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Li T, Hadigan C, Whitlock JM, Qin J, Kumar J, Kumar P, Catalfamo M. IL-27 Modulates the Cytokine Secretion in the T Cell-Osteoclast Crosstalk During HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818677. [PMID: 35479090 PMCID: PMC9037094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In People with HIV (PWH), chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation are associated with increased risk to develop comorbidities including bone loss. Numerous cells of the immune system, namely, T cells are involved in the regulation of the bone homeostasis and osteoclasts (OCs) activity. IL-27, a cytokine that belongs to the IL-12 family can regulate the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by T cells, however its role in the setting of HIV is largely unknown. In the present study, we determined the impact of OCs in T cell secretion of cytokines and whether IL-27 can regulate this function. We found that the presence of OCs in the T cell cultures significantly enhanced secretion of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-17, RANKL, and IL-10 in both PWH and healthy controls. In PWH, IL-27 inhibited IL-17 secretion and downregulated surface expression of RANKL in CD4 T cells. All together these results suggest that in the context of HIV infection IL-27 may favor IFNγ and TNFα secretion at the sites of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Colleen Hadigan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jarred M. Whitlock
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jing Qin
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jai Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Princy Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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2
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Abstract
Cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have traditionally been thought of as regulators of the development and function of immune and blood cells. However, an ever-expanding number of these factors have been discovered to have major effects on bone cells and the development of the skeleton in health and disease (Table 1). In addition, several cytokines have been directly linked to the development of osteoporosis in both animal models and in patients. In order to understand the mechanisms regulating bone cells and how this may be dysregulated in disease states, it is necessary to appreciate the diverse effects that cytokines and inflammation have on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone mass. This chapter provides a broad overview of this topic with extensive references so that, if desired, readers can access specific references to delve into individual topics in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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4
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Eun SY, Lee SW, Xu Y, Croft M. 4-1BB ligand signaling to T cells limits T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:134-41. [PMID: 25404362 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) and its receptor, 4-1BB, are both induced on T cells after activation, but little is known about the role of 4-1BBL. In this study we show that 4-1BBL can transmit signals that limit T cell effector activity under tolerogenic conditions. Cross-linking 4-1BBL inhibited IL-2 production in vitro, primarily with suboptimal TCR stimulation. Furthermore, naive 4-1BBL-deficient OT-II transgenic T cells displayed a greater conversion to effector T cells in vivo when responding to soluble OVA peptide in wild-type hosts, whereas development of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was not altered. A greater number of effector T cells also differentiated from naive wild-type OT-II T cells when transferred into 4-1BB-deficient hosts, suggesting that APC-derived 4-1BB is likely to trigger 4-1BBL. Indeed, effector T cells that could not express 4-1BBL accumulated in larger numbers in vitro when stimulated with 4-1BB-expressing mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. 4-1BBL was expressed on T cells when Ag presentation was limiting, and 4-1BBL was aberrantly expressed at very high levels on T cells that could not express 4-1BB. Trans-ligation, Ab capture, and endocytosis experiments additionally showed that T cell-intrinsic 4-1BB regulated internalization of membrane 4-1BBL, implying that the strong induction of 4-1BB on T cells may counteract the suppressive function of 4-1BBL by limiting its availability. These data suggest that 4-1BBL expressed on T cells can restrain effector T cell development, creating a more favorable regulatory T cell to effector cell balance under tolerogenic conditions, and this may be particularly active in mucosal barrier tissues where 4-1BB-expressing regulatory dendritic cells present Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Eun
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-Si, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 790-784, Korea
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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5
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mRNA of cytokines in bone marrow and bone biomarkers in response to propranolol in a nutritional growth retardation model. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:867-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Tang Q, Jiang D, Harfuddin Z, Cheng K, Moh MC, Schwarz H. Regulation of myelopoiesis by CD137L signaling. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:454-69. [PMID: 24941289 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.921163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L) has emerged as a powerful regulator of myelopoiesis that links emergency situations, such as infections, to the generation of additional myeloid cells, and to their activation and maturation. CD137L is expressed on the cell surface of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and antigen presenting cells (APC) as a transmembrane protein. The signaling of CD137L into HSPC induces their proliferation and differentiation to monocytes and macrophages, and in monocytes CD137L signaling induces differentiation to potent dendritic cells (DC). CD137L signaling is initiated by CD137 which is expressed by T cells, once they become activated. Some of these activated, CD137-expressing T cells migrate from the site of infection to the bone marrow where they interact with HSPC to induce myelopoiesis, or they induce monocyte to DC differentiation locally at the site of infection. Therapeutically, induction of CD137L signaling can be utilized to reinitiate myeloid differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells, and to generate potent DC for immunotherapy.
