fifty young adults with excess adiposity (31 women; body fat: 38.7 ± 5.3%) were included in this study. The fasting levels of leptin, adiponectin, glucose and insulin were determined from blood samples and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) subsequently calculated. Body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry whereas MFO was estimated during an incremental-load exercise test after an overnight fasting through indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Men had lower levels of body fat (d = 1.80), adiponectin (d = 1.35), leptin (d = 0.43) and MFO (d = 1.25) than women. Conversely, men showed higher VAT (d = 0.85) and fasting glucose levels (d = 0.89). No sex differences were observed in HOMA-IR (d = 0.34). Adipokines levels were not associated with MFO in both sexes (r < 0.30), whereas adiponectin levels were inversely related with HOMA-IR in both men (r = -0.58) and women (r = -0.50). Leptin concentration was associated to HOMA-IR only in men (r = 0.41), while no statistically significant relationships were observed between MFO and HOMA-IR in both sexes (r < 0.44). CONCLUSION Insulin resistance was similar between sexes regardless of superior levels of adipokines and MFO during exercise in women. Therefore, adiponectin and leptin may regulate glucose homeostasis without altering whole body fat oxidation rate during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Research Institute in Health Pere Virgili, University Hospital of Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain; Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation (ISFOOD), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs. Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Zheng P, Ma W, Gu Y, Wu H, Bian Z, Liu N, Yang D, Chen X. High-fat diet causes mitochondrial damage and downregulation of mitofusin-2 and optic atrophy-1 in multiple organs. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:61-76. [PMID: 37534099 PMCID: PMC10390808 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat consumption promotes the development of obesity, which is associated with various chronic illnesses. Mitochondria are the energy factories of eukaryotic cells, maintaining self-stability through a fine-tuned quality-control network. In the present study, we evaluated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and dynamics protein expression in multiple organs. C57BL/6J male mice were fed HFD or normal diet (ND) for 24 weeks. Compared with ND-fed mice, HFD-fed mice exhibited increased body weight, cardiomyocyte enlargement, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic steatosis, renal and splenic structural abnormalities. The cellular apoptosis of the heart, liver, and kidney increased. Cellular lipid droplet deposition and mitochondrial deformations were observed. The proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM), fission (DRP1), autophagy (LC3 and LC3-II: LC3-I ratio), and mitophagy (PINK1) presented different changes in different organs. The mitochondrial fusion regulators mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and optic atrophy-1 (OPA1) were consistently downregulated in multiple organs, even the spleen. TOMM20 and ATP5A protein were enhanced in the heart, skeletal muscle, and spleen, and attenuated in the kidney. These results indicated that high-fat feeding caused pathological changes in multiple organs, accompanied by mitochondrial ultrastructural damage, and MFN2 and OPA1 downregulation. The mitochondrial fusion proteins may become promising targets and/or markers for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilu Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Bian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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Nagai T, Miyagami M, Okano I, Nakamura S, Okazaki Y, Sakamoto K, Kasai F, Kudo Y, Kawate N. Association of Spinal Alignment and Abdominal Circumference with Sarcopenia Status and Fall Risk in Patients with Osteoporosis: A Retrospective Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112571. [PMID: 37299534 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since vertebral kyphosis and abdominal circumference are thought to influence sarcopenia and fall risk in osteoporosis, we evaluated sarcopenia and fall risk in patients with different measurements of abdominal circumference and sagittal longitudinal axis (SVA). In this post hoc study, 227 patients aged 65 years or more who visited an outpatient osteoporosis clinic were included in the analysis. Sarcopenia was determined from lean body mass, grip strength, and walking speed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; SVA (median 40 mm) and abdominal circumference (median 80 cm) were compared between the four groups, each divided into two groups. Nutritional management, falls, and fall anxiety scores were also examined. The incidence of sarcopenia was significantly increased in those with abdominal circumference < 80 cm in both the SVA < 40 mm and SVA ≥ 40 mm groups (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the fall scores of those with SVA < 40 mm were lower than those of individuals with SVA ≥ 40 mm (p < 0.01). Based on the results of this study, SVA and abdominal circumference values may predict the risk of sarcopenia and falls. More research is needed before our results can be translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyagami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Ichiro Okano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Okazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Keizo Sakamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Fumihito Kasai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawate
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-866, Japan
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Pezzino S, Sofia M, Greco LP, Litrico G, Filippello G, Sarvà I, La Greca G, Latteri S. Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021166. [PMID: 36674680 PMCID: PMC9862076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate at which obesity is becoming an epidemic in many countries is alarming. Obese individuals have a high risk of developing elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Additionally, glaucoma is a disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation with optic neuropathy and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). On the other hand, there is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a prominent role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity. Recently, studies have begun to highlight the fact that microbiome dysbiosis could play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in the development and progression of several ocular disorders. In obese individuals, gut microbiome dysbiosis can induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammation by causing intestinal barrier malfunction. As a result, bacteria and their metabolites could be delivered via the bloodstream or mesenteric lymphatic vessels to ocular regions at the level of the retina and optic nerve, causing tissue degeneration and neuroinflammation. Nowadays, there is preliminary evidence for the existence of brain and intraocular microbiomes. The altered microbiome of the gut could perturb the resident brain-ocular microbiome ecosystem which, in turn, could exacerbate the local inflammation. All these processes, finally, could lead to the death of RGC and neurodegeneration. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the recent evidence on the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and related inflammation as common mechanisms underlying obesity and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Piero Greco
