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Jaabar IL, Foley B, Mezzetti A, Pillier F, Berenbaum F, Landoulsi J, Houard X. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Hypertrophy-Induced Matrix Mineralization and Modifications in Articular Chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2024:10.1007/s00223-024-01229-w. [PMID: 38918254 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation is a main event leading to articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. It is associated with matrix remodeling and mineralization, the dynamics of which is not well characterized during chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation in articular cartilage. Based on an in vitro model of progressive differentiation of immature murine articular chondrocytes (iMACs) into prehypertrophic (Prehyp) and hypertrophic (Hyp) chondrocytes, we performed kinetics of chondrocyte differentiation from Prehyp to Hyp to follow matrix mineralization and remodeling by immunofluorescence, biochemical, molecular, and physicochemical approaches, including atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), attenuated total reflection infrared analyses, and X-ray diffraction. Chondrocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay. The results show the formation of a mineral phase 7 days after Hyp induction, which spreads within the matrices to form poorly crystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite after 14 days, then the proportions of crystalline relative to amorphous content increases over time. Hyp differentiation also induced a matrix turnover that occurs over the first 7 days, characterized by a decrease in type II collagen and aggrecan and the concomitant appearance of type X collagen. This is accompanied by an increase in the enzymatic activity of MMP-13, the main collagenase in cartilage. The number of apoptotic chondrocytes slightly increased with Hyp differentiation and SEM-EDS analyses detected phosphorus-rich structures that could correspond to apoptotic bodies. Our findings highlight the mechanisms of matrix remodeling events leading to the mineralization of articular cartilage that may occur in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Lilia Jaabar
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, 34 Rue Crozatier, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Brittany Foley
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Alberto Mezzetti
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Pillier
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, CNRS,, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, 34 Rue Crozatier, 75012, Paris, France
- Rheumatology Department, AP-HP Saint-Antoine Hospital, 184, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Jessem Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Houard
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, 34 Rue Crozatier, 75012, Paris, France.
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Zhang D, Deng X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Fang Q, Yi C, Zhao X, Ma T, Wu C, Chen J. MMP-10 Deficiency Effects Differentiation and Death of Chondrocytes Associated with Endochondral Osteogenesis in an Endemic Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221109226. [PMID: 35818290 PMCID: PMC9280830 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) expression pattern and to assess how it contributes to endochondral osteogenesis in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). DESIGN The cartilages of KBD patients, Sprague-Dawley rats fed with selenium (Se)-deficient diet and/or T-2 toxin, and ATDC5 cells were used in this study. ATDC5 cells were induced into hypertrophic chondrocytes using a 1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS) culture medium for 21 days. The expressions of MMP-10 in the cartilages were visualized by immunohistochemistry. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. MMP-10 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was transfected into hypertrophic chondrocytes to knock down the gene expression of MMP-10. Meanwhile, the cell death of MMP-10-knockdown chondrocyte was detected using flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of MMP-10 was decreased in the growth plates of children with KBD. A decreased expression of MMP-10 also was observed in the growth plates of rats fed with an Se-deficient diet and/or T-2 toxin exposure. The mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-10 increased during the chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. MMP-10 knockdown in hypertrophic chondrocytes significantly decreased the gene and protein expression of collagen type II (Col II), Col X, Runx2, and MMP-13. Besides, the percentage of cell apoptosis was significantly increased after MMP-10 knockdown in hypertrophic chondrocytes. CONCLUSION MMP-10 deficiency disrupts chondrocyte terminal differentiation and induces the chondrocyte's death, which impairs endochondral osteogenesis in the pathogenesis of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingxing Deng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Fang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengfen Yi
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
- Cuiyan Wu, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China.
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, China
- Jinghong Chen, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China.
