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Setyawaty D, Mariya S, Prabandari SA, Boilessen DR, Holst PJ, Darusman HS. Immunohistochemical characterization of integrin alfa 6 in uterus and cervix of the cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with MfPV3 infection. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12690. [PMID: 38345331 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is an abnormal growth of cervical tissue epithelial cells due to persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) can be naturally and spontaneously infected with M. fascicularis Papillomavirus Type 3 (MfPV3), a virus that is phylogenetically closely related to human oncogenic HPV (HPV-16 and HPV-34), and therefore a potentially beneficial for modeling HPV disease. This study aims to evaluate the expression of the integrin alpha 6 (ITGα6) receptor in cynomolgus monkeys spontaneously infected with MfPV3, which this receptor also found in human infected with HPV. METHODS The study was done on archived Formalin-fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples of uterine and cervix tissue of cynomolgus monkeys. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to quantify the expression levels of ITGα6. RESULTS The results showed 80% of the samples positive Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and increased expression of ITGα6 significantly in Positive-MfPV3 group than negative-MfPV3 group. CONCLUSIONS This indicated the potential of cynomolgus monkeys as a spontaneous oncogenesis model of PV infection type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyah Setyawaty
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Silmi Mariya
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huda Shalahudin Darusman
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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2
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Quist EM, Chamanza R, Martinot AJ, Boone A, Krane GA, Hensel ME, Lennix SV. Proceedings of the 2023 Division of Translational Toxicology Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:437-464. [PMID: 38445604 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241231287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The 2023 annual Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Summerlin, Nevada, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 41st annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and topics covered during the symposium included induced and spontaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in the mouse liver, infectious and proliferative lesions in nonhuman primates, interesting presentations of mononuclear cell infiltrates in various animal models and a complex oral tumor in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Quist
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, High Wycombe, UK
| | | | - Allison Boone
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Ohta E. Pathologic characteristics of infectious diseases in macaque monkeys used in biomedical and toxicologic studies. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:95-122. [PMID: 37101957 PMCID: PMC10123295 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs), which have many advantages in scientific research and are often the only relevant animals to use in assessing the safety profiles and biological or pharmacological effects of drug candidates, including biologics. In scientific or developmental experiments, the immune systems of animals can be spontaneously compromised possibly due to background infection, experimental procedure-associated stress, poor physical condition, or intended or unintended mechanisms of action of test articles. Under these circumstances, background, incidental, or opportunistic infections can seriously can significantly complicate the interpretation of research results and findings and consequently affect experimental conclusions. Pathologists and toxicologists must understand the clinical manifestations and pathologic features of infectious diseases and the effects of these diseases on animal physiology and experimental results in addition to the spectrum of infectious diseases in healthy NHP colonies. This review provides an overview of the clinical and pathologic characteristics of common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases in NHPs, especially macaque monkeys, as well as methods for definitive diagnosis of these diseases. Opportunistic infections that can occur in the laboratory setting have also been addressed in this review with examples of cases of infection disease manifestation that was observed or influenced during safety assessment studies or under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ohta
- Global Drug Safety, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- *Corresponding author: E Ohta (e-mail: )
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4
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Darusman HS, Mariya SS, Sari IK, Nisa MA, Sari K, Mariya S, Mustopa AZ, Saepuloh U. Spontaneous expression of the gene of KI67 and P53 in cynomolgus monkeys infected with papillomavirus. Vet World 2022; 15:962-967. [PMID: 35698518 PMCID: PMC9178597 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.962-967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) develop spontaneous infection of Papillomavirus (PV); thus, potentially beneficial for modeling human PV (HPV) infection study. Contrary to human origin, infection in cynomolgus monkeys does not always show evident clinical symptoms of cervical cancer. The absence of cervical cancer clinical symptoms leads us to investigate the molecular mechanism of the HPV infection in cynomolgus monkeys. This study aimed to investigate the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of KI67 and P53 genes, majorly known as biomarker oncogenesis of PV infection.
Materials and Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used with MY11/MY09 primer to screen PV in cynomolgus monkey, further grouped as positive-PV and negative-PV infection groups. Real-time quantitative PCR was also applied to quantify the mRNA expression levels of KI67 and P53 genes in animals.
Results: Increased expression of mRNA level of KI67 genes was significantly higher in Positive- PV group than negative-PV group. In contrast, the P53 mRNA expression level increased markedly higher in the negative-PV group than in the positive-PV group.
