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Supporting routine cognitive reactivity assessment during the perinatal period: psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:911. [PMID: 36474194 PMCID: PMC9727893 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is critical to find optimal forms to identify perinatal depression (PND) and its vulnerable factors and make them more applicable to depression screening. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity (LEIDS-RR-CV) among perinatal women in China and determine the cut-off values for screening for high-risk depression. METHODS Women in their third trimester of pregnancy and six weeks postpartum completed the LEIDS-RR-CV and a diagnostic reference standard online. We assessed the LEIDS-RR-CV using classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). We also assessed the test performance for cut-off scores using receiver operator characteristic analysis to further screen for high-risk depression at each time point. RESULTS In total, 396 (third trimester) and 321 (six weeks postpartum) women participated. Cronbach's alpha, two-week test-retest reliability, and marginal reliability for the scale were all greater than 0.8. It showed a five-factor model; the cut-off values were 58 (third trimester) and 60 (six weeks postpartum). The areas under the curve were acceptable (≥ 0.7), and the LEIDS-RR-CV was positively correlated with the total Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score (r = 0.52 and 0.56, p = 0.00), indicating its predictive validity. An IRT analysis further confirmed its discriminative validity. CONCLUSIONS The LEIDS-RR-CV was found to be reliable, valid, and can be used to quantify cognitive reactivity among perinatal Chinese women and for screening for high-risk depression during this period.
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Accettulli A, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M, Speranza B, Campaniello D, Racioppo A, Altieri C, Bevilacqua A. Psycho-Microbiology, a New Frontier for Probiotics: An Exploratory Overview. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2141. [PMID: 36363733 PMCID: PMC9696884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are gradually gaining importance in the field of psychiatry in the form of psychobiotics. Psychobiotics' studies examine the existing relationship between gut microbiota and mental phenomena; the intake of certain strains of probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, for example, allow the gut microbial system to be modified in order to provide benefits at the psychic, immune, hormonal, and mental levels. Those who suffer from forms of depression, anxiety disorders, chronic stress, low mood, but also people who do not suffer from such disorders, can therefore benefit from the use of psychobiotics. Thanks to probiotics, neurochemicals can in fact be produced within the gut microbiota and interact with receptors of the enteric nervous system that innervate the entire gastrointestinal tract. Once they enter the portal circulation, these substances go on to influence components of the nervous system and ultimately the brain, through what is called the gut-brain axis. This article proposes an exploratory overview of the proven effects of probiotics on brain activity and psycho-related diseases, focusing on clinical studies and measurable outcomes. The search was conducted using two different online tools: ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed.
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Hauschildt M, Arlt S, Moritz S, Yassari AH, Jelinek L. Efficacy of metacognitive training for depression as add-on intervention for patients with depression in acute intensive psychiatric inpatient care: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1542-1555. [PMID: 35274407 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metacognitive training for depression (D-MCT) is a novel low-intensity group training for economic treatment of depression. Previous studies demonstrate its efficacy in moderately depressed outpatients. The present study evaluated efficacy and patients' perspective of the D-MCT in severely depressed psychiatric inpatients. METHODS In a randomized-controlled trial, 75 individuals with a major depressive disorder (MDD) were allocated to D-MCT versus euthymic therapy as add-on (twice a week) to cognitive-behavioural-based (CBT) inpatient-care. Depressive symptoms (HDRS, BDI), dysfunctional (meta)cognition (DAS, MCQ-30) and subjective appraisal were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks (post) and 3 months (follow-up). RESULTS Participants in both conditions showed a large decline in depression at post and follow-up-assessment. No superior add-effect of D-MCT versus active control emerged for depression severity on top of the inpatient care. However, among patients with a diagnosis of MDD with no (vs. at least one) comorbidity, D-MCT participants showed a larger decline in depressive (meta-)cognition at follow-up with medium-to-large effect sizes. D-MCT was evaluated as superior in overall appraisal, treatment preference, motivation and satisfaction. LIMITATIONS The follow-up time interval of 3 months may have been too short to detect long-term effects. There is emerging evidence that modification of (meta)cognition unfolds its full effects only with time. Effects of CBT inpatient-care on outcome parameters cannot be differentiated. CONCLUSIONS Although D-MCT as an add-on was not superior in complete case analyses, results suggest greater benefit for patients with MDD and no comorbidity. D-MCT proved feasible in acute-psychiatric inpatient-care and was highly accepted by patients. Future studies should investigate the role of modified (meta)cognition on long-term treatment outcome, including dropout and relapse rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Hauschildt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Arlt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amir H Yassari
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Mesbah R, de Bles N, Rius‐Ottenheim N, van der Does AJW, Penninx BWJH, van Hemert AM, de Leeuw M, Giltay EJ, Koenders M. Anger and cluster B personality traits and the conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:671-681. [PMID: 33503287 PMCID: PMC8248435 DOI: 10.1002/da.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feelings of anger and irritability are prominent symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) that may occur during hypomanic, depressive and, especially, during mixed mood states. We aimed to determine whether such constructs are associated with the conversion to BD in subjects with a history of unipolar depression. METHODS Data were derived from the depressed participants of Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety with 9 years of follow-up. Hypomania was ascertained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at 2, 4, 6, and 9 years follow-up. Cross-sectionally, we studied the association between prevalent hypomania and anger related constructs with the "Spielberger Trait Anger subscale," the "Anger Attacks" questionnaire, the cluster B personality traits part of the "Personality Disorder Questionnaire," and "aggression reactivity." Prospectively, we studied whether aggression reactivity predicted incident hypomania using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, the bipolar conversion group (n = 77) had significantly higher scores of trait anger and aggression reactivity, as well as a higher prevalence on "anger attacks," "antisocial traits," and "borderline traits" compared to current (n = 349) as well as remitted (n = 1159) depressive patients. In prospective analyses in 1744 participants, aggression reactivity predicted incident hypomania (n = 28), with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.93; p = .037). CONCLUSION Anger is a risk factor for conversion from unipolar depression to BD. In addition, patients who converted to BD showed on average more anger, agitation and irritability than people with a history of unipolar depression who had not converted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Mesbah
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands,Department of Mood DisordersMental Health Care PsyQ KralingenRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nienke de Bles
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Max de Leeuw
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands,Mental Health Care RivierduinenBipolar Disorder Outpatient ClinicLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik J. Giltay
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Manja Koenders
- Department of Mood DisordersMental Health Care PsyQ KralingenRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Li XM, Dobson KS. Cognitive Reactivity Related to Coping Behaviors: An Assessment of Explicit and Implicit Dimensions in Clinical Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A Test of the Habit-Goal Framework of Depressive Rumination and Its Relevance to Cognitive Reactivity. Behav Ther 2020; 51:474-487. [PMID: 32402262 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test predictions derived from the habit-goal framework of depressive rumination and investigate its relevance to cognitive reactivity-another well-known vulnerability factor to depression. Formerly depressed (FD; n=20) and never depressed (ND; n=22) participants completed self-report measures of rumination, cognitive reactivity, and habitual characteristics of rumination (e.g., lack of awareness, control, intent). A standard mood-induction task was also used to measure cognitive reactivity and an outcome-devaluation task to measure general habit vs. goal-directed behavior control. Habitual characteristics of ruminative thoughts were greater in the FD group and were related to depressive brooding and cognitive reactivity, but not reflective pondering. Reliance on habit on the outcome-devaluation task was strongly correlated with number of depression episodes, although group differences were not observed in general habit vs. goal-directed control. Habitual characteristics of rumination (e.g., greater automaticity) may explain reactivity and persistence of negative thoughts in depression. Habitual behavior control may contribute to inflexible responding and vulnerability for depression episodes.
