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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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IGARASHI H, NAGAI N, YAMADA Y, ITO T, NEO S, GOTO-KOSHINO Y, KANAI E, AIHARA N, TAKAGI S, KAMIIE J, HISASUE M. A canine case of Ehrlichia canis infection without a history of being in an endemic area in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:354-357. [PMID: 38355119 PMCID: PMC11061565 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A mixed-breed, 8-year-old male dog developed neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperglobulinemia. Bone marrow hyperplasia and splenic plasmacytosis were cytologically observed. The dog had never been outside of Tokyo or Shizuoka Prefecture. Splenectomy was performed to confirm and remove the cause of splenic plasmacytosis. A histopathological diagnosis of splenic plasmacytoma was made; however, serum protein electrophoresis showed polyclonal gammopathy. Further screening was performed, and Ehrlichia canis infection was confirmed. The dog was treated with doxycycline for 5 weeks. After the antibiotic therapy, no relapse of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, or positive polymerase chain reaction result of E. canis infection was observed for 3 years. Careful attention should be given to ehrlichiosis when exploring the cause of pancytopenia or hyperglobulinemia, regardless of the travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka IGARASHI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki NAGAI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Yoko YAMADA
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro ITO
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Sakurako NEO
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School
of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi KANAI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Naoyuki AIHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi TAKAGI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Junichi KAMIIE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu HISASUE
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Owens E, Harris L, Harris A, Yoshimoto J, Burnett R, Avery A. The gene expression profile and cell of origin of canine peripheral T-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:18. [PMID: 38166662 PMCID: PMC10762913 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) refers to a heterogenous group of T-cell neoplasms with poor treatment responses and survival times. Canine PTCL clinically and immunophenotypically resembles the most common human subtype, PTCL-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), leading to interest in this canine disease as a naturally occurring model for human PTCL. Gene expression profiling in human PTCL-NOS has helped characterize this ambiguous diagnosis into distinct subtypes, but similar gene expression profiling in canine PTCL is lacking. METHODS Bulk RNA-sequencing was performed on tumor samples from 33 dogs with either CD4+ (26/33), CD8+ (4/33), or CD4-CD8- (3/33) PTCL as diagnosed by flow cytometry, and sorted CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes from healthy control dogs. Following normalization of RNA-seq data, we performed differential gene expression and unsupervised clustering methods. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to determine the enrichment of canine CD4+ PTCL for human PTCL-NOS, oncogenic pathways, and various stages of T-cell development gene signatures. We utilized gene set variation analysis to evaluate individual canine CD4+ PTCLs for various human and murine T-cell and thymocyte gene signatures. Cultured canine PTCL cells were treated with a pan-PI3K inhibitor, and cell survival and proliferation were compared to DMSO-treated controls. Expression of GATA3 and phosphorylated AKT was validated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS While the canine CD4+ PTCL phenotype exhibited a consistent gene expression profile, the expression profiles of CD8+ and CD4-CD8- canine PTCLs were more heterogeneous. Canine CD4+ PTCL had increased expression of GATA3, upregulation of its target genes, enrichment for PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, and downregulation of PTEN, features consistent with the more aggressive GATA3-PTCL subtype of human PTCL-NOS. In vitro assays validated the reliance of canine CD4+ PTCL cells on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling for survival and proliferation. Canine CD4+ PTCL was enriched for thymic precursor gene signatures, exhibited increased expression of markers of immaturity (CD34, KIT, DNTT, and CCR9), and downregulated genes associated with the T-cell receptor, MHC class II associated genes (DLA-DQA1, DLA-DRA, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DQB2), and CD25. CONCLUSIONS Canine CD4+ PTCL most closely resembled the GATA3-PTCL subtype of PTCL-NOS and may originate from an earlier stage of T-cell development than the more conventionally posited mature T-helper cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Owens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Lauren Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Adam Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Janna Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Robert Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Anne Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University (EO, LH, AH, JY, RB, AA), 300 W Lake St, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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Howard CM, Anderson S, Harrington B. Characterization of CD3+/CD20+ canine large-cell lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:86-94. [PMID: 37837199 PMCID: PMC10734595 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231204873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunophenotyping of canine large-cell lymphoma (LCL) for B-cell and T-cell surface antigens is commonly performed to better predict the clinical outcome. Expression of surface antigen CD3 is associated with T-cell malignancies; surface antigen CD20 is expressed on B cells. However, a small subset of canine LCLs expresses both CD3 and CD20 (CD3+/CD20+); this form of lymphoma remains poorly defined at the molecular level. In a retrospective study, we aimed to better characterize immunophenotypic properties and antigen receptor clonality of CD3+/CD20+ LCL. We selected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 10 cases of CD3+/CD20+ LCL and breed-matched controls of peripheral large T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Using PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR), we identified monoclonal T-cell receptor gamma (TCRγ) rearrangements in all CD3+/CD20+ cases. Three of 10 cases had monoclonal rearrangements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH), supportive of cross-lineage rearrangement. There was no significant difference in the frequency of antigen receptor rearrangement between CD3+/CD20+ and PTCL cases. In comparison with DLBCL, CD3+/CD20+ LCL had TCRγ rearrangement more frequently and IgH rearrangement less frequently, respectively. Immunolabeling of the B-cell marker PAX5 occurred less frequently in all CD3+/CD20+ LCL cases compared to the DLBCL controls. Immunolabeling for BCL-2 was robust, regardless of immunophenotype. Nuclear Ki67 positivity was variable in CD3+/CD20+ cases, indicating a heterogeneity in proliferation. Overall, cases of canine CD3+/CD20+ LCL had properties similar to PTCL, suggesting a similar histogenesis of these 2 subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M. Howard
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steffanie Anderson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
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Kim S, Kim N, Kang HM, Jang HJ, Lee AC, Na KJ. Canine Somatic Mutations from Whole-Exome Sequencing of B-Cell Lymphomas in Six Canine Breeds-A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2846. [PMID: 37760246 PMCID: PMC10525272 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine lymphoma (CL) is one of the most common malignant tumors in dogs. The cause of CL remains unclear. Genetic mutations that have been suggested as possible causes of CL are not fully understood. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is a time- and cost-effective method for detecting genetic variants targeting only the protein-coding regions (exons) that are part of the entire genome region. A total of eight patients with B-cell lymphomas were recruited, and WES analysis was performed on whole blood and lymph node aspirate samples from each patient. A total of 17 somatic variants (GOLIM4, ITM2B, STN1, UNC79, PLEKHG4, BRF1, ENSCAFG00845007156, SEMA6B, DSC1, TNFAIP1, MYLK3, WAPL, ADORA2B, LOXHD1, GP6, AZIN1, and NCSTN) with moderate to high impact were identified by WES analysis. Through a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of 17 genes with somatic mutations, a total of 16 pathways were identified. Overall, the somatic mutations identified in this study suggest novel candidate mutations for CL, and further studies are needed to confirm the role of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungryong Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Namphil Kim
- Biophotonics and Nano Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo-Min Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.-M.K.)
| | - Hye-Jin Jang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu 41453, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Ki-Jeong Na
- Laboratory of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.-M.K.)