Conclusion: Our study describes the potential of cynomolgus monkeys as a spontaneous oncogenesis model of PV infection-type. However, we used a limited number of cancer genetic markers. So, further study of other genetic markers is required to prove that cervical cancer could be developed naturally in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda S. Darusman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis, Bogor 16680 Indonesia; Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Lodaya 2 No 5 Bogor, Indonesia; Primatology Graduate School of IPB University, Jl Lodaya 2 No. 05, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sela S. Mariya
- Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Lodaya 2 No 5 Bogor, Indonesia; National Research and Innovation Agency, B.J Habibie Building 15th-24th floor, Jl M.H. Thamrin No.8, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Isti K. Sari
- Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Lodaya 2 No 5 Bogor, Indonesia; Primatology Graduate School of IPB University, Jl Lodaya 2 No. 05, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Maulida A. Nisa
- Animal Biomedical Sciences Graduate School of IPB University, Jl Agatis, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Sari
- Primatology Graduate School of IPB University, Jl Lodaya 2 No. 05, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Silmi Mariya
- Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Lodaya 2 No 5 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Apon Zaenal Mustopa
- Research Center For Biotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Uus Saepuloh
- Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Lodaya 2 No 5 Bogor, Indonesia
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA,
USA
| | - Rachel N. Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation
Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative
Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent,
Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine,
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine,
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D. Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca,
NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and
Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT,
USA
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6
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Moresco A, Feltrer-Rambaud Y, Wolfman D, Agnew DW. Reproductive one health in primates. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23325. [PMID: 34516669 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One Health is a collaborative trans-disciplinary approach to health; integrating human, animal, and environmental health. The focus is often on infection disease transmission and disease risk mitigation. However, One Health also includes the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to disease investigation and health of humans, animals, and the environment. One key aspect of environmental/ecosystem health is conservation, the maintenance of healthy, actively reproducing wildlife populations. Reproduction and reproductive health are an integral part of the One Health approach: the comparative aspects of reproduction can inform conservation policies or breeding strategies (in situ and ex situ) in addition to physiology and disease. Differences in reproductive strategies affect the impact poaching and habitat disruption might have on a given population, as well as ex situ breeding programs and the management of zoo and sanctuary populations. Much is known about chimpanzees, macaques, and marmosets as these are common animal models, but there is much that remains unknown regarding reproduction in many other primates. Examining the similarities and differences between and within taxonomic groups allows reasonable extrapolation for decision-making when there are knowledge gaps. For example: (1) knowing that a species has very low reproductive rates adds urgency to conservation policy for that region or species; (2) identifying species with short or absent lactation anestrus allows ex situ institutions to better plan contraception options for specific individuals or prepare for the immediate next pregnancy; (3) recognizing that progestin contraceptives are effective contraceptives, but may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia in some species (in Lemuridae but not great apes) better guides empirical contraceptive choice; (4) recognizing the variable endometriosis prevalence across taxa improves preventive medicine programs. A summary of anatomical variation, endocrinology, contraception, pathology, and diagnostics is provided to illustrate these features and aid in routine physical and postmortem examinations as well as primate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Moresco
- International Primate Health & Welfare Group, Madrid, Spain.,Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, Colorado, USA
| | - Yedra Feltrer-Rambaud
- International Primate Health & Welfare Group, Madrid, Spain.,EAZA Reproductive Management Group, Chester, UK
| | - Darcy Wolfman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, National Capital Region, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalen W Agnew
- Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, Colorado, USA.,Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
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7
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Kirejczyk S, Pinelli C, Gonzalez O, Kumar S, Dick E, Gumber S. Urogenital Lesions in Nonhuman Primates at 2 National Primate Research Centers. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:147-160. [PMID: 33208023 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820971752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Given their genetic and anatomic similarities to humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) may serve as animal models for urogenital diseases of humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of spontaneous urogenital lesions occurring over a 30-year period at the Yerkes and Southwest National Primate Research Centers and to compare and contrast lesions occurring in Old World versus New World primates. Lesions occurring in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), baboon (Papio spp.), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), cotton-top tamarin (Sanguinus oedipus), and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) are discussed. The most common lesions of the kidney were medullary amyloidosis, renal cysts, renal tubular degeneration, glomerulonephritis or glomerulopathy, nephritis, nephrocalcinosis, pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis. Specific causes of renal tubular disease included pigmentary nephrosis and tubular lipidosis. Renal tumors, including renal adenoma and carcinoma, lymphoma, and nephroblastoma, were infrequent diagnoses in all species. Endometriosis was the most frequently diagnosed lesion of the female genital tract. Of the animals examined in this study, it was most frequent in Old World primates. Leiomyoma was the most common uterine tumor. Granulosa cell tumor was the most frequently observed neoplasm of the ovaries, followed by teratoma. Of animals included in the study, most ovarian tumors occurred in baboons. Neoplasms of the male reproductive tract included interstitial cell tumor, seminoma, penile squamous cell carcinoma, penile papilloma, and histiocytoma. In New World monkeys, renal lesions were reported more frequently than genital lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Pinelli
- 1371Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,*Current address: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-6206, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dick
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Ito S, Ishiyama D, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kasuya F, Haga T. Characterization of Bovine papillomavirus 28 (BPV28) and a novel genotype BPV29 associated with vulval papillomas in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108879. [PMID: 33035817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections are associated with the development of cutaneous and mucosal tumors in humans and various animal species. In humans, infection of high-risk human PVs (HPVs) causes anogenital cancers, while in animals, anogenital-associated PVs are not well understood. Among animal PVs, Bos taurus PVs (BPVs) have the most diverse genotypes, up to 28 of them. The present study will report two unique BPVs identified in vulval papilloma lesions from two Holstein Friesian cattle by conventional PCR and sequencing. In the first case, BPV28 harboring two L1 open reading frames (ORFs) due to a five-nucleotide deletion was identified. In the second case, histologically diagnosed as papilloma, an unclassified BPV genotype was detected. However, in both cases, the immunohistochemistry against PV antigen was negative. The full genome of the unclassified BPV was amplified by inverse PCR and analyzed by genome-walking sequencing. The L1 nucleotide sequence was most identical to BPV genotype 6 (BPV6), showing 78 % identity, indicating that this novel BPV should be classified as species Xipapillomavirus 1, genotype BPV29. The mRNA expression of three early genes (E1, E2, E10), but not L1, was confirmed in both BPV28- and BPV29-detected papilloma lesions. The present study suggests the involvement of novel types of BPV in vulval papilloma. The alteration of BPV28 pathogenicity due to the frameshift mutation of L1 needs to be elucidated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma Ito
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Yachiyo Branch Office, Western Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Kasuya
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF. Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1: a New Frontier in Animal Models of Papillomavirus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:e00002-20. [PMID: 32051276 PMCID: PMC7163119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of viral pathogenesis are essential tools in human disease research. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a significant public health issue due to their widespread sexual transmission and oncogenic potential. Infection-based models of papillomavirus pathogenesis have been complicated by their strict species and tissue specificity. In this Gem, we discuss the discovery of a murine papillomavirus, Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1), and how its experimental use represents a major advancement in models of papillomavirus-induced pathogenesis/carcinogenesis, and their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Tombak EM, Männik A, Burk RD, Le Grand R, Ustav E, Ustav M. The molecular biology and HPV drug responsiveness of cynomolgus macaque papillomaviruses support their use in the development of a relevant in vivo model for antiviral drug testing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211235. [PMID: 30682126 PMCID: PMC6347367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the extreme tissue and species restriction of the papillomaviruses (PVs), there is a great need for animal models that accurately mimic PV infection in humans for testing therapeutic strategies against human papillomaviruses (HPVs). In this study, we present data that demonstrate that in terms of gene expression during initial viral DNA amplification, Macaca fascicularis PV (MfPV) types 5 and 8 appear to be similar to mucosal oncogenic HPVs, while MfPV1 (isolated from skin) resembles most high-risk cutaneous beta HPVs (HPV5). Similarities were also observed in replication properties during the initial amplification phase of the MfPV genomes. We demonstrate that high-risk mucosal HPV-specific inhibitors target the transient replication of the MfPV8 genomes, which indicates that similar pathways are used by the high-risk HPVs and MfPVs during their genome replication. Taking all into account, we propose that Macaca fascicularis may serve as a highly relevant model for preclinical tests designed to evaluate therapeutic strategies against HPV-associated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Tombak
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Andres Männik
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ene Ustav
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Ustav
