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Luo J, Dinh P, Hendryx M, Li W, Robinson J, Margolis KL. Risk Patterns and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women Using Latent Class Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:e225-e233. [PMID: 34686303 PMCID: PMC8542102 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although risk factors often co-occur, previous studies examining lifestyle or psychosocial factors often treat these factors as individual predictors of health. This study aims to identify the underlying subgroups of women characterized by distinct lifestyle and psychosocial risk patterns and to investigate the prospective associations between risk patterns and mortality among postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 64,812 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years without prevalent diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline (1993-1998) were followed until 2019 with a mean follow-up duration of 14.6 (SD=6.4) years. Latent class analysis was used to identify the latent classes of women with homogeneous combinations of lifestyle and psychosocial variables and to test whether the classes were prospectively associated with mortality. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity and were performed in 2020. RESULTS A total of 4 latent classes (Healthy Lifestyle and Psychosocial, Risky Psychosocial, Risky Lifestyle, and Risky Lifestyle and Risky Psychosocial) were identified for Hispanic, Black, and White women, and 2 classes (High Risk or Low Risk) were identified for American Indian and Asian women. Women in the Risky Lifestyle and Risky Psychosocial group had the highest hazard ratios for all outcomes studied for all race/ethnicity groups than those in the Healthy Lifestyle and Psychosocial group, followed by those in the Risky Lifestyle group. Risky Psychosocial class was significantly associated with an elevated risk of overall and cardiovascular disease mortality only in Black women. CONCLUSIONS The class with concurrent risky lifestyle and psychosocial factors conveyed the greatest risk of all types of mortality than a low-risk ref group. Health promotion should address both behavioral and psychosocial risks concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.
| | - Paul Dinh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Bohn-Goldbaum E, Pascoe A, Singh MF, Singh N, Kok J, Dwyer DE, Mathieson E, Booy R, Edwards KM. Acute exercise decreases vaccine reactions following influenza vaccination among older adults. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 1:100009. [PMID: 38377422 PMCID: PMC8474530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although valuable and effective in decreasing disease burden, influenza vaccination has low rates of efficacy, especially in those at most risk. Studies have shown that acute exercise can improve vaccine responses, most consistently with weaker antigens. Here we examined the effect of resistance exercise on the acute and longer-term responses to influenza vaccination among healthy older adults. Forty-six participants (47.8% male, mean 73.4 ± 6.6 years) were randomised to perform one 45-min moderate-intensity resistance exercise session or sit quietly prior to the receipt of influenza vaccination. Acute exercise reduced vaccine reactions but had no effect on either antibody responses or development of influenza-like symptoms during six months of follow-up. Psychosocial and behavioural characteristics were examined for potential associations with the responses to vaccination. Participants (n = 36) vaccinated in the previous year had higher baseline antibody titres but not follow-up titres nor more frequent experience of influenza-like symptoms over 6 months compared to those unvaccinated in the previous year. These findings provide further support for the ability of acute exercise to reduce vaccine reactions and suggest risk factors for vaccine responses for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bohn-Goldbaum
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - April Pascoe
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Fiatarone Singh
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Research Group, Lidcombe, Australia
- Hebrew SeniorLife and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nalin Singh
- The Centre for STRONG Medicine, Pymble, NSW, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic E. Dwyer
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Robert Booy
- The University of Sydney, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate M. Edwards
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, Australia
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Heikkinen S, Miettinen J, Pukkala E, Koskenvuo M, Malila N, Pitkäniemi J. Impact of major life events on breast-cancer-specific mortality: A case fatality study on 8000 breast cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 48:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rutters F, Pilz S, Koopman ADM, Rauh SP, Pouwer F, Stehouwer CDA, Elders PJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM. Stressful life events and incident metabolic syndrome: the Hoorn study. Stress 2015; 18:507-13. [PMID: 26186032 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1064891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events are associated with the metabolic syndrome in cross-sectional studies, but prospective studies addressing this issue are rare and limited. We therefore evaluated whether the number of stressful life events is associated with incident metabolic syndrome. We assessed the association between the number of stressful life events experienced in the 5 years up until baseline and incident metabolic syndrome after 6.5 years at follow-up in the Hoorn study, a middle-aged and elderly population-based cohort. Participants with prevalent metabolic syndrome at baseline were excluded. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III, including fasting plasma glucose levels, HDL-C levels, triglyceride levels, waist circumference and hypertension. We included 1099 participants (47% male; age 60 ± 7 years). During 6.5 years of follow-up, 238 participants (22%) developed the metabolic syndrome. Logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, education level and follow-up duration showed a positive association between the number of stressful life events at baseline and incident metabolic syndrome [OR 1.13 (1.01-1.27) per event, p = 0.049]. In addition, a Poisson model showed a significant positive association between the number of stressful life events at baseline and the number of metabolic syndrome factors at follow-up [OR 1.05 (1.01-1.11) per event, p = 0.018]. Finally, we observed a significant association between the number of stressful life events at baseline and waist circumference at follow-up [adjusted for confounders β 0.86 (0.39-1.34) cm per event, p < 0.001]. Overall, we concluded that persons who reported more stressful life events at baseline had a significantly increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome during 6.5 years of follow-up, in a middle-aged and elderly population-based cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Rutters
