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Doica IP, Turcu-Stiolica A, Ungureanu BS, Florescu DN, Rogoveanu I, Gheonea DI. Association between Direct-Acting Agents Adherence and Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients with Hepatitis C. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2023; 49:312-318. [PMID: 38314219 PMCID: PMC10832866 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.49.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
This observational study included all patients undergoing HCV treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based therapy between May 2020 and September 2023 at the Dolj County Hospital, Romania. The aim was to investigate adherence to DAAs among HCV patients and the effect of this treatment on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Chronic HCV-infected patients were prospectively evaluated at baseline (T0), before the beginning of treatment, and 12 weeks after completing DAAs treatment (T1). The HCV-AD10 questionnaire was used to measure DAAs adherence, and HRQoL was assessed with the 15D instrument. The 15D questionnaire was administered at two time points: T0 and T1, during which the Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) was also measured. The primary outcome was DAAs adherence, with secondary outcomes including quality of life (QoL), and sustained virologic response (SVR). DAAs based therapy was initiated for 368 patients, all of whom were health insured. HRQoL and psychological state of HCV patients clinically improved. The DAAs adherence was very good (mean±SD, 91.51±8.34), being influenced by age (younger patients were much adherent, rho=-0.112, p-value=0.031) and the severity of the disease (patients with more severe hepatitis were less adherent, rho=-0.167, p-value=0.001). DAAs had a significant effect on improving HRQoL of HCV patients, but did not influence medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Paula Doica
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Adina Turcu-Stiolica
- Pharmacoeconomics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Dan Nicolae Florescu
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Rogoveanu
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Dan-Ionuț Gheonea
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
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2
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Ensemble-based virtual screening of human PI4KIIIα inhibitors toward the Hepatitis C virus. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Bulankina AV, Richter RM, Welsch C. Regulatory Role of Phospholipids in Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Protein Function. Pathogens 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35056049 PMCID: PMC8779051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) hijack key factors of lipid metabolism of infected cells and extensively modify intracellular membranes to support the viral lifecycle. While lipid metabolism plays key roles in viral particle assembly and maturation, viral RNA synthesis is closely linked to the remodeling of intracellular membranes. The formation of viral replication factories requires a number of interactions between virus proteins and host factors including lipids. The structure-function relationship of those proteins is influenced by their lipid environments and lipids that selectively modulate protein function. Here, we review our current understanding on the roles of phospholipids in HCV replication and of lipid-protein interactions in the structure-function relationship of the NS5A protein. NS5A is a key factor in membrane remodeling in HCV-infected cells and is known to recruit phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III alpha to generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at the sites of replication. The dynamic interplay between lipids and viral proteins within intracellular membranes is likely key towards understanding basic mechanisms in the pathobiology of virus diseases, the mode of action of specific antiviral agents and related drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bulankina
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca M. Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.V.B.); (R.M.R.)
- Research Group “Molecular Evolution & Adaptation”, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Liu J, Han J, Izawa K, Sato T, White S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112736. [PMID: 32966895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made AAs are indispensable components of modern medicinal chemistry and are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs. In fact, about 30% of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain residues of tailor-made AAs or structurally related diamines and amino-alcohols. Cyclic tailor-made AAs present a particular value to rational structural design by virtue of their local conformational constraints and are widely used in lead optimization programs. The present review article highlights 34 compounds, all of which are derived from cyclic AAs, representing recently-approved, small-molecule pharmaceuticals as well as promising drug candidates currently in various phases of clinical study. For each compound, the discussion includes the discovery, therapeutic profile and optimized synthesis, with a focus on the preparation of cyclic tailor-made AA as the principal structural feature. The present review article is intended to serve as a reference source for organic, medicinal and process chemists along with other professionals working in the fields of drug design and pharmaceutical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc, 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box, 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543 4000, United States
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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5
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Sofia MJ. The Discovery and Development of Daclatasvir: An Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Replication Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122418 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2018_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Shanmugam S, Nichols AK, Saravanabalaji D, Welsch C, Yi M. HCV NS5A dimer interface residues regulate HCV replication by controlling its self-interaction, hyperphosphorylation, subcellular localization and interaction with cyclophilin A. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007177. [PMID: 30036383 PMCID: PMC6072203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HCV NS5A protein plays multiple roles during viral replication, including viral genome replication and virus particle assembly. The crystal structures of the NS5A N-terminal domain indicated the potential existence of the NS5A dimers formed via at least two or more distinct dimeric interfaces. However, it is unknown whether these different forms of NS5A dimers are involved in its numerous functions. To address this question, we mutated the residues lining the two different NS5A dimer interfaces and determined their effects on NS5A self-interaction, NS5A-cyclophilin A (CypA) interaction, HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production. We found that the mutations targeting either of two dimeric interfaces disrupted the NS5A self-interaction in cells. The NS5A dimer-interrupting mutations also inhibited both viral RNA replication and infectious virus production with some genotypic differences. We also determined that reduced NS5A self-interaction was associated with altered NS5A-CypA interaction, NS5A hyperphosphorylation and NS5A subcellular localization, providing the mechanistic bases for the role of NS5A self-interaction in multiple steps of HCV replication. The NS5A oligomers formed via different interfaces are likely its functional form, since the residues at two different dimeric interfaces played similar roles in different aspects of NS5A functions and, consequently, HCV replication. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the functional significance of NS5A self-interaction in different steps of the HCV replication, potentially, in the form of oligomers formed via multiple dimeric interfaces. HCV NS5A is a multifunctional protein involved in both viral RNA replication and infectious virus production, and is a target of one of the most potent antivirals available to date. However, the mode of action of NS5A inhibitors is still unclear due to the lack of mechanistic detail regarding NS5A functions during HCV life cycles. In this study, we have provided evidence that surface-exposed NS5A residues involved in two different dimeric interactions in crystal structures are indeed involved in NS5A self-interactions in cells. We also showed that these NS5A residues play critical role in HCV RNA replication and infectious virus production by regulating NS5A hyperphosphorylation, its subcellular localization and its interaction with host protein CypA. Overall, our data support the functional significance of “NS5A oligomers” formed via multiple interfaces in HCV replication. We speculate that the NS5A inhibitors exploited the NS5A oligomer-dependent functions during HCV replication, rather than targeting individual NS5A, which consequently resulted in their high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanabalaji Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alyssa K. Nichols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dhanaranjani Saravanabalaji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - MinKyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Knops E, Sierra S, Kalaghatgi P, Heger E, Kaiser R, Kalinina OV. Epistatic Interactions in NS5A of Hepatitis C Virus Suggest Drug Resistance Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E343. [PMID: 29986475 PMCID: PMC6071292 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a major health burden and can be effectively treated by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The non-structural protein 5A (NS5A), which plays a role in the viral genome replication, is one of the DAAs’ targets. Resistance-associated viruses (RAVs) harbouring NS5A resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) have been described at baseline and after therapy failure. A mutation from glutamine to arginine at position 30 (Q30R) is a characteristic RAM for the HCV sub/genotype (GT) 1a, but arginine corresponds to the wild type in the GT-1b; still, GT-1b strains are susceptible to NS5A-inhibitors. In this study, we show that GT-1b strains with R30Q often display other specific NS5A substitutions, particularly in positions 24 and 34. We demonstrate that in GT-1b secondary substitutions usually happen after initial R30Q development in the phylogeny, and that the chemical properties of the corresponding amino acids serve to restore the positive charge in this region, acting as compensatory mutations. These findings may have implications for RAVs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Saleta Sierra
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)-Cologne-Bonn Partner Site, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Prabhav Kalaghatgi
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)-Saarbrücken Partner Site, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)-Cologne-Bonn Partner Site, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Olga V Kalinina
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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8
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Li Z, Liu Q. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibits hepatitis C virus replication through interacting with NS5A. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:44-61. [PMID: 29235977 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease actively involved in regulating lipid homeostasis. Although PCSK9 has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and replication, the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized. Moreover, whether PCSK9 regulates HCV translation and assembly/secretion has not been determined. We therefore further studied the effects of PCSK9 on the HCV life cycle. We showed that PCSK9 did not affect HCV translation or assembly/secretion. Overexpression of PCSK9 inhibited HCV replication in HCV genomic replicon cells in a dose-dependent manner and after cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) infection. Knocking down PCSK9 increased HCV replication. The gain-of-function (D374Y) or loss-of-function (Δaa. 31-52) PCSK9 mutants for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation had no effect on HCV replication, suggesting that HCV replication inhibition by PCSK9 was not due to LDLR degradation. The uncleaved ProPCSK9, but not cleaved PCSK9, down-regulated HCV replication, suggesting that the auto-cleavage of PCSK9 affected HCV replication. We also found that PCSK9 interacted with NS5A through NS5A aa. 95-215, and this region played an important role in NS5A dimerization, NS5A-RNA binding and was essential for HCV replication. More importantly, NS5A dimerization and NS5A-RNA binding were suppressed by PCSK9 upon interaction. These results suggested that PCSK9 inhibited HCV replication through interaction with NS5A. Our study should help optimize anti-HCV treatment regimen in patients with abnormal lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Li
- VIDO-InterVac, School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,VIDO-InterVac, School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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9
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McGowan DC, Khamlichi MD, De Groot A, Pauwels F, Delouvroy F, Van Emelen K, Simmen K, Raboisson P. Synthesis and evaluation of novel HCV replication inhibitors. Mol Divers 2017; 21:475-481. [PMID: 28293834 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct acting antiviral agents to cure hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has emerged as the gold standard therapy. Along with protease inhibitors, nucleoside polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, the inhibition of NS5a has proved to be an effective way to treat HCV patients. Here we report on novel HCV NS5a inhibitors which were synthesized and evaluated in the HCV replicon assay. A series of inhibitors were formed by a cycloaddition reaction in parallel to establish new leads and explore the effects of unsymmetrical cap substitution. This led to the identification of several triazoles with picomolar potency in vitro against hepatitis C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McGowan
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Mourad D Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research, Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2,5- Av. Azul, 30320, Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alex De Groot
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Delouvroy
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Emelen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simmen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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10
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Tong L, Yu W, Chen L, Selyutin O, Dwyer MP, Nair AG, Mazzola R, Kim JH, Sha D, Yin J, Ruck RT, Davies IW, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Liu R, Agrawal S, Xia E, Curry S, McMonagle P, Bystol K, Lahser F, Carr D, Rokosz L, Ingravallo P, Chen S, Feng KI, Cartwright M, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Discovery of Ruzasvir (MK-8408): A Potent, Pan-Genotype HCV NS5A Inhibitor with Optimized Activity against Common Resistance-Associated Polymorphisms. J Med Chem 2016; 60:290-306. [PMID: 27808515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the research that led to the discovery of compound 40 (ruzasvir, MK-8408), a pan-genotypic HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor with a "flat" GT1 mutant profile. This NS5A inhibitor contains a unique tetracyclic indole core while maintaining the imidazole-proline-valine Moc motifs of our previous NS5A inhibitors. Compound 40 is currently in early clinical trials and is under evaluation as part of an all-oral DAA regimen for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec , Shanghai, 200131, China
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11