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7
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Interleukin-10 inhibits bone resorption: a potential therapeutic strategy in periodontitis and other bone loss diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:284836. [PMID: 24696846 PMCID: PMC3947664 DOI: 10.1155/2014/284836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis and other bone loss diseases, decreasing bone volume and strength, have a significant impact on millions of people with the risk of tooth loss and bone fracture. The integrity and strength of bone are maintained through the balance between bone resorption and bone formation by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively, so the loss of bone results from the disruption of such balance due to increased resorption or/and decreased formation of bone. The goal of therapies for diseases of bone loss is to reduce bone loss, improve bone formation, and then keep healthy bone density. Current therapies have mostly relied on long-term medication, exercise, anti-inflammatory therapies, and changing of the life style. However there are some limitations for some patients in the effective treatments for bone loss diseases because of the complexity of bone loss. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, and recent studies have indicated that IL-10 can contribute to the maintenance of bone mass through inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption and regulation of osteoblastic bone formation. This paper will provide a brief overview of the role of IL-10 in bone loss diseases and discuss the possibility of IL-10 adoption in therapy of bone loss diseases therapy.
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8
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Huang QQ, Koessler RE, Birkett R, Perlman H, Xing L, Pope RM. TLR2 deletion promotes arthritis through reduction of IL-10. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:751-9. [PMID: 23446149 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RA is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the persistent expression of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, which may be mediated, in part, through TLR2 signaling. Earlier studies demonstrate a role for TLR2 signaling in dampening the arthritis in IL-1Ra-/- mice, which was mediated through T cells. This study was performed to determine whether TLR2 signaling plays a role in the pathogenesis of T cell-independent arthritis triggered by transferring serum from K/BxN mice. We documented more severe arthritis in Tlr2-/- mice compared with WT controls. The Tlr2-/- mice also demonstrated increased inflammation, erosion, pannus formation, and osteoclastogenesis, as well as increased IL-1β and decreased IL-10 within the joints. In vitro bone marrow-differentiated macrophages expressed comparable levels of activating and inhibitory FcγRs, however when stimulated with immune complexes, the Tlr2-/- macrophages expressed decreased IL-10 and reduced activation of Akt and ERK. Our findings indicate that Tlr2-/- promotes the effector phase of arthritis through decreased IL-10 by macrophages, which is important, not only as an anti-inflammatory cytokine but also in restraining the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2909, USA
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9
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Ke K, Kim WK, Sul OJ, Phan VT, Lee MH, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Choi HS. Elevation of fibrinogen due to loss of ovarian function enhances actin ring formation and leads to increased bone resorption. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1296-303. [PMID: 22949031 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fibrinogen on number and function of osteoclasts (OC) consequently resulting in bone loss. It was hypothesized that the enhanced level of released fibrinogen due to loss of ovarian function caused bone loss by acting on OCs. Bone loss was induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in mice and analyzed by micro-CT. The effect of fibrinogen on OCs was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, annexin V, actin staining, pit formation observed on dentine slices, and Western blotting. Exogenous fibrinogen increased OC survival, actin ring formation, and bone resorption in vitro. The effect of fibrinogen was dependent on β(3)-integrin, which is a marker for mature OCs. Fibrinogen induced the activation of transforming oncogene from Ak strain (Akt), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), and Rho family of GTPase (Rho) and the degradation of the Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) in a manner similar to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). OVX increased plasma fibrinogen and serum M-CSF together with elevated actin ring formation and bone loss. The increased fibrinogen level due to loss of ovarian function may contribute, at least partly, to bone loss through the enhanced number and activity of OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ke
- Dept. of Biological Sciences (BK21 Program) and the Immunomodulation Research Center, Univ. of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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10
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Kim WK, Sul OJ, Choi EK, Lee MH, Jeong CS, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Suh JH, Yu R, Choi HS. Absence of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) increases bone mass by attenuating receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4808-17. [PMID: 22865366 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), which is constitutively expressed at a high level on myeloid lineage cells, is also expressed on bone marrow-derived macrophages, suggesting that it may play a role in bone metabolism by affecting osteoclasts (OC) derived from bone marrow-derived macrophages. To address this question, we evaluated bone mass by micro-computed tomography and the number and activity of OC by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and pit formation on dentine slices, comparing HVEM-knockout mice with wild-type mice. The absence of HVEM led to a higher bone mass and to decreased levels of serum collagen type I fragments and serum TRACP5b in vivo. In vitro HVEM deficiency resulted in a reduced number and activity of OC and an impaired receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand signaling through reduced activation of nuclear factor-κB and of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1. Exogenous soluble HVEM decreased expression of TRAP, whereas soluble LIGHT (a ligand of HVEM) increased it, indicating the occurrence of a positive signaling through HVEM during osteoclastogenesis. Our findings indicate that HVEM regulates bone remodeling via action on OC. The higher bone mass in the femurs of HVEM-knockout mice could be, at least in part, due to attenuated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption resulting from decreased receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand signaling in the OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Ki Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680–749, Korea