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Pilz
- c Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Anitra D M Koopman
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Simone P Rauh
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Frans Pouwer
- d Centre of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University , Tilburg , the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- e Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM) , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands , and
| | - Petra J Elders
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
- f Department of General Practice , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Giel Nijpels
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
- f Department of General Practice , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- b EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
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Fink HA, Kuskowski MA, Cauley JA, Taylor BC, Schousboe JT, Cawthon PM, Ensrud KE. Association of stressful life events with accelerated bone loss in older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2833-9. [PMID: 25169421 PMCID: PMC4331181 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior studies suggest an association between stressful life events and fractures that may be mediated by BMD. In the current study, risk of accelerated hip BMD loss was higher in older men with any type of stressful life event and increased with the number of types of stressful life events. INTRODUCTION Prior studies suggest that stressful life events may increase adverse health outcomes, including falls and possibly fractures. The current study builds on these findings and examines whether stressful life events are associated with increased bone loss. METHODS Four thousand three hundred eighty-eight men aged ≥65 years in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study completed total hip bone mineral density (BMD) measures at baseline and visit 2, approximately 4.6 years later, and self-reported stressful life events data mid-way between baseline and visit 2, and at visit 2. We used linear regression to model the association of stressful life events with concurrent annualized total hip BMD loss, and log binomial regression or Poisson regression to model risk of concurrent accelerated BMD loss (>1 SD more than mean annualized change). RESULTS Men (75.3 %) reported ≥1 type of stressful life event, including 43.3 % with ≥2 types of stressful life events. Mean annualized BMD loss was -0.36 % (SD 0.88), and 13.9 % of men were categorized with accelerated BMD loss (about 5.7 % or more total loss). Rate of annualized BMD loss increased with the number of types of stressful life events after adjustment for age (p < 0.001), but not after multivariable adjustment (p = 0.07). Multivariable-adjusted risk of accelerated BMD loss increased with the number of types of stressful life events (RR, 1.10 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.16]) per increase of one type of stressful life event). Fracture risk was not significantly different between stressful life event-accelerated bone loss subgroups (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS In these older men, stressful life events were associated with a small, dose-related increase in risk of concurrent accelerated hip bone loss. Low frequency of fractures limited assessment of whether rapid bone loss mediates any association of stressful life events with incident fractures. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the mechanism that may underlie this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Health Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA,
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Aldwin CM, Jeong YJ, Igarashi H, Choun S, Spiro A. Do hassles mediate between life events and mortality in older men? Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. Exp Gerontol 2014; 59:74-80. [PMID: 24995936 PMCID: PMC4253863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether hassles mediated the effect of life events on mortality in a sample of 1293 men (Mage=65.58, SD=7.01), participants in the VA Normative Aging Study. We utilized measures of stressful life events (SLE) and hassles from 1989 to 2004, and men were followed for mortality until 2010. For life events and hassles, previous research identified three and four patterns of change over time, respectively, generally indicating low, moderate, and high trajectories, with one moderate, non-linear pattern for hassles (shallow U curve). Controlling for demographics and health behaviors, we found that those with moderate SLE trajectories (38%) more likely to die than those with low SLE trajectories, HR=1.42, 95% CI [1.16, 3.45]. Including the hassles classes showed that those with the moderate non-linear hassles trajectory were 63% more likely to die than those with low hassles trajectory, HR=1.63, 95% CI [1.19, 2.23], while those with consistently high hassles trajectory were over 3 times more likely to die, HR=3.30, 95% CI [1.58, 6.89]. However, the HR for moderate SLE trajectory decreased only slightly to 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.68], suggesting that the two types of stress have largely independent effects on mortality. Research is needed to determine the physiological and behavioral pathways through which SLE and hassles differentially affect mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Avron Spiro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, United States; Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, United States