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Ahmed M, Pal A, Houghton M, Barakat K. A Comprehensive Computational Analysis for the Binding Modes of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitors: The Question of Symmetry. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:872-881. [PMID: 27933783 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) form the current standard of care (SOC) against hepatitis C virus (HCV). These drugs selectively target the viral proteins, offering a unique mechanism to avoid toxicity, to increase their efficacy, and to evolve from decades of interferon- and ribavirin-based therapy. Among the promising HCV targets for DAAs is the NS5A protein, and daclatasvir (DCV) forms a first-in-class compound that selectively targets this protein. Despite the exceptional potency of DCV (∼picomolar IC50) and although several DCV derivatives have been approved for human use or are close to approval, the exact mode of action of these drugs is still incomplete. This is simply due to the vast complexity of cocrystallizing DCV with NS5A in the absence of two amphipathic helices that are required for DCV binding. In this context, computational modeling provides a unique alternative to solve this problem. Here, we build upon our recent discovery of a completely symmetrical interaction between DCV and NS5A and investigate the mode of binding of six other structures similar to DCV. The selected compounds include both symmetric and asymmetric molecules. In addition, we show that our model correlates very well with mutations that can confer resistance to DCV. The current study enhances our understanding of the mode of action of this class of HCV inhibitors and helps in defining the origin of resistance to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Abhishek Pal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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12
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Tong L, Yu W, Coburn CA, Chen L, Selyutin O, Zeng Q, Dwyer MP, Nair AG, Shankar BB, Kim SH, Yang DY, Rosenblum SB, Ruck RT, Davies IW, Hu B, Zhong B, Hao J, Ji T, Zan S, Liu R, Agrawal S, Carr D, Curry S, McMonagle P, Bystol K, Lahser F, Ingravallo P, Chen S, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Structure-activity relationships of proline modifications around the tetracyclic-indole class of NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5354-5360. [PMID: 27680588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the impact of proline modifications, in our tetracyclic-indole based series of nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors, to their replicon profiles. This work identified NS5A inhibitors with an improved and flattened resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qingbei Zeng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | - Seong Heon Kim
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Rebecca T Ruck
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinglai Hao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuai Zan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Donna Carr
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Stephanie Curry
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Karin Bystol
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Shiying Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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13
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Tong L, Yu W, Coburn CA, Meinke PT, Nair AG, Dwyer MP, Chen L, Selyutin O, Rosenblum SB, Jiang Y, Fells J, Hu B, Zhong B, Soll RM, Liu R, Agrawal S, Xia E, Zhai Y, Kong R, Ingravallo P, Nomeir A, Asante-Appiah E, Kozlowski JA. Alternative core development around the tetracyclic indole class of HCV NS5A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5132-5137. [PMID: 27634194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe our research efforts to develop unique cores in molecules which function as HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors. In particular, various fused tetracyclic cores were identified which showed genotype and mutant activities comparable to the indole-based tetracyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Craig A Coburn
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anilkumar G Nair
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Oleg Selyutin
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Yueheng Jiang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - James Fells
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Richard M Soll
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ellen Xia
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ying Zhai
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rong Kong
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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14
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Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low resistance, panserotype, and low toxicity remain challenging, and obtaining such agents continues to be an active area of therapeutic development. Due to their unique three-dimensional structural features, spirooxindoles have been identified as privileged chemotypes for antiviral drug development. Among them, spiro-pyrazolopyridone oxindoles have been recently reported as potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS4B, leading to the discovery of an orally bioavailable preclinical candidate (R)-44 with excellent in vivo efficacy in a dengue viremia mouse model. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biologically active spirooxindoles for their antiviral potential, primarily focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and modes of action, as well as future directions to achieve more potent analogues toward a viable antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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15
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Jensen CM, Holle LM. Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir: A Once-Daily Oral Treatment Option for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection. Pharmacotherapy 2016; 36:562-74. [PMID: 27027412 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 historically has been the most difficult to treat HCV genotype, and patients infected with this genotype had been previously treated with interferon-based therapy. In recent years, however, treatment options for chronic HCV infection have rapidly changed to an all-oral regimen. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir is an oral fixed-dose (ledipasvir 90 mg-sofosbuvir 400 mg) combination of two direct-acting antiviral drugs. Four phase 3 clinical trials (ION-1-4) evaluated ledipasvir-sofosbuvir with and without ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 1. High rates of sustained virologic response (SVR) occurred with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir alone in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients without cirrhosis as well as in treatment-naïve patients with cirrhosis when administered for 12 weeks. In treatment-experienced patients with cirrhosis, 24 weeks of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir was also highly effective. Furthermore, treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis (particularly those with HCV RNA serum concentrations < 6 million IU/ml) can achieve a similar SVR with only 8 weeks of therapy. Similarly, in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and HCV genotype 1 who were treated with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for 12 weeks, a high SVR was observed in those with and without cirrhosis as well as treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir is well tolerated, with fatigue, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and insomnia being the most common adverse effects, which are typically mild to moderate in nature. This combination antiviral can be taken with or without food. Key factors to consider when prescribing ledipasvir-sofosbuvir are drug interactions including those mediated by the P-glycoprotein transporter and increased pH, cost of the drug or insurance coverage, comorbid conditions, and patient and provider preferences. Postmarketing experience and ongoing clinical trials will further define the safety and role of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir in the treatment of HCV genotype 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Holle
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, UConn School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut
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16
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Discovery of silyl proline containing HCV NS5A inhibitors with pan-genotype activity: SAR development. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1475-9. [PMID: 26850003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HCV NS5A inhibitors have shown impressive in vitro potency profiles in HCV replicon assays thus making them attractive components for inclusion in an all oral fixed dose combination treatment regimen. Herein we describe the research efforts that led to the discovery of silyl proline containing HCV NS5A inhibitors such as 7e and 8a with pan-genotype activity profile and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties.