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Figueroa CA, DeJong H, Mocking RJT, Fox E, Rive MM, Schene AH, Stein A, Ruhé HG. Attentional control, rumination and recurrence of depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:364-372. [PMID: 31207560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive recurrence is highly prevalent and adds significantly to the burden of depressive disorder. Whilst some clinical predictors of recurrence have been clearly demonstrated (e.g. residual symptoms, previous episodes), the cognitive and psychological processes that may contribute to recurrence risk are less well established. In this study we examine whether cognitive flexibility deficits and rumination are related to recurrence in a remitted clinical sample. METHOD We compared remitted patients with 2 or more previous depressive episodes (N = 69) to a matched group of healthy controls (N = 43). Cognitive flexibility was measured using the Internal Shift Task (IST) and a version of the Exogenous Cueing Task (ECT); rumination was assessed with the Ruminative Responses Scale. RESULTS IST and ECT performance did not differ between remitted patients and controls. Remitted patients had higher levels of rumination than controls. Within the remitted patient group, faster disengagement from angry and happy faces on the ECT was predictive of shorter time to recurrence (hazard ratio for 1 standard deviation, (HRSD) = 0.563 [CI, 0.381-0.832], p = 0.004, (HRSD) = 0.561 [CI, 0.389-0.808], p = 0.002, respectively). Rumination predicted recurrence (HRSD = 1.526 [CI, 1.152-2.202]; p = 0.003) but was not related to emotional disengagement. LIMITATIONS We had low power to detect small effects for the analysis within remitted patients. CONCLUSIONS Whilst cognitive flexibility in remitted patients was not impaired relative to controls, rapid disengagement from emotional stimuli and rumination were independently associated with time to recurrence. Cognitive flexibility may be an important indicator of recurrence risk, and a target for interventions to reduce recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Figueroa
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, 102 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hannah DeJong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Roel J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maaike M Rive
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, 102 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Probiotics in pregnancy: protocol of a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial for pregnant women with depression and anxiety (PIP pilot trial). Trials 2019; 20:440. [PMID: 31315657 PMCID: PMC6637581 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal prenatal depressive or anxiety symptoms are associated with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. With prevalence rates of maternal prenatal depression and anxiety ranging between 10 and 20%, attempts to identify effective interventions to reduce symptoms are priority. There are indications that probiotics can reduce symptoms of maternal depression or anxiety. Probiotics ingested by the mother may thus offer a promising and accessible intervention to complement existing treatments. Methods The Probiotics in Pregnancy (PIP) pilot trial is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized pilot trial. While one group orally consumes a probiotic mixture (Ecologic® Barrier; 2,5 × 109 colony forming units/g; 2 g; daily), the other group consumes a placebo, from between 26 and 30 weeks gestation until delivery. Subjects are randomly allocated (1:1) to the intervention or placebo group. Forty healthy pregnant women with symptoms of depression or anxiety and uncomplicated pregnancies at randomization will be included. The primary aim is to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a probiotic trial to reduce symptoms of maternal depression or anxiety in pregnancy. The secondary aim is to exploratorily compare the potential effect of probiotics, compared to placebo, on depressive and/or anxiety symptoms, maternal stress (i.e. reported/hair cortisol), maternal vaginal and intestinal microbiota, and by possibly affecting maternal mood and microbiota, maternal bonding to offspring, infant microbiota and infant crying. Discussion Results of this pilot trial will help determine whether or not to proceed with a full trial after the pilot trial, and if so, whether revisions should be made to the study protocol and procedures before conducting a full randomized controlled trial. Additionally, they are expected to provide insights into whether changes in psychological, behavioral and biological parameters can be attributed to the probiotic intervention. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register, NTR6219. Registered on 28 February 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3389-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Chahwan B, Kwan S, Isik A, van Hemert S, Burke C, Roberts L. Gut feelings: A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:317-326. [PMID: 31078831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide; with evidence suggesting that decreased gut barrier function and inflammation are correlated with depressive symptoms. We conducted a clinical trial to determine the effect of consumption of probiotic supplements (Winclove's Ecologic® Barrier) on depressive symptoms in a sample of participants with mild to severe depression. METHOD 71 participants were randomly allocated to either probiotic or placebo, which was, consumed daily over eight weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures of symptoms and vulnerability markers of depression as well as gut microbiota composition were compared. Clinical trial participants were also compared on psychological variables and gut microbiota composition to a non-depressed group (n = 20). RESULTS All clinical trial participants demonstrated improvement in symptoms, suggesting non-specific therapeutic effects associated with weekly monitoring visits. Participants in the probiotic group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in cognitive reactivity compared with the placebo group, particularly in the mild/moderate subgroup. Probiotics did not significantly alter the microbiota of depressed individuals, however, a significant correlation was found between Ruminococcus gnavus and one depression metric. LIMITATIONS There was a high attrition rate, which may be attributed to weekly monitoring visits. Additionally, modulation of the gut microbiota may need more specific testing to distinguish subtle changes. CONCLUSIONS While microbiota composition was similar between all groups, probiotics did affect a psychological variable associated with susceptibility to depression. Further research is needed to investigate how probiotics can be utilised to modify mental wellbeing, and whether they can act as an adjunct to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Chahwan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sophia Kwan
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashling Isik
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Burke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Lynette Roberts
- Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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Figueroa CA, Mocking RJT, Mahmoud GA, Koeter MW, Bockting CL, van der Does W, Ruhe HG, Schene AH. The measurement of cognitive reactivity to sad mood in patients remitted from major depressive disorder. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:313-327. [PMID: 29488231 PMCID: PMC6099317 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive reactivity (CR) to sad mood is a risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). CR is usually measured by assessing change on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS-change) after sad mood-induction. It has, however, been suggested that the versions of the DAS (A/B) are not interchangeable, impacting the reliability and validity of the change score. The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R) is an alternative self-report measure of CR. Studies examining the relationship between LEIDS-R and DAS-change have shown mixed results. We examined whether scores of these CR measures differed between remitted MDD and controls, the relationship between these CR measures, and the effect of order of DAS administration on DAS-change. DESIGN Cross-sectional design with two groups (remitted MDD and controls). METHODS Sixty-eight MDD patients remitted from ≥2 previous episodes, not taking antidepressants, and 43 never-depressed controls participated in a mood-induction and filled in the DAS-A/B in randomized order before and after mood-induction, and LEIDS-R separately. RESULTS LEIDS-R scores and pre-mood-induction DAS scores were significantly higher in remitted MDD than controls (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.48; p = .001, Cohen's d = 0.66, respectively). DAS-change did not differ between these groups (p = .67, Cohen's d = 0.08). LEIDS-R correlated with DAS-change (r = .30, p = .042), but only in the group that filled in DAS-B before DAS-A. In remitted MDD, DAS-change was dependent on the order of DAS versions before and after mood-induction (10.6 ± 19.0 vs. -1.2 ± 10.5, for order B-A and A-B, respectively), with a significant group × order interaction (p = .012). CONCLUSIONS Existing DAS versions are not interchangeable, which compromises the usefulness of mood-inductions in clinical practice. The LEIDS-R seems a valid measure of cognitive vulnerability to depression. PRACTITIONER POINTS Clinical implications: Cognitive reactivity (CR) is a risk factor of depressive recurrence. The current measurement of CR, by assessing change on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) after mood-induction, is not reliable. The Leiden Index Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R) is an alternative CR measure. In contrast to mood-induction, it reliably assesses depression vulnerability. The use of mood-inductions for clinical/research purposes is unnecessary. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY We were not able to examine the effect of previous treatment, which could have affected results as psychological treatments probably have differential effects on CR. Examining un-medicated patients may have led to selection of a sample not completely representative for the general MDD population. We did not administer both parallel versions of the DAS (A/B) before and after mood-induction. This might have provided better understanding of their differential sensitivity to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Figueroa
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryWarneford HospitalUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Roel J. T. Mocking
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gelera A. Mahmoud
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten W. Koeter
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Willem van der Does
- Department of PsychologyLeiden UniversityThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
| | - Henricus G. Ruhe
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryWarneford HospitalUniversity of OxfordUK
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Aart H. Schene
- Department of PsychiatryProgram for Mood DisordersAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorRadboud University NijmegenThe Netherlands
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Thimm JC, Wang CE, Waterloo K, Eisemann M, Halvorsen M. Coping, thought suppression, and perceived stress in currently depressed, previously depressed, and never depressed individuals. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 25:401-407. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens C. Thimm
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Catharina E.A. Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Martin Eisemann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Marianne Halvorsen
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
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A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 58:33-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mefoh PC, Ugwu LE, Okafor AE. Evaluating fit of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) in a Nigerian adult population. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2017.1347752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Mefoh
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence E. Ugwu
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Agnes E. Okafor
- Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Senín-Calderón C, Perona-Garcelán S, Ruíz-Veguilla M, Rodríguez-Testal JF. Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R): Spanish validation proposal. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2017; 17:139-150. [PMID: 30487889 PMCID: PMC6220899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To adapt and validate the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised for evaluating cognitive reactivity to depressive mood to Spanish and validate this Spanish version. To find the scale's factor structure and psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 600 participants (103 patients and 497 subjects from the general population). A four-factor structure was found, a general factor evaluating cognitive reactivity was proposed and ten items were eliminated. A brief version of the (LEIDS-R24) scale is proposed. The factors and the overall scale have adequate internal consistency, and the results of validation show that all the factors on the scale predict depressive symptomatology (BDI-II) adequately, and are highly correlated with the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and BDI-II scales. The complete scale adequately discriminated depressive symptomatology in general population subjects and patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. No significant differences were found in the LEIDS-R24 measurement between subjects with anxiety and depressive disorder. The LEIDS-R24 scale may be a useful brief measure for evaluating cognitive reactivity to depressive mood and analyzing the vulnerability which could be common to persons with anxiety and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Perona-Garcelán
- Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
- Virgen del Rocío Outpatient Mental Hospital, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruíz-Veguilla
- Virgen del Rocío Outpatient Mental Hospital, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Van der Gucht K, Takano K, Raes F, Kuppens P. Processes of change in a school-based mindfulness programme: cognitive reactivity and self-coldness as mediators. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:658-665. [PMID: 28361569 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1310716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for emotional well-being remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the potential mediating effects of cognitive reactivity and self-compassion on symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress using data from an earlier randomised controlled school trial. A moderated time-lagged mediation model based on multilevel modelling was used to analyse the data. The findings showed that post-treatment changes in cognitive reactivity and self-coldness, an aspect of self-compassion, mediated subsequent changes in symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. These results suggest that cognitive reactivity and self-coldness may be considered as transdiagnostic mechanisms of change of a mindfulness-based intervention programme for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Van der Gucht
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Keisuke Takano
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter Kuppens
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Cognitive Reactivity: Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) in an Iranian Sample. Int J Ment Health Addict 2016; 15:621-638. [PMID: 28596716 PMCID: PMC5446556 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reactivity (CR) to the experimental induction of sad mood has been found to predict relapse in recovered depressed patients. The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) is a self-report measure of CR. The aim of the present study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the LEIDS-R. The participants were recovered depressed and non-depressed Iranian individuals (n = 833). The analyses included content validation, factor analysis, construct validity, and reliability testing. Preliminary construct validation analysis confirmed that factor analysis was appropriate for the Persian version of the LEIDS-R. Factor analysis displayed similar factor loadings to the original English version. The total internal consistency of the translated version, which was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was equal to 0.90. The test-retest reliability of the total score was equal to that of the test-retest conducted after a two-week interval at 0.94. Content validity, face validity, and construct validity, as well as reliability analysis were all found to be satisfactory for the Persian version of the LEIDS-R. The Persian version of the LEIDS-R appears to be valid and reliable for use in future studies, and has properties comparable to the original version and to that obtained in previous studies.