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The association between psychosocial stress and mortality is mediated by lifestyle and chronic diseases: The Hoorn Study. Soc Sci Med 2014; 118:166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Levy BR, Slade MD, Chung PH, Gill TM. Resiliency Over Time of Elders' Age Stereotypes After Encountering Stressful Events. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 70:886-90. [PMID: 24997287 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the age stereotypes of older individuals would become more negative or else show resiliency following stressful events and to examine whether age-stereotype negativity would increase the likelihood of experiencing a stressful event (i.e., hospitalization). METHOD Age stereotypes of 231 participants, 70 years and older, were assessed across 10 years, before and after the occurrence of hospitalizations and bereavements. RESULTS Age-stereotype negativity was resilient despite encountering stressful events. In contrast, more negative age stereotypes were associated with a 50% greater likelihood of experiencing a hospitalization. DISCUSSION The robustness of negative age stereotypes was expressed in their capacity to resist change as well as generate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca R Levy
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Martin D Slade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pil H Chung
- Department of Sociology and Demography, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Thomas M Gill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Fink HA, Kuskowski MA, Marshall LM. Association of stressful life events with incident falls and fractures in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Age Ageing 2014; 43:103-8. [PMID: 24002237 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/aft117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND small, retrospective studies suggest that major life events and/or sudden emotional stress may increase fall and fracture risk. The current study examines these associations prospectively. METHODS a total of 5,152 men aged ≥65 years in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study self-reported data on stressful life events for 1 year prior to study Visit 2. Incident falls and fractures were ascertained for 1 year after Visit 2. Fractures were centrally confirmed. RESULTS a total of 2,932 (56.9%) men reported ≥1 type of stressful life event. In men with complete stressful life event, fall and covariate data (n = 3,949), any stressful life event was associated with a 33% increased risk of incident fall [relative risk (RR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.49] and 68% increased risk of multiple falls (RR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.40-2.01) in the year following Visit 2 after adjustment for age, education, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, stroke, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment, chair stand time, walk speed, multiple past falls, depressive symptoms and antidepressant use. Risk increased with the number of types of stressful life events. Though any stressful life event was associated with a 58% increased age-adjusted risk for incident fracture, this association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant after additional adjustment for total hip bone mineral density, fracture after age 50, Parkinson's disease, stroke and IADL impairment. CONCLUSIONS in this cohort of older men, stressful life events significantly increased risk of incident falls independent of other explanatory variables, but did not independently increase incident fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Fink
- VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, One Veterans Drive, 11-G, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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Aldwin CM, Molitor NT, Avron S, Levenson MR, Molitor J, Igarashi H. Do Stress Trajectories Predict Mortality in Older Men? Longitudinal Findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:896109. [PMID: 21961066 PMCID: PMC3180855 DOI: 10.4061/2011/896109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined long-term patterns of stressful life events (SLE) and their impact on mortality contrasting two theoretical models: allostatic load (linear relationship) and hormesis (inverted U relationship) in 1443 NAS men (aged 41-87 in 1985; M = 60.30, SD = 7.3) with at least two reports of SLEs over 18 years (total observations = 7,634). Using a zero-inflated Poisson growth mixture model, we identified four patterns of SLE trajectories, three showing linear decreases over time with low, medium, and high intercepts, respectively, and one an inverted U, peaking at age 70. Repeating the analysis omitting two health-related SLEs yielded only the first three linear patterns. Compared to the low-stress group, both the moderate and the high-stress groups showed excess mortality, controlling for demographics and health behavior habits, HRs = 1.42 and 1.37, ps <.01 and <.05. The relationship between stress trajectories and mortality was complex and not easily explained by either theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Aldwin
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nuoo-Ting Molitor
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Spiro Avron
- Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System (151MAV), 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, 715 Albany Street T 3E, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael R. Levenson
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - John Molitor
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Heidi Igarashi
- Human Development & Family Sciences, School of Social & Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Sutin AR, Costa PT, Wethington E, Eaton W. Perceptions of stressful life events as turning points are associated with self-rated health and psychological distress. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2010; 23:479-92. [PMID: 20099168 DOI: 10.1080/10615800903552015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We test the hypothesis that changes in physical and psychological health are associated with construals of stressful life events. At two points in time, approximately 10 years apart, participants (n=1038) rated their physical health and psychological distress. At the second assessment, participants also reported their most stressful life event since the first assessment and indicated whether they considered the event a turning point and/or lesson learned. Lower self-ratings of health and higher ratings of psychological distress, controlling for baseline health and distress, and relevant demographic factors, were associated with perceiving the stressful life event as a turning point, particularly a negative turning point. The two health measures were primarily unrelated to lessons learned. How individuals construe the most stressful events in their lives are associated with changes in self-rated health and distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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