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Litrico
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippello
- Complex Operative Unit of Ophtalmology, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Iacopo Sarvà
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957263584
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Agius R, Fava MC, Pace NP, Fava S. Prevalence rates of metabolic health and body size phenotypes by different criteria and association with insulin resistance in a Maltese Caucasian population. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:160. [PMID: 35706017 PMCID: PMC9199253 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are known to be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A metabolically unhealthy phenotype is frequently used as a surrogate marker for insulin resistance. The aims of the current study were to compare the prevalence of the body size phenotypes using different definitions of metabolic health and to investigate which one of them is most strongly associated with insulin resistance in men and women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in a middle-aged cohort of Maltese Caucasian non-institutionalized population. Metabolic health was defined using the various currently used definitions. RESULTS There were significant differences in the prevalence of body size phenotypes according to the different definitions. We also found significant sex differences in the predictive value of the various definitions of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype to predict insulin resistance. The strongest association was for the definition of having >2 NCEP-ATPIII criteria to characterize the metabolic unhealthy phenotype in women (odds ratio of 19.7). On the other hand, the Aguilar-Salinas et al. definition had the strongest association in men (odds ratio of 18.7). CONCLUSIONS We found large differences in the prevalence of the various body size phenotypes when using different definitions, highlighting the need for having standard criteria. Our data also suggest the need for sex-specific definitions of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Agius
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta Medical School, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
- Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Dun Karm, Msida, MSD2090, Malta
| | | | - Nikolai Paul Pace
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta Medical School, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
| | - Stephen Fava
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta Medical School, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta.
- Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Dun Karm, Msida, MSD2090, Malta.
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Wang H, Li Y, Wang R, Ji H, Lu C, Su X. Chinese Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seed oil affects obesity through accumulation of sciadonic acid and altering the composition of gut microbiota. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Bojanić I, Sund ER, Sletvold H, Bjerkeset O. Prevalence trends of depression and anxiety symptoms in adults with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes 1995-2019: The HUNT studies, Norway. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:130. [PMID: 34465377 PMCID: PMC8406588 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common in adults with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The literature on depression and anxiety in CVDs and DM populations is extensive; however, studies examining these relationships over time, directly compared to adults without these conditions, are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate trends in depression and anxiety symptom prevalence over more than 20 years in adults with CVDs and DM compared to the general population. Methods We used data from the population-based Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, including adults (≥ 20 years) from three waves; the HUNT2 (1995–97; n = 65,228), HUNT3 (2006–08; n = 50,800) and HUNT4 (2017–19; n = 56,042). Depressive and anxiety symptom prevalence was measured independently by the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions scale (HADS) in sex-stratified samples. We analyzed associations of these common psychological symptoms with CVDs and DM over time using multi-level random-effects models, accounting for repeated measurements and individual variation. Results Overall, the CVDs groups reported higher levels of depression than those free of CVDs in all waves of the study. Further, depressive and anxiety symptom prevalence in adults with and without CVDs and DM declined from HUNT2 to HUNT4, whereas women reported more anxiety than men. Positive associations of depression and anxiety symptoms with CVDs and DM in HUNT2 declined over time. However, associations of CVDs with depression symptoms remained over time in men. Moreover, in women, DM was associated with increased depression symptom risk in HUNT2 and HUNT4. Conclusions Depression and anxiety symptoms are frequent in adults with CVDs. Further, our time trend analysis indicates that anxiety and depression are differentially related to CVDs and DM and sex. This study highlights the importance of awareness and management of psychological symptoms in CVDs and DM populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00636-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bojanić
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, PB 93, 7601, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Erik R Sund
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, PB 93, 7601, Levanger, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Levanger, Norway.,Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Hege Sletvold
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, PB 93, 7601, Levanger, Norway
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, PB 93, 7601, Levanger, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Buschur EO, Polsky S. Type 1 Diabetes: Management in Women From Preconception to Postpartum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:952-967. [PMID: 33331893 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT This review presents an up-to-date summary on management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among women of reproductive age and covers the following time periods: preconception, gestation, and postpartum. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search and review of the literature for randomized controlled trials and other studies evaluating management of T1DM before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum was performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Preconception planning should begin early in the reproductive years for young women with T1DM. Preconception and during pregnancy, it is recommended to have near-normal glucose values to prevent adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including fetal demise, congenital anomaly, pre-eclampsia, macrosomia, neonatal respiratory distress, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION Women with T1DM can have healthy, safe pregnancies with preconception planning, optimal glycemic control, and multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarit Polsky