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Elshafie NO, Gribskov M, Lichti NI, Sayedahmed EE, Childress MO, dos Santos AP. miRNome expression analysis in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1238613. [PMID: 37711209 PMCID: PMC10499539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1238613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphoma is a common canine cancer with translational relevance to human disease. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent subtype, contributing to almost fifty percent of clinically recognized lymphoma cases. Identifying new biomarkers capable of early diagnosis and monitoring DLBCL is crucial for enhancing remission rates. This research seeks to advance our knowledge of the molecular biology of DLBCL by analyzing the expression of microRNAs, which regulate gene expression by negatively impacting gene expression via targeted RNA degradation or translational repression. The stability and accessibility of microRNAs make them appropriate biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases. Methods We extracted and sequenced microRNAs from ten fresh-frozen lymph node tissue samples (six DLBCL and four non-neoplastic). Results Small RNA sequencing data analysis revealed 35 differently expressed miRNAs (DEMs) compared to controls. RT-qPCR confirmed that 23/35 DEMs in DLBCL were significantly upregulated (n = 14) or downregulated (n = 9). Statistical significance was determined by comparing each miRNA's average expression fold-change (2-Cq) between the DLCBL and healthy groups by applying the unpaired parametric Welch's 2-sample t-test and false discovery rate (FDR). The predicted target genes of the DEMs were mainly enriched in the PI3K-Akt-MAPK pathway. Discussion Our data point to the potential value of miRNA signatures as diagnostic biomarkers and serve as a guideline for subsequent experimental studies to determine the targets and functions of these altered miRNAs in canine DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly O. Elshafie
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gribskov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nathanael I. Lichti
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ekramy. E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael O. Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Andrea P. dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Mizutani Y, Inoue Y, Goda Y, Mizutani S, Asanuma T, Miura N, Hidaka Y, Sato R, Satoh H. Successful Treatment of Central Nervous System Lymphoma with Combination Therapy of Nimustine and Prednisolone in Two Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:533. [PMID: 37756055 PMCID: PMC10538104 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Of intracranial tumors, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare in dogs. Herein, we describe our experience with two dogs (a 3-year-old intact female toy poodle and a 5-year-old spayed female toy poodle) that developed neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed intracranial disseminated lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed pleocytosis and B-cell monoclonal proliferation in both cases. PCNSL or secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) was diagnosed on the basis of MRI findings and CSF examinations. Nimustine (ACNU) is a nitrosourea alkylating agent, a class of drugs that includes lomustine. Nimustine is mainly used to treat human intracranial neoplasia because of its high permeability across the blood-brain barrier. The dogs in this study were treated with combined chemotherapy comprising nimustine and prednisolone, which achieved complete or nearly complete remission of neurological symptoms and long-term survival (>2583 days and 1218 days), but with problematic adverse effects. We determined that the dose of nimustine for canine PCNSL or SCNSL with intravenous infusion was 25-30 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks for a total of four times; however, the data were insufficient to determine the optimal regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mizutani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Goda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Mizutani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hidaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
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Silva S, Fadda A, Paran E, Gould S, Mosca A. Clinical features, MRI findings and outcome of a primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla treated with chemotherapy alone. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231214441. [PMID: 38144711 PMCID: PMC10748692 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231214441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old neutered female feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)-negative domestic shorthair cat was referred with an acute onset of vestibular signs. A clinical examination identified evidence of otitis externa of the right ear and enlargement of the right mandibular lymph node. MRI revealed predominantly T2 and FLAIR hyperintense and contrast-enhancing lesions affecting the right external ear canal, tympanic bulla and nasopharyngeal regions with intracranial extension. Cytology and culture and sensitivity samples collected from the middle ear via myringotomy revealed a population of intermediate to large lymphocytes consistent with lymphoma and mixed Staphylococcus chromogenes and Pasteurella species infection. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements on the ear cytology was consistent with a B-cell rearrangement. A primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla and other sites with secondary septic otitis media and interna was diagnosed. After the improvement of clinical conditions after corticosteroid, antibiotic and chemotherapy treatment, the cat was alive 22 months after diagnosis without recurrence of clinical signs. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of a primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla with suspected involvement of the nasopharynx and cranial vault treated with chemotherapy alone in the veterinary literature. Although very rare, B-cell lymphoma should be included in the differentials for diseases affecting the inner and/or middle ear and extending intracranially in cats. Chemotherapy represents a non-invasive treatment modality with a survival of up to 22 months appearing possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela Fadda
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emilie Paran
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sara Gould
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrea Mosca
- Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Vet Specialists, Bristol, UK
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Guil-Luna S, Sánchez-Céspedes R, Rivas Crespo A, Dolores Fernández M, Fernández Sarmiento JA, Rodríguez-Ariza A, Millán Y. Analysis of cell-free DNA concentration, fragmentation patterns and TP53 gene expression in mammary tumor-bearing dogs: A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157878. [PMID: 37065257 PMCID: PMC10090457 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionLiquid biopsy based on the analysis of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), as well as on detection of point mutations by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), has revolutionized the research in oncology. In recent years, this technique has been pioneering in veterinary medicine since it is a minimally invasive approach with very promising results for characterization of tumors.MethodsThe aim of this study was, firstly, to analyze the concentration and the fragmentation pattern of cfDNA of dogs with mammary tumors (n = 36) and healthy dogs (n = 5) and its correlation with clinicopathological data. Secondly, analysis of TP53 gene expression and the point mutation in the codon 245 were performed in cfDNA and in tumor tissues to assess their potential as plasma biomarkers.Results and discussionOur results highlighted that those dogs with worse clinicopathological characteristics (simple or undifferentiated carcinomas, higher histological grade and presence of peritumoral inflammation) shown higher cfDNA concentration and higher concentrations of short-fragments (<190 bp) than healthy dogs. In addition, although no detection of the point mutation in codon 245 of TP53 gene could be detected neither in plasma nor tumor tissue, an increased TP53 expression was detected in animals with tumors bearing malignant characteristics. Finally, a high concordance with TP53 gene expression in plasma and tumor tissue and cfDNA concentration was also found. The results derived from this work confirm the valuable potential of cfDNA and its fragments, as well as the analysis of TP53 expression in plasma as useful liquid biomarkers for clinical application in veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guil-Luna
- Grupo Nuevas Terapias en cáncer, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silvia Guil-Luna
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Céspedes
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Rivas Crespo
- Grupo Nuevas Terapias en cáncer, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ariza
- Grupo Nuevas Terapias en cáncer, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Putra A, Stilwell J, Mulder T, Banovic F. Diagnostic challenge in veterinary pathology: Pruritus in a dog with a mixed cellular infiltrate. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:158-161. [PMID: 36541605 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Putra
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Justin Stilwell
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Troy Mulder
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Frane Banovic
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
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11
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Epigenetic Alterations in Canine Malignant Lymphoma: Future and Clinical Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030468. [PMID: 36766357 PMCID: PMC9913421 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine malignant lymphoma is a common neoplasia in dogs, and some studies have used dogs as a research model for molecular mechanisms of lymphomas in humans. In two species, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice, but the resistance to conventional anticancer drugs is frequent. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms of development and progression of neoplasia has expanded in recent years, and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly well known. These studies open up new ways of discovering therapeutic biomarkers. Histone deacetylases and demethylase inhibitors could be a future treatment for canine lymphoma, and the use of microRNAs as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers is getting closer. This review summarises the epigenetic mechanisms underlying canine lymphoma and their possible application as treatment and biomarkers, both prognostic and diagnostic.
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12
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Mott Cell Differentiation in Canine Multicentric B Cell Lymphoma with Cross-Lineage Rearrangement and Lineage Infidelity in a Dog. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100549. [PMID: 36288162 PMCID: PMC9610087 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The scientific literature regarding Mott cell differentiation in canine lymphoma is scarce. Mott cells are defective in immunoglobulin secretion and are derived from plasma cells, and lymphoma is a severe condition characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Lymphoma can be divided into B- or T-cell according to their origin. Whether the origin of lymphoma is B- or T-cell can be confirmed by PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement or flow cytometry assay. However, the phenomenon in which B- and T-cells are simultaneously identified in PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement and flow cytometry is called cross-lineage rearrangement and lineage infidelity, respectively, and is known to be occasionally found in canine lymphoma. These phenomena have not been reported in canine lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. This study is the first report of Mott cell differentiation in canine B-cell lymphoma with cross-lineage rearrangement and lineage infidelity. This study describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this unknown type of cancer in a 4-year-old female mongrel dog. Abstract Lymphoma is a severe condition characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. A 4-year-old female mongrel dog presented with solitary lymph node enlargement. Significant right prescapular lymphadenopathy and abdominal enlargement were observed during physical examination. A complete blood count revealed lymphocytosis, and a peripheral blood smear revealed lymphoblastosis and Mott cells. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the right prescapular lymph node revealed a predominant population of lymphoblasts and Mott cells. Based on the FNAC and blood smear results, the patient was diagnosed with leukemic state multicentric B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. Subsequent PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement and flow cytometry revealed that the patient exhibited cross-lineage rearrangement (CLRA) and lineage infidelity (LI), respectively. CHOP-based chemotherapy was initiated, however, the patient’s disease was progressive. The patient died three months after the initial presentation. Mott cell differentiation in canine B-cell lymphoma (MCL) has rarely been reported in the veterinary literature and seems to show an unusual clinical course. To the best of our knowledge, no reports of MCL with CLRA and LI exist. We report the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of MCL with CLRA and LI.
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13
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Takanosu M, Kagawa Y. A clonality assay in canine B cell tumors targeting the immunoglobulin light chain lambda locus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110498. [PMID: 36191469 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Clonality assays for antigen receptor rearrangement have been used as adjunct examinations of lymphoproliferative diseases. These assays have been useful for differentiation between inflammation and clonal expansion of lymphocytes. Whereas the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and immunoglobulin light chain kappa (IGK) loci have been targeted in canine clonality assays previously, the immunoglobulin light chain lambda gene (IGL) locus has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of clonality assays in dogs using IGL. Canine diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), cutaneous plasmacytomas, and pathologically diagnosed lymph nodes without lymphoma, were used in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections. Sequences of IGLV and IGLJ were obtained from the ImMunoGeneTics database. Several primers against IGLVs and IGLJs were designed in the regions showing homology, by alignment of the gene segments. Products of polymerase chain reaction were analyzed on a capillary electrophoresis. In total, 20 of 23 cases of DLBCL showed clonality (87.0 %), whereas 8 of 30 cutaneous plasmacytomas were clonal (26.7 %). One of 23 lymph nodes without lymphoma showed clonality, thus the specificity was 95.7 %. These data indicate that the IGL locus could be a target for canine clonality assays and that the sensitivity of IGL-based clonality assays in cutaneous plasmacytomas was lower than that in DLBCL.