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Yu J, Francisco AMC, Patel BG, Cline JM, Zou E, Berga SL, Taylor RN. IL-1β Stimulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Production in Eutopic Endometriosis Stromal Cell Cultures: A Model for Cytokine Regulation of Neuroangiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2281-2292. [PMID: 30031725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis implants are comprised of glandular and stromal elements, macrophages, nerves, and blood vessels and are commonly accompanied by pelvic pain. We propose that activated macrophages are recruited to and infiltrate nascent lesions, where they secrete proinflammatory cytokines, promoting the production of chemokines, neurotrophins, and angiogenic growth factors that sustain an inflammatory microenvironment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of endometriosis lesions reveals in situ colocalization of concentrated macrophages, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve fibers. These observations were coupled with biochemical analyses of primary eutopic endometriosis stromal cell (EESC) cultures, which allowed defining potential pathways leading to the neuroangiogenic phenotype of these lesions. Our findings indicate that IL-1β potently (EC50 = 7 ± 2 ng/mL) stimulates production of EESC BDNF at the mRNA and protein levels in an IL-1 receptor-dependent fashion. Selective kinase inhibitors demonstrate that this IL-1β effect is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), NF-κB, and mechanistic target of rapamycin signal transduction pathways. IL-1β regulation of regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), a prominent EESC chemokine, also relies on JNK and NF-κB. An important clinical implication of the study is that interference with BDNF and RANTES production, by selectively targeting the JNK and NF-κB cascades, may offer a tractable therapeutic strategy to mitigate the pain and inflammation associated with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Antônio M C Francisco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Health Sciences School, University of Vale do Sapucaí, Pouso Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bansari G Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eric Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarah L Berga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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ORONASAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS IN FRANÇOIS' LANGURS (TRACHYPITHECUS FRANCOISI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:394-403. [PMID: 28749282 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0121r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common oronasal tumors in nonhuman primates. In this study, 11 cases of oronasal SCC in François' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi ) are described. Five initial cases were discovered on review of the North American François' langur studbook, with a potential familial pattern observed. The studbook was used to identify related individuals, and records were requested for review. Six additional cases were documented, and samples from all cases were submitted for microscopic review, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH), for generic papillomaviruses and PCR for herpesviruses because either virus may cause SCC in humans and other nonhuman primates. Affected langurs commonly presented with facial swelling or ocular discharge but frequently did not have clinical signs, and carcinomas were diagnosed during routine examinations. Carcinomas were located in the oral or nasal cavities affecting the oral mucosa, tongue, hard palate, or oropharynx. Histologically, SCCs comprised anastomosing cords and nests of neoplastic epithelial cells that differentiated synchronously and asynchronously from peripheral basal type cells to central squamous-type cells and were occasionally oriented around accumulations of necrotic cell debris. Nuclear pleomorphism, anisokaryosis, prominent nucleoli, occasional mitoses, and a scirrhous response were common features. All animals tested negative for both viruses, except two langurs that were positive for generic papillomavirus by PCR, but no papillomavirus was detected by either IHC or ISH. In most cases, affected animals died within 5 mo of diagnosis.
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Mansfield KG, Sasseville VG, Westmoreland SV. Molecular Localization Techniques in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Infectious Diseases. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:110-26. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular localization techniques remain important diagnostic and research tools for the pathologist evaluating nonhuman primate tissues. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry protocols have been developed for many important pathogens of nonhuman primates, including RNA and DNA viruses, prions, and bacterial, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Such techniques will remain critical in defining the impact and relevance of novel agents on animal health and disease. A comparative pathology perspective often provides valuable insight to the best strategy for reagent development and can also facilitate interpretation of molecular localization patterns. Such a perspective is grounded in a firm understanding of microbe-host pathobiology. This review summarizes current molecular localization protocols used in the diagnosis of selected primate infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - S. V. Westmoreland
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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Harari A, Wood CE, Van Doorslaer K, Chen Z, Domaingue MC, Elmore D, Koenig P, Wagner JD, Jennings RN, Burk RD. Condylomatous genital lesions in cynomolgus macaques from Mauritius. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:893-901. [PMID: 23262641 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genital condyloma-like lesions were observed on male and female cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) originating from the island of Mauritius. Cytobrush and/or biopsy samples were obtained from lesions of 57 affected macaques. Primary histologic features included eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and lymphoplasmacytic penile and vulvar inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia with acanthosis, and increased collagenous stroma. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays to amplify viral DNA revealed the presence of macaque lymphocryptovirus (LCV) DNA but not papillomavirus or poxvirus DNA. Subsequent DNA analyses of 3 genomic regions of LCV identified isolates associated with lesions in 19/25 (76%) biopsies and 19/57 (33%) cytology samples. Variable immunolabeling for proteins related to the human LCV Epstein Barr Virus was observed within intralesional plasma cells, stromal cells, and epithelial cells. Further work is needed to characterize the epidemiologic features of these lesions and their association with LCV infection in Mauritian-origin macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Harari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Bergin IL, Bell JD, Chen Z, Zochowski MK, Chai D, Schmidt K, Culmer DL, Aronoff DM, Patton DL, Mwenda JM, Wood CE, Burk RD. Novel genital alphapapillomaviruses in baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) with cervical dysplasia. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:200-8. [PMID: 22446324 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812439725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genital Alphapapillomavirus (αPV) infections are one of the most common sexually transmitted human infections worldwide. Women infected with the highly oncogenic genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are at high risk for development of cervical cancer. Related oncogenic αPVs exist in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Here the authors identified 3 novel genital αPV types (PhPV1, PhPV2, PhPV3) by PCR in cervical samples from 6 of 15 (40%) wild-caught female Kenyan olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis). Eleven baboons had koilocytes in the cervix and vagina. Three baboons had dysplastic proliferative changes consistent with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV1, 1 had moderate (CIN2, n = 1) and 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia. In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV2, 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia and the other had only koilocytes. Two baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV3 had koilocytes only. PhPV1 and PhPV2 were closely related to oncogenic macaque and human αPVs. These findings suggest that αPV-infected baboons may be useful animal models for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prophylaxis of genital αPV neoplasia. Additionally, this discovery suggests that genital αPVs with oncogenic potential may infect a wider spectrum of non-human primate species than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Bergin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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16
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Olias P, Schulz E, Ehlers B, Ochs A, Mundhenk L, Klopfleisch R. Metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla): no evidence of virus-induced carcinogenesis. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:142-6. [PMID: 22273046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Nevertheless, similar tumours have only been rarely described in Great Apes. This report characterizes the pathological and molecular features of a metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma in a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla). METHODS Necropsy and histopathology was performed to identify the cause of the disease in an cachectic 50-year-old western lowland gorilla. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67, oestrogen receptor alpha and ERBB2 was performed to characterize the tumor. In addition, Pan-herpesvirus and Pan-papillomavirus PCR were used to identify a possible viral cause. RESULTS The endoccervical carcinoma showed a severe metastatic spread to the lung, brain and bone and was herpesvirus and papillomavirus-negative. Most tumor cells were ERBB2-positive, 15% of tumor cells were Ki67-positive and only few tumor cells had oestrogen receptor alpha expression. CONCLUSIONS Histopathologically and immunohistochemically, the tumour had striking similarities to human endocervicial adenocarcinomas of the common type. However, PCR analysis failed to identify herpes- or papillomaviral DNA in the tumor at the time of necropsy, thus leaving the question for cause of the disease open.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olias
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schultheiss T, Stolte-Leeb N, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Flow cytometric characterization of the lymphocyte composition in a variety of mucosal tissues in healthy rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:41-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wood CE, Tannehill-Gregg SH, Chen Z, Doorslaer KV, Nelson DR, Cline JM, Burk RD. Novel betapapillomavirus associated with hand and foot papillomas in a cynomolgus macaque. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:731-6. [PMID: 20921322 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Betapapillomavirus is a genus of papillomaviruses (PVs) commonly found in human skin and associated with both benign and malignant skin lesions. Only 2 previous beta-PVs have been fully characterized in nonhuman species. This report describes a novel beta-PV, named Macaca fascicularis PV type 2 (MfPV2), isolated from exophytic skin papillomas on the hands and feet of a 2-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (M. fascicularis). On histology the papillomas were composed of diffusely thickened epidermis with superficial foci of cytomegaly, cytoplasmic pallor, marginalized chromatin, and rare eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Positive immunostaining for p16 and the proliferation marker Ki67 was present multifocally within affected epidermis, most prominently within basal-type cells. Complete sequence identity (100%) was noted between PV genomes fully sequenced from hand and foot lesions. The MfPV2 genome was 7632 base pairs in length and included putative open reading frames (ORFs) for E1, E2, E4, E6, E7, L1, and L2 genes, similar to other PVs. The closest relatives to MfPV2 based on the L1 ORF sequence were all beta-PVs. These included human PV (HPV) 9, HPV115, HPV76, HPV75, and MfPV1 (60-70% pairwise identity for all), the latter of which was also isolated from hand and foot papillomas in a cynomolgus macaque. Phylogenetic analysis placed MfPV2 in a new species group (beta-6), distinct from HPVs (beta-1 to beta-5) and MfPV1 (beta-1). These findings characterize a new nonhuman beta-PV and provide additional support for the idea that tissue tropism among ancestral primate PVs developed prior to divergence of certain Old World primate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA.