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17
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1785] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Issur M, Götte M. Resistance patterns associated with HCV NS5A inhibitors provide limited insight into drug binding. Viruses 2014; 6:4227-41. [PMID: 25384189 PMCID: PMC4246218 DOI: 10.3390/v6114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have significantly improved the treatment of infection with the hepatitis C virus. A promising class of novel antiviral agents targets the HCV NS5A protein. The high potency and broad genotypic coverage are favorable properties. NS5A inhibitors are currently assessed in advanced clinical trials in combination with viral polymerase inhibitors and/or viral protease inhibitors. However, the clinical use of NS5A inhibitors is also associated with new challenges. HCV variants with decreased susceptibility to these drugs can emerge and compromise therapy. In this review, we discuss resistance patterns in NS5A with focus prevalence and implications for inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moheshwarnath Issur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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19
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Ivachtchenko AV, Mitkin OD, Yamanushkin PM, Kuznetsova IV, Bulanova EA, Shevkun NA, Koryakova AG, Karapetian RN, Bichko VV, Trifelenkov AS, Kravchenko DV, Vostokova NV, Veselov MS, Chufarova NV, Ivanenkov YA. Discovery of novel highly potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor (AV4025). J Med Chem 2014; 57:7716-30. [PMID: 25148100 DOI: 10.1021/jm500951r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of next in class small-molecule hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors with picomolar potency containing 2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-5-{4-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)buta-1,3-diynyl]phenyl}-1H-imidazole cores was designed based on the SAR studies available for the reported NS5A inhibitors. Compound 13a (AV4025), with (S,S,S,S)-stereochemistry (EC50 = 3.4 ± 0.2 pM, HCV replicon genotype 1b), was dramatically more active than were the compounds with two (S)- and two (R)-chiral centers. Human serum did not significantly reduce the antiviral activity (<4-fold). Relatively favorable pharmacokinetic features and good oral bioavailability were observed during animal studies. Compound 13a was well tolerated in rodents (in mice, LD50 = 2326 mg/kg or higher), providing a relatively high therapeutic index. During safety, pharmacology and subchronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs, it was not associated with any significant pathological or clinical findings. This compound is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V Ivachtchenko
- Alla Chem LLC , 1835 East Hallandale Beach Boulevard 442, Hallandale Beach, Florida 33009, United States
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20
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Cordek DG, Croom-Perez TJ, Hwang J, Hargittai MRS, Subba-Reddy CV, Han Q, Lodeiro MF, Ning G, McCrory TS, Arnold JJ, Koc H, Lindenbach BD, Showalter SA, Cameron CE. Expanding the proteome of an RNA virus by phosphorylation of an intrinsically disordered viral protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24397-416. [PMID: 25031324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human proteome contains myriad intrinsically disordered proteins. Within intrinsically disordered proteins, polyproline-II motifs are often located near sites of phosphorylation. We have used an unconventional experimental paradigm to discover that phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) occurs in the intrinsically disordered domain of hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) on Thr-2332 near one of its polyproline-II motifs. Phosphorylation shifts the conformational ensemble of the NS5A intrinsically disordered domain to a state that permits detection of the polyproline motif by using (15)N-, (13)C-based multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. PKA-dependent proline resonances were lost in the presence of the Src homology 3 domain of c-Src, consistent with formation of a complex. Changing Thr-2332 to alanine in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b reduced the steady-state level of RNA by 10-fold; this change was lethal for genotype 2a. The lethal phenotype could be rescued by changing Thr-2332 to glutamic acid, a phosphomimetic substitution. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy showed that the inability to produce Thr(P)-2332-NS5A caused loss of integrity of the virus-induced membranous web/replication organelle. An even more extreme phenotype was observed in the presence of small molecule inhibitors of PKA. We conclude that the PKA-phosphorylated form of NS5A exhibits unique structure and function relative to the unphosphorylated protein. We suggest that post-translational modification of viral proteins containing intrinsic disorder may be a general mechanism to expand the viral proteome without a corresponding expansion of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungwook Hwang
- the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | | | - Chennareddy V Subba-Reddy
- the Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, and
| | - Qingxia Han
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Gang Ning
- the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and
| | | | - Jamie J Arnold
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Hasan Koc
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, West Virginia 25755
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- the Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, and
| | - Scott A Showalter
- the Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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21
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Eberle CA, Zayas M, Stukalov A, Pichlmair A, Alvisi G, Müller AC, Bennett KL, Bartenschlager R, Superti-Furga G. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 interacts with hepatitis C virus NS5A and is a negative regulator of viral particle production. Virology 2014; 462-463:34-41. [PMID: 25092459 PMCID: PMC4139193 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a considerable global health and economic burden. The HCV nonstructural protein (NS) 5A is essential for the viral life cycle. The ability of NS5A to interact with different host and viral proteins allow it to manipulate cellular pathways and regulate viral processes, including RNA replication and virus particle assembly. As part of a proteomic screen, we identified several NS5A-binding proteins, including the lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3). We confirmed the interaction in the context of viral replication by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies. Mutational analyses revealed that the MYND-domain of SMYD3 and domain III of NS5A are required for the interaction. Overexpression of SMYD3 resulted in decreased intracellular and extracellular virus titers, whilst viral RNA replication remained unchanged, suggesting that SMYD3 negatively affects HCV particle production in a NS5A-dependent manner. Identification of SMYD3 as interactor of the HCV protein NS5A using a proteomic approach. Confirmation of SMYD3 as interactor of NS5A in the context of active viral replication. Identification of SMYD3 as negative regulator of HCV infectious particle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol-Ann Eberle
