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Carollo A, Corazza O, Mantovani M, Silvestrini N, Rabin O, Esposito G. Performance-enhancing substances in sport: A scientometric review of 75 years of research. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38491903 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of performance-enhancing substances not only undermines the core values of sports but also poses significant health risks to athletes. In a fast-evolving doping environment, where sport professionals are constantly seeking novel and illegal means to bypass doping tests, and new substances are regularly detected on the drug market, it is crucial to inform authorities with updated evidence emerging from scientific research. The current study aims to (i) outline the structure of knowledge in the literature on performance enhancers in sports (i.e., most active countries, main sources, most productive authors, and most frequently used keywords); (ii) identify the most impactful documents in the field; and (iii) uncover the main domains of research in the literature. To do so, we conducted a comprehensive scientometric analysis of the literature on doping, sourcing our data from Scopus. Our research involved a document co-citation analysis of 193,076 references, leading to the identification of the 51 most influential documents and seven key thematic areas within the doping literature. Our results indicate that the scientific community has extensively studied the most prevalent doping classes, such as anabolic agents and peptide hormones, and little is still known about the use of contaminated supplements or other types of enhancers identified as emergent trends. Concurrently, technological advancements contributed to the development of more sophisticated doping detection techniques, using blood or urine samples. More recently, the focus has shifted towards the athlete biological passport, with research efforts aimed at identifying biomarkers indicative of doping. The dynamic nature of doping methods underlines the necessity for more robust educational campaigns, aiming at raising awareness among sports professionals and their entourage about the dangers of doping and the intricacies of its control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maria Mantovani
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicolò Silvestrini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Olivier Rabin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Bye K, Kohler J, Frenzel JE, Richter LM. Evaluation of a student pharmacist approach to NCAA substance education for student athletes. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:178-183. [PMID: 38171977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) requires schools to provide anti-doping education to student athletes. The purpose of this project was to assess the effectiveness of student pharmacist-led education on NCAA student athletes' knowledge of banned supplements and nutritional/dietary supplements. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Student athletes at one Midwest public university were provided a 20-min educational presentation on banned substances and nutritional and dietary supplements delivered by two student pharmacists. Student athletes were invited to complete a knowledge assessment at baseline and after the presentation. The assessment consisted of two demographic questions and 13 knowledge questions. FINDINGS Two hundred thirty-three student athletes provided matched pre- and post-intervention data for analysis. There was an increase in the mean knowledge scores (13 points maximum); 9.8 (75%) before and 11.1 (85%) after the intervention. Student athletes gained more knowledge in the topic areas of stimulant medications and identification of credible drug sources. They gained less knowledge in the topic area of anabolic steroid use. SUMMARY Student pharmacist-led education resulted in statistically significant increases in student athlete knowledge of banned substances and nutritional/dietary supplements. The educational presentation is adaptable and easily transferable to other universities. Schools of pharmacy should consider implementing student pharmacist-led education to student athletes to meet NCAA education requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Bye
- College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Jamie Kohler
- College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Jeanne E Frenzel
- College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Lisa M Richter
- College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
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Dabrowska N, Malmberg L, Nejati H, Volle CB, Røssing Witzø M, Yaman H, Gazerani P. Competence in Sports Pharmacy among Pharmacy Students in Norway. PHARMACY 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 38251397 PMCID: PMC10801607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists are competent to promote the proper use of medicines. According to the International Pharmaceutical Federation, pharmacists must develop competence in sports pharmacy and the contents of the World Anti-Doping Agency code. This explorative study aimed to identify the status of sports pharmacy in pharmacy education in Norway and competence in sports pharmacy among Norwegian pharmacy students. The study curricula of pharmacy education were examined for the content of sports pharmacy. An online questionnaire was also developed and distributed among pharmacy students. The anonymous survey collected demographic information and data on competence in sports pharmacy. Data from 122 participants were analyzed. Only 22.5% of pharmacy students had acquired a form of training in sports pharmacy and 91.7% wished to gain higher competence. In total, 40.2% of respondents were uncomfortable in advising athletes and trainers on medication use in sports. Study year was found to correlate with competence level with a significant difference between the 3rd year (bachelor) and 5th year (master) students. Age, institution, and number of years engaged in sports were not associated with competence level. The inclusion of sports pharmacy in pharmacy programs holds practical relevance for enhancing competency levels. This implementation can be realized through the integration of sports pharmacy modules and/or the incorporation of research-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dabrowska
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lone Malmberg
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hadis Nejati
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Bach Volle
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Røssing Witzø
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hatice Yaman
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
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Voravuth N, Chua EW, Tuan Mahmood TM, Lim MC, Wan Puteh SE, Safii NS, Wong JE, Jamil AT, Jamal JA, Shamsuddin AF, Mhd Ali A. Engaging community pharmacists to eliminate inadvertent doping in sports: A study of their knowledge on doping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268878. [PMID: 35687540 PMCID: PMC9187095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the community pharmacists’ knowledge of tackling the issue of inadvertent doping in Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 community pharmacists working in Malaysia using a self-administered questionnaire. All the respondents were pharmacists fully registered with the Pharmacy Board of Malaysia and had been working in the community setting for at least one year. Of the 426 community pharmacists approached, 384 community pharmacists participated in this study, giving a response rate of 90.14%. The majority of the respondents were females (63.5%), graduated from local universities (74.9%), with median years of practising as a community pharmacist of six years (interquartile range, IQR = 9 years). The respondents were found to have moderate levels of doping-related knowledge (median score of 52 out of 100). Anabolic steroids (95.8%), stimulants (78.6%) and growth factors (65.6%) were recognised as prohibited substances by most of the respondents. Around 65.9% did not recognise that inadvertent doping is also considered a doping violation. Most of them (90%) also have poor levels of knowledge of doping scenarios in the country. Community pharmacists in Malaysia have limited knowledge in the field of doping. More programmes and activities related to doping and drugs in sports should be held to enhance the community pharmacists’ knowledge on the issue of inadvertent doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontharit Voravuth