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Batmaz S, Kocbiyik S, Yuncu OA. Cognitive Reactivity in Depressed Outpatients: How Different is Severe Depression? JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-016-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Noreen S, Ridout N. Examining the impact of thought substitution on intentional forgetting in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:280-8. [PMID: 27209358 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine if natural and induced dysphoria is associated with impaired forgetting and, whether a thought-substitution strategy would ameliorate any observed deficits. Study 1: 36 dysphoric & 36 non-dysphoric participants learnt a series of emotional word pairs. Participants were subsequently presented with some of the cues and were asked to recall the targets or prevent the targets from coming to mind. Half of the participants were provided with substitute words to recall instead of the original targets (aided suppression). At final memory testing, participants were asked to recall the targets to all cues. Dysphoric participants exhibited impaired forgetting, even when using a thought substitution strategy. Non-dysphoric participants, however, were able to use substitutes to suppress words. Study 2: 50 healthy participants initially completed the aided condition of the forgetting task. Participants were then given a positive or negative mood-induction, followed by another version of the forgetting task. Although all participants showed a forgetting effect prior to the mood-induction, only the positive group was successful at forgetting after the mood induction. Taken together, these findings do not support the utility of thought-substitution as an aid to forgetting in individuals in a naturally or induced dysphoric mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noreen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Nathan Ridout
- Department of Psychology, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Elgersma HJ, de Jong PJ, van Rijsbergen GD, Kok GD, Burger H, van der Does W, Penninx BWJH, Bockting CLH. Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:300-9. [PMID: 26047308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed evidence exists regarding the role of cognitive reactivity (CR; cognitive responsivity to a negative mood) as a risk factor for recurrences of depression. One explanation for the mixed evidence may lie in the number of previous depressive episodes. Heightened CR may be especially relevant as a risk factor for the development of multiple depressive episodes and less so for a single depressive episode. In addition, it is theoretically plausible but not yet tested that the relationship between CR and number of episodes is moderated by the strength of automatic depression-related self-associations. AIM To investigate (i) the strength of CR in remitted depressed individuals with a history of a single vs. multiple episodes, and (ii) the potentially moderating role of automatic negative self-associations in the relationship between the number of episodes and CR. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in a cohort study (Study 1) and during baseline assessments in two clinical trials (Study 2). Study 1 used data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and compared never-depressed participants (n=901) with remitted participants with either a single (n=336) or at least 2 previous episodes (n=273). Study 2 included only remitted participants with at least two previous episodes (n=273). The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) was used to index CR and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-associations. RESULTS In Study 1, remitted depressed participants with multiple episodes had significantly higher CR than those with a single or no previous episode. The remitted individuals with multiple episodes of Study 2 had even higher CR scores than those of Study 1. Within the group of individuals with multiple episodes, CR was not heightened as a function of the number of episodes, even if individual differences in automatic negative self-associations were taken into account. LIMITATIONS The study employed a cross-sectional design, which precludes a firm conclusion with regard to the direction of this relationship. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the view that high CR puts people at risk for recurrent depression and is less relevant for the development of an incidental depressive episode. This suggests that CR is an important target for interventions that aim to prevent the recurrence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermien J Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gemma D Kok
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert Burger
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L H Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van Hemert S, Bosch JA, Colzato LS. A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:258-64. [PMID: 25862297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent insights into the role of the human microbiota in cognitive and affective functioning have led to the hypothesis that probiotic supplementation may act as an adjuvant strategy to ameliorate or prevent depression. OBJECTIVE Heightened cognitive reactivity to normal, transient changes in sad mood is an established marker of vulnerability to depression and is considered an important target for interventions. The present study aimed to test if a multispecies probiotic containing Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, and Lactococcus lactis (W19 and W58) may reduce cognitive reactivity in non-depressed individuals. DESIGN In a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pre- and post-intervention assessment design, 20 healthy participants without current mood disorder received a 4-week probiotic food-supplement intervention with the multispecies probiotics, while 20 control participants received an inert placebo for the same period. In the pre- and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale. RESULTS Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the 4-week multispecies probiotics intervention showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts. CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood. Probiotics supplementation warrants further research as a potential preventive strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Steenbergen
- Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Cognitive Psychology, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Roberta Sellaro
- Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Cognitive Psychology, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia van Hemert
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032 LB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos A Bosch