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14
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Takanosu M, Kagawa Y. A clonality analysis based on T-cell receptor beta and delta loci for high-grade gastrointestinal lymphoma in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:972-976. [PMID: 35918913 PMCID: PMC9597334 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonality assays based on antigen receptors are used as adjunct examinations in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases. We investigated the usefulness of the T-cell receptor beta (TRB) and T-cell receptor delta (TRD) loci in clonality assays for high-grade gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma in dogs. For TRB, we used primers reported previously; for TRD, we designed primers for each of the V and J genes based on genomic sequences. Genomic DNA was extracted from 39 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of high-grade GI lymphoma diagnosed histologically. The sensitivity of TRB and TRD primers for GI lymphoma was 41.0% and 38.5%, respectively, which was lower than the 82.1% sensitivity of T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) primers However, some cases that could not be detected using TRG primers had clonality with either TRB or TRD primers. We found the TRG locus to be more suitable as a first choice for the assay of canine lymphoma clonality than the TRB and TRD loci. However, the detection rate of T-cell clonality may be enhanced using TRB and TRD primers for lymphoma cases not detected using TRG primers.
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15
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Marrinhas C, Malhão F, Lopes C, Sampaio F, Moreira R, Caniatti M, Santos M, Marcos R. Doing more with less: multiple uses of a single slide in veterinary cytology. A practical approach. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:641-654. [PMID: 35717511 PMCID: PMC9206527 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary cytology faced a remarkable evolution in the last 15 years, in part due to increase recognition of the advantages of the cytology by veterinary clinicians. Simultaneously, there has been a growing awareness by the owners about the importance of a complete diagnostic workup aimed at defining a proper treatment protocol. With the extended use of cytology, challenging diagnostic cases are more frequent, and more clinically useful answers are requested. In this scenario, the use of cytology specimens to perform ancillary techniques is a valid approach. Rather than being simply archived, cytology slides can be a valuable source and a good platform to carry out cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and molecular techniques. Therefore, several diagnostic techniques can be applied in tiny samples, thus following the "doing more with less" principle. The aim of this approach is to refine the cytologic diagnosis and provide additional prognostic and therapeutic information. Herein, we detailed this principle in veterinary cytology and reviewed the use of cytology specimens for ancillary techniques as a single procedure, i.e., using the whole slide, or multiple procedures, i.e., multiple procedures applied in the same slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marrinhas
- Hospital Do Baixo Vouga, OneVet Group, Águeda, Portugal.,Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Sampaio
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório INNO, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Moreira
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,UPVET, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria E Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Santos
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos
- Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Jeffries C, Moore AR, Schlemmer SN. Urinary bladder wall mass with neoplastic lymphoid cells in the urine: Diagnosis of an IgG secretory B-cell lymphoma with Bence-Jones proteinuria in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:426-431. [PMID: 35488188 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a multimodal approach to diagnose a unique case of myeloma-related disease, extranodal secretory B-cell lymphoma with urinary bladder involvement, an IgG4 monoclonal gammopathy, and Bence-Jones proteinuria in a dog with a 6-year history of hyperglobulinemia that had not been further evaluated. A 12-year-old dog was presented for evaluation of a 1-week history of tenesmus. Urine sediment cytologic evaluation revealed low to moderate numbers of intermediate to large-sized lymphocytes. We describe a technique that yielded adequate numbers of viable neoplastic cells in shipped urine sediment for PARR and flow cytometry. Those studies demonstrated a clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and an expansion of CD21-positive and MHC Class II-negative B cells, respectively. Protein electrophoresis with immunofixation and proteomic evaluation revealed a serum and urine IgG4 monoclonal gammopathy with Bence-Jones proteinuria. MUM1 immunocytochemistry performed on the urine sediment slides failed to label the neoplastic cells; thus, a plasma cell tumor was considered unlikely. Lack of response to a cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy regimen led to euthanasia without necropsy 21 days after diagnosis. Lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic malignancy and accounts for up to a quarter of all neoplasms in dogs, but lymphoid neoplasms arising primarily from extranodal sites are infrequently reported. Urinary tract neoplasia can be diagnosed by urine evaluation in about one-third of canine cases, but the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasia via urine evaluation is rarely reported. This case highlights the utility of ancillary diagnostics on urine for detection of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jeffries
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha N Schlemmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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17
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Feline and Canine Cutaneous Lymphocytosis: Reactive Process or Indolent Neoplastic Disease? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9010026. [PMID: 35051110 PMCID: PMC8778986 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lymphocytosis (CL) is an uncommon and controversial lymphoproliferative disorder described in dogs and cats. CL is generally characterized by a heterogeneous clinical presentation and histological features that may overlap with epitheliotropic lymphoma. Therefore, its neoplastic or reactive nature is still debated. Here, we describe clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and clonality features of a retrospective case series of 19 cats and 10 dogs with lesions histologically compatible with CL. In both species, alopecia, erythema, and scales were the most frequent clinical signs. Histologically, a dermal infiltrate of small to medium-sized lymphocytes, occasionally extending to the subcutis, was always identified. Conversely, when present, epitheliotropism was generally mild. In cats, the infiltrate was consistently CD3+; in dogs, a mixture of CD3+ and CD20+ lymphocytes was observed only in 4 cases. The infiltrate was polyclonal in all cats, while BCR and TCR clonal rearrangements were identified in dogs. Overall, cats had a long-term survival (median overall survival = 1080 days) regardless of the treatment received, while dogs showed a shorter and variable clinical course, with no evident associations with clinicopathological features. In conclusion, our results support a reactive nature of the disease in cats, associated with prolonged survival; despite a similar histological picture, canine CL is associated with a more heterogeneous lymphocytic infiltrate, clonality results, and response to treatment, implying a more challenging discrimination between CL and CEL in this species. A complete diagnostic workup and detailed follow-up information on a higher number of cases is warrant for dogs.
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18
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Kiuchi T, Watanabe K, Nakagun S, Miyahara K, Horiuchi N, Kobayashi Y. Chronic otitis externa with heat shock protein 70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies in the ceruminous gland epithelium of a Chihuahua dog. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:83-87. [PMID: 35221498 PMCID: PMC8828612 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chihuahua dog showed persistent itching in the right ear canal. Anti-inflammatory
medicines and prednisolone were ineffective and total ear canal ablation was performed.
Histological diagnosis was chronic otitis externa. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion
bodies (Cowdry type A and full-type) were occasionally observed in the ceruminous gland
epithelium. The inclusion bodies were negative for nucleic acid and ultrastructurally
composed of fibrous structures (approximately 10 nm in width). Viral infection was
initially suspected, but polymelase chain reaction tests did not detect the expected viral
genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the inclusion bodies were positive for heat
shock protein 70 (HSP70), suggesting that these bodies could be protein aggregates
including HSP70. The etiology of this lesion has not been elucidated, but chronic
inflammation may influence the cytoplasm-to-nuclear transportation of HSP70. To the best
of our knowledge, this is the first report of canine chronic otitis externa with
HSP70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Kiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakagun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazurou Miyahara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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19
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Gareau A, Ripoll AZ, Suter SE. A Retrospective Analysis: Autologous Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Combined With Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma in Ten Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:787373. [PMID: 34950726 PMCID: PMC8688351 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.787373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, a type of cellular immunotherapy, called adoptive T cell transfer (ACT), can elicit curative responses against hematological malignancies and melanoma. ACT using ex vivo expanded peripheral blood T-cells after multiagent chemotherapy enhances tumor-free survival of dogs with B-cell lymphoma (LSA). Since 2008, our group has been performing autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplants (autoPBHSCT) for the treatment of canine high-grade B-cell LSA, although relapse of residual disease is a common cause of reduced survival in ~70% of treated dogs. We reasoned that a more aggressive treatment protocol combining CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) chemotherapy, autoPBHSCT, and ACT to treat 10 dogs with B-cell LSA could lead to better outcomes when compared to dogs treated with CHOP chemotherapy and autoPBHSCT alone. Using this protocol, once dogs achieved complete hematologic reconstitution post-autoPBHSCT, CD3+ CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T-cells were expanded from the peripheral blood at a commercial laboratory. Two to four ACT infusions were given to each dog, with a total of 23 infusions given. Infusions were administered with no complications or adverse events. The median cell dose for all infusions was 5.62 x 106 cells/kg (range: 2.59 x 106-8.55 x 106 cells/kg). 4/10 (40%) of dogs were cured of their disease (defined as disease-free for ≥2 years post-autoPBHSCT). Our results confirm that the autoPBHSCT protocol did not hinder the in vitro expansion of autologous peripheral blood T-cells and that the final product could be administered safely, with no adverse events recorded. Finally, since only ten dogs were treated, our results can only suggest that the administration of ACT to dogs after multiagent chemotherapy and autoPHSCT did not lead to a statistically significant increase in median disease-free interval and overall survival when compared to dogs who received CHOP chemotherapy and autoPHSCT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gareau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra Z Ripoll
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States.,North Carolina State University Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Duke/NCSU Consortium for Comparative Canine Oncology, Raleigh, NC, United States
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20
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Hemmings DA, Etzioni AL, Akingbade G, Tippett FE. T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in an American Pit Bull Terrier. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:273-278. [PMID: 34802304 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-y-old, intact female, American Pit Bull Terrier was presented because of acute onset of anorexia and a large subcutaneous submandibular mass that had been present for 3 wk. The submandibular mass, 2 engorged black-legged ticks on the dorsum of the neck, pyrexia, and icterus were seen on physical examination. Abnormal laboratory test results included a positive Anaplasma antibody test, severe thrombocytopenia, mild nonregenerative anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated liver enzyme activities. Cytology of the mass was interpreted as marked septic purulent inflammation with acute hemorrhage. Treatment with doxycycline for anaplasmosis was unsuccessful, and the patient died at an emergency follow-up visit 2 d after the initial presentation. Autopsy and histopathology revealed widespread metastasis of a presumptive histiocytic neoplasm with associated hemophagocytosis seen in lymph nodes (LNs), liver, and spleen. Immunohistochemistry yielded a definitive diagnosis of a CD3+/CD18+ T-cell lymphoma. In this case of canine lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, hemophagocytes were observed as >2% of neoplastic cells in the liver, spleen, and LN histologically, a scarce or unreported finding, to our knowledge. The prognosis was grave, with a short survival time after the onset of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Hemmings