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Wee Chua
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ming Chiang Lim
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Temerloh, Pahang, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | | | - Nik Shanita Safii
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jyh Eiin Wong
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Taufik Jamil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AMA); (AFS)
| | - Adliah Mhd Ali
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (AMA); (AFS)
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OUP accepted manuscript. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022; 30:108-115. [DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Yang IK, Shin EO, Kim DG, Jung HC, Kim KJ, Ki SH. Pharmacy services for the 2019 Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Masters Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:98. [PMID: 34425886 PMCID: PMC8383403 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sports pharmacists is being emphasized in international athletic events. This study aimed to describe the pharmacy services for the 2019 Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Masters Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. METHOD Research focused on athletes and coaching staff who received medications after visiting medical centers and pharmacies located in the athletes' village from July 5 to July 29, 2019. We collected daily results of pharmacy operation and prescription interventions. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and were expressed as frequency (%). RESULTS Throughout the tournament, 633 patients received medication at the athletes' village pharmacy (gender: 338 men [53.4%], 295 women [46.6%]; nationality: 299 Korean [47.2%], 334 overseas players [52.8%]; patient type: 150 athletes [23.7%], 427 non-athletes [67.5%]). Therapy for musculoskeletal disorders was the most common (n = 29, 19.3%), and oral NSAIDs (n = 56, 22.0%) were the most frequently dispensed medication in athletes. Pharmacists intervened for 47 out of 491 prescriptions (9.6%), with dosage change (n = 21, 44.7%) being the most common intervention type. CONCLUSION Sports pharmacists at FINA World Masters Championships played a pivotal role in ensuring the safe usage of medications by all participants, especially athletes. This study results will be a useful reference for pharmacy services at future international or domestic sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyu Yang
- Gwangju Pharmaceutical Association, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ok Shin
- Gwangju Pharmaceutical Association, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyun Kim
- Gwangju Pharmaceutical Association, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Jung
- Gwangju Pharmaceutical Association, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Joon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Pilmun-daero 309, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Anderson A, Suzuki S. Reconsidering Sports Pharmacists and Anti-Doping Education as the World Celebrates the Olympic and Paralympic Games. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8695. [PMID: 34544745 PMCID: PMC8499666 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2021 presented an opportunity for pharmacists to recognize the uniqueness of sports pharmacy as a developing field and to understand the importance of anti-doping education among patient-athletes. Patient-athletes make up a distinct patient population, and pharmacists are well positioned to support athletes' therapeutic decisions. Pharmacists need to be able to search for and interpret drug information to take care of this special population appropriately. The purpose of this commentary is to facilitate a discussion on what changes or reinforcement might help train pharmacists to become equipped with adequate knowledge and skills to support safe use of drugs among patient-athletes. While effective resources and tools have become more widely available, pharmacists' awareness of and training in the field of sports pharmacy continue to be needed. No matter where they practice, pharmacists should be ready to promote "the spirit of sport" and defend the importance of "clean" sport for their patient-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kawaguchi-Suzuki
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado
- Pacific University, School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, Oregon
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Ashley Anderson
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado
- SportsOracle Limited, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Gebregergs Hailu H, Yirsaw Gobezie M, Tuha A, Mulugeta R, Ahmed Mohammed S. Doping Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacists in Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 10:43-50. [PMID: 34104633 PMCID: PMC8178700 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s311204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doping includes tampering, possession; trafficking; administration, assisting, encouraging, aiding, conspiring a prohibited substance, and an anti-doping rule violation. Doping in sports is increasing and diversifying involving physiological, mechanical, and pharmacological techniques and becoming a serious public health problem. Pharmacy professionals have a vital role in the fight against doping. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists on the use of doping agents by sportsmen and women. Methods A community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was done targeting community pharmacists of Dessie city, Northeast Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires were distributed and collected between April and March of 2018. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Linear regression was used and the level of statistical significance was set at a p-value <0.05. Results Of the 61 pharmacy professionals who participated in the study, 46 (75.4%) were males and 15 (24.6%) were females. Only 25 (41.0%) and 13 (21.3%) of the respondents said they watch and play sport regularly, respectively. The majority of the participants, 50 (82%), supported the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs in sport. The majority of the respondents, 55.7%, agree that pharmacists are a potential source of doping agents. Only 27.9% of them mentioned World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) as the source of information about doping agents. Regarding identifying the WADA status of 13 agents, the average score out of 13 was 4.95, while 80.3% of them scored less than or equal to seven. Factors associated with knowledge of participants were being male (β = 4.48, p= 0.02) and regularly watching sport (β = 2.64, p= 0.01). Conclusion Even though the pharmacists' low knowledge score revealed that they need further specialized training on doping and anti-doping, majority of them support banning doping substances from sport. Pharmacy curriculum developers should consider incorporating specific topics or courses about doping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Gebregergs Hailu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Yirsaw Gobezie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Abdu Tuha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ruth Mulugeta