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20
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Sasseville VG, Mansfield KG. Overview of known non-human primate pathogens with potential to affect colonies used for toxicity testing. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:79-92. [PMID: 19909217 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased demand for non-human primates (NHPs) in biomedical research has resulted in alternative sources of animals being used, which has allowed for importation of animals with varying background incidences of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. This can be of minimal consequence when animals from different sources are kept isolated. However, when NHPs from different sources with varying incidences of primary and opportunistic pathogens are mixed, there can be a rapid spread of these pathogens and an increase in the seroconversion of susceptible animals. If this process occurs during the conduct of a study, interpretation of that study can be confounded. Furthermore, NHPs imported from areas enzootic for pathogens such as Plasmodium or with high incidences of human diseases such as measles and tuberculosis can introduce diseases that can be a threat to colony health, have zoonotic risk, and can severely impact study outcome. Thus, knowledge of the common primary and opportunistic NHP infections, as well as reemerging pathogens, enables the toxicologist to use information on disease status for pre-study animal selection and intelligent study design. This is particularly important when immunomodulatory compounds are being investigated. Moreover, the toxicologic pathologist well versed in the common spontaneous infections, opportunistic pathogens, and background lesions in NHPs is able to assess possible drug-related effects in drug safety studies. This review identifies the common primary and opportunistic pathogens, as well as newly emerging infections of NHPs, that can directly or indirectly affect colony health and the interpretation of drug safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito G Sasseville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Toxicology, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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21
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Haddad JL, Dick EJ, Guardado-Mendoza R, Hubbard GB. Spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas in 13 baboons, a first report in a spider monkey, and a review of the non-human primate literature. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:175-86. [PMID: 19220686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells undergoing squamous differentiation and represents a diagnostic challenge in non-human primates (NHP), especially in baboons with perineal SCC. METHODS Fourteen SCC (13 baboons, 1 spider monkey) were identified over a 20-year period. A literature search identified 86 additional published cases of spontaneous NHP SCC. RESULTS Squamous cell carcinoma was most commonly reported in macaques, baboons, marmosets, and squirrel monkeys. Metastasis occurred in 23%, of NHP. The most frequently reported primary locations were the oral cavity, integument, esophagus, and cervix-uterus. Perineal SCC occurred mainly in baboons. All reported SCC in marmosets occurred in the head. Nasal cavity SCC was only reported in male marmosets. All reported pulmonary SCC occurred in males, mostly in tree shrews. CONCLUSIONS Squamous cell carcinoma is a common neoplasm in NHP and exhibits species differences. NHPs may provide a useful SCC animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Haddad
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 76227-5301, USA
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Alpi KM, Stringer E, Devoe RS, Stoskopf M. Clinical and research searching on the wild side: exploring the veterinary literature. J Med Libr Assoc 2009; 97:169-77. [PMID: 19626142 PMCID: PMC2706442 DOI: 10.3163/1536-5050.97.3.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoological medicine furthers the health and well-being of captive and free-ranging wild animals. Effective information retrieval of the zoological medicine literature demands searching multiple databases, conference proceedings, and organization websites using a wide variety of keywords and controlled vocabulary. Veterinarians, residents, students, and the librarians who serve them must have patience for multiple search iterations to capture the majority of the available knowledge. The complexities of thorough literature searches are more difficult for nondomestic animal clinical cases and research reviews as demonstrated by three search requests involving poisonous snakes, a gorilla, and spiders. Expanding and better disseminating the knowledgebase of zoological medicine will make veterinary searching easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Alpi
- Library of Veterinary Medicine, NCSU Libraries, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Abstract
In general, veterinary dermatologists do not have extensive clinical experience of nonhuman primate (NHP) dermatoses. The bulk of the published literature does not provide an organized evidence-based approach to the NHP dermatologic case. The veterinary dermatologist is left to extract information from both human and veterinary dermatology, an approach that can be problematic as it forces the clinician to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on two very disparate bodies of literature. A more cohesive approach to NHP dermatology - without relying on assumptions that NHP pathology most commonly behaves similarly to other veterinary and human disease - is required. This review of the dermatology of NHP species includes discussions of primary dermatoses, as well as diseases where dermatologic signs represent a significant secondary component, provides a first step towards encouraging the veterinary community to study and report the dermatologic diseases of nonhuman primates.