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11
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Park SJ, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Cho HR, Kwon B. Reverse signaling through the co-stimulatory ligand, CD137L, as a critical mediator of sterile inflammation. Mol Cells 2012; 33:533-7. [PMID: 22526397 PMCID: PMC3887753 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (also called 4-1BB and TNFRSF9) has recently received attention as a therapeutic target for cancer and a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Stimulating CD137 in vivo enhances CD8(+) T cell-activity and results in strong immunosuppression in some contexts. This paradoxical phenomenon may be partially explained by the ability of CD137-stimulating reagents (usually agonistic monoclonal antibodies against CD137) to overactivate T cells and other CD137-expressing cells. This over-activity is associated with deleting pathogenic T cells and B cells or generating a tolerogenic microenvironment. Recent studies, however, suggest that the biology of CD137 and its ligand (CD137L) are more complex, mainly due to bidirectional signaling between CD137 and CD137L. For example, signaling through CD137L in non-hematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells has been shown to play an essential role in sterile inflammation by regulating immune cell recruitment. One outstanding, and clinically important, issue is understanding how bidirectional signaling through CD137 and CD137L controls the vicious cycle of sterile inflammation (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion tissue injury and meta-inflammatory diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
| | - Hong Rae Cho
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 682-714,
Korea
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12
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Sul OJ, Ke K, Kim WK, Kim SH, Lee SC, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Suh JH, Choi HS. Absence of MCP-1 leads to elevated bone mass via impaired actin ring formation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1619-27. [PMID: 21678414 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is associated with various inflammatory diseases involving bone loss, and is expressed along with its receptor by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), which are osteoclast (OC) precursors. To investigate the role of MCP-1 in bone remodeling, we compared MCP-1-knockout (KO) mice with wild-type (WT) mice. The absence of MCP-1 increased bone mass and lowered serum collagen type I fragments (CTX-1) and TRACP 5b, but had no significant effect on the N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, suggesting that OCs are primarily responsible for the bone phenotype observed in the absence of MCP-1. MCP-1 deficiency resulted in reduced numbers and activity of OCs in vitro. It also led to a reduced level of c-Fms and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB receptor and impaired actin ring formation. Activation of ERK, Akt, Rac1, and Rho upon M-CSF stimulation was also reduced and our evidence suggests that the aberrant actin ring formation was partly due to reduced activation of these molecules. Our findings point to a role of osteoclast MCP-1 in regulating bone remodeling. The higher bone mass in the femurs of MCP-1-KO mice could be, at least in part, due to decreased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption resulting from aberrant M-CSF signaling in OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Joo Sul
- Department of Biological Sciences (BK21 Program) and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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13
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Kim WK, Ke K, Sul OJ, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Lee MH, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Chung HT, Choi HS. Curcumin protects against ovariectomy-induced bone loss and decreases osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3159-66. [PMID: 21732406 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin has anti-oxidative activity. In view of the increasing evidence for a biochemical link between increased oxidative stress and reduced bone density we hypothesized that curcumin might increase bone density by elevating antioxidant activity in some target cell type. We measured bone density by Micro-CT, enzyme expression levels by quantitative PCR or enzyme activity, and osteoclast (OC) formation by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. The bone mineral density of the femurs of curcumin-administered mice was significantly higher than that of vehicle-treated mice after ovariectomy (OVX) and this was accompanied by reduced amounts of serum collagen-type I fragments, which are markers of bone resorption. Curcumin suppressed OC formation by increasing receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced glutathione peroxidase-1, and reversed the stimulatory effect of homocysteine, a known H(2) O(2) generator, on OC formation by restoring Gpx activity. Curcumin generated an aberrant RANKL signal characterized by reduced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2) and attenuated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38). Curcumin thus inhibited OVX-induced bone loss, at least in part by reducing osteoclastogenesis as a result of increased antioxidant activity and impaired RANKL signaling. These findings suggest that bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency could be attenuated by curcumin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences (BK21 Program), University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
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14