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarita Zayas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Belema M, Meanwell NA. Discovery of daclatasvir, a pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus NS5A replication complex inhibitor with potent clinical effect. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5057-71. [PMID: 24749835 DOI: 10.1021/jm500335h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of the first-in-class hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (6) provides a compelling example of the power of phenotypic screening to identify leads engaging novel targets in mechanistically unique ways. HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitors are pan-genotypic in spectrum, and this mechanistic class provides the most potent HCV inhibitors in vitro that have been described to date. Clinical trials with 6 demonstrated a potent effect on reducing plasma viral load and, in combination with mechanistically orthogonal HCV inhibitors, established the ability to cure even the most difficult infections without the need for immune stimulation. In this Drug Annotation, we describe the discovery of the original high-throughput screening lead 7 and the chemical conundrum and challenges resolved in optimizing to 6 as a clinical candidate and finally we summarize the results of select clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makonen Belema
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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23
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Lambert SM, Langley DR, Garnett JA, Angell R, Hedgethorne K, Meanwell NA, Matthews SJ. The crystal structure of NS5A domain 1 from genotype 1a reveals new clues to the mechanism of action for dimeric HCV inhibitors. Protein Sci 2014; 23:723-34. [PMID: 24639329 PMCID: PMC4093949 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New direct acting antivirals (DAAs) such as daclatasvir (DCV; BMS-790052), which target NS5A function with picomolar potency, are showing promise in clinical trials. The exact nature of how these compounds have an inhibitory effect on HCV is unknown; however, major resistance mutations appear in the N-terminal region of NS5A that include the amphipathic helix and domain 1. The dimeric symmetry of these compounds suggests that they act on a dimer of NS5A, which is also consistent with the presence of dimers in crystals of NS5A domain 1 from genotype 1b. Genotype 1a HCV is less potently affected by these compounds and resistance mutations have a greater effect than in the 1b genotypes. We have obtained crystals of domain 1 of the important 1a NS5A homologue and intriguingly, our X-ray crystal structure reveals two new dimeric forms of this domain. Furthermore, the high solvent content (75%) makes it ideal for ligand-soaking. Daclatasvir (DCV) shows twofold symmetry suggesting NS5A dimers may be of physiological importance and serve as potential binding sites for DCV. These dimers also allow for new conformations of a NS5A expansive network which could explain its operation on the membranous web. Additionally, sulfates bound in the crystal structure may provide evidence for the previously proposed RNA binding groove, or explain regulation of NS5A domain 2 and 3 function and phosphorylation, by domain 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Lambert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Kazmierski WM, Maynard A, Duan M, Baskaran S, Botyanszki J, Crosby R, Dickerson S, Tallant M, Grimes R, Hamatake R, Leivers M, Roberts CD, Walker J. Novel spiroketal pyrrolidine GSK2336805 potently inhibits key hepatitis C virus genotype 1b mutants: from lead to clinical compound. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2058-73. [PMID: 24568313 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid clinical progress of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication inhibitors, including these selecting for resistance in the NS5A region (NS5A inhibitors), promises to revolutionize HCV treatment. Herein, we describe our explorations of diverse spiropyrrolidine motifs in novel NS5A inhibitors and a proposed interaction model. We discovered that the 1,4-dioxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane motif in inhibitor 41H (GSK2236805) supported high potency against genotypes 1a and 1b as well as in genotype 1b L31V and Y93H mutants. Consistent with this, 41H potently suppressed HCV RNA in the 20-day RNA reduction assay. Pharmacokinetic and safety data supported further progression of 41H to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw M Kazmierski
- GlaxoSmithKline , 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
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25
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Belema M, Lopez OD, Bender JA, Romine JL, St Laurent DR, Langley DR, Lemm JA, O'Boyle DR, Sun JH, Wang C, Fridell RA, Meanwell NA. Discovery and development of hepatitis C virus NS5A replication complex inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1643-72. [PMID: 24621191 DOI: 10.1021/jm401793m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lead inhibitors that target the function of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein have been identified by phenotypic screening campaigns using HCV subgenomic replicons. The demonstration of antiviral activity in HCV-infected subjects by the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor (RCI) daclatasvir (1) spawned considerable interest in this mechanistic approach. In this Perspective, we summarize the medicinal chemistry studies that led to the discovery of 1 and other chemotypes for which resistance maps to the NS5A protein and provide synopses of the profiles of many of the compounds currently in clinical trials. We also summarize what is currently known about the NS5A protein and the studies using NS5A RCIs and labeled analogues that are helping to illuminate aspects of both protein function and inhibitor interaction. We conclude with a synopsis of the results of notable clinical trials with HCV NS5A RCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makonen Belema