- University of Amsterdam, Psychology Department, Clinical Psychology, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Cognitive Psychology, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Scherrer MC, Dobson KS, Quigley L. Predictors of self-reported negative mood following a depressive mood induction procedure across previously depressed, currently anxious, and control individuals. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 53:348-68. [PMID: 24773113 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study identified and examined a set of potential predictors of self-reported negative mood following a depressive mood induction procedure (MIP) in a sample of previously depressed, clinically anxious, and control participants. The examined predictor variables were selected on the basis of previous research and theories of depression, and included symptoms of depression and anxiety, negative and positive affect, negative and positive automatic thoughts, dysfunctional beliefs, rumination, self-concept, and occurrence and perceived unpleasantness of recent negative events. METHODS The sample consisted of 33 previously depressed, 22 currently anxious, and 26 non-clinical control participants, recruited from community sources. Participant group status was confirmed through structured diagnostic interviews. Participants completed the Velten negative self-statement MIP as well as self-report questionnaires of affective, cognitive, and psychosocial variables selected as potential predictors of mood change. RESULTS Symptoms of anxiety were associated with increased self-reported negative mood shift following the MIP in previously depressed participants, but not clinically anxious or control participants. Increased occurrence of recent negative events was a marginally significant predictor of negative mood shift for the previously depressed participants only. None of the other examined variables was significant predictors of MIP response for any of the participant groups. CONCLUSIONS These results identify factors that may increase susceptibility to negative mood states in previously depressed individuals, with implications for theory and prevention of relapse to depression. The findings also identify a number of affective, cognitive, and psychosocial variables that do not appear to influence mood change following a depressive MIP in previously depressed, currently anxious, and control individuals. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS Current anxiety symptomatology was a significant predictor and occurrence of recent negative events was a marginally significant predictor of greater negative mood shift following the depressive mood induction for previously depressed individuals. None of the examined variables predicted change in mood following the depressive mood induction for currently anxious or control individuals. These results suggest that anxiety symptoms and experience with negative events may increase risk for experiencing depressive mood states among individuals with a vulnerability to depression. The generalizability of the present results to individuals with comorbid depression and anxiety is limited. Future research employing appropriate statistical approaches for confirmatory research is needed to test and confirm the present results.
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Hendriks SM, Licht CMM, Spijker J, Beekman ATF, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Penninx BWJH. Disorder-specific cognitive profiles in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 24690413 PMCID: PMC3975137 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation examines differences in cognitive profiles in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS Data were used from subjects with current MDD (n = 655), GAD (n = 107) and comorbid MDD/GAD (n = 266) diagnosis from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument was used to diagnose MDD and GAD. Cognitive profiles were measured using the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. RESULTS Results showed that differences in cognitive profiles between single MDD and single GAD subjects were present: scores on hopelessness/suicidality and rumination were significantly higher in MDD than GAD, whereas anxiety sensitivity for physical concerns and pathological worry were higher in GAD than MDD. The cognitive profile of comorbid MDD/GAD showed more extreme depression cognitions compared to single disorders, and a similar anxiety profile compared to single GAD subjects. CONCLUSIONS Despite the commonalities in cognitive profiles in MDD and GAD, there are differences suggesting that MDD and GAD have disorder-specific cognitive profiles. Findings of this investigation give support for models like the cognitive content-specificity model and the tripartite model and could provide useful handles for treatment focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M Hendriks
- Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Willy Brandtlaan 20, Ede 6717 RR, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmilla MM Licht
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Amsterdam, A.J. Ernststraat 887, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Spijker
- Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Radboud University Nijmegen, Reinier Postlaan 6, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands
| | - Aartjan TF Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Amsterdam, A.J. Ernststraat 887, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hardeveld
- Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Willy Brandtlaan 20, Ede 6717 RR, The Netherlands
| | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Amsterdam, A.J. Ernststraat 887, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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Wells TT, Vanderlind WM, Selby EA, Beevers CG. Childhood abuse and vulnerability to depression: cognitive scars in otherwise healthy young adults. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:821-33. [PMID: 24313549 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.864258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Models of depression vulnerability posit that negative early experiences, such as exposure to childhood abuse (CA), increase vulnerability to depression later in life. Though most victims of CA do not go on to develop depression, the question remains as to whether these individuals retain cognitive 'scars' that may contribute to depression vulnerability. The present study examined the relationship between self-reported, retrospective CA and cognitive vulnerability to depression in a carefully selected sample of young adults without current or past psychopathology. We measured cognitive vulnerability with both a self-report questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), and a measure of information processing bias, the Scrambled Sentences Test (SST). Self-reported severity of CA was associated with increased cognitive vulnerability to depression on both the DAS and SST. Vulnerability to depression as measured by the SST, but not by the DAS, prospectively predicted increases in depressive symptoms over a 6-month period. Scores on the SST also interacted with CA to predict increases in depressive symptoms. These findings demonstrate the pernicious effects of CA even in those without current or past psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T Wells
- a Department of Psychology , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , OK , USA