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Athema L Etzioni
- Departments of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Gbemisola Akingbade
- Departments of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Fredrick E Tippett
- Departments of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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21
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Kim J, Bae H, Ahn S, Shin S, Cho AR, Cho KW, Jung DI, Yu D. Cell-Free DNA as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Dogs With Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:735682. [PMID: 34604371 PMCID: PMC8481682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.735682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is derived from apoptosis/necrosis, active cellular secretion, and lysis of circulating cancer cells or micrometastases. In humans, cfDNA is widely used in cancer diagnosis, but veterinary research has yet to be actively conducted to establish it as a cancer biomarker. This retrospective study analyzed cfDNA levels in samples collected from dogs with neoplastic disease (n = 38), clinically ill dogs without neoplasia (n = 47), and healthy dogs (n = 35). cfDNA levels and clinical data were compared among groups, and prognostic analyses were performed within the neoplastic group. Furthermore, continual cfDNA measurements were performed during the chemotherapy of six dogs with lymphoma. Dogs with neoplasia showed significantly higher cfDNA concentrations than dogs without neoplasm, and the cfDNA oncentration in the lymphoid neoplasia group was significantly elevated among all neoplastic groups. Dogs with neoplasia and a plasma cfDNA concentration above 1,247.5 μg/L had shorter survival rates than those with levels below this threshold (26.5 vs. 86.1%, respectively, P < 0.05). In cases with complete remission in response to chemotherapy, the cfDNA concentration was significantly decreased compared with the first visit, whereas the cfDNA concentration was increased in cases with disease progression or death. Interestingly, a significant correlation was found between lymph node diameter and cfDNA concentration in dogs with multicentric lymphoma (R2 = 0.26, P < 0.01). These data suggest that changes in cfDNA concentration could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for canine neoplasia. Furthermore, increased plasma DNA levels might be associated with shorter survival time, and cfDNA concentrations may reflect the response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihu Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyeona Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sunwoo Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - ARom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Woan Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dong-In Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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22
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Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Bresciani F, Morini M, Licarini S, Turba ME, Amaducci G, Bettini G, Fracassi F, Ostanello F. Evaluation of Prognostic Factors, including Duodenal P-Glycoprotein Expression, in Canine Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082315. [PMID: 34438774 PMCID: PMC8388466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to evaluate which factors, including expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a membrane-bound protein involved in multiple drug resistance, could predict the response to treatment in canine immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). Dogs with IRE or non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) that were examined from 2005 to 2014 were included and were divided into two groups (IRE vs. NRE). Signalment, history, and clinical and laboratory findings were collected. P-glycoprotein immunohistochemistry was carried out on duodenal biopsies of both groups stored in our biobank, and immunophenotyping and molecular clonality were performed on the NRE samples. Ninety-two dogs were enrolled, 73 IRE (79.3%) and 19 NRE (20.7%), with a prevalence of pure breed (78.3% vs. 21.7%) and male dogs (p < 0.001). Factors associated with a worse prognosis were previous treatment with steroids (p = 0.033) and lower serum total protein concentration (p = 0.005). Clonality testing on the NRE duodenal biopsies showed 5/16 clonal responses, assuming a latent undiagnosed lymphoma as a possible cause of the NRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
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23
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Guillen A, Smallwood K, Killick DR. Molecular pathology in the cancer clinic - where are we now and where are we headed? J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:507-520. [PMID: 33974272 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular pathology is a developing sub-microscopic discipline of pathology that studies the effects of molecular variations and mutations on disease processes. The ultimate goal of molecular pathology in cancer is to predict risk, facilitate diagnosis and improve prognostication based on a complete understanding of the biological impact of specific molecular variations, mutations and dysregulations. This knowledge will provide the basis for customised cancer treatment, so-called precision medicine. Rapid developments in genomics have placed this field at the forefront of clinical molecular pathology and there are already a number of well-established genetic tests available for clinical use including PCR of antigen receptor rearrangement and KIT mutational analysis. Moving beyond tests assessing a single gene, there are significant research efforts utilising genomics to predict cancer risk, forecast aggressive behaviour and identify druggable mutations and therapeutic biomarkers. Researchers are also investigating the use of circulating cells and nucleic acid for clinically useful low morbidity genomic assessments. If we are to realise the full potential of molecular pathology and precision medicine there are a number of challenges to overcome. These include developing our understanding of the underlying biology (in particular intra-tumoural heterogeneity), methodological standardisation of assays, provision of adequate infrastructure and production of novel therapeutics backed by high-quality clinical data supporting the precision medicine approach. The era of molecular pathology holds the potential to revolutionise veterinary cancer care, but its impact on clinical practice will depend upon the extent to which the inherent challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guillen
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Smallwood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D R Killick
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Ferrari A, Cozzi M, Aresu L, Martini V. Tumor staging in a Beagle dog with concomitant large B-cell lymphoma and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:792-796. [PMID: 33884946 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211011024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old spayed female Beagle dog was presented with peripheral lymphadenomegaly. Lymph node cytology and flow cytometry led to the diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). We detected minimal percentages of LBCL cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. However, a monomorphic population of neoplastic cells different from those found in the lymph node was found in the bone marrow. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was suspected based on flow cytometric immunophenotyping. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) revealed clonal rearrangement of both B-cell and T-cell receptors, and the presence of both neoplastic clones in the lymph node, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. The dog was treated with multi-agent chemotherapy but died 46 d following diagnosis. Tumor staging and patient classification are needed to accurately establish a prognosis and select the most appropriate therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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25
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Lee GKC, Bienzle D, Keller SM, Hwang MH, Darzentas N, Chang H, Rätsep E, Egan R, Beeler-Marfisi J. Use of immune repertoire sequencing to resolve discordant microscopic and immunochemical findings in a case of T cell-rich large B cell lymphoma in a young dog. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:85. [PMID: 33602231 PMCID: PMC7890612 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocytic neoplasms with frequent reactive lymphocytes are uncommonly reported in dogs, and can pose a diagnostic challenge. Different diagnostic modalities such as cytology, flow cytometry, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing, are sometimes required for a diagnosis. This report illustrates the value of using a multi-modal diagnostic approach to decipher a complex lymphocytic tumor, and introduces immune repertoire sequencing as a diagnostic adjunct. Case presentation A 10-month-old Great Dane was referred for marked ascites. Cytologic analysis of abdominal fluid and hepatic aspirates revealed a mixed lymphocyte population including numerous large lymphocytes, yielding a diagnosis of lymphoma. Flow cytometrically, abdominal fluid lymphocytes were highly positive for CD4, CD5, CD18, CD45, and MHC II, consistent with T cell lymphoma. Due to a rapidly deteriorating clinical condition, the dog was euthanized. Post mortem histologic evaluation showed effacement of the liver by aggregates of B cells surrounded by T cells, suggestive of hepatic T cell-rich large B cell lymphoma. Immune repertoire sequencing confirmed the presence of clonal B cells in the liver but not the abdominal fluid, whereas reactive T cells with shared, polyclonal immune repertoires were found in both locations. Conclusions T cell-rich large B cell lymphoma is a rare neoplasm in dogs that may be challenging to diagnose and classify due to mixed lymphocyte populations. In this case, the results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry and immune repertoire sequencing were most consistent with a hepatic B cell neoplasm and reactive T cells exfoliating into the abdominal fluid. Immune repertoire sequencing was helpful in delineating neoplastic from reactive lymphocytes and characterizing repertoire overlap in both compartments. The potential pitfalls of equating atypical cytomorphology and monotypic marker expression in neoplasia are highlighted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02783-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Matthias Keller
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mei-Hua Hwang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Haiyang Chang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Rätsep
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Egan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Prouteau A, Denis JA, De Fornel P, Cadieu E, Derrien T, Kergal C, Botherel N, Ulvé R, Rault M, Bouzidi A, François R, Dorso L, Lespagnol A, Devauchelle P, Abadie J, André C, Hédan B. Circulating tumor DNA is detectable in canine histiocytic sarcoma, oral malignant melanoma, and multicentric lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:877. [PMID: 33441840 PMCID: PMC7806858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has become an attractive biomarker in human oncology, and its use may be informative in canine cancer. Thus, we used droplet digital PCR or PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement, to explore tumor-specific point mutations, copy number alterations, and chromosomal rearrangements in the plasma of cancer-affected dogs. We detected ctDNA in 21/23 (91.3%) of histiocytic sarcoma (HS), 2/8 (25%) of oral melanoma, and 12/13 (92.3%) of lymphoma cases. The utility of ctDNA in diagnosing HS was explored in 133 dogs, including 49 with HS, and the screening of recurrent PTPN11 mutations in plasma had a specificity of 98.8% and a sensitivity between 42.8 and 77% according to the clinical presentation of HS. Sensitivity was greater in visceral forms and especially related to pulmonary location. Follow-up of four dogs by targeting lymphoma-specific antigen receptor rearrangement in plasma showed that minimal residual disease detection was concordant with clinical evaluation and treatment response. Thus, our study shows that ctDNA is detectable in the plasma of cancer-affected dogs and is a promising biomarker for diagnosis and clinical follow-up. ctDNA detection appears to be useful in comparative oncology research due to growing interest in the study of natural canine tumors and exploration of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Prouteau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre Denis
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S 938, Endocrinology and Oncology Biochemistry Department, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Edouard Cadieu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Camille Kergal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Ulvé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Rault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Laetitia Dorso
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Lespagnol
- Laboratory of Somatic Genetic of Cancers, Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Abadie
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine André
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France.