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Shao Z, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, regulates immune responses via reverse signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:21-9. [PMID: 20643812 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNFR superfamily 9) and its ligand are members of the TNFR and TNF families, respectively, and are involved in the regulation of a wide range of immune activities. CD137 ligand cross-links its receptor, CD137, which is expressed on activated T cells, and costimulates T cell activities. CD137 ligand can also be expressed as a transmembrane protein on the cell surface and transmit signals into the cells on which it is expressed (reverse signaling). CD137 ligand expression is found on most types of leukocytes and on some nonimmune cells. In monocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages, and DCs), CD137 ligand signaling induces activation, migration, survival, and differentiation. The activities of T cells, B cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and some malignant cells are also influenced by CD137 ligand, but the physiological significance is understood only partly. As CD137 and CD137 ligand are regarded as valuable targets for immunotherapy, it is pivotal to determine which biological effects are mediated by which of the 2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shao
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Oh SR, Sul OJ, Kim YY, Kim HJ, Yu R, Suh JH, Choi HS. Saturated fatty acids enhance osteoclast survival. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:892-9. [PMID: 20388920 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and marrow fat are associated with lowering bone density in vivo, suggesting that lipid contributes to bone loss. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages, we investigated the effect of saturated fatty acids (SFA) on osteoclastogenesis. The level of free fatty acids and adiposity in bone marrow was significantly elevated in obese mice. SFA increased osteoclast (OC) survival by preventing apoptosis. SFA caused the production of MIP-1alpha and led to activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the OC. The absence of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) abolished the survival effect of SFA on OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ra Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences (BK21 Program), University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
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16
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Oh SR, Sul OJ, Kim YY, Kim HJ, Yu R, Suh JH, Choi HS. Saturated fatty acids enhance osteoclast survival. J Lipid Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800626-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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17
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Kyung TW, Lee JE, Phan TV, Yu R, Choi HS. Osteoclastogenesis by bone marrow-derived macrophages is enhanced in obese mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:502-6. [PMID: 19176752 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces a low-grade systemic chronic inflammatory condition for which macrophages are responsible. We hypothesized that obesity affects osteoclastogenesis by acting on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM). Male mice were fed a high-fat diet (45% of energy) or a standard diet (10% of energy) for 13 wk. We found that the density of the femurs of obese mice was significantly lower than that of the femurs of lean mice. Osteoclastogenesis was enhanced in the BMM from obese mice. Lower levels of interleukin (IL)-10 were generated by the BMM from obese mice than by those from lean mice upon stimulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand. Neutralization of IL-10 in the BMM from obese mice was not as effective in increasing osteoclast (OC) formation as that in those from lean mice. Exogenous IL-10 inhibited OC formation more strongly in the BMM from obese mice than those from lean mice. The elevated level of OC formation in the BMM from obese mice may thus be due to in part to the lower level of IL-10, a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest that obesity is associated with bone loss via enhanced osteoclastogenesis due to reduced IL-10 production by the BMM from obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Wook Kyung
- Department of Biological Sciences (BK21 Program) and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
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18
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Abstract
It has become clear that complex interactions underlie the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow as well as the functions of bone cells in skeletal homeostasis and pathologies. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators with an interest in either often do not fully appreciate the influence of the other system on the functions of the tissue that they are studying. With these issues in mind, this review will focus on several key areas that are mediated by crosstalk between the bone and immune systems. A more complete appreciation of the interactions between immune and bone cells should lead to better therapeutic strategies for diseases that affect either or both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Tae-Soo Kim
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Yongwon Choi
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Lorenzo
- The Department of Medicine and the Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
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Lorenzo J, Horowitz M, Choi Y. Osteoimmunology: interactions of the bone and immune system. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:403-40. [PMID: 18451259 PMCID: PMC2528852 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the skeleton and the body's response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these organ systems often interact in their function. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow and for the function of bone cells in health and disease. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators in each don't always fully appreciate the significance that the other system has on the function of the tissue they are studying. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that bone and immune cells interact so that a better understanding of the role that each plays in the development and function of the other can develop. It is hoped that an appreciation of the interactions of these two organ systems will lead to better therapeutics for diseases that affect either or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Connecticut Health Center, N4054, MC5456, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA.