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Chen J, Chen X, Huang X, Huang G, Gao Z, Wang W, Liu H. Genome-wide analysis of intermuscular bone development reveals changes of key genes expression and signaling pathways in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Genomics 2020; 113:654-663. [PMID: 33011328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intermuscular bone (IB) is a hard-boned spicule exist in lower teleost, which brings a lot of detrimental effects on palatability and economic value of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Masson trichrome staining for ossific IB indicated that some osteoblasts appeared at the edge of the bone matrix and a few osteocytes are present in the center of the mineralized bone matrix. By comparing the orthologous gene families of fish with IBs and without IBs, we screened the key signaling pathways associated with IB formation. Furthermore, the transcriptomic data demonstrated the functional importance of these gene families. The candidate genes involved in chondrocyte development were highly expressed in stage 1 compared with stage 2 and stage 3, suggesting that the development process of IB might mainly involve in intramembranous ossification. Our research reveals the molecular mechanism of IBs formation, and provides molecular evidence for the further study on intermuscular boneless stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zexia Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Zhang W, Zhang C, Hu C, Luo C, Zhong B, Yu X. Circular RNA-CDR1as acts as the sponge of microRNA-641 to promote osteoarthritis progression. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32099534 PMCID: PMC7029465 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The antisense cerebellar degenerative-related protein-1 (CDR1as) has been identified as a sponge for several microRNAs. MiR-641 has been shown to be downregulated in osteoarthritic human chondrocytes, but its regulation and function in osteoarthritis (OA) has not been reported. Methods OA cartilage samples were obtained from the knee joints of 12 patients (8 males and 4 females at age of 57–73 years old) who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Normal articular cartilage samples were obtained from the knee joints of 10 trauma patients at age of 29–65 years old (6 males and 4 females). The levels of circRNA-CDR1as mRNA and miR-641 were examined by qRT-PCR and the contents of type II collagen (Col II), IL-6, MMP13 and GAPDH in chondrocytes were examined by Western blot. Results In this study, we found that circRNA-CDR1as level was significantly upregulated in OA chondrocytes, and negatively related with that of miR-641. RNA pull down assay confirmed that circRNA-CDR1as directly targets to miR-641. Furthermore, downregulation of circRNA-CDR1as increased type II collagen level but reduced MMP13 and IL-6 contents, while these effects were partly reversed by down-regulation of miR-641. Conclusion Overall, our results indicate that circRNA-CDR1as plays a crucial role in regulating OA progression via modulating extracellular matrix metabolism and inflammation via sponging miR-641 and provide a novel regulatory role of circRNA-CDR1as in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, No. 222 3rd Huanhu Road (West), Shanghai, 201306 People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfang Hu
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233 People's Republic of China
| | - Congfeng Luo
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233 People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhong
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, No. 222 3rd Huanhu Road (West), Shanghai, 201306 People's Republic of China
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Darrieutort-Laffite C, Arnolfo P, Garraud T, Adrait A, Couté Y, Louarn G, Trichet V, Layrolle P, Le Goff B, Blanchard F. Rotator Cuff Tenocytes Differentiate into Hypertrophic Chondrocyte-Like Cells to Produce Calcium Deposits in an Alkaline Phosphatase-Dependent Manner. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101544. [PMID: 31561454 PMCID: PMC6833470 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific tendonitis is a frequent cause of chronic shoulder pain. Its cause is currently poorly known. The objectives of this study were to better characterize the cells and mechanisms involved in depositing apatite crystals in human tendons. Histologic sections of cadaveric calcified tendons were analyzed, and human calcific deposits from patients undergoing lavage of their calcification were obtained to perform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterizations. In vitro, the mineralization ability of human rotator cuff cells from osteoarthritis donors was assessed by alizarin red or Von Kossa staining. Calcifications were amorphous areas surrounded by a fibrocartilaginous metaplasia containing hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cells that expressed tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which are two key enzymes of the mineralization process. Calcific deposits were composed of apatite crystals associated with proteins involved in bone and cartilage development and endochondral bone growth. In vitro, tenocyte-like cells extracted from the rotator cuff were able to mineralize in osteogenic cultures, and expressed TNAP, type X COLLAGEN, and MMP13, which are hypertrophic chondrocytes markers. The use of a TNAP inhibitor significantly prevented mineral deposits. We provide evidence that tenocytes have a propensity to differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cells to produce TNAP-dependent calcium deposits. We believe that these results may pave the way to identifying regulating factors that might represent valuable targets in calcific tendonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Darrieutort-Laffite
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
- Rheumatology department, Nantes University Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Paul Arnolfo
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
- Rheumatology department, Nantes University Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Thomas Garraud
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
- Rheumatology department, Nantes University Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Annie Adrait
- Univ. GrenobleAlpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. GrenobleAlpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Guy Louarn
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN) - UMR CNRS 6502, Nantes University, 44300 Nantes, France.
| | - Valérie Trichet
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Benoit Le Goff
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
- Rheumatology department, Nantes University Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Frédéric Blanchard
- INSERM UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and remodeling of calcified tissues, Nantes University, 44093 Nantes, France.