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Costa BRBD, Cruz MNDSDL, Roiffé RR, Padilha MC. Suplementos alimentares: uma fonte de doping não intencional? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O excessivo consumo de suplementos alimentares, aliado a uma legislação inespecífica e a um controle de qualidade ineficiente, faz com que a saúde dos consumidores seja colocada em risco devido à possível existência de contaminantes, em especial pró-hormônios, esteroides anabolizantes e estimulantes. Estes compostos podem proporcionar um aumento do desempenho esportivo e acarretar uma série de efeitos adversos, sendo assim proibidos pela Agência Mundial Antidopagem. A contaminação de suplementos pode ocorrer de maneira deliberada ou através de más práticas de produção, em que são encontrados traços dessas substâncias. Todavia, ambos os casos exigem atenção, já que uma contaminação de apenas 0,00005% em massa pode levar ao doping. Neste sentido, estima-se que de 6,4% a 8,8% dos casos estejam relacionados ao consumo de suplementos contaminados. Perante estes fatos, os objetivos principais do trabalho foram: fazer uma revisão da literatura tanto em trabalhos nacionais quanto internacionais, no que concerne à contaminação de suplementos alimentares e sua relação com a dopagem não intencional, bem como orientar os consumidores a escolherem produtos mais seguros. Neste sentido, foi possível observar que os suplementos nacionais são, geralmente, mais seguros quanto à presença de substâncias proibidas, principalmente em relação à contaminação por agentes anabolizantes. Contudo, ainda é preciso um melhor controle de qualidade perante a contaminação/adulteração por estimulantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Rocha Roiffé
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Brasil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Bomfim JHGG. Pharmaceutical Care in Sports. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E218. [PMID: 33207610 PMCID: PMC7712766 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care in sports is a new field of work to clinical pharmacists, focused on promoting pharmacotherapeutic follow up and clinical services to athletes, physical activity practitioners and enthusiasts of any sports modality. A broad range of pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements and herbal drugs have been used historically as performance promoters, doping or ergogenic aids. In this context, the role of pharmacists in prevent adverse events, drug interactions or any drug related problems, as doping issues, was described. Its actions can be important to contribute with a multi professional clinical health team, leading athletes to use these resources in a rational way, promoting and optimizing the therapeutic when its necessary.
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DellaVecchia MJ, Marrero RJ, James JL, Vanscoy TD, Lendoiro JE. Rebooting a sports pharmacy advanced pharmacy practice experience: Utilizing medicinal chemistry as a foundational approach to get pharmacists back in the game. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:981-1003. [PMID: 32565001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To implement a sports pharmacy advanced pharmacy practice experience (SP-APPE) utilizing medicinal chemistry as a foundational approach. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A student-pharmacist and medicinal chemistry faculty member collaborated to reboot a SP-APPE. Approached from a medicinal chemistry perspective and tailored to the infrastructure of the university, three fourth-year student-pharmacists piloted the SP-APPE (fall 2017 to fall 2018). Various performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) and supplements were investigated. Student-pharmacists evaluated general knowledge of PEDs along with the perceived value of pharmacists in sports among student-athletes, athletic personnel, and pre-APPE students. FINDINGS By demonstrating how legitimate medications were chemically similar to substances banned by sports governing agencies, comparing chemical structures/pharmacophores of PEDs to those of various prescription drugs, and comprehending athletes' misuse of PEDs, student-pharmacists educated student-athletes and athletic personnel on pertinent topics spanning pharmacy and sports (e.g., marijuana, medication sharing, deciphering supplement labels). Laboratory analytical methods that detect PEDs and educational points regarding potential adverse health risks posed by PED usage were also reviewed. Survey participants (approximately 75%, n = 134) perceived pharmacists as valuable to student-athletes and athletic personnel. Student-pharmacists indicated that medicinal chemistry knowledge was strengthened by completing the APPE and relevant to their pharmacy careers. SUMMARY Based on medicinal chemistry principles, the SP-APPE provided a venue for student-pharmacists to interact with athletics, assist with drug information education, and identify drugs or supplements as chemically related to those banned by sports governing agencies. Confident in medicinal chemistry concepts, student-pharmacists translated their expertise to benefit the patient/student-athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J DellaVecchia
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States.
| | - Richard J Marrero
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
| | - Jenna L James
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States; Walgreens Pharmacy, United States.
| | - Trevor D Vanscoy
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States; CVS Pharmacy, United States.
| | - Jessica E Lendoiro
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States.
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Pharmacists as a Source of Advice on Medication Use for Athletes. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8010010. [PMID: 31952349 PMCID: PMC7151651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) specifies substances that competitive sportspersons are not allowed to take. Some of these substances are contained in common medicines used in everyday medical practice and could be used by athletes by accident. Objectives: This study aimed to explore pharmacists' knowledge and confidence in guiding athletes about the use of medicines in professional sport. Methods: Registered pharmacists in Australia were invited to participate in an online survey. The survey had five domains and aimed to identify pharmacists' demographic information, interest in sport, familiarity with WADA guidelines, knowledge on prohibited drug classes, and their opinion about the role of pharmacists in educating athletes on medication use. Descriptive statistics were provided and where appropriate, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and independent t-test were used to identify potential associations and difference between means. Results: One hundred and thirty-five pharmacists (response rate of 10.6%) completed the survey, with the majority indicating that they were not confident in advising athletes on medication use. Although most respondents believed that pharmacists have a role in the education of athletes to help avoid unintentional doping, only about a quarter indicated that they had sufficient knowledge to advise athletes. About one-half of the respondents could provide fully correct answers when asked to identify the WADA status of some commonly used drugs. Conclusions: The results of the survey indicate that upskilling is required to enable pharmacists in Australia to provide accurate medication advice to professional athletes.