- The University of Colorado Barbara Davis Center, Denver, CO, USA
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12
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Berdina ON, Madaeva IM, Bolshakova SE, Tsykunova MV, Sholokhov LF, Rashidova MA, Bugun OV, Rychkova LV. Circadian Melatonin Secretion In Obese Adolescents With Or Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2020.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective — To compare melatonin levels in saliva during a 24-hr day in order to identify the specificities of circadian melatonin secretion in obese adolescents with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Material and Methods — We examined 18 obese adolescents with OSA, 12 obese adolescents without OSA, and 15 healthy adolescents with a normal body weight, from whom saliva was sampled four time during the 24-hr day. Polysomnography was used to diagnose OSA. Saliva samples (n=180) were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results — Obese adolescents with OSA had higher evening melatonin levels than obese adolescents without OSA. For example, this indicator in OSA patients was 5.3 times higher than in participants without OSA, who had the lowest evening melatonin level among all groups. In both obese groups, nighttime melatonin levels were significantly lower than in the control group. A positive correlation was detected between the levels of morning and afternoon melatonin and body mass index only in obese adolescents without OSA (r=0.58; p=0.03 and r=0.68; p=0.01, respectively). It was found that evening melatonin correlated with minimum blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the entire sample of adolescents with OSA (r=-0.69; p=0.008), and it also correlated with time with SaO2 <90% in the group with clinical manifestations of OSA (r=0.76; p=0.003). Nighttime melatonin levels negatively correlated with the minimum SaO2 value solely in the group with clinical manifestations of OSA (r=-0.58; p=0.035). Conclusion — The circadian melatonin secretion in obese adolescents differed, depending on the presence or absence of OSA, and correlated with the level of oxygen desaturation in OSA patients, to a greater extent – in the presence of clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N. Berdina
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
| | - Irina M. Madaeva
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
| | | | - Maria V. Tsykunova
- Clinic of Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
| | | | | | - Olga V. Bugun
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
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13
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Diotallevi C, Fava F, Gobbetti M, Tuohy K. Healthy dietary patterns to reduce obesity-related metabolic disease: polyphenol-microbiome interactions unifying health effects across geography. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020; 23:437-444. [PMID: 32941185 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The spread of the Western lifestyle across the globe has led to a pandemic in obesity-related metabolic disease. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), Okinawa diet (OkD) and Nordic diet, derived from very different regions of the world and culinary traditions, have a large whole plant food component and are associated with reduced disease risk. This review focuses on polyphenol : microbiome interactions as one possible common mechanistic driver linking the protective effects whole plant foods against metabolic disease across healthy dietary patterns irrespective of geography. RECENT FINDINGS Although mechanistic evidence in humans is still scarce, animal studies suggest that polyphenol or polyphenol rich foods induce changes within the gut microbiota and its metabolic output of trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids and small phenolic acids. These cross-kingdom signaling molecules regulate mammalian lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation and energy storage or thermogenesis, physiological processes determining obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. However, it appears that where in the intestine metabolites are produced, the microbiota communities involved, and interactions between the metabolites themselves, can all influence physiological responses, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of the kinetics and site of production of microbial metabolites within the gut. SUMMARY Interactions between polyphenols and metabolites produced by the gut microbiota are emerging as a possible unifying protective mechanism underpinning diverse healthy dietary patterns signaling across culinary traditions, across geography and across domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Diotallevi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Freie Universität Bozen-Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Freie Universität Bozen-Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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14
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Urquidez-Romero R, Pérez-León JA, González-Rodríguez E, Moreno-Brito V, Ramos-Jiménez A. Chronic Effect of Fatmax Training on Body Weight, Fat Mass, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Obese Subjects: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217888. [PMID: 33126461 PMCID: PMC7663534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training performed at the maximal fat oxidation intensity (FMT) stands out as a potential treatment of overweight and obesity. This work is a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of studies about the effect of FMT on fat mass and maximal oxygen consumption using PubMed, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect as databases. Two independent reviewers selected 11 trials from 356 publications identified by the following keywords: fatmax, lipoxmax, maximal fat oxidation, peak of fat oxidation, physical training, physical exercise, body fat (BF), fat mass, overweight, and obesity. The risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane Guidelines. The pooled mean difference was computed for each outcome with the random-effects model and the inverse-variance method. The meta-analysis was performed with the RevMan software v 5.3, and the heterogeneity across studies by the I2. The statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results showed that the FMT reduced body weight (MD = -4.30 kg, p < 0.01, I2 = 0%), fat mass (MD = -4.03 kg, p < 0.01, I2 = 0%), and waist circumference (MD = -3.34 cm, p < 0.01). Fat-free mass remains unchanged (MD = 0.08 kg, p = 0.85), but maximal oxygen consumption increased (MD = 2.96 mL∙kg-1∙min-1, p < 0.01, I2 = 0%). We conclude that FMT at short and medium-term (eight to twenty weeks) reduces body weight and BF, increasing cardiovascular fitness in low physical fitness people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Chávez-Guevara
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (R.U.-R.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - René Urquidez-Romero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (R.U.-R.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Jorge A. Pérez-León
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (R.U.-R.); (J.A.P.-L.)