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Virology Discovery, and §Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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26
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DeGoey DA, Randolph JT, Liu D, Pratt J, Hutchins C, Donner P, Krueger AC, Matulenko M, Patel S, Motter CE, Nelson L, Keddy R, Tufano M, Caspi DD, Krishnan P, Mistry N, Koev G, Reisch TJ, Mondal R, Pilot-Matias T, Gao Y, Beno DWA, Maring CJ, Molla A, Dumas E, Campbell A, Williams L, Collins C, Wagner R, Kati WM. Discovery of ABT-267, a pan-genotypic inhibitor of HCV NS5A. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2047-57. [PMID: 24400777 DOI: 10.1021/jm401398x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe here N-phenylpyrrolidine-based inhibitors of HCV NS5A with excellent potency, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics. Compounds with 2S,5S stereochemistry at the pyrrolidine ring provided improved genotype 1 (GT1) potency compared to the 2R,5R analogues. Furthermore, the attachment of substituents at the 4-position of the central N-phenyl group resulted in compounds with improved potency. Substitution with tert-butyl, as in compound 38 (ABT-267), provided compounds with low-picomolar EC50 values and superior pharmacokinetics. It was discovered that compound 38 was a pan-genotypic HCV inhibitor, with an EC50 range of 1.7-19.3 pM against GT1a, -1b, -2a, -2b, -3a, -4a, and -5a and 366 pM against GT6a. Compound 38 decreased HCV RNA up to 3.10 log10 IU/mL during 3-day monotherapy in treatment-naive HCV GT1-infected subjects and is currently in phase 3 clinical trials in combination with an NS3 protease inhibitor with ritonavir (r) (ABT-450/r) and an NS5B non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor (ABT-333), with and without ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A DeGoey
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Link JO, Taylor JG, Xu L, Mitchell M, Guo H, Liu H, Kato D, Kirschberg T, Sun J, Squires N, Parrish J, Kellar T, Yang ZY, Yang C, Matles M, Wang Y, Wang K, Cheng G, Tian Y, Mogalian E, Mondou E, Cornpropst M, Perry J, Desai MC. Discovery of ledipasvir (GS-5885): a potent, once-daily oral NS5A inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2033-46. [PMID: 24320933 DOI: 10.1021/jm401499g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of highly potent NS5A inhibitors with an unsymmetric benzimidazole-difluorofluorene-imidazole core and distal [2.2.1]azabicyclic ring system was discovered. Optimization of antiviral potency and pharmacokinetics led to the identification of 39 (ledipasvir, GS-5885). Compound 39 (GT1a replicon EC50 = 31 pM) has an extended plasma half-life of 37-45 h in healthy volunteers and produces a rapid >3 log viral load reduction in monotherapy at oral doses of 3 mg or greater with once-daily dosing in genotype 1a HCV-infected patients. 39 has been shown to be safe and efficacious, with SVR12 rates up to 100% when used in combination with direct-acting antivirals having complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Link
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Drug Metabolism, §Biology, ±Formulation and Process Development, ∥Clinical Research, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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28
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Coburn CA, Meinke PT, Chang W, Fandozzi CM, Graham DJ, Hu B, Huang Q, Kargman S, Kozlowski J, Liu R, McCauley JA, Nomeir AA, Soll RM, Vacca JP, Wang D, Wu H, Zhong B, Olsen DB, Ludmerer SW. Discovery of MK-8742: an HCV NS5A inhibitor with broad genotype activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1930-40. [PMID: 24127258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NS5A protein plays a critical role in the replication of HCV and has been the focus of numerous research efforts over the past few years. NS5A inhibitors have shown impressive in vitro potency profiles in HCV replicon assays, making them attractive components for inclusion in all oral combination regimens. Early work in the NS5A arena led to the discovery of our first clinical candidate, MK-4882 [2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-(5-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzofuran-5-yl)-1H-imidazole]. While preclinical proof-of-concept studies in HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic genotype 1 infections resulted in significant decreases in viral load after both single- and multiple-dose treatments, viral breakthrough proved to be a concern, thus necessitating the development of compounds with increased potency against a number of genotypes and NS5A resistance mutations. Modification of the MK-4882 core scaffold by introduction of a cyclic constraint afforded a series of tetracyclic inhibitors, which showed improved virologic profiles. Herein we describe the research efforts that led to the discovery of MK-8742, a tetracyclic indole-based NS5A inhibitor, which is currently in phase 2b clinical trials as part of an all-oral, interferon-free regimen for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Company, Inc. West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
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Preclinical characterization of GSK2336805, a novel inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication that selects for resistance in NS5A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:38-47. [PMID: 24126581 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01363-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK2336805 is an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with picomolar activity on the standard genotype 1a, 1b, and 2a subgenomic replicons and exhibits a modest serum shift. GSK2336805 was not active on 22 RNA and DNA viruses that were profiled. We have identified changes in the N-terminal region of NS5A that cause a decrease in the activity of GSK2336805. These mutations in the genotype 1b replicon showed modest shifts in compound activity (<13-fold), while mutations identified in the genotype 1a replicon had a more dramatic impact on potency. GSK2336805 retained activity on chimeric replicons containing NS5A patient sequences from genotype 1 and patient and consensus sequences for genotypes 4 and 5 and part of genotype 6. Combination and cross-resistance studies demonstrated that GSK2336805 could be used as a component of a multidrug HCV regimen either with the current standard of care or in combination with compounds with different mechanisms of action that are still progressing through clinical development.