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Jelinek L, Otte C, Arlt S, Hauschildt M. Denkverzerrungen erkennen und korrigieren: Eine Machbarkeitsstudie zum Metakognitiven Training bei Depression (D-MKT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/1661-4747/a000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunktionalen kognitiven Strategien und Verzerrungen wird eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Depression zugeschrieben. Diese beziehen sich einerseits auf die in der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie aufgegriffenen «Denkfehler» (z. B. übertriebene Verallgemeinerung), aber auch auf depressionstypische Verzerrungen, die im Rahmen der neuropsychologischen Grundlagenforschung objektiviert wurden (z. B. Gedächtnispräferenz für negatives Material). Letztere werden in bestehenden psychotherapeutischen Behandlungsangeboten jedoch bislang kaum berücksichtigt. Das Metakognitive Training bei Depression (D-MKT) beabsichtigt diese Lücke zu schließen. Ziel der vorliegenden Pilotstudie war es, die Machbarkeit und Akzeptanz sowie die Effektivität dieses Behandlungsansatzes als Gruppentraining zu evaluieren. Insgesamt 104 Patienten mit Depression nahmen an einer offenen Studie teil, von denen 72 in einer per protocol Analyse berücksichtigt werden konnten. Neben soziodemographischen Daten wurden die depressive Symptomatik, der Selbstwert, das Grübeln sowie allgemeine und depressionstypische Denkverzerrungen über Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente erfasst. Subjektive Bewertungen durch die Patienten sowie etwaige inhaltliche Redundanzen mit anderen therapeutischen Angeboten wurden zusätzlich erfragt. In der Auswertung zeigte sich eine signifikante Abnahme der depressiven Symptomatik mit mittlerer Effektstärke (Cohen's d = 0.73). Außerdem ergaben sich eine signifikante Abnahme der Denkverzerrungen und des Grübelns sowie eine signifikante Zunahme des Selbstwertes (Effektstärken zwischen d = 0.32 und 0.64). Die Machbarkeit, Akzeptanz und Effektivität des D-MKT ist nach den Ergebnissen der Pilotstudie als positiv zu bewerten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Jelinek
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Christian Otte
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Sönke Arlt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Marit Hauschildt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
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Kruijt AW, Antypa N, Booij L, de Jong PJ, Glashouwer K, Penninx BWJH, Van der Does W. Cognitive reactivity, implicit associations, and the incidence of depression: a two-year prospective study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70245. [PMID: 23922962 PMCID: PMC3724814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reactivity to sad mood is a vulnerability marker of depression. Implicit self-depressed associations are related to depression status and reduced remission probability. It is unknown whether these cognitive vulnerabilities precede the first onset of depression. AIM To test the predictive value of cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations for the incidence of depressive disorders. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 834 never-depressed individuals, followed over a two-year period. The predictive value of cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations for the onset of depressive disorders was assessed using binomial logistic regression. The multivariate model corrected for baseline levels of subclinical depressive symptoms, neuroticism, for the presence of a history of anxiety disorders, for family history of depressive or anxiety disorders, and for the incidence of negative life events. RESULTS As single predictors, both cognitive reactivity and implicit self-depressed associations were significantly associated with depression incidence. In the multivariate model, cognitive reactivity was significantly associated with depression incidence, together with baseline depressive symptoms and the number of negative life events, whereas implicit self-depressed associations were not. CONCLUSION Cognitive reactivity to sad mood is associated with the incidence of depressive disorders, also when various other depression-related variables are controlled for. Implicit self-depressed associations predicted depression incidence in a bivariate test, but not when controlling for other predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Wil Kruijt
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Finucane L, Jordan G, Meyer TD. Risk for Mania and its Relationship to Implicit and Explicit Achievement Motivation. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that bipolar disorders are associated with achievement-related cognitions such as setting high goals. A psychodynamic model, the manic defense hypothesis, postulates that a threat to fragile self-esteem triggers grandiosity and manic behaviors in vulnerable people. Vulnerability to bipolar disorders should therefore be positively associated with indicators of explicit hope of success (HS) and implicit fear of failure (FF). Using an online sample (n = 252), we tested these hypotheses using the well-validated Hypomanic Personality Scale as risk indicator for mania, the Multi-Motive Grid for achievement motivation, controlling for current and lifetime depression. Contrary to expectations, we found that vulnerability for mania was significantly and positively related to implicit HS but not to FF after controlling for depression. All measures were self-report tools. Our results contradict the Manic Defense Hypothesis, but they are in line with the idea that achievement-related cognitions are of relevance to vulnerability in bipolar disorders. This is in line with research focusing on the role of the Behavioral Activation System in relation to vulnerability for mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Finucane
- Psychology and Health, Community Health Newham, London, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriele Jordan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas D. Meyer
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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27
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Verhoeven FEA, Booij L, Kruijt AW, Cerit H, Antypa N, Does W. The effects of MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and sex on trait and state-dependent aggression. Brain Behav 2012; 2:806-13. [PMID: 23170243 PMCID: PMC3500467 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotypic variation has been associated with variation in aggression, especially in interaction with childhood trauma or other early adverse events. Male carriers of the low-expressing variant (MAOA-L) with childhood trauma or other early adverse events seem to be more aggressive, whereas female carriers with the high-expressing variant (MAOA-H) with childhood trauma or other early adverse events may be more aggressive. We further investigated the effects of MAOA genotype and its interaction with sex and childhood trauma or other early adverse events on aggression in a young adult sample. We hypothesized that the association between genotype, childhood trauma, and aggression would be different for men and women. We also explored whether this association is different for dispositional (trait) aggression versus aggression in the context of dysphoric mood. In all, 432 Western European students (332 women, 100 men; mean age 20.2) were genotyped for the MAOA gene. They completed measures of childhood trauma, state and trait measures of aggression-related behaviors (STAXI), and cognitive reactivity to sad mood (LEIDS-R), including aggression reactivity. Women with the MAOA-H had higher aggression reactivity scores than women with the MAOA-L. This effect was not observed in men, although the nonsignificant findings in men may be a result of low power. Effects on the STAXI were not observed, nor were there gene by environment interactions on any of the aggression measures. A protective effect of the low-expression variant in women on aggression reactivity is consistent with previous observations in adolescent girls. In females, the MAOA-H may predispose to aggression-related problems during sad mood.