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Chan SY, Lim MC, Shamsuddin AF, Tuan Mahmood TM. Knowledge, attitude and perception of Malaysian pharmacy students towards doping in sports. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yuen Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ming Chiang Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak Perak Malaysia
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Stuart M, Kwon YI, Rhie SJ. Pharmacy services at the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1105-1110. [PMID: 30894336 PMCID: PMC6818520 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacy services at large multisport events support safe and effective medication use. Our aim is to describe the contribution of pharmacists and to share the pharmacy experiences at the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Games. METHODS The data collected included the accreditation details of patients and prescribers indicating: sport, country, athlete or non-athlete status, and prescription details including: medication, strength, frequency, length of treatment, for the period of the Olympic Games (1-26 February 2018) and the Paralympic Games (5-20 March 2018). The numbers of prescriptions dispensed were analysed by medication category, sports and country of the patient. RESULTS A total of 5313 medication items were dispensed over the course of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (athletes: 670; non-athletes: 4615; unknown: 28), for a total of 2360 patients. 72 of 82 countries (87.8%) had fewer than 20 patient visits. The first high peak (Olympic: 5.0%; Paralympic: 7.3%) of daily volume of prescriptions were dispensed in the 2 days prior to the Olympic and the 1 day prior to Paralympic opening ceremonies. Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) and International Olympic Committee NeedlePolicy were well managed and compliant with the regulations. CONCLUSION Pharmacy services at major multisport games include dispensing over 5000 prescriptions, supporting the TUE and IOC Needle Policy processes and providing clinical information to athletes and prescribers on drugs in sports and the World Anti-Doping Agency regulations of drugs prohibited in sport. During the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, pharmacists played a crucial role in delivering safe and effective pharmacy service based on their expert knowledge in antidoping and the clinical use of drugs in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young In Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine (YISSEM), Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Hooper AD, Cooper JM, Schneider J, Kairuz T. Current and Potential Roles in Sports Pharmacy: A Systematic Review. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7010029. [PMID: 30875783 PMCID: PMC6473300 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate current and potential roles for pharmacists in sports medicine and to identify key themes in outcomes reported in studies. (2) Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched in January 2019. Peer-reviewed, original research articles were considered for inclusion. Articles published in a language other than English were excluded. Quality appraisal was performed independently by two authors. (3) Results: Findings of 11 eligible articles (10 observational and 1 experimental study design) were grouped into three themes: (i) doping prevention and control, (ii) injury management and first aid, and (iii) educational and curricular needs. Pharmacists were perceived as a good potential source of information about doping and are enthusiastic about counseling athletes, but lack knowledge and confidence in this area. While pharmacists were frequently consulted for advice on managing sprains and strains, their advice was not always guided by current evidence. Pharmacists and pharmacy students recalled limited opportunity for education in sports pharmacy. (4) Conclusion: Pharmacists showed a willingness and an aptitude to counsel athletes. However, lack of knowledge and confidence, and limited educational opportunities, were key barriers. More research is necessary to support pharmacists in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Hooper
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Joyce M Cooper
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Schneider
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
| | - Therése Kairuz
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
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16
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Smith-Morris AD, Lien K, Arnold BE. Pharmacist assessment to prevent inadvertent prohibited substance use among competitive strength athletes. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2018; 151:372-376. [PMID: 30559911 PMCID: PMC6293405 DOI: 10.1177/1715163518790990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Awaisu A, Khalifa S, Mottram D, Ahmed A, Stuart M. Instructional design and assessment of an elective course on the use of drugs in sport. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:1124-1131. [PMID: 30314549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use and misuse of drugs in sport is becoming increasingly important globally, and the role of pharmacists is evolving in this regard. This paper describes the design and implementation of an elective course "Drugs in Sport" in an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING The elective course was designed to introduce BSc pharmacy students to an evidence-based approach to safe, effective, and legal use of drugs in sport. The course covered why athletes take drugs, evolution of doping in sport, the international regulations regarding doping and anti-doping in sport including the World Anti-doping Agency Prohibited List, as well as testing and monitoring for drug use in sport. It also included the role of athlete support personnel (ASP) in preventing the use of prohibited substances by athletes. A web-based survey was conducted at the end of the course to assess the students' perspectives of the course. FINDINGS Students provided an evaluation of the course in terms of its content, methods of delivery, and assessment. Overall, the students demonstrated competence. They gained insight into international and national regulations regarding doping and anti-doping in sport and the potential role of pharmacists as ASP in providing support and advice for athletes and the public. SUMMARY Designing and implementing an evidence-based course on the use of drugs in sport customized for pharmacy students was achieved successfully. Such courses could provide an opportunity to advance the scope of pharmacy practice and possibly provide a new career path for future pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Awaisu
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sherief Khalifa
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - David Mottram
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Afif Ahmed
- Pharmacy Department, Women's Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mark Stuart
- BMJ Learning & Quality, British Medical Journal, London, United Kingdom.