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Remick AK, Van Wettere AJ, Williams CV. Neoplasia in prosimians: case series from a captive prosimian population and literature review. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:746-72. [PMID: 19276064 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0154-r-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases in prosimians have been sporadically reported in the literature. To provide a comprehensive review of prosimian neoplasia, a retrospective evaluation of neoplasia in a large captive prosimian colony and an extensive literature review were performed. Primates that belong to the Order Primata, Suborder Prosimii with histologic evidence of neoplasia were included. One hundred twenty-three cases of spontaneous neoplasia were identified in 101 prosimians from the Duke Lemur Center, and 124 cases were reported in 116 prosimians in the literature. Overall, this review compiled a total of 247 neoplasms in 217 prosimians. Of the 217 affected animals, 88 of 217 were males (41%), 100 of 217 were females (46%), and sex was not reported in 29 of 217 (13%). Ages ranged from 2 days to 36 years. Prosimian families represented were Lemuridae (80/217 [37%]), Cheirogaleidae (61/217 [28%]), Galagidae (44/217 [20%]), Lorisidae (28/217 [13%]), and Indriidae (4/217 [2%]). The most commonly affected species were the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) (28/217 [13%]), thick-tailed greater bush baby (Otolemur crassicaudatus) (23/217 [11%]), and black lemur (Eulemur macaco) (19/217 [9%]). Organ systems affected, in order of descending occurrence, were digestive (75/247 [30%]), reproductive (40/247 [16%]), hematopoietic (34/247 [14%]), integumentary (28/247 [11%]), endocrine (26/247 [11%]), and urinary (17/247 [7%]). The respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems were infrequently affected. The most common neoplasms were hepatocellular (32/247 [13%]), lymphoma and/or leukemia (29/247 [12%]), biliary (15/247 [6%]), and mammary neoplasms (12/247 [5%]). This article should serve as a valuable reference for the types and relative frequencies of neoplasms that occur in prosimian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Remick
- WIL-Biotechnics, LLC, Hillsborough, NC, USA
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Abstract
Female macaques serve as an important model for the study of reproductive diseases in women. Here we summarize characteristics of the macaque cervix, with a particular emphasis on the cynomolgus macaque. Key anatomic features include a stratified squamous exocervix, squamocolumnar junction and transformation zone, and glandular endocervix with prominent colliculi. Endocervical eversion occurs with onset of ovarian cycling and regresses to varying degrees based on age, hormonal status, and individual conformation. The cervical epithelium in macaques is highly responsive to estrogens, which induce marked squamous epithelial maturation and glandular hypertrophy. Progestogen effects include further induction of endocervical secretory activity and release of viscous mucus, which functions in both mucosal immunity and fertility regulation. On immunohistochemistry, the squamous cervix shows strong expression of estrogen receptor α, the proliferation marker Ki67/MIB1, and cytokeratin 14, whereas endocervical epithelium strongly expresses estrogen and progesterone receptors and cytokeratins 18 and 19. These patterns of expression are altered in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which is a common spontaneous lesion of the macaque cervix associated with specific types of oncogenic papillomaviruses. This report highlights important similarities with human cervix that should be useful for future studies of genital infection, neoplasia, and immunity in the macaque model. Competing Interests: This article was sponsored by Covance Inc. and Schering-Plough. The author did not declare any other competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Wood
- Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Cline JM, Wood CE, Vidal JD, Tarara RP, Buse E, Weinbauer GF, de Rijk EPCT, van Esch E. Selected Background Findings and Interpretation of Common Lesions in the Female Reproductive System in Macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:142s-163s. [PMID: 21475639 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308327117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a selection of normal findings and common naturally occurring lesions in the reproductive system of female macaques, including changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, and mammary glands. Normal features of immature ovaries, uteri, and mammary glands are described. Common non-neoplastic lesions in the ovaries include cortical mineralization, polyovular follicles, cysts, ovarian surface epithelial hyperplasia, and ectopic ovarian tissue. Ovarian neoplasms include granulosa cell tumors, teratomas, and ovarian surface epithelial tumors. Common non-neoplastic uterine findings include loss of features of normal cyclicity, abnormal bleeding, adenomyosis, endometriosis, epithelial plaques, and pregnancy-associated vascular remodeling. Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the uterus include endometrial polyps, leiomyomas, and rarely endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma. Vaginitis is common. Cervical lesions include endocervical squamous metaplasia, polyps, and papillomavirus-associated lesions. Lesions in the mammary gland are most often proliferative and range from ductal hyperplasia to invasive carcinoma. Challenges to interpretation include the normal or pathologic absence of menstrual cyclicity and the potential misinterpretation of sporadic lesions, such as epithelial plaques or papillomavirus-associated lesions. Interpretation of normal and pathologic findings is best accomplished with knowledge of the life stage, reproductive history, and hormonal status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Cline
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Cline JM, Botts S, Lees CJ, Brommage R. Effects of lasofoxifene on the uterus, vagina, and breast in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:158.e1-8. [PMID: 18501325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of lasofoxifene on the reproductive system in ovariectomized nonhuman primates. STUDY DESIGN This was a 2-year, randomized study. Adult female macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were assigned randomly into 5 groups: ovariectomized, placebo-treated controls (n = 22); sham-ovariectomized, placebo-treated controls (n = 24); ovariectomized animals given 0.021 mg Premarin kg/d (conjugated equine estrogen; n = 25); lasofoxifene at 1.0 mg/kg/d (n = 23); or lasofoxifene at 5.0 mg/kg/d (n = 25). Outcomes included organ weights and histopathologic findings. RESULTS Lasofoxifene did not increase uterine weight or endometrial thickness and did not change mammary, vaginal, or cervical histologic condition. Mild endometrial fibrosis and cystic change were seen in lasofoxifene-treated animals, in contrast to significant uterine weight increases and endometrial hyperplasia induced by conjugated equine estrogen. CONCLUSION Lasofoxifene did not increase uterine weight and produced minor histologic uterine changes at the doses that were given and had no effect on the breast, vagina, or cervix.