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Patel AC. Clinical relevance of target identity and biology: implications for drug discovery and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:1164-85. [PMID: 24080260 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113505906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most commonly used drugs precede techniques for target identification and drug specificity and were developed on the basis of efficacy and safety, an approach referred to as classical pharmacology and, more recently, phenotypic drug discovery. Although substantial gains have been made during the period of focus on target-based approaches, particularly in oncology, these approaches have suffered a high overall failure rate and lower productivity in terms of new drugs when compared with phenotypic approaches. This review considers the importance of target identity and biology in clinical practice from the prescriber's viewpoint. In evaluating influences on prescribing behavior, studies suggest that target identity and mechanism of action are not significant factors in drug choice. Rather, patients and providers consistently value efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Similarly, the Food and Drug Administration requires evidence of safety and efficacy for new drugs but does not require knowledge of drug target identity or target biology. Prescribers do favor drugs with novel mechanisms, but this preference is limited to diseases for which treatments are either not available or suboptimal. Thus, while understanding of drug target and target biology is important from a scientific perspective, it is not particularly important to prescribers, who prioritize efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand C Patel
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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31
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Beaulieu PL. Design and Development of NS5B Polymerase Non‐nucleoside Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737814-00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 130–170 million people worldwide and is associated with life‐threatening liver diseases. The recent introduction of the first two HCV direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) as a complement to the interferon/ribavirin standard of care has provided patients with improved outcomes. Still, 25–30% of subjects infected with genotype 1 HCV do not respond adequately to treatment owing to the emergence of resistant virus and many suffer from severe side effects. A paradigm shift towards the development of interferon‐free combinations of DAAs with complementary modes of action is currently taking place. Virally encoded proteins and enzymes have become the target of HCV drug discovery efforts and several promising new agents are currently being evaluated in the clinic for treatment of chronic HCV infection. The NS5B RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase is responsible for replication of viral RNA and plays a pivotal role in the virus life cycle. NS5B is undoubtedly the most druggable HCV target and is susceptible to several classes of allosteric inhibitors that bind to four distinct sites on the enzyme. This chapter describes successful strategies that have led to the discovery of HCV NS5B antivirals. It is divided according to allosteric sites and describes how each of the known families of inhibitors was discovered, characterized and optimized to provide clinical candidates. When available, the strategies adopted by medicinal chemists to optimize initial leads and address challenges and liabilities encountered on the path to candidate selection are described, along with reported clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L. Beaulieu
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd. 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec Canada, H7S 2G5 resgeneral.lav@boehringer‐ingelheim.com
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32
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Belema M, Meanwell NA, Bender JA, Lopez OD, Hewawasam P, Langley DR. Discovery and Clinical Validation of HCV Inhibitors Targeting the NS5A Protein. SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737814-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HCV non‐structural protein 5A (NS5A) is a multifunctional protein that plays a diverse set of roles in the replication cycle of the virus. Although a significant level of effort has been invested over the past decade at characterizing this protein, our understanding and appreciation of its full structure and function remain far from complete. Despite these drawbacks, however, great strides have been made towards discovering potent HCV NS5A inhibitors that have exhibited promising efficacy in early clinical trials, and these inhibitors have the potential to become an integral component of effective combination therapies that are expected to emerge in the near future. Highlights of the biochemical characterization of the HCV NS5A protein, aspects of the seminal drug discovery effort that culminated in the identification of daclatasvir with which clinical proof‐of‐concept was obtained for NS5A as a target and the follow‐up efforts that identified additional inhibitors, along with findings from mode‐of‐action studies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David R. Langley
- Department of Computer‐Assisted Drug Design Bristol‐Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA
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33
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St. Laurent DR, Serrano-Wu MH, Belema M, Ding M, Fang H, Gao M, Goodrich JT, Krause RG, Lemm JA, Liu M, Lopez OD, Nguyen VN, Nower PT, O’Boyle DR, Pearce BC, Romine JL, Valera L, Sun JH, Wang YK, Yang F, Yang X, Meanwell NA, Snyder LB. HCV NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitors. Part 4.1 Optimization for Genotype 1a Replicon Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1976-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301796k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis R. St. Laurent
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael H. Serrano-Wu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Makonen Belema
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Min Ding
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Hua Fang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Min Gao
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jason T. Goodrich
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rudolph G. Krause
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Julie A. Lemm
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Mengping Liu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Omar D. Lopez
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Van N. Nguyen
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Peter T. Nower
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Donald R. O’Boyle
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Bradley C. Pearce
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Romine
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lourdes Valera
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jin-Hua Sun
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ying-Kai Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Fukang Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Snyder