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Yang J, Park O, Lee Y, Jung HM, Woo K, Choi Y. The 4-1BB ligand and 4-1BB expressed on osteoclast precursors enhance RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via bi-directional signaling. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1598-609. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shin HH, Lee JE, Choi HS. Absence of 4-1BB increases cell influx into the peritoneal cavity in response to LPS stimulation by decreasing macrophage IL-10 levels. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4355-60. [PMID: 17716663 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages into the peritoneal cavity (PEC), with significantly higher cell numbers in the 4-1BB-deficient (KO) mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. The peritoneal macrophages of KO mice contained less IL-10 transcripts and protein than those of WT after LPS treatment, and immobilization of 4-1BB-Fc increased the level of IL-10. Injection of IL-10 resulted in lower cell numbers into the PEC of KO mice, suggesting that lower level of IL-10 is responsible for stimulated cell influx in KO mice due to lack of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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Lee JE, Shin HH, Lee EA, Van Phan T, Choi HS. Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis by enhanced levels of MIP-1alpha in BALB/c mice in vitro. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1100-8. [PMID: 17588479 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared osteoclast (OC) formation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from C57BL/6 (B/6) and BALB/c (B/c) mice. After stimulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), enhanced OC formation and higher level of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) were observed in the BMM from B/c mice. In this study, we determined whether MIP-1alpha is responsible for stimulated OC formation in the BMM. MATERIALS AND METHODS OC formation was evaluated in BMM. Expression of MIP-1alpha during OC formation was analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels. Apoptosis of mature OCs was evaluated by observing the degradation of DNA. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS After stimulation by RANKL expression of MIP-1alpha at the mRNA and protein levels was much higher in BMM from B/c mice than in BMM from B/6 mice. Transcripts of the MIP-1alpha receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, were present at similar levels in unstimulated BMM of the two strains. Blockade of MIP-1alpha inhibited OC formation, and exogenously added MIP-1alpha stimulated it in RANKL-stimulated BMM. MIP-1alpha affected not only the early precursors but also mature OCs. It prevented apoptosis of mature OCs by activating NF-kappaB, and the effect of RANKL on survival was dependent on its ability to induce MIP-1alpha. CONCLUSIONS MIP-1alpha, induced by RANKL during OC differentiation, increases OC formation by acting on OC progenitor cells, and prolongs survival of mature OC via signaling through NF-kappaB. The enhanced OC formation in BMM from B/c mice could be due to, at least in part, to their higher levels of MIP-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Evans KE, Fox SW. Interleukin-10 inhibits osteoclastogenesis by reducing NFATc1 expression and preventing its translocation to the nucleus. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:4. [PMID: 17239241 PMCID: PMC1781937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IL-10 has a potent inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the importance of this cytokine in bone metabolism, for instance IL-10-deficient mice develop the hallmarks of osteoporosis. Although it is known that IL-10 directly inhibits osteoclastogenesis at an early stage, preventing differentiation of osteoclast progenitors to preosteoclasts, the precise mechanism of its action is not yet clear. Several major pathways regulate osteoclastogenesis, with key signalling genes such as p38, TRAF6, NF-κB and NFATc1 well established as playing vital roles. We have looked at gene expression in eleven of these genes using real-time quantitative PCR on RNA extracted from RANKL-treated RAW264.7 monocytes. Results There was no downregulation by IL-10 of DAP12, FcγRIIB, c-jun, RANK, TRAF6, p38, NF-κB, Gab2, Pim-1, or c-Fos at the mRNA level. However, we found that IL-10 significantly reduces RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression. NFATc1 is transcribed from two alternative promoters in Mus musculus and, interestingly, only the variant transcribed from promoter P1 and beginning with exon 1 was downregulated by IL-10 (isoform 1). In addition, immunofluorescence studies showed that IL-10 reduces NFATc1 levels in RANKL-treated precursors and suppresses nuclear translocation. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cell number and NFATc1 mRNA expression was reversed by the protein kinase C agonist phorbol myristate acetate, providing evidence that interleukin-10 disrupts NFATc1 activity through its effect on Ca2+ mobilisation. Conclusion IL-10 acts directly on mononuclear precursors to inhibit NFATc1 expression and nuclear translocation, and we provide evidence that the mechanism may involve disruption of Ca2+ mobilisation. We detected downregulation only of the NFATc1 isoform 1 transcribed from promoter P1. This is the first report indicating that one of the ways in which IL-10 directly inhibits osteoclastogenesis is by suppressing NFATc1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Evans
- Ecotoxicology and Stress Biology Research Group, School of Biological Science, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Simon W Fox
- Ecotoxicology and Stress Biology Research Group, School of Biological Science, University of Plymouth, UK
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