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27
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Rout ED, Moore AR, Burnett RC, Labadie JD, Hughes KL, Navin PA, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2622-2635. [PMID: 33058280 PMCID: PMC7694837 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background English bulldogs disproportionally develop an expansion of small B‐cells, which has been interpreted as B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). However, clonality testing in these cases has often not been supportive of neoplasia. Hypothesis English bulldogs have a syndrome of nonneoplastic B‐cell expansion. Animals Eighty‐four English bulldogs with small‐sized CD21+ B‐cell lymphocytosis in the blood as determined by flow cytometry. Methods This is a retrospective study. We characterized this syndrome by assessing B‐cell clonality, clinical presentation, flow cytometric features, and immunoglobulin gammopathy patterns. We identified 84 cases with CD21+ lymphocytosis among 195 English bulldogs with blood samples submitted to the Colorado State University‐Clinical Immunology laboratory for immunophenotyping between 2010 and 2019. Flow cytometry features were compared to normal B‐cells and BCLL cases. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) by multiple immunoglobulin primers was performed to assess B‐cell clonality. A subset of cases with gammopathy were examined by protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and immunoglobulin subclass ELISA quantification. Results Seventy percent (58/83) of cases had polyclonal or restricted polyclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, suggesting nonmalignant B‐cell expansion. The median age of all dogs in the study was 6.8 years and 74% were male. The median (range) lymphocyte count was 22 400/μL (2000‐384 400/μL) and B‐cells had low expression of class II MHC and CD25. Splenomegaly or splenic masses were detected in 57% (26/46) of cases and lymphadenopathy in 11% (7/61). Seventy‐one percent (52/73) of cases had hyperglobulinemia and 77% (23/30) with globulin characterization had IgA ± IgM polyclonal or restricted polyclonal gammopathy patterns. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Polyclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs is characterized by low B‐cell class II MHC and CD25 expression, splenomegaly and hyperglobulinemia consisting of increased IgA ± IgM. We hypothesize that this syndrome has a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul A Navin
- VCA All Pets Animal Hospital, Lockport, Illinois, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Labadie JD, Elvers I, Feigelson HS, Magzamen S, Yoshimoto J, Dossey J, Burnett R, Avery AC. Genome-wide association analysis of canine T zone lymphoma identifies link to hypothyroidism and a shared association with mast-cell tumors. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:464. [PMID: 32631225 PMCID: PMC7339439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T zone lymphoma (TZL), a histologic variant of peripheral T cell lymphoma, represents about 12% of all canine lymphomas. Golden Retrievers appear predisposed, representing over 40% of TZL cases. Prior research found that asymptomatic aged Golden Retrievers frequently have populations of T zone-like cells (phenotypically identical to TZL) of undetermined significance (TZUS), potentially representing a pre-clinical state. These findings suggest a genetic risk factor for this disease and caused us to investigate potential genes of interest using a genome-wide association study of privately-owned U.S. Golden Retrievers. Results Dogs were categorized as TZL (n = 95), TZUS (n = 142), or control (n = 101) using flow cytometry and genotyped using the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip. Using a mixed linear model adjusting for population stratification, we found association with genome-wide significance in regions on chromosomes 8 and 14. The chromosome 14 peak included four SNPs (Odds Ratio = 1.18–1.19, p = .3 × 10− 5–5.1 × 10− 5) near three hyaluronidase genes (SPAM1, HYAL4, and HYALP1). Targeted resequencing of this region using a custom sequence capture array identified missense mutations in all three genes; the variant in SPAM1 was predicted to be damaging. These mutations were also associated with risk for mast cell tumors among Golden Retrievers in an unrelated study. The chromosome 8 peak contained 7 SNPs (Odds Ratio = 1.24–1.42, p = 2.7 × 10− 7–7.5 × 10− 5) near genes involved in thyroid hormone regulation (DIO2 and TSHR). A prior study from our laboratory found hypothyroidism is inversely associated with TZL risk. No coding mutations were found with targeted resequencing but identified variants may play a regulatory role for all or some of the genes. Conclusions The pathogenesis of canine TZL may be related to hyaluronan breakdown and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory and pro-oncogenic byproducts. The association on chromosome 8 may indicate thyroid hormone is involved in TZL development, consistent with findings from a previous study evaluating epidemiologic risk factors for TZL. Future work is needed to elucidate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Labadie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ingegerd Elvers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Janna Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy Dossey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Mizutani N, Goto-Koshino Y, Kurata K, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Sakaguchi M, Asada M, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Measurement of the concentration of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain in dogs with lymphoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 225:110054. [PMID: 32434088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2r) is released directly from the surface of lymphocytes expressing interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25), and its serum concentration has been found to reflect the prognosis of human lymphoproliferative malignancies. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of sIL-2r in canine serum and developed a specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the concentration of canine serum sIL-2r. In the immunoprecipitation (IP) assay, CD25 protein weighing approximately 45 kDa was detected in canine serum, smaller than the membrane-bound CD25 (approximately 55 kDa). To measure the concentration of serum sIL-2r in dogs, an ELISA system was developed. Serum sIL-2r levels were significantly higher in dogs with multicentric high-grade B-cell lymphoma before therapy than that in healthy dogs. Serum sIL-2r concentration was also found to be elevated in a proportion of dogs with other types of lymphoma. Changes in serum sIL-2r levels generally paralleled the changes in mass and lymph node size in dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. This study demonstrated that serum sIL-2r level would be a marker to monitor tumour growth and regression in canine lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Mizutani
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Keigo Kurata
- Institute of Tokyo Environmental Allergy, 1-2-5 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Division of Therapeutic Science I, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 183-0023, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Minoru Asada
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Zheng Y, Wan X, Gui X, Chen Y, Gao L, Zhang H, Wang Y. Value of multi-parameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping in T/NK-cell neoplasms in cytology specimens: A retrospective study in Chinese patients. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152921. [PMID: 32499093 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate limitations of morphological diagnosis of T/NK-cell neoplasms mean that they can be misdiagnosed or missed, especially when mixed with a variety of benign and reactive conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the application value of multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping (MFCI) in screening and diagnosing T/NK-cell neoplasms with cytology specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical and pathological characteristics of 1028 newly diagnosed cases from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center who provided a cytology specimen between June 2010 and January 2016 with correlated histology diagnosis and clinical confirmation were retrospectively reviewed. MFCI was used for screening, diagnosis and typing. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) in diagnosis of T/NK-cell neoplasms were calculated. RESULTS There were 606 males and 422 females in 1028cases, with a mean age of 47.5 years (range 9-86 years). Specimens used for cytologic diagnosis included 996 FNAs, 2 US-FNAs, 13 EUS-FNAs and 17 effusions. Screening for types of lymphoma of MFCI, 139 (13.52 %) cases were T/NK cell lymphoma, 3 (0.29 %) cases were B cell lymphoma T-NHL and B-NHL coexist. A total of 146 suspected T/NK-cell neoplasms were screened out (sensitivity = 94.64 %, specificity = 95.63 % PPV = 72.60 %, NPV = 99.32 %) by MFCI, with 112 (76.71 %) histologically confirmed cases and 6 (4.11 %) false-negative cases identified (3 cases diagnosed as B-cell neoplasms and 1 case as T-cell neoplasm with B-cell neoplasm, which also were confirmed by gene rearrangement. 2 cases were suspicious T-cell-immunophenotypic abnormalities). When used at the diagnostic level, a total of 88 T/NK-cell neoplasms were identified (sensitivity = 68.75 %, specificity = 98.80 %, PPV = 87.50 %, NPV = 96.28 %) with 11 false-positive cases recognized, 9 of which showed typical immunophenotypic T-cell neoplasms features, and 2 exhibited aberrant T immunophenotype. CONCLUSIONS MFCI has high sensitivity and specificity in the screening and diagnosis of T/NK-cell neoplasms and may be useful as an alternative diagnosis method in cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xian Gui