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Howard MS, DiDonato KL, Janovick DL, Schroeder MN, Powers MF, Azzi AG, Lengel AJ. Perspectives of athletes and pharmacists on pharmacist-provided sports supplement counseling: An exploratory study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 58:S30-S36.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kantarci UH, Punduk Z, Senarslan O, Dirik A. Evaluation of anabolic steroid induced renal damage with sonography in bodybuilders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1681-1687. [PMID: 29148625 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.06763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anabolic steroids on kidneys in bodybuilders. METHODS Twenty-two bodybuilders were included in the study. Participants were divided into three groups according to the scheme of steroid usage: group 1 (N.=8, intramuscular 500 mg testosterone enanthate, intramuscular 400 mg nandrolone decanoate and oral 40 mg methandrostenolone for 12 weeks), group 2 (N.=7, intramuscular 500 mg testosterone enanthate, intramuscular 300 mg nandrolone decanoate and intramuscular 300 mg boldenone undecylenate for 16 weeks), and group 3 (N.=7, no steroid intake). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), urine micro-albumin and electrolyte levels were measured. Renal volume, cortical thickness and echogenicity were obtained in ultrasonographic scans. RESULTS Renal volume, cortical thickness, echogenicity and protein intake value were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 and 3. Plasma levels of BUN and Cr in group 2 were significantly higher than other groups (P˂0.001). Urine microalbumin and electrolyte levels were normal in all groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that high protein intake, steroid usage, particularly the schemes, including boldenone undecylenate increases cortical echogenicity, thickness of renal parenchyma and renal volume in bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut H Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Esrefpasa Hospital, Izmir, Turkey -
| | - Zekine Punduk
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Omer Senarslan
- Department of Cardiology, Special Medifema Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Dirik
- Department of Urology, Special Ege Sehir Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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DellaVecchia MJ, Claudio AM, Fairclough JL. A pharmacy student's role as a teaching assistant in an undergraduate medicinal chemistry course - Implementation, evaluation, and unexpected opportunities for educational outreach. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2017; 9:1080-1090. [PMID: 29233376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To describe 1) a pharmacy student's teaching assistant (TA) role in an undergraduate medicinal chemistry course, 2) an active learning module co-developed by the TA and instructor, and 3) the unexpected opportunities for pharmacy educational outreach that resulted from this collaboration. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Medicinal Chemistry (CHM3413) is an undergraduate course offered each fall at Palm Beach Atlantic University (PBA). As a TA for CHM3413, a pharmacy student from the Gregory School of Pharmacy (GSOP) at PBA co-developed and implemented an active learning module emphasizing foundational medicinal chemistry concepts as they pertain to performance enhancing drugs (PEDs). Surveys assessed undergraduate students' perceived knowledge of medicinal chemistry concepts, PEDs, and TA involvement. FINDINGS Students' (total n = 60, three fall semesters) perceived confidence in knowledge of medicinal chemistry concepts and PEDs increased significantly (p < 0.001) after the TA's module. Nearly 93% of students acknowledged this was their first interaction with a TA at PBA, ~ 82% "agreed/strongly agreed" that the TA provided effective instruction, and ~ 62% "agreed/strongly agreed" that TA availability raised overall confidence in CHM3413. Unexpected "side-effects" of this collaboration included opportunities for the TA and instructor to discuss health risks associated with PED usage with student-athletes and coaches at PBA. DISCUSSION This collaboration developed the pharmacy student's teaching skills and reinforced knowledge of foundational pharmaceutical science concepts for both the TA and undergraduate students. Unexpected "side-effects" that resulted from this collaboration included opportunities for the TA and instructor to discuss health risks associated with PED usage with student-athletes in PBA's athletic department. SUMMARY Educational/interprofessional outreach opportunities resulted from a pharmacy student TA's involvement in an undergraduate medicinal chemistry course. An advanced pharmacy practice experience elective in sports pharmacy (based on Ambrose's model) begins Fall 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J DellaVecchia
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Arts and Sciences - Department of Chemistry, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States.
| | - Alyssa M Claudio
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States.
| | - Jamie L Fairclough
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States.
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Gil F, de Andrade AG, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Discussing prevalence, impacts, and treatment of substance use disorders in athletes. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28:572-578. [PMID: 27534440 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1212821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs has become a concern in high-performance athletes. Professional athletes are more exposed to drugs than the general population. Although some drugs are unquestionably detrimental to performance, several studies have nevertheless shown evidence of increased consumption of these substances within this sub-population. This review aimed to elucidate alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, cannabis, and opioid use among high-performance athletes, discussing the prevalence of substance use, its impacts, and alternatives to treatment in this special population. Unfortunately, no clinical trials for the treatment of substance use disorders were carried out with this specific sub-population. Therefore, the strategies adopted for the general population should be adapted to high-performance athletes. Psychological, psychosocial, psychoeducational, cognitive-behavioural, motivational interviewing approaches can be implemented. As regards pharmacological treatment, medications used in the treatment of alcohol and tobacco dependence, such as naltrexone, disulfiram, acamprosate, varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement treatment can be used without problems. However, some medications used in cocaine and opioid dependence treatment, such as moldafinil and methadone, are prohibited by doping enforcement agencies. Professionals involved with athletes should be aware of the signs and symptoms of the acute effects of substances so as to enable an early identification of substance abuse problems, especially during training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gil
- a Department of Neuroscience , Medical School, Fundação ABC , Santo André , SP , Brazil
| | - Arthur Guerra de Andrade
- a Department of Neuroscience , Medical School, Fundação ABC , Santo André , SP , Brazil.,b Department of Psychiatry , Medical School, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c ABC Center for Mental Health Studies , Santo André , SP , Brazil
| | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- a Department of Neuroscience , Medical School, Fundação ABC , Santo André , SP , Brazil.,b Department of Psychiatry , Medical School, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c ABC Center for Mental Health Studies , Santo André , SP , Brazil
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22
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Donegani E, Paal P, Küpper T, Hefti U, Basnyat B, Carceller A, Bouzat P, van der Spek R, Hillebrandt D. Drug Use and Misuse in the Mountains: A UIAA MedCom Consensus Guide for Medical Professionals. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:157-184. [PMID: 27583821 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Donegani, Enrico, Peter Paal, Thomas Küpper, Urs Hefti, Buddha Basnyat, Anna Carceller, Pierre Bouzat, Rianne van der Spek, and David Hillebrandt. Drug use and misuse in the mountains: a UIAA MedCom consensus guide for medical professionals. High Alt Med Biol. 17:157-184, 2016.-Aims: The aim of this review is to inform mountaineers about drugs commonly used in mountains. For many years, drugs have been used to enhance performance in mountaineering. It is the UIAA (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation-Union International des Associations d'Alpinisme) Medcom's duty to protect mountaineers from possible harm caused by uninformed drug use. The UIAA Medcom assessed relevant articles in scientific literature and peer-reviewed studies, trials, observational studies, and case series to provide information for physicians on drugs commonly used in the mountain environment. Recommendations were graded according to criteria set by the American College of Chest Physicians. RESULTS Prophylactic, therapeutic, and recreational uses of drugs relevant to mountaineering are presented with an assessment of their risks and benefits. CONCLUSIONS If using drugs not regulated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), individuals have to determine their own personal standards for enjoyment, challenge, acceptable risk, and ethics. No system of drug testing could ever, or should ever, be policed for recreational climbers. Sponsored climbers or those who climb for status need to carefully consider both the medical and ethical implications if using drugs to aid performance. In some countries (e.g., Switzerland and Germany), administrative systems for mountaineering or medication control dictate a specific stance, but for most recreational mountaineers, any rules would be unenforceable and have to be a personal decision, but should take into account the current best evidence for risk, benefit, and sporting ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Donegani
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sabah Al-Ahmed Cardiac Center , Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait, State of Kuwait
| | - Peter Paal
- 2 Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck University Hospital , Innsbruck, Austria .,3 Department of Perioperative Medicine, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom .,4 Perioperative Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital , London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Küpper
- 5 Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen, Germany
| | - Urs Hefti
- 6 Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Swiss Sportclinic , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- 7 Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Nepal , Nepal International Clinic, and Himalayan Rescue, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anna Carceller
- 8 Sports Medicine School, Instituto de Medicina de Montaña y del Deporte (IMMED), Federació d'Entitats Excursionistes (FEEC), University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- 9 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital, INSERM U1236, Neuroscience Institute, Alps University, Grenoble, France
| | - Rianne van der Spek
- 10 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rodenberg RM, Holden JT. Cognition enhancing drugs ('nootropics'): time to include coaches and team executives in doping tests? Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:1316. [PMID: 26809260 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Morris AD. Improving pharmaceutical care for athletes: A proposed assessment tool and useful resources. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2015; 148:305-7. [PMID: 26600821 DOI: 10.1177/1715163515607309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Morris
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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25
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Awaisu A, Mottram D, Rahhal A, Alemrayat B, Ahmed A, Stuart M, Khalifa S. Knowledge and Perceptions of Pharmacy Students in Qatar on Anti-Doping in Sports and on Sports Pharmacy in Undergraduate Curricula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2015; 79:119. [PMID: 26689844 PMCID: PMC4678744 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe798119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To assess pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions of doping and anti-doping in sports and to explore the curricular needs for undergraduate pharmacy in the field of sports pharmacy. Methods. A cross-sectional, descriptive, web-based survey of pharmacy students was conducted at Qatar University College of Pharmacy from March to May 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results. Eighty respondents completed the online survey (80% response rate). Sixty percent were unaware of the World Anti-Doping Agency, and 85% were unaware of the International Pharmaceutical Federation's statement on the pharmacist's role in anti-doping. Students' knowledge score regarding the prohibited status of drugs that may be used by athletes was around 50%. Fourth-year pharmacy students had significantly higher knowledge scores than the other groups of students. Respondents acknowledged the important role of health care professionals, including pharmacists, as advisors on the safe and effective use of drugs in sports. Ninety percent of the students supported the inclusion of sports pharmacy in the curriculum. Conclusion. Pharmacy students indicated a strong desire to play a role in doping prevention and ensure safe and rational use of drugs among athletes. They suggested requiring an education and training strategy for sports pharmacy in undergraduate pharmacy curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Awaisu
- Qatar University College of Pharmacy, Doha, Qatar
| | - David Mottram
- Liverpool John Moores University School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa Rahhal
- Qatar University College of Pharmacy, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Afif Ahmed
- Hamad Medical Corporation Women’s Hospital Pharmacy Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mark Stuart
- BMJ Learning & Quality, British Medical Journal, London, United Kingdom
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Intermolecular Interactions between Eosin Y and Caffeine Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013. [PMID: 25018772 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DETECHIP has been used in testing analytes including caffeine, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from marijuana, as well as date rape and club drugs such as flunitrazepam, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and methamphetamine. This study investigates the intermolecular interaction between DETECHIP sensor eosin Y (DC1) and the analyte (caffeine) that is responsible for the fluorescence and color changes observed in the actual array. Using 1H-NMR, 1H-COSY, and 1H-DOSY NMR methods, a proton exchange from C-8 of caffeine to eosin Y is proposed.