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Marchetti I, Koster EHW, De Raedt R. Mindwandering heightens the accessibility of negative relative to positive thought. Conscious Cogn 2012; 21:1517-25. [PMID: 22726693 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mindwandering (MW) is associated with both positive and negative outcomes. Among the latter, negative mood and negative cognitions have been reported. However, the underlying mechanisms linking mindwandering to negative mood and cognition are still unclear. We hypothesized that MW could either directly enhance negative thinking or indirectly heighten the accessibility of negative thoughts. In an undergraduate sample (n=79) we measured emotional thoughts during the Sustained Attention on Response Task (SART) which induces MW, and accessibility of negative cognitions by means of the Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) after the task. We also measured depressive symptoms and rumination. Results show that in individuals with elevated levels of depressive symptoms MW during SART predicts higher accessibility of negative thoughts after the task, rather than negative thinking during the task. These findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of MW and provide insight into the relationship between task-involvement and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Marchetti
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Drost J, Van der Does AJW, Antypa N, Zitman FG, Van Dyck R, Spinhoven P. General, Specific and Unique Cognitive Factors Involved in Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011; 36:621-633. [PMID: 23144515 PMCID: PMC3490077 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity among anxiety and depressive disorders is the rule rather than the exception. The Integrative Hierarchical Model proposes that each of these disorders contains general (common to all), specific (common to some) and unique components. However, research into this model is limited and hampered by small (clinical) sample sizes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the incremental validity of the cognitive constructs Anxiety Sensitivity, Pathological Worry and Cognitive Reactivity to sad mood over and above the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion. Symptomatic (N = 1,111) and remitted (N = 834) patients were selected from the 2,981 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Results revealed both specific and unique cognitive components of anxiety and depression. Across symptomatic and remitted groups, Anxiety Sensitivity was specific to social anxiety disorder and panic disorder, Aggression Reactivity was a unique component of dysthymia, and Rumination on Sadness was unique to major depressive disorder. We conclude that cognitive constructs have additional value in understanding anxiety and depressive disorders. Moreover, they prove to be more than mere epiphenomena of current disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Drost
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fear of negative evaluation is associated with delusional ideation in non-clinical population and patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46:703-10. [PMID: 20517592 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of recent studies suggest that delusions may be explained as a continuum from normal beliefs. Fear of negative evaluation from others (FNE) is one of potential factors that might describe this psychological process of delusions. METHODS In order to examine whether FNE is associated with delusional ideation in both non-clinical population and patients with schizophrenia, two sets of data [from a non-clinical student sample (n = 282) and from patients with schizophrenia (n = 117)] were collected to examine whether Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) score and the 21-item Peters Delusions Inventory (PDI-21) score were associated with each other. Linear regression analyses were carried out to assess if the BFNE score still remained associated with the PDI-21 scores once the confounding effects of depression were controlled. RESULTS BFNE scores were significantly related to PDI-21 scores in both non-clinical [Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) = 0.37, 95% confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25-0.48] and patient (r = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14-0.49) samples. These associations were still significant when confounding effects of depression were controlled. Standardised coefficients for the BFNE scores in the linear regression model were 0.21 in the student sample and 0.19 in the clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS FNE was associated with delusional ideation both in non-clinical population and in patients with schizophrenia. FNE might be a potential target for both pharmacological and psychological interventions for patients with delusions.
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Antypa N, Van der Does AJW. Serotonin transporter gene, childhood emotional abuse and cognitive vulnerability to depression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:615-20. [PMID: 20455953 PMCID: PMC2936121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses evaluating the association between the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with neuroticism and depression diagnosis as phenotypes have been inconclusive. We examined a gene–environment interaction on a cognitive vulnerability marker of depression, cognitive reactivity (CR) to sad mood. A total of 250 university students of European ancestry were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR, including SNP rs25531, a polymorphism of the long allele. Association analysis was performed for neuroticism, CR and depression diagnosis (using a self-report measure). As an environmental pathogen, self-reported history of childhood emotional abuse was measured because of its strong relationship with depression. Participants with the homozygous low expressing genotype had high CR if they had experienced childhood emotional maltreatment but low CR if they did not have such experience. This interaction was strongest on the Rumination subscale of the CR measure. The interaction was not significant with neuroticism or depression diagnosis as outcome measures. Our results show that 5-HTTLPR is related to cognitive vulnerability to depression. Our findings provide evidence for a differential susceptibility genotype rather than a vulnerability genotype, possibly because of the relatively low levels of abuse in our sample. The selection of phenotype and environmental contributor is pivotal in investigating gene–environment interactions in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Antypa
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Alatiq Y, Crane C, Williams JMG, Goodwin GM. Dysfunctional beliefs in bipolar disorder: hypomanic vs. depressive attitudes. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:294-300. [PMID: 19773086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy modified for bipolar disorder has been inconsistent and sometimes disappointing. However studies exploring cognitive style in bipolar disorder have not identified the unique patterns of beliefs specific to bipolar disorder. The current study examines whether Mansell's hypomania-related dysfunctional belief scale specifically identifies bipolar disorder patients. METHOD Forty remitted bipolar patients, twenty remitted unipolar patients and twenty healthy controls completed the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Prediction Inventory (HAPPI) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). RESULTS The remitted bipolar group scored higher than the unipolar and healthy control groups on the HAPPI scale overall score and on three subscales that measured self-catastrophic beliefs, beliefs related to negative responses from other people when in elevated mood and beliefs related the response style to activation and elevation. CONCLUSION The study finds evidence of unique dysfunctional beliefs elevated only in remitted bipolar patients. Such findings could be used to inform the development of a specific cognitive behavioural therapy for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Alatiq
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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Antypa N, Van der Does AJW, Penninx BWJH. Cognitive reactivity: investigation of a potentially treatable marker of suicide risk in depression. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:46-52. [PMID: 19584020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal ideation is the most stable symptom of depression across episodes. This relative stability may be brought about by increased cognitive reactivity to sad mood (CR) during periods of remission. The idea is that a network of depressive cognitions, which include suicidal ideation, becomes strengthened with each episode of depression. Consequently, the whole network may be more easily re-activated, for instance by an episode of low mood. We examined the association between reactivity of suicidal cognitions during recovery and the presence of suicidal ideation and behavior during the previous depressive episode. METHODS In a case-control design, the CR profiles of recovered depressed participants with (N=355) and without (N=250) a history of suicidal ideation were compared. Structured clinical interviews were used to determine diagnoses and prior symptoms. Cognitive reactivity profile was measured with the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R). RESULTS Suicidal ideation during a depressive episode was associated with a distinct CR profile during remission: elevated hopelessness reactivity scores. This relationship between prior suicidality and current CR was independent of anxiety disorder comorbidity. Moreover, a history of suicide attempt(s) was also associated with a distinct CR profile. These individuals had both higher hopelessness reactivity and higher aggression reactivity than the non-suicidal and suicidal ideation groups. LIMITATIONS Symptoms during the previous depressive episode were assessed retrospectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that CR may underlie the relative stability of suicidal symptoms independent of anxiety comorbidity and that suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior are associated with distinct patterns of CR. Since CR is a potentially treatable vulnerability marker of depression recurrence, this has important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Antypa
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Barnhofer T, Chittka T. Cognitive reactivity mediates the relationship between neuroticism and depression. Behav Res Ther 2009; 48:275-81. [PMID: 20070952 PMCID: PMC2850390 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although neuroticism has long been established as an important risk factor for depression, the mechanisms through which this temperamental predisposition translates into the occurrence of symptoms are still relatively unclear. This study investigated cognitive reactivity, i.e. the ease with which particular patterns of negative thinking are reactivated in response to mild low mood, as a potential mediator. Individuals with (N = 98) and without a previous history of depression (N = 83) who had provided neuroticism scores six years previously were assessed for cognitive reactivity and current symptoms of depression using self-report questionnaires. Tendencies to respond to mild low mood with ruminative thinking mediated the relation between neuroticism and current symptoms of depression in both groups. Reactivation of hopelessness and suicidal thinking occurred as an additional mediator only in those with a history of previous depression. The results suggest that neuroticism predisposes individuals to depression by generally increasing the likelihood of ruminative responses to low mood. In those with a history of depression in the past, neuroticism additionally increases risk of recurrence by facilitating reactivation of previously associated patterns such as suicidal thinking and hopelessness. These findings suggest potential targets for interventions to help preventing the occurrence, or recurrence of depression in those who due to their temperamental predisposition are at an increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Barnhofer
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX37JX, United Kingdom.