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Abstract
Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B Gardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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29
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Wilkinson M, Walters S, Smith T, Wilkinson A. Reproductive abnormalities in aged femaleMacaca fascicularis. J Med Primatol 2008; 37 Suppl 1:88-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kanodia S, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. Recent advances in strategies for immunotherapy of human papillomavirus-induced lesions. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:247-59. [PMID: 17973257 PMCID: PMC4943456 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced lesions are distinct in that they have targetable foreign antigens, the expression of which is necessary to maintain the cancerous phenotype. Hence, they pose as a very attractive target for "proof of concept" studies in the development of therapeutic vaccines. This review will focus on the most recent clinical trials for the immunotherapy of mucosal and cutaneous HPV-induced lesions as well as emerging therapeutic strategies that have been tested in preclinical models for HPV-induced lesions. Progress in peptide-based vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, viral/bacterial vector-based vaccines, immune response modifiers, photodynamic therapy and T cell receptor based therapy for HPV will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Kanodia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Cooper TK, Gabrielson KL. Spontaneous lesions in the reproductive tract and mammary gland of female non-human primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 80:149-70. [PMID: 17342758 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Because of their close phylogenic relationship with humans, the use of non-human primates (NHP) as experimental subjects has a long history in biomedical research. Although research topics have shifted focus and species used have changed, NHP remain vital as models in basic and applied research. While there is a wealth of information available on the spontaneous lesions of NHP, most of this information is fragmented, dated, or narrow in focus, often limited to single case reports. This review attempts to integrate this information to illustrate and enumerate the spectrum of spontaneous pathology of the reproductive tract and mammary gland of NHP. Although not the focus of this review, steroid-related changes are inextricably linked to these tissues, and brief consideration is given to this subject as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.
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Yamate J, Tomita A, Kuwamura M, Mitsunaga F, Nakamura S. Spontaneous peritoneal malignant mesothelioma in a geriatric japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Exp Anim 2007; 56:155-9. [PMID: 17460361 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.56.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A 28.5-year-old female Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) was euthanatized because of abdominal distension due to severe ascites. Nodular lesions of varying sizes up to 5 mm in diameter were distributed diffusely on the surface of the omentum, mesentery and parietal peritoneum. No neoplastic masses were detected in any visceral organ. The nodules were composed of proliferation of mono- or multi-layered epithelial-like cells occasionally showing papillary growth and sheets of small round or polygonal cells. Signet ring-like cells and tubular structures were occasionally present. Neoplastic cells were strongly positive to cytokeratin, and occasionally to vimentin. Based on gross and histopathological findings, this tumor was diagnosed as an epithelial type of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma, the first reported case in the non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai.Osaka, Japan
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Wood CE, Chen Z, Cline JM, Miller BE, Burk RD. Characterization and experimental transmission of an oncogenic papillomavirus in female macaques. J Virol 2007; 81:6339-45. [PMID: 17428865 PMCID: PMC1900122 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00233-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women worldwide, yet few suitable animal models currently exist for study of this disease. Virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women are caused by specific types of genital human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, we investigated naturally occurring genital PVs in female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) without breeding contact for at least 3.5 years. Exfoliated cervicovaginal cells from 19 of 54 animals tested positive for at least one PV. Seven different PVs were identified, including four novel genotypes and two genotypes (RhPV-d and RhPV-a) previously identified in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Four PV types were associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which resembled human CIN by endoscopy, cervical cytology, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The presence of CIN was highly associated with PV infection (P<0.0001). The most prevalent virus type was RhPV-d, which was identified in 60% of animals with CIN. An RhPV-d genome sequenced from a high-grade CIN lesion was found to be phylogenetically related to the highly oncogenic HPV16. Transfer of cervical cytobrush samples from donor animals naturally carrying RhPV-d resulted in new infections in 4 of 12 previously virus-free animals and abnormal cytology and histology in 1 of 4 infected animals after 18 weeks of infection. Experimental transmission was confirmed by E1/\E4 reverse transcription-PCR products and RhPV-d sequence identity with the donor variant. These findings identify key similarities between macaque and human oncogenic PVs which should prove useful in the study of viral persistence, carcinogenesis, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Wood
- Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA.
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McKnight CA, Wise AG, Maes RK, Howe C, Rector A, Van Ranst M, Kiupel M. Papillomavirus-associated basosquamous carcinoma in an Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 37:193-6. [PMID: 17312801 DOI: 10.1638/05-101.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-yr-old female Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) had a small raised pigmented mass removed from the lateral canthus of the left eye. Six additional variably sized, raised, smooth to cauliflower-like skin masses were observed randomly distributed throughout the left wing membranes. Four masses were removed and diagnosed microscopically as basosquamous carcinomas and papillomas. Additional masses, removed 6 mo and 1 yr later, showed bony invasion and squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemistry detected positive intranuclear staining for bovine papillomavirus antibody in all samples. Polymerase chain reaction done on DNA extracts from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue amplified a 450 base-pair segment analogous to the L1 region of human papillomavirus types 96 and 5. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis of sequenced amplicons suggests a novel chiropteran papillomavirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of papillomavirus-associated carcinoma in a chiropteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A McKnight
- Diagnostic Centers for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, Michigan 48910, USA
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