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Ambrose PJ, Tsourounis C, Uryasz FD, Patterson E. Characteristics and trends of drug and dietary supplement inquiries by college athletes. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2013; 53:297-303. [PMID: 23699678 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2013.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the types of drug and dietary supplement inquiries submitted to the National Center for Drug Free Sport through the Resource Exchange Center (REC). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING United States, from July 2009 through June 2010. PARTICIPANTS Athletes and athletic personnel associated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). INTERVENTION Tabulation and classification of drugs and dietary supplement inquiries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Characteristics and trends of drug and dietary supplement inquiries. RESULTS Inquiries for prescription medications for albuterol inhalers, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and prednisone were the most common using a drug lookup function. The most common inquiries for over-the-counter medications included pseudoephedrine, loratadine, cetirizine, and caffeine. Among dietary supplements, inquiries for amino acids/metabolites, vitamins and minerals, and herbal products occurred most frequently. One dietary supplement, N.O.-Xplode (Bio-Engineered Supplements and Nutrition, Inc.), accounted for the majority of individual dietary supplement inquiries. Banned substances accounted for 30% of all inquiries submitted to the REC and 18% of medications searched in a drug lookup database. CONCLUSION Almost 25,000 inquiries were submitted to the REC. Pharmacists can use this information to advise, counsel, and refer NCAA athletes regarding the use of banned and permitted substances. Education programs regarding stimulants, dietary supplements, and the risk of using substances such as animal byproducts are needed, and pharmacists can participate in these programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Ambrose
- School of Pharmacy, University of California, C-152, Box 0622, San Francisco, CA 94143-0622, USA.
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Ambrose PJ. Educational opportunities and anti-doping roles and responsibilities for pharmacists. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1761-4. [PMID: 22129874 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug use and abuse by athletes has become a common problem. Pharmacists can assist by managing the legitimate medication needs of athletes to prevent them from accidentally using a banned substance. Pharmacists can also educate athletes and the public about the health consequences of using performance-enhancing substances. Pharmacists can play a variety of roles to assist with anti-doping. Such roles include educating, advising, dispensing and monitoring medications and supplements; and working with anti-doping agencies. There are few established educational opportunities for pharmacists and pharmacy students. Educational programs in sports pharmacy and doping control need to be developed for instruction in the classroom, for post-graduate training and for experiential programs. Classroom instruction should include information about performance-enhancing substances and general principles of doping control. Student activities for an established advanced pharmacy practice experience include education on performance-enhancing substances and assay technologies, preparing and providing presentations to athletes and others regarding these substances, performing literature research on drugs and dietary supplements used to improve athletic performance, writing a monograph on these substances, and participating in doping control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Ambrose
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kuhns JB, Clodfelter TA, Bersot HY. Examining and Understanding the Joint Role of Caffeine and Alcohol in Facilitating Violent Offending and Victimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/009145091003700205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study draws attention to the importance of considering and controlling for caffeine and the interactive effects between caffeine and alcohol when investigating aggressive and violent behavior. Various pathways between caffeine and alcohol consumption and aggression and violence are examined. Given recent changes in preferences and availability of caffeine and energy drinks among licit and illicit substance users, this study argues for the importance of focusing research attention on the role of caffeine, particularly when combined with alcohol, in facilitating violent outcomes. Evidence suggests that both caffeine and alcohol are linked to aggression and violence and that both substances should be considered within the context of our efforts to manage the negative consequences of drugs. Caffeine, via energy drink consumption, may contribute to violent offending and victimization in a variety of ways. Evidence suggests that caffeine/energy drink consumption is popular among a subculture of toxic jock users, may motivate and facilitate increased alcohol consumption particularly in late night-time economies, and can potentially contribute to disrupted decision-making. Recent increases in caffeinated-product availability, marketing, and consumption necessitate focused research and policy attention. Many of these products are consumed with alcohol and/or in late evening settings by individuals that are already at increased risk for violent offending and victimization.
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Lisha NE, Sussman S. Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: a review. Addict Behav 2010; 35:399-407. [PMID: 20100638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study provides an exhaustive review of 34 peer-reviewed quantitative data-based studies completed on high school and college sports involvement and drug use. The studies reviewed suggest that participation in sport is related to higher levels of alcohol consumption, but lower levels of both cigarette smoking and illegal drug use. Additional research is needed in this domain to further elucidate the relationship between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra E Lisha
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 1000 S. Fremont Avenue, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA.
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Thiblin I, Mobini-Far H, Frisk M. Sudden unexpected death in a female fitness athlete, with a possible connection to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and ephedrine. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 184:e7-11. [PMID: 19110387 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been associated with different adverse effects, some of which potentially lethal. Most users of AAS are male, but the prevalence of such use appears to be increasing in females. Here we present a sudden unexpected death in a female fitness athlete with a possible connection to use of doping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thiblin
- Dept of Forensic Medicine, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ambrose PJ. An advanced pharmacy practice experience in sports pharmacy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2008; 72:19. [PMID: 18322580 PMCID: PMC2254248 DOI: 10.5688/aj720119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and evaluate an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in sports pharmacy. DESIGN Students actively participated in a variety of activities for this new 6-week elective APPE, including drug-testing collections, delivering presentations, and providing drug information. Students also learned about assays, compounding, and dispensing medications specifically for athletes, and visited various athletic medical facilities. Student were given written and practical certification examinations for drug-testing collections, and their specimen measurements were compared to those obtained by the testing laboratory for validation; satisfaction surveys were obtained from testing sites; and presentation evaluations were obtained from audience participants. ASSESSMENT Students were able to accurately measure pH and specific gravity of urine samples and all students passed the certification examination. Students rated the APPE very high. Also, students received high satisfaction ratings on surveys administered to the officials of the schools where they tested and members of the groups to whom they gave presentations. CONCLUSION Students gained experience and insight into the various roles of pharmacists in sports pharmacy and developed confidence in their ability to conduct drug-testing collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Ambrose
- School of Pharmacy, University of California - San Francisco, USA
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McHenry CR. Presidential address: the illicit use of hormones for enhancement of athletic performance: a major threat to the integrity of organized athletic competition. Surgery 2007; 142:785-92. [PMID: 18063056 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R McHenry
- Metro Health Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 2500 MetroHealth Dr, H917, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA.