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Scherrer MC, Dobson KS. Predicting responsiveness to a depressive mood induction procedure. J Clin Psychol 2009; 65:20-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Aslan D. The psychological aspects of coping with being accused of sexual offences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1108/14636646200800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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An investigation of the relationship between cognitive reactivity and rumination. Behav Ther 2008; 39:65-71. [PMID: 18328871 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Teasdale's (Teasdale, J.D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247-274) differential activation hypothesis refers to the ease with which maladaptive cognitive processes are triggered by mild dysphoria as cognitive reactivity. Supporting this model is evidence of a differential association between sad mood and dysfunctional cognitions in formerly depressed and never-depressed individuals and the finding that cognitive reactivity predicts depression recurrence in remitted depressives. The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R; Van der Does, A.J.W., Williams, J.M.G. (2003). Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-R). Retrieved September 4, 2007, from http://www.dousa.nl/publications_depression.htm#LEIDS) is a recently developed self-report measure that provides clinicians and researchers with a time-efficient means by which to assess cognitive reactivity. This study investigated the relationship between cognitive reactivity (indexed by the LEIDS-R) and depressive rumination in a nonclinical sample (N=324). As predicted, partial correlations between the LEIDS-R (subscale and Total scores) and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema, S., and Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121) were significant after controlling for current depressive symptoms. A subsample of participants (n=130) was administered a structured interview to determine current and past depression diagnostic status. Recovered depressed individuals scored more highly on the LEIDS-R Total and LEIDS-R Rumination subscale; however, the groups did not differ on the remaining subscales. Regression analyses indicated that (across all participants) LEIDS-R Total made a unique contribution to the prediction of depression over and above trait level of depressive rumination. Overall, the LEIDS-R is a time-efficient self-report index of cognitive reactivity that demonstrates promise in distinguishing recovered and never-depressed individuals.
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Cognitive Reactivity, Suicidal Ideation and Future Fluency: Preliminary Investigation of a Differential Activation Theory of Hopelessness/Suicidality. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-006-9105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Beevers CG, Meyer B. I Feel Fine but the Glass is Still Half Empty: Thought Suppression Biases Information Processing Despite Recovery from a Dysphoric Mood State. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-006-9108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wenze SJ, Gunthert KC, Forand NR. Influence of dysphoria on positive and negative cognitive reactivity to daily mood fluctuations. Behav Res Ther 2006; 45:915-27. [PMID: 17059811 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We used an experience sampling design to investigate the influence of dysphoria on positive and negative cognitive reactivity. Participants recorded their thoughts and mood four times per day on PDA devices for one week. We hypothesized that those higher in dysphoria would demonstrate a greater increase in negative thinking in response to negative mood, and a weaker increase in positive cognitions in response to positive mood. These hypotheses were largely supported. For those participants who reported higher initial dysphoria, there was a stronger association between negative mood and thinking and a weaker link between positive mood and thinking. Regression analyses indicated that positive and negative cognitive reactivity were independently related to dysphoria, suggesting that they represent distinct processes. Our results highlight the importance of understanding levels of both negative and positive cognitive reactivity and underscore the benefits of assessing mood and cognition with repeated measurements in "real-time," in order to better understand the antecedent effects of mood on thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Wenze
- Department of Psychology, 321 Asbury Building, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Merens W, Booij L, Markus R, Zitman FG, Onkenhout W, Van der Does AJW. The effects of a diet enriched with alpha-lactalbumin on mood and cortisol response in unmedicated recovered depressed subjects and controls. Br J Nutr 2005; 94:415-22. [PMID: 16176613 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lactalbumin is a tryptophan-rich protein fraction. A diet enriched with alpha-lactalbumin increases the ratio of tryptophan to the other large neutral amino acids, which may in turn increase brain serotonin content. In stress-vulnerable individuals, alpha-lactalbumin improved mood and attenuated the cortisol response after experimental stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an alpha-lactalbumin-enriched diet on mood and stress response in recovered depressed subjects and healthy controls. Forty-three subjects (twenty-three recovered depressed and twenty healthy subjects) received alpha-lactalbumin and casein (placebo) on separate days, in a double-blind randomised crossover design. On both occasions, subjects underwent a stress test (an unsolvable mental arithmetic task with loud noise). The stress test affected mood in both conditions. Although the alpha-lactalbumin diet led to the expected rises in tryptophan and tryptophan:large neutral amino acids ratio, only minimal effects were found on mood and cortisol response to experimental stress. The results were the same for recovered depressed patients and controls. A 1 d diet enriched with alpha-lactalbumin is not sufficient to prevent a stress-induced mood deterioration or a cortisol response in unmedicated, recovered depressed subjects. Future studies may investigate the effects of longer-term diets or may investigate different samples (e.g. medicated patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendelien Merens
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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