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Witschen PM, Sharkey LC, Seelig DM, Granick JL, Dykstra JA, Carlson TW, Motschenbacher LO. Diagnosis of canine renal lymphoma by cytology and flow cytometry of the urine. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:137-142. [PMID: 32128847 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a common hematopoietic neoplasm of dogs. A definitive diagnosis typically requires the collection of samples via fine-needle aspirate or biopsy. A unique case of canine renal T-cell lymphoma diagnosed using urine sediment microscopy with flow cytometry and PCR for Antigen Receptor Rearrangement (PARR) is presented. A fresh urine sample was collected via a urinary catheter and immediately prepared for cytologic examination, flow cytometry, and PARR. The flow cytometric study revealed that 83% of the cells were large CD3+ CD8+ T cells, while PARR identified a clonally rearranged T-cell receptor gene, supporting the flow cytometry findings. Despite supportive care, the patient progressed to anuric renal failure and was humanely euthanized. A necropsy was performed, and tissues from the upper and lower urinary tracts were collected. Histologically, the right and left kidneys were infiltrated by a neoplastic round cell population effacing the cortex and medulla. Immunohistochemistry for the T- and B-cell antigens CD3 and CD20, respectively, revealed that the neoplastic population within the kidney demonstrated diffuse, strong, membranous to intracytoplasmic CD3 expression while lacking CD20 expression. These results confirmed the diagnosis of renal T-cell lymphoma. This is the first known report of canine lymphoma diagnosed using either urine flow cytometry or clonality testing. Therefore, in select cases, urine flow cytometry and/or PARR are feasible to perform on urine-derived cells as a quick and cost-effective means to aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M Witschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Leslie C Sharkey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Davis M Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer L Granick
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Dykstra
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tim W Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Laura O Motschenbacher
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Melendez-Lazo A, Jasensky AK, Jolly-Frahija IT, Kehl A, Müller E, Mesa-Sánchez I. Clonality testing in the lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to Leishmania infantum infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226336. [PMID: 31841533 PMCID: PMC6913964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In southern European countries, multicentric lymphoma and leishmaniosis are the main differential diagnoses in dogs presented with generalized lymphadenomegaly. The cytological examination is in some cases inconclusive and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) has become a common method to confirm or rule out a lymphoproliferative neoplasia. According to the literature, leishmaniosis may lead to clonal arrangements and therefore to a false diagnosis of lymphoma, but this assumption is made from a single leishmania infected dog. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate results from PARR in dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to clinical leishmaniosis at the moment of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 dogs with a diagnosis of leishmaniosis based on the LeishVet guidelines were included in the study. Samples from enlarged lymph nodes were taken for cytological examination, clonality testing and Leishmania infantum PCR. RESULTS All 31 dogs had medium to high positive antibody titers against Leishmania spp. and 30/31 had a positive Leishmania PCR from the lymph node. A polyclonal arrangement for B cells (immunoglobulin heavy chain gene) and T cells (T-cell receptor gamma chain gene) antigen receptors was found in 28/31 dogs. Two out of 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for Ig with high (1:2) and low (1:7) polyclonal background respectively; and one of the 31 dogs showed a monoclonal arrangement for T cell receptor with low (1:3) polyclonal background. CONCLUSION Infections with Leishmania infantum resulted in clonal rearrangement, and therefore in a possible false diagnosis of lymphoma, in 3 out of 31 dogs (9.7%). Although, PARR is a useful method to differentiate lymphoma from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in dogs with leishmaniosis, mono-/biclonal results should be interpreted carefully, especially in the presence of any degree of polyclonal background, and together with other clinicopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Melendez-Lazo
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Laboratorio Veterinario LABOKLIN, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Puchol, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Museux K, Turinelli V, Rosenberg D, Rodriguez Piñeiro I. Chronic lymphopenia and neutropenia in a dog with large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:721-724. [PMID: 31808187 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-cell LGLL) is the most common presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs. Aleukemic or subleukemic leukemia is a particularly rare variation in both humans and dogs, where bone marrow proliferation is either not or only sparsely translated in the peripheral blood. Neutropenia is a prominent feature in cases of human T-cell LGLL but is normally absent in canine CLL. This report describes a case of a dog presented with an almost 3-year history of asymptomatic neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia (without anemia). A bone marrow examination, the exclusion of infectious diseases, and clonality testing led to the diagnosis of subleukemic LGLL that responded well to therapy (death occurred 2.5 years later due to an unrelated cause).
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Maezawa M, Watanabe KI, Horiuchi N, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi Y, Inokuma H. Molecular diagnosis of bovine B-cell lymphoma using polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:61-63. [PMID: 31801928 PMCID: PMC6983668 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a clonality analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement, specifically with regard to its utility as a method to
diagnose bovine B-cell lymphoma. PCR for IgH gene rearrangement indicated monoclonal proliferation of B-cells in 24 of 35 cattle with B-cell lymphoma. In contrast, PCR for IgH gene
rearrangement in lymph nodes and tumor tissues from 65 cattle diagnosed with tumors other than B-cell lymphoma and non-tumors revealed polyclonal population of B-cells. Sensitivity,
specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for PCR for IgH gene rearrangement for bovine B-cell lymphoma were 68.6%, 100%, 100%, and 85.5%, respectively. Clonality
analysis using PCR for IgH gene rearrangement may be useful for adjunctive diagnosis of bovine B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Maezawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Childress MO. Letter to editor regarding Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:9-10. [PMID: 31693754 PMCID: PMC6979108 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dagher E, Soetart N, Chocteau F, Dequéant B, Piccirillo E, Ibisch C, Abadie J, Jaillardon L. Plasma cell leukemia with plasmablastic morphology in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:868-874. [PMID: 31609183 PMCID: PMC6900715 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719882045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-y-old female Golden Retriever was presented with a 2-wk history of hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, polyuria, and polydipsia. Clinical examination and ultrasonography revealed multiple organ enlargement with gallbladder and kidney nodules suggestive of disseminated neoplasia. Hematologic and biochemical analyses revealed pancytopenia, hypercalcemia, and monoclonal IgA gammopathy suspicious for a plasma cell neoplasm. Bone marrow and blood smear examination revealed neoplastic atypical cells highly suggestive of lymphoid origin. Autopsy confirmed the presence of homogeneous white masses and multifocal pale infiltrates in the spleen, kidney, small intestine, gallbladder, and urinary tract. Histologic features were consistent with a multicentric atypical plasma cell tumor. Tumor cells were negative for CD204, IBA-1, E-cadherin, CD3, CD5, CD79a, CD20, and PAX5, and positive for MUM1, consistent with plasma cell origin. The presence of > 20% of circulating blastic plasma cells was consistent with primary plasma cell leukemia with plasmablastic morphology, a disease rarely described in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Dagher
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Soetart
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Florian Chocteau
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Bérengère Dequéant
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Esther Piccirillo
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences,
Laboniris (Dagher, Soetart, Chocteau, Dequéant, Abadie, Jaillardon), Nantes,
France
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Piccirillo,
Ibisch), Nantes, France
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de
l’alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Laëtitia Jaillardon
- Laëtitia Jaillardon,
Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, 102 route
de Gachet, Nantes, Pays de la Loire, 44300, France.