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Yang JY, Nam JH, Park H, Cha YS. Effects of resistance exercise and growth hormone administration at low doses on lipid metabolism in middle-aged female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 539:99-107. [PMID: 16687135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
hGH (human growth hormone) is a key factor for metabolism as well as for growth. Lack of hGH usually increases LDL (low-density lipoprotein) while impairing exercise capacity and cardiac function [Amato G., Carella C., Fazio S., La Montagna G., Cittadini A., Sabatini D., Marciano-Mone C., Sacca L., and Bellastella A., 1993. Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 1671-1676.]. It is still unclear, however, whether the administration of hGH to humans or animals has a synergic effects on body composition and the desired metabolic parameters with endurance resistance exercise. Therefore, the present study seeks to establish whether or not lipid metabolism is altered by both recombinant GH (growth hormone) and X (resistance exercise) in middle-aged female rats. GH administration resulted in greater weight gain compared with control and exercised animals, but the effect was reduced when combined with exercise. The increased body weight was largely due to increased muscle mass. Exercise did not result in any additional effect of GH on muscle mass. In the exercise group, hepatic HDL (high density lipoprotein) increased compared to the C (control group). The GX (growth hormone+exercise) group's serum and X group's kidney IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor-I) concentration increased compared to the C group. In G and GX groups, serum insulin and leptin concentrations were higher than in the control, suggesting that GH may induce an insulin resistant state. Any gains in muscle mass were minimal and were not synergistic with exercise. These results suggest that hGH may not be useful for increasing performance in athletes and may induce and acquired insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeoun Yang
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Duckjin-dong 1-ga, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, South Korea
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Nguyen DT, Bui LT, Ambrose PJ. Response of CEDIA® Amphetamines Assay After a Single Dose of Bitter Orange. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:252-4. [PMID: 16628139 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000194028.89235.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bitter orange has recently been substituted as an ingredient in many "ephedra-free" dietary supplements used for weight loss. The primary active ingredient in bitter orange is synephrine. Previous reports have documented false-positive results from ephedrine with urine amphetamine assays. Because of the similarity in chemical structure of ephedrine and synephrine, it is hypothesized that ingestion of a bitter orange supplement may have the potential to cause false-positive results with urine amphetamine assays. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay after ingestion of bitter orange. Six healthy adult male volunteers were administered a single oral dose of Nature's Way Bitter Orange, a 900-mg dietary supplement extract standardized to 6% synephrine. Urine specimens were collected at baseline and 3 and 6 hours post-administration. Additional urine specimens were collected from 1 subject at 9, 12, and 15 hours after administration. All specimens were analyzed by the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay. Urine specific gravity and pH also were measured. All urine specimens demonstrated a negative response to the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay. Urine specific gravity ranged from 1.007 to 1.028, and pH ranged from 5.0 to 7.0; thus, reducing the possibility that the negative results were caused by diluted specimens or reduced excretion of synephrine into alkaline urine. This information will be of value when health care providers or those who interpret drug screens are asked to provide consultation regarding the interference of bitter orange supplements with the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay. A single-dose of Nature's Way Bitter Orange was not found to cause a false-positive response to the CEDIA Amphetamines Assay in 6 healthy adult male volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- DiemThuy T Nguyen
- Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90801-1428, USA
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Hepner F, Csaszar E, Roitinger E, Pollak A, Lubec G. Massspectrometrical analysis of recombinant human growth hormone Norditropin® reveals amino acid exchange at M14_V14 rhGH. Proteomics 2006; 6:775-84. [PMID: 16372270 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is used for the treatment of several disorders. Structural integrity of rhGH is of critical importance for its clinical use and modifications thereof may act as markers in situations such as rhGH doping, as illegal rhGH-abuse in sports is of increasing interest. In the current study we investigated homogeneity of Norditropin, a recombinant human growth hormone frequently used in medicine, expressed in E. coli, strain MC1061. The most recent proteomics technologies including 2-DE, MALDI-MS followed by MALDI-MS/MS and LC-MS followed by LC-MS/MS were used for the characterisation of rhGH. MALDI-TOF-TOF and electrospray LC-MS analysis revealed one major protein with an average molecular mass of 22 126.0 Da and some additional minor components. Electrospray LC-MS/MS of the enzymatically digested Norditropin sample showed deamidation of N(12)N(149) and N(159), oxidation of M(14), M(125) and M(170) and one amino acid exchange V(14) for M(14) present in <1% of Norditropin. While deamidation and oxidation may be due to technical reasons, the single amino acid exchange may reflect infidelity of translation rather than codon usage and copy editing by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hepner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Athletes use substances to produce pleasure, relieve pain and stress, improve socialization, recover from injury, and enhance performance. Therefore, they use some substances in substantially higher rates that nonathletes. Despite these higher rates of use, rates of addiction may in fact be lower in athletes. This article reviews the prevalence and patterns of use, health and performance effects, and preventive and treatment interventions for alcohol, tobacco, stimulants, and steroids. Each substance is considered from the differing perspectives of abuse/addiction and performance enhancement models. Similarities and differences between college and professional athletes are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McDuff
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Chanda S, Sansgiry SS. Hair Follicle Testing Another Option for Controlling Drug Use in Sports. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2005; 45:6; author reply 6. [PMID: 15730108 DOI: 10.1016/s1544-3191(15)31728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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