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Virology, and §Computer-Aided Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Beaulieu PL, Coulombe R, Gillard J, Brochu C, Duan J, Garneau M, Jolicoeur E, Kuhn P, Poupart MA, Rancourt J, Stammers TA, Thavonekham B, Kukolj G. Allosteric N-acetamide-indole-6-carboxylic acid thumb pocket 1 inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase — Acylsulfonamides and acylsulfamides as carboxylic acid replacements. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acylsulfonamide and acylsulfamide as surrogates for the carboxylic acid function of N-acetamide-indole-6-carboxylic acids were evaluated as allosteric inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. Several analogs displayed excellent antiviral potency against both 1a and 1b HCV genotypes in cell-based subgenomic replicon assays. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) are discussed in the context of the crystal structure of an inhibitor − NS5B polymerase complex. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion pharmacokinetic (ADME-PK) properties of this class of inhibitors are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L. Beaulieu
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - René Coulombe
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - James Gillard
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Christian Brochu
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Jianmin Duan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Michel Garneau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Eric Jolicoeur
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Poupart
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Jean Rancourt
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Timothy A. Stammers
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - Bounkham Thavonekham
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
| | - George Kukolj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC H7S 2G5, Canada
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35
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Intragenic complementation of hepatitis C virus NS5A RNA replication-defective alleles. J Virol 2012; 87:2320-9. [PMID: 23236071 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02861-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus NS5A has three structural domains, is required for RNA replication and virion assembly, and exists in hypo- and hyperphosphorylated forms. Accumulated data suggest that phosphorylation is involved in modulating NS5A functions. We performed a mutational analysis of highly conserved serine residues in the linker region between domains I and II of genotype 2a JFH1 NS5A. As with genotype 1b Con1 NS5A, we found that specific serine residues were important for efficient hyperphosphorylation of JFH1 NS5A. However, in contrast with Con1 replicons, we observed a positive correlation between hyperphosphorylation and JFH1 replicon replication. We previously demonstrated trans-complementation of a hyperphosphorylation-deficient, replication-defective JFH1 replicon. Our results suggested that the defective NS5A encoded by this replicon, while lacking one NS5A function, was capable of performing a separate replication function. In this report, we examined an additional set of replication-defective NS5A mutations in trans-complementation assays. While some behaved similarly to the S232I replicon, others displayed a unique trans-complementation phenotype, suggesting that NS5A trans-complementation can occur by two distinct modes. Moreover, we were able, for the first time, to demonstrate intragenic complementation of replication-defective NS5A alleles. Our results identified three complementation groups: group A, comprising mutations within NS5A domain I; group B, comprising mutations affecting serine residues important for hyperphosphorylation and a subset of the domain I mutations; and group C, comprising a single mutation within the C-terminal region of domain II. We postulate that these complementation groups define three distinct and genetically separable functions of NS5A in RNA replication.
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36
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St. Laurent DR, Belema M, Gao M, Goodrich J, Kakarla R, Knipe JO, Lemm JA, Liu M, Lopez OD, Nguyen VN, Nower PT, O’Boyle D, Qiu Y, Romine JL, Serrano-Wu MH, Sun JH, Valera L, Yang F, Yang X, Meanwell NA, Snyder LB. HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitors. Part 2: Investigation of stilbene prolinamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6063-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Beaulieu PL, Bös M, Cordingley MG, Chabot C, Fazal G, Garneau M, Gillard JR, Jolicoeur E, LaPlante S, McKercher G, Poirier M, Poupart MA, Tsantrizos YS, Duan J, Kukolj G. Discovery of the first thumb pocket 1 NS5B polymerase inhibitor (BILB 1941) with demonstrated antiviral activity in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV). J Med Chem 2012; 55:7650-66. [PMID: 22849725 DOI: 10.1021/jm3006788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) that have the potential to suppress emergence of resistant virus and that can be used in interferon-sparing regimens represent a preferred option for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. We have discovered allosteric (thumb pocket 1) non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase that inhibit replication in replicon systems. Herein, we report the late-stage optimization of indole-based inhibitors, which began with the identification of a metabolic liability common to many previously reported inhibitors in this series. By use of parallel synthesis techniques, a sparse matrix of inhibitors was generated that provided a collection of inhibitors satisfying potency criteria and displaying improved in vitro ADME profiles. "Cassette" screening for oral absorption in rat provided a short list of potential development candidates. Further evaluation led to the discovery of the first thumb pocket 1 NS5B inhibitor (BILB 1941) that demonstrated antiviral activity in patients chronically infected with genotype 1 HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Beaulieu
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Quebec, H7S 2G5, Canada.
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Chang W, Mosley RT, Bansal S, Keilman M, Lam AM, Furman PA, Otto MJ, Sofia MJ. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5A by fluoro-olefin based γ-turn mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2938-42. [PMID: 22425564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The HCV non-structural protein NS5A has been established as a viable target for the development of direct acting antiviral therapy. From computational modeling studies strong intra-molecular hydrogen bonds were found to be a common structural moiety within known NS5A inhibitors that have low pico-molar replicon potency. Efforts to reproduce these γ-turn-like substructures provided a novel NS5A inhibitor based on a fluoro-olefin isostere. This fluoro-olefin containing inhibitor exhibited picomolar activity (EC(50)=79 pM) against HCV genotype 1b replicon without measurable cytotoxicity. This level of activity is comparable to the natural peptide-based inhibitors currently under clinic evaluation, and demonstrates that a peptidomimetic approach can serve as a useful strategy to produce potent and structurally unique inhibitors of HCV NS5A.
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Hamatake R, Maynard A, Kazmierski WM. HCV Inhibition Mediated Through the Nonstructural Protein 5A (NS5A) Replication Complex. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 47 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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