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Rout ED, Burnett RC, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Assessment of immunoglobulin heavy chain, immunoglobulin light chain, and T-cell receptor clonality testing in the diagnosis of feline lymphoid neoplasia. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:45-58. [PMID: 31478220 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation between neoplastic and reactive lymphocytic proliferations can be challenging in cats. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) testing is a useful diagnostic tool to assess clonality of a lymphoid population. Previous feline PARR studies evaluated clonality of complete immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J (IGH-VDJ) and T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangements. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of feline PARR primers targeting complete IGH-VDJ and TRG rearrangements, as well as incomplete IGH-DJ, kappa deleting element (Kde), and immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IGL) gene rearrangements in defined feline neoplasms and nonneoplastic controls. METHODS Fluorescently labeled PCR primers were designed to amplify complete IGH-VDJ, incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, IGL, and TRG gene rearrangements in two multiplexed PCR reactions, and PCR products were analyzed by fragment analysis. Fresh tissue samples from 12 flow cytometrically confirmed B-cell lymphomas, 26 cytologically confirmed gastric and renal lymphomas of presumed B-cell origin, 30 flow cytometrically confirmed T-cell leukemias, and 11 negative control cats were tested. RESULTS Using four immunoglobulin primer sets (IGH-VDJ, IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL), clonal immunoglobulin rearrangements were detected in 87% (33/38) of the presumed B-cell neoplasms. The IGH-VDJ reaction alone only detected clonality in 50% (19/38) of these cases. TRG rearrangements were clonal in 97% (29/30) of the T-cell leukemia cases. All negative control samples had polyclonal immunoglobulin and TRG rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS The PARR assay developed in this study is useful for assessing clonality in feline lymphoid neoplasms. Clonality assessment of incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL rearrangements helped identify clonal B-cell neoplasms not detected with complete IGH-VDJ PARR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Taylor A, Finotello R, Vilar-Saavedra P, Couto CG, Benigni L, Lara-Garcia A. Clinical characteristics and outcome of dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:663-670. [PMID: 31364180 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the presentation, clinicopathologic data and outcome of 29 dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of medical records of dogs with suspected primary renal lymphoma from 11 institutions. RESULTS All dogs were substage b, and lethargy and gastrointestinal signs were common presenting complaints, as were azotaemia (n=25; 86%) and erythrocytosis (n=15; 51%) on biochemical testing. Ultrasonography typically revealed bilateral renal lesions (n=23; 79%), renomegaly (n=22; 76%) and abdominal lymphadenopathy (n=14; 48%). Chemotherapy was the only treatment in 23 dogs, of which 11 responded, all considered partial responses. For all dogs the median progression-free survival and median overall survival times were 10 days (range: 1 to 126) and 12 days (range: 1 to 212), respectively, and for dogs that responded to chemotherapy 41 days (range: 10 to 126) and 47 days (range: 10 to 212), respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Primary renal lymphoma in dogs appears to be associated with a poor prognosis and short-lived response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R Finotello
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - P Vilar-Saavedra
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - C G Couto
- Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, Ohio, 43026, USA
| | - L Benigni
- Youliv4 Veterinary Imaging, London, N11 1RH, UK
| | - A Lara-Garcia
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Takanosu M, Nakano Y, Kagawa Y. Improved clonality analysis based on immunoglobulin kappa locus for canine cutaneous plasmacytoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 215:109903. [PMID: 31420067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity of clonality analysis based on immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) in canine cutaneous plasmacytoma is lower than that in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) because of somatic hypermutation occurring at the IGH locus. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the sensitivity of clonality analysis for canine cutaneous plasmacytoma. To achieve this, clonality analysis based on the immunoglobulin kappa chain (IGK) locus was established. Sensitivity and specificity were examined in genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of cutaneous plasmacytomas, DLBCLs, and lymph nodes without lymphoma. Forward primers were designed based on the IGKV genes, and reverse primers were designed based on the IGKJ genes and kappa deleting element (Kde). Analysis using IGKV and IGKJ primers demonstrated clonality in 24 of 29 cutaneous plasmacytomas (82.8%), while analysis with primers for IGKV and Kde showed clonality in 16 of 29 cases (55.2%). In DLBCL, the IGKV and IGKJ primer set yielded clonality in 18 of 23 cases (78.3%), and the IGKV and Kde primer set yielded 9 of 23 cases (39.1%). No clonal results were obtained from 23 lymph nodes without lymphoma. Sensitivity of the IGKV and IGKJ primer set was significantly higher than that of the IGH primers reported previously. Thus, clonality analysis based on the IGK locus can be utilized for canine B cell tumors. In conclusion, clonality testing based on IGH and IGK may be beneficial as an adjunct tool for diagnosis of canine B cell tumors including cutaneous plasmacytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamine Takanosu
- Nasunogahara Animal Clinic, 2-3574-98, Asaka, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-0043, Japan.
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, 1-10-4, Higashi-tokorozawawada, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0023, Japan; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Kagawa
- North Lab, 2-8-35, Hondori, Shiroisi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 003-0027, Japan.
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Clonality testing as complementary tool in the assessment of different patient groups with canine chronic enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 214:109893. [PMID: 31378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation between canine chronic enteropathy (CCE) and intestinal lymphoma is a diagnostic challenge as histopathology might fail to yield unequivocal results. Detection of clonal rearrangements of the T-cell-receptor gamma (TCRG) chain and IG heavy chain (IGH) V-J genes offer a useful solution. In this retrospective study, histopathology samples of 35 CCE patients and 7 healthy Beagle dogs underwent clonality testing. Patients suffered either from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), food responsive diarrhea (FRD) or protein loosing enteropathy secondary to IBD (PLE/IBD). Healthy Beagles served as controls (CO). Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) and histopathological WSAVA-grading differed significantly (p<0.001) between groups. CIBDAI improved significantly after appropriate therapy (p < 0.0001). Intestinal biopsies of all CO showed polyclonal patterns for B- and T-cell primers. All samples from CCE patients showed polyclonal patterns for the B-cell primers. Targeting TCRG, 4 patients showed a monoclonal or oligoclonal pattern of the lymphocytic infiltrates in the duodenum and/or colon. Clinical improvement was observed in all dogs. Although a small cell lymphoma cannot be excluded in view of the short follow up duration, a false positive result, in the sense of a canonical rearrangement or unspecific amplification due to a antigenic stimulation in a non-neoplastic inflammatory process is possible.
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have revolutionized human oncology to allow early detection, targeted therapy, monitoring throughout treatment, and evidence of recurrence. By identifying genetic signatures associated with cancers, liquid biopsy techniques have been developed to diagnose and monitor cancer in noninvasive or minimally invasive ways. These techniques offer new opportunities for improving cancer screening, diagnosis, and monitoring the impact of therapy on the patients over time. Liquid biopsy also drives drug development programs. Similar diagnostics hold promise for comparable results in the veterinary field. Several noninvasive/minimally invasive techniques have been described in veterinary medicine that could be referred to as liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wiley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Program in Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Tomita A, Mochizuki H, Tsuboi M, Ogura I, Igarashi H, Goto-Koshino Y, Takahashi M, Ohmi A, Tomiyasu H, Ohno K, Nakagawa T, Uchida K, Nishimura R, Tsujimoto H. Development of canine X-chromosome inactivation pattern analysis for the detection of cell clonality by incorporating the examination of the SLIT and NTRK-like family member 4 (SLITRK4) gene. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:170-175. [PMID: 31247472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation pattern (XCIP) analysis can be used to assess the clonality of cell populations of various origin by distinguishing the methylated X chromosome from the unmethylated X chromosome. In this study, the utility of XCIP analysis was improved by incorporating the examination of AC dinucleotide repeats in SLIT and NTRK-like family member 4 (SLITRK4) gene into the previously reported CAG repeat examination of androgen receptor (AR) gene in dogs. The rate of heterozygosity when both genes were analysed (125/150, 83.3%) was higher than AR gene examination alone (86/150, 57.3%). Blood samples from heterozygous dogs in either AC-1 or AC-2 of SLITRK4 gene were examined for the corrected inactivation allele ratio (CIAR), resulting in the determination of a reference range of CIAR <3.8 in non-neoplastic cell/tissue samples. Using this analytical method, 49% (21/43) of neoplastic tissue samples from dogs showed a CIAR >3.8, indicating the presence of a clonal population. Through the present study, the availability of canine XCIP analysis was improved by incorporating the examination of the SLITRK4 gene, providing a highly useful laboratory examination system for the detection of the clonality of various cell/tissue samples in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomita
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - H Mochizuki
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - M Tsuboi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - I Ogura
- KOJIMA Animal Hospital, KOJIMA Co., Ltd., 3-60-21 Kameido, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-8510, Japan
| | - H Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Y Goto-Koshino
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M Takahashi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - A Ohmi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - H Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - T Nakagawa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - R Nishimura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - H Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Stranahan LW, Whitley D, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Oliveira F. Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma in the Intestine of Dogs. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:878-884. [PMID: 31170900 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819852132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (ALTCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma that occasionally occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) type 1 is the most common type of intestinal lymphoma in dogs, and ALTCL has not previously been reported in the intestinal tract of dogs. Thirteen dogs with intestinal masses diagnosed as intestinal lymphoma with anaplastic morphology were reviewed. Clinical data, including treatment protocols, were available for 11 cases. Immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD20, and CD30 was performed for all cases in addition to PCR for Antigen Receptor Rearrangements (PARR) for assessment of clonality. Eight (62%) of the cases presented with intestinal perforation, and all cases had 1 or more masses arising from the small intestine. Histologically, all cases were characterized by transmural infiltrates of large, CD3-positive and frequently CD30-positive cells. Neoplastic T cells had marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli, and occasionally indented to reniform nuclei. There was abundant necrosis and inflammation with occasional vascular invasion within neoplastic masses. All cases had a monoclonal T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangement. The median survival time was 5 days, with 1 dog surviving 2 years after the initial diagnosis. ALTCL can occur as an aggressive transmural lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and commonly causes intestinal perforation. ALTCL can be differentiated from EATL type 1 and might have implications for accurate prognostication and selection of therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Stranahan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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44