| | - Everardo González-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Verónica Moreno-Brito
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, Campus II, Chihuahua 31109, Mexico; (E.G.-R.); (V.M.-B.)
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (I.A.C.-G.); (R.U.-R.); (J.A.P.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-656-167-9309
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15
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Effect of intermittent versus continuous calorie restriction on body weight and cardiometabolic risk markers in subjects with overweight or obesity and mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized trial. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:216. [PMID: 33028352 PMCID: PMC7542333 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) is a novel method of dietary restriction for body weight control with the potential to improve obesity-related cardiometabolic markers, but the impact of this diet on subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) remains unknown. Methods Eighty-eight subjects with overweight or obesity and mild-to-moderate HTG were randomized to the continuous calorie restriction (CCR) group, or ICR group (a very low-calorie diet during 3 days of the week) for 8 weeks (44 patients in each group). Body composition, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and liver enzymes were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Results The body weight decreased in both groups (4.07 ± 1.83 kg in the CCR group and 4.57 ± 2.21 kg in the ICR group) with no significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduced amount of fat mass, fat-free mass, and waist circumference. Both groups achieved a significant reduction in plasma triglycerides after 8 weeks (by 15.6 and 6.3% in ICR and CCR groups, respectively) with no difference between treatment groups. HOMA-IR improved significantly in ICR compared to the CCR group (P = 0.03). Plasma glucose, insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver enzyme, and adiponectin were not different between the two groups. Conclusions The results of this short-term study suggest that three-days a week of the ICR is comparable to a CCR diet for the reduction of triglycerides level in patients with HTG and in the short-term it appears to be more effective than continuous dieting in improving insulin resistance. However, longer-term studies are needed to confirm these findings. Trial registration Trial registration number:NCT04143971.
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Shi TH, Wang B, Natarajan S. The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome in Predicting Mortality Risk Among US Adults: Importance of Metabolic Syndrome Even in Adults With Normal Weight. Prev Chronic Dis 2020; 17:E36. [PMID: 32441641 PMCID: PMC7279064 DOI: 10.5888/pcd17.200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) is less prevalent among normal-weight adults than among overweight and obese adults, it does occur. The objective of our study was to examine how mortality risks differed in weight categories stratified by presence/absence of MetS. Methods We linked data for US adults responding to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 through 2010 to data released from the National Death Index up to 2011. We grouped data according to categories of body mass index (normal [18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2], overweight [25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2], and obese [≥30.0 kg/m2]) and presence/absence of MetS. After conducting unadjusted analyses, we used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate mortality risk as multivariable hazard ratios among obesity–MetS categories while controlling for selected covariates. Results The analysis included 12,047 adults. The prevalence of MetS was 61.6% in the obese group, 33.2% in the overweight group, and 8.6% in the normal-weight group. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for mortality among the obesity–MetS groups, compared with the normal-weight–no-MetS group, were as follows: normal-weight–MetS (1.70 [1.16–2.51]), overweight–no-MetS (0.99 [0.77–1.28]), overweight–MetS (1.10 [0.85–1.42]), obese–no-MetS (1.08 [0.76–1.54]), and obese–MetS (1.30 [1.07–1.60]); differences were significant only for the normal-weight–MetS group and obese–MetS group. Conclusion MetS is a risk factor for mortality among normal-weight and obese adults. In our study, normal-weight adults with MetS had the highest mortality among the 6 groups studied, suggesting that interventions should also focus on MetS patients with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huai Shi
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Binhuan Wang
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Veteran Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - Sundar Natarajan
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Veteran Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York.,The Division of General Internal Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 423 E 23rd St, Room 15157, New York, NY 10010.
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