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Ehrhart EJ, Wong S, Richter K, Zismann V, Grimes C, Hendricks W, Khanna C. Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement: Benchmarking performance of a lymphoid clonality assay in diverse canine sample types. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1392-1402. [PMID: 30939225 PMCID: PMC6524097 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) is a molecular diagnostic tool used for discrimination of lymphoid malignancies in dogs from benign processes. Assay variations have been described and are commercially available, but performance metrics are not uniformly reported. Objectives To describe performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) and rigorous benchmarking of a PARR protocol (ePARR) in clinically relevant samples. Animals One hundred eighty‐one client‐owned dogs. Methods Lymphoma and benign tissues representative of the clinical spectrum with gold standard histopathologic and immunohistochemical diagnoses were collected. Assay development and benchmarking were performed on fresh frozen (FF) tissue, formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue, flow cytometry pellets, and air‐dried fine‐needle aspirates (FNA). Assay performance was determined for FFPE from 56 dogs (18 B‐cell lymphoma, 24 T‐cell lymphoma, and 14 non‐lymphoma), 80 frozen flow cytometry pellets (66 B‐cell lymphoma, 14 T‐cell lymphoma, 0 non‐lymphoma), and 41 air‐dried FNA slides (23 lymphoma, 18 non‐lymphoma). Results For discrimination of lymphoma versus non‐lymphoma, ePARR had 92% and 92% sensitivity and specificity on FFPE with 92% accuracy, 85% sensitivity from flow cytometry pellets (non‐lymphoma was not evaluated to calculate specificity) with 85% accuracy, and 100% and 100% sensitivity and specificity for FNA with 100% accuracy. Stringent quality control criteria decreased assay success rate without significant performance improvement. Performance metrics were lower in most cases for discrimination of B‐ or T‐cell versus non‐B‐ or non‐T‐cell samples than for lymphoma versus non‐lymphoma. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These benchmarking data facilitate effective interpretation and application of PARR assays in multiple sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Ehrhart
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Shukmei Wong
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Keith Richter
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Zismann
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - William Hendricks
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Chand Khanna
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts
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45
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Akiyoshi M, Hisasue M, Neo S, Akiyoshi M, Goto-Koshino Y. A case of hemophagocytic syndrome progressing into large granular lymphoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:71-77. [PMID: 30811622 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old castrated male mixed breed dog was presented with anorexia, lethargy, intermittent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities included pancytopenia, icterus, and splenomegaly with multiple minute hypoechogenic nodules. Bone marrow (BM) smears revealed 2.5% hemophagocytic macrophages. In addition, an increased number of small to intermediate lymphocytes (16.3%) and plasma cells (3.2%) were recognized in the BM smears. More than 80% of the lymphocytes contained multiple small intracytoplasmic magenta granules. Histopathologic findings of the spleen revealed hemophagocytosis. Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were not found on the liver cytology or splenic histopathology at this time. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) analysis showed a clonal reaction in the T-cell receptor ɤ (TCRɤ) gene in the BM sample. The dog was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The dog was maintained in good condition with immunosuppressive therapy. However, the dog developed hepatic LGL lymphoma 7 months later. At this time, PARR analysis showed a clonal TCRɤ gene rearrangement in the hepatic LGL lymphoma samples. The BM and liver sample clonal rearrangements showed 100% homology, indicating that the small to intermediate granular lymphocytes in the BM at the HPS stage had progressed to hepatic LGL lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canine secondary HPS caused by the occurrence of a BM LGL lymphoma clone that progressed to hepatic LGL lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan.,Akiyoshi Animal Clinic, Yamato City, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hisasue
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | - Sakurako Neo
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara City, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan
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46
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Hwang MH, Darzentas N, Bienzle D, Moore PF, Guscetti F, Morrison J, Keller SM. A review of canine B cell clonality assays and primer set optimization using large-scale repertoire data. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 209:45-52. [PMID: 30885305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular clonality assays have been developed to assess canine B cell proliferations. These assays were based on different sequence data, utilized different assay designs and employed different testing strategies. This has resulted in a complex body of literature and complicates evidence-based selection of primer sets. In addition, further refinement of primer sets is difficult because it is unknown how well current primer sets cover the expressed sequence repertoire. The objectives of this study were 1) to provide an overview of published IGH clonality assays that highlights key differences in assay design and testing strategy and 2) to propose a novel method for optimizing primer sets that leverages large-scale sequencing data. A review of previously published assays highlighted confounding factors that hamper a direct comparison of performance metrics between studies. These findings illustrate the need for a multi-institutional effort to harmonize veterinary clonality testing. A novel in silico analysis of primer sequences using a large dataset of expressed sequences identified shortfalls of existing primer sets and was used to guide primer optimization. Three optimized primer sets were tested and yielded qualitative sensitivity values between 80-90%. The qualitative sensitivity ranged from 1% to over 50% and was dependent on the size of the neoplastic clone and the sample DNA used. These findings illustrate that inclusion of high-throughput sequencing data for primer design can be a useful tool to guide primer design and optimization. This strategy could be applied to other antigen receptor loci or species to further improve veterinary clonality assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Hwang
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jodi Morrison
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Richardson MA, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Primary Colorectal Follicular Lymphoma in 3 Dogs. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:404-408. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818823775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary colorectal follicular lymphomas are rare indolent lymphoid neoplasms in humans that have not been reported in dogs. We describe 3 cases of primary colorectal follicular lymphoma in dogs with histologic and immunohistochemical features similar to their human counterpart. Initial clinical signs in all dogs included tenesmus, hematochezia, and a palpable rectal mass. Two dogs were castrated males and 1 an intact female, between 9 months and 2 years of age, and of varied breeds. All 3 cases of colorectal follicular lymphoma were characterized by proliferation of follicular germinal centers with no polarity or mantle zone and were composed of centrocytes admixed with fewer centroblasts. By immunohistochemistry, lymphoid cells expressed CD20, BCL2, and BCL6 and lacked expression of CD3, CD5, and cyclin D1. Polymerase chain reaction for rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain confirmed a monoclonal population in all cases. In 2 of the 3 cases, a solitary nodular colorectal mass was excised and appeared curative; however, the third case had multiple colorectal masses and the animal developed multicentric lymphoma. This case series immunohistochemically characterizes and distinguishes colorectal follicular lymphoma from atypical lymphoid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Richardson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
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Dowling M, Samuelson J, Fadl-Alla B, Pondenis HC, Byrum M, Barger AM, Fan TM. Overexpression of prostate specific membrane antigen by canine hemangiosarcoma cells provides opportunity for the molecular detection of disease burdens within hemorrhagic body cavity effusions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210297. [PMID: 30601866 PMCID: PMC6314605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine hemangiosarcoma (cHSA) is a highly metastatic mesenchymal cancer that disseminates by hematogenous and direct implantation routes. Therapies for cHSA are generally ineffective, in part due to advanced clinical disease stage at the time of diagnosis. The validation of conventional molecular methods for detecting novel biomarkers preferentially expressed by cHSA could lead to more timely diagnosis, earlier therapeutic interventions, and improved outcomes. In humans, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed by prostate carcinoma and tumor-associated endothelium of various solid cancer histologies. Importantly, the preferential overexpression of PSMA by certain cancers has been leveraged for the development of diagnostic molecular imaging reagents and targeted therapeutics. Recently, PSMA has been qualitatively demonstrated to be expressed in cHSA cell lines, however, quantitative PSMA expressions and the potential utility of PSMA transcript identification in biologic fluids to support the presence of microscopic cHSA burden has not been reported. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the differential quantitative expressions of PSMA between cHSA and non-malignant tissues, and to determine the potential diagnostic utility of PCR-generated PSMA amplicons as a surrogate of rare cHSA cells dwelling within peritoneal and pericardial cavities. Methods Quantitative gene and protein expressions for PSMA were compared between one normal endothelial and six cHSA cell lines by RT-PCR, western blot analysis, and fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, gene and protein expressions of PSMA in normal canine tissues were characterized. Graded expressions of PSMA were determined in spontaneously-arising cHSA tumor samples and the feasibility of qualitative PCR as a molecular diagnostic to detect PSMA transcripts in whole blood from healthy dogs and hemorrhagic effusions from cHSA-bearing dogs were evaluated. Results PSMA gene and protein expressions were elevated (up to 6-fold) in cHSA cells compared with non-malignant endothelium. By immunohistochemistry, protein expressions of PSMA were detectable in all cHSA tissue samples evaluated. As predicted by human protein atlas data, PSMA’s expression was comparably identified at substantial levels in select normal canine tissues including kidney, liver, and intestine. In young healthy pet dogs, PSMA amplicons could not be identified in circulating whole blood yet were detectable in hemorrhagic effusions collected from pet dogs with confirmed cHSA or PSMA-expressing cancer. Conclusions PSMA is quantitatively overexpressed in cHSA compared to normal endothelium, but its protein expression is not restricted to only cHSA tumor tissues, as specific visceral organs also substantively express PSMA. Optimized qualitative PCR methods failed to amplify PSMA amplicons sufficiently for visible detection in circulating whole blood derived from healthy young dogs, yet PSMA transcripts were readily identifiable in hemorrhagic effusions collected from pet dogs with histologically confirmed cHSA or PSMA-expressing cancer. While preliminary, findings derived from a limited cohort of normal and diseased pet dogs provocatively raise the potential value of PSMA amplicon detection as an ancillary molecular diagnostic test for supporting the presence of microscopic cHSA disease burden within hemorrhagic body cavity effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dowling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Samuelson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Bahaa Fadl-Alla
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Holly C. Pondenis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark Byrum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Barger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Keller KA, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Reilly C, Valentine B, Duke Boynton FD, Scott EM, Dubielzig RR. POST-TRAUMATIC OCULAR LYMPHOMA IN THREE RABBITS (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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