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Concentration of Chondrogenic Soluble Factors in Freshly Harvested Lipoaspirate. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 83:344-351. [PMID: 30994491 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage tissue has a limited capacity for healing with the consequence that patients are often treated symptomatically until they become candidates for osteotomy or total joint replacement. Alternative biological therapies, for example, application of platelet-rich plasma and implantation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, have emerged as a new treatment modality to repair articular cartilage. In addition, autologous fat transfer is performed for treatment of cartilage defects, example given, in osteoarthrosis, but several questions regarding basic biochemical properties of the transplant remain unanswered. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) have been shown to be involved in chondrogenic regeneration and represent potential therapeutic agents for cartilage repair. However, no study regarding naturally occurring levels of these soluble factors in transplanted adipose tissue has yet been performed. METHODS To investigate the influence of age, body mass index, donor site, and sex on the concentration of BMP4, MMP-8, COMP, and CHI3L1 in freshly aspirated adipose tissue, their content was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay readings. RESULTS There were significant quantities of BMP4, MMP-8, COMP, and CHI3L1 (23.6, 249.9, 298.0, and 540.6 pg/mg, respectively) in the lipoaspirate harvested for transplantation. There was no correlation between the content of soluble factors and the patients' age or body mass index. Furthermore, the sex did not affect the amount of the investigated factors. However, there were significantly lower contents of BMP4, COMP, and CHI3L1 found in lipoaspirates harvested from the abdomen compared with nonabdominal donor sites. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occurring differences in the concentrations of the investigated soluble factors will favor certain donor sites for autologous fat transfer in the field of cartilage repair. Thus, increasing knowledge will enable researchers and clinicians to make autologous fat transfer procedures more reliable and efficient for treatment of articular cartilage defects.
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Matrix metalloproteinase-13: A special focus on its regulation by signaling cascades and microRNAs in bone. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Motomura H, Seki S, Shiozawa S, Aikawa Y, Nogami M, Kimura T. A selective c-Fos/AP-1 inhibitor prevents cartilage destruction and subsequent osteophyte formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:756-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ma CH, Wu CH, Jou IM, Tu YK, Hung CH, Hsieh PL, Tsai KL. PKR activation causes inflammation and MMP-13 secretion in human degenerated articular chondrocytes. Redox Biol 2017; 14:72-81. [PMID: 28869834 PMCID: PMC5582648 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting a large population of people. Although the elevated expression of PKR (double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase) and MMP-13 (collagenase-3) have been indicated to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of OA, the exact mechanism underlying the regulation of MMP-13 by PKR following inflammatory stimulation was relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the signaling pathway involved in the PKR-mediated induction of MMP-13 after TNF-α-stimulation. In this study, cartilages of knee joint were obtained from OA subjects who underwent arthroplastic knee surgery. Cartilages were used for tissue analysis or for chondrocytes isolation. In results, the upregulated expression of PKR was observed in damaged OA cartilages as well as in TNF-α-stimulated chondrocytes. Phosphorylation of PKC (protein kinase C) was found after TNF-α administration or PKR activation using poly(I:C), indicating PKC was regulated by PKR. The subsequent increased activity of NADPH oxidase led to oxidative stress accumulation and antioxidant capacity downregulation followed by an exaggerated inflammatory response with elevated levels of COX-2 and IL-8 via ERK/NF-κB pathway. Activated ERK pathway also impeded the inhibition of MMP-13 by PPAR-γ. These findings demonstrated that TNF-α-induced PKR activation triggered oxidative stress-mediated inflammation and MMP-13 in human chondrocytes. Unraveling these deregulated signaling cascades will deepen our knowledge of OA pathophysiology and provide aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hou Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Defects in chondrocyte maturation and secondary ossification in mouse knee joint epiphyses due to Snorc deficiency. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1132-1142. [PMID: 28323137 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of Snorc, a novel cartilage specific transmembrane proteoglycan, was studied during skeletal development using two Snorc knockout mouse models. Hypothesizing that Snorc, like the other transmembrane proteoglycans, may be a coreceptor, we also studied its interaction with growth factors. METHODS Skeletal development was studied in wild type (WT) and Snorc knockout mice during postnatal development by whole mount staining, X-ray imaging, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Snorc promoter activity was studied by applying the LacZ reporter expressed by the targeting construct. Slot blot binding and cell proliferation assays were used to study the interaction of Snorc with several growth factors. RESULTS Snorc expression was localized in the knee epiphyses especially to the prehypertrophic chondrocytes delineating the cartilage canals and secondary ossification center (SOC). Snorc was demonstrated to have a glycosaminoglycan independent affinity to FGF2 and it inhibited FGF2 dependent cell growth of C3H101/2 cells. In Snorc deficient mice, SOCs in knee epiphyses were smaller, and growth plate (GP) maturation was disturbed, but total bone length was not affected. Central proliferative and hypertrophic zones were enlarged with higher extracellular matrix (ECM) volume and rounded chondrocyte morphology at postnatal days P10 and P22. Increased levels of Ihh and Col10a1, and reduced Mmp13 mRNA expression were observed at P10. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a role of Snorc in regulation of chondrocyte maturation and postnatal endochondral ossification. The interaction identified between recombinant Snorc core protein and FGF2 suggest functions related to FGF signaling.
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Abstract
Most toxic physeal changes are characterized microscopically by altered chondrocyte development, proliferation, or maturation in the growth plate and eventually result in disordered appositional bone growth. Many therapeutic drugs directly or indirectly target proteins involved in chondrocytic differentiation and maturation pathways, so toxic physeal injury has become increasingly common in preclinical toxicologic pathology. While physeal dysplasia has been associated with several different drug classes including bisphosphonates, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors, transforming growth factor beta receptor inhibitors, and vascular targeting agents, physeal changes often share similar morphologic features including thickening and disorganization of the hypertrophic layer, increased numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes, altered mineralization of endochondral ossification, and/or increased thickness of subphyseal bone. Knowledge of genetic and nutritional diseases affecting bone growth has been important in helping to determine which specific target drugs may be affecting that could result in toxic physeal lesions. A pathophysiologic mechanism for most physeal toxicants has been determined in detail using a variety of investigative techniques. However, due to the signaling cross talk and the tight regulation required for chondrocyte maturation in the physis, several growth factor pathways are likely to be affected simultaneously with pharmacologic disruption of physeal homeostasis and inhibition of one factor necessary for chondrocyte function often affects others.
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Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJP, Partridge NC, Shimizu E, Moran GP, Cooper PR. The Histone-Deacetylase-Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Promotes Dental Pulp Repair Mechanisms Through Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Activity. J Cell Physiol 2017; 231:798-816. [PMID: 26264761 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct application of histone-deacetylase-inhibitors (HDACis) to dental pulp cells (DPCs) induces chromatin changes, promoting gene expression and cellular-reparative events. We have previously demonstrated that HDACis (valproic acid, trichostatin A) increase mineralization in dental papillae-derived cell-lines and primary DPCs by stimulation of dentinogenic gene expression. Here, we investigated novel genes regulated by the HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), to identify new pathways contributing to DPC differentiation. SAHA significantly compromised DPC viability only at relatively high concentrations (5 μM); while low concentrations (1 μM) SAHA did not increase apoptosis. HDACi-exposure for 24 h induced mineralization-per-cell dose-dependently after 2 weeks; however, constant 14d SAHA-exposure inhibited mineralization. Microarray analysis (24 h and 14 days) of SAHA exposed cultures highlighted that 764 transcripts showed a significant >2.0-fold change at 24 h, which reduced to 36 genes at 14 days. 59% of genes were down-regulated at 24 h and 36% at 14 days, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated SAHA increased expression of members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Furthermore, SAHA-supplementation increased MMP-13 protein expression (7 d, 14 days) and enzyme activity (48 h, 14 days). Selective MMP-13-inhibition (MMP-13i) dose-dependently accelerated mineralization in both SAHA-treated and non-treated cultures. MMP-13i-supplementation promoted expression of several mineralization-associated markers, however, HDACi-induced cell migration and wound healing were impaired. Data demonstrate that short-term low-dose SAHA-exposure promotes mineralization in DPCs by modulating gene pathways and tissue proteases. MMP-13i further increased mineralization-associated events, but decreased HDACi cell migration indicating a specific role for MMP-13 in pulpal repair processes. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC and MMP may provide novel insights into pulpal repair processes with significant translational benefit. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 798-816, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Garry J P Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Gary P Moran
- Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Joo A, Long R, Cheng Z, Alexander C, Chang W, Klein OD. Sprouty2 regulates endochondral bone formation by modulation of RTK and BMP signaling. Bone 2016; 88:170-179. [PMID: 27130872 PMCID: PMC4899137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is regulated by the coordinated activity of signaling molecules that are both produced locally by cartilage and bone cells and also circulate systemically. During embryonic development and postnatal bone remodeling, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily members play critical roles in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other bone cells. Recently, several molecules that regulate RTK signaling have been identified, including the four members of the Sprouty (Spry) family (Spry1-4). We report that Spry2 plays an important role in regulation of endochondral bone formation. Mice in which the Spry2 gene has been deleted have defective chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation, with a postnatal decrease in skeletal size and trabecular bone mass. In these constitutive Spry2 mutants, both chondrocytes and osteoblasts undergo increased cell proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation. Tissue-specific Spry2 deletion by either osteoblast- (Col1-Cre) or chondrocyte- (Col2-Cre) specific drivers led to decreased relative bone mass, demonstrating the critical role of Spry2 in both cell types. Molecular analyses of signaling pathways in Spry2(-/-) mice revealed an unexpected upregulation of BMP signaling and decrease in RTK signaling. These results identify Spry2 as a critical regulator of endochondral bone formation that modulates signaling in both osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Joo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roger Long
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Courtney Alexander
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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14
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Frazier K, Thomas R, Scicchitano M, Mirabile R, Boyce R, Zimmerman D, Grygielko E, Nold J, DeGouville AC, Huet S, Laping N, Gellibert F. Inhibition of ALK5 Signaling Induces Physeal Dysplasia in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:284-95. [PMID: 17366323 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701198469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TGF-|β|, and its type 1 (ALK5) receptor, are critical to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In toxicologic studies of 4 or more days in 10-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats, using an ALK5 inhibitor (GW788388), expansion of hypertrophic and proliferation zones of femoral physes were noted. Subphyseal hyperostosis, chondrocyte hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and increased matrix were present. Physeal zones were laser microdissected from ALK5 inhibitor-treated and control rats sacrificed after 3 days of treatment. Transcripts for TGF-|β|1, TGF-|β|2, ALK5, IHH, VEGF, BMP-7, IGF-1, bFGF, and PTHrP were amplified by real-time PCR. IGF and IHH increased in all physis zones with treatment, but were most prominent in prehypertrophic zones. TGF-|β|2, bFGF and BMP7 expression increased in proliferative, pre- and hypertrophic zones. PTHrP expression was elevated in proliferative zones but decreased in hypertrophic zones. VEGF expression was increased after treatment in pre- and hypertrophic zones. ALK5 expression was elevated in prehypertrophic zones. Zymography demonstrated gelatinolytic activity was reduced after treatment. Apoptotic markers (TUNEL and caspase-3) were decreased in hypertrophic zones. Proliferation assessed by Topoisomerase II and Ki67 was increased in multiple zones. Movat stains demonstrated that proteoglycan deposition was altered. Physeal changes occurred at doses well above those resulting in fibrosis. Interactions of factors is important in producing the physeal dysplasia phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzamides/adverse effects
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/chemically induced
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Growth Plate/drug effects
- Growth Plate/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Pyrazoles/adverse effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Frazier
- GlaxoSmithKline-Safety Assessment, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Hall AP, Westwood FR, Wadsworth PF. Review of the Effects of Anti-Angiogenic Compounds on the Epiphyseal Growth Plate. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 34:131-47. [PMID: 16537292 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600611836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vascular bed, termed “angiogenesis,” is of critical importance for the growth and development of the animal since it is required for the growth of the skeleton during endochondral ossification, development and cycling of the corpus luteum and uterus, and for the repair of tissues during wound healing. “Vasculogenesis,” the de novo formation of blood vessels is also important for the proper function and development of the vascular system in the embryo. New blood vessel formation is a prominent feature and permissive factor in the relentless progression of many human diseases, one of the most important examples of which is neoplasia. It is for this reason that angiogenesis is considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. The development of new classes of drugs that inhibit the growth and proper functioning of new blood vessels in vivo is likely to provide significant therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cancer, as well as other conditions where angiogenesis is a strong driver to the disease process. During the preclinical safety testing of these drugs, it is becoming increasingly clear that their in vivo efficacy is reflected in the profile of “expected toxicity” (resulting from pharmacology) observed in laboratory animals, so much so, that this profile of “desired” toxicity may act as a signature for their anti-angiogenic effect. In this article we review the major mechanisms controlling angiogenesis and its role during endochondral ossification. We also review the effects of perturbation of endochondral ossification through four mechanisms—inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pp60 c-Src kinase and matrix metalloproteinases as well as disruption of the blood supply with vascular targeting agents. Inhibition through each of these mechanisms appears to have broadly similar effects on the epiphyseal growth plate characterised by thickening due to the retention of hypertrophic chondrocytes resulting from the inhibition of angiogenesis. In contrast, in the metaphysis there are differing effects reflecting the specific role of these targets at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Hall
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, England.
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16
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Limited efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors on nerve growth factor and metalloproteinases expressions in human synovial fibroblasts. J Orthop Sci 2016; 21:381-8. [PMID: 26876621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) is associated with arthritic pain and metalloproteinases are implicated in collagen and aggrecan degradation. Although selective COX-2 inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of arthritic diseases, their effects on NGF and metalloproteinases remain unclear. This study investigated the regulations of NGF and metalloproteinases by selective COX-2 inhibitors in isolated human synovial cells. METHODS The isolated human synovial cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the presence of selective COX-2 inhibitors (NS-398 or celecoxib) with or without exogenous PGE2 or its receptor (EP1-4) agonists. The expressions of NGF, MMP-1, -3, -13, ADAMTS-4, and -5 were quantified by real-time PCR and their proteins were determined by Western blotting. The amount of PGE2 released was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The IL-1β inductions of NGF and MMP-1 and MMP-13 were augmented by the COX-2 inhibitors, whereas the inductions of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 were inhibited. These actions were reversed by supplementing PGE2 or the EP4 agonist exogenously. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive analysis revealed that COX-2 inhibitors may be beneficial for suppressing aggrecan degradation and for reducing inflammatory pain by inhibiting PGE2 release, although they may have limited efficacy in suppressing collagen degradation and nerve growth. This study suggests the feedback roles of PGE2 in the negative regulation of NGF and MMP-1 and MMP-13 and the positive regulation of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5.
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17
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Meng F, Zhang Z, Chen W, Huang G, He A, Hou C, Long Y, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Liao W. MicroRNA-320 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in chondrogenesis and interleukin-1β-induced chondrocyte responses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:932-41. [PMID: 26774733 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key regulators of osteoarthritis (OA) and collagen degradation and have been shown to participate in endochondral ossification. The aim of this study was to determine whether microRNA-320 (miR-320) regulates the expression of MMP-13 in chondrogenesis and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN miR-320 expression was assessed in vitro, in the ATDC5 cell model of chondrogenesis and in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated primary mouse chondrocytes (PMCs), and in vivo, in normal and OA human cartilage by in situ hybridization. ATDC5 and PMCs were transfected with miR-320 or its antisense inhibitor (anti-miR-320), respectively. The roles of activated MAP kinases (MAPK) and NF-κB were evaluated by using specific inhibitors. Direct interaction between miR-320 and its putative binding site in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Mmp-13 mRNA was confirmed by the luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS miR-320 expression was elevated in chondrogenic and hypertrophic ATDC5, while significantly reduced in OA cartilage compared with normal cartilage. Stimulation with IL-1β led to a significant reduction in miR-320 expression in PMCs. Upregulation of MMP-13 expression was correlated with downregulation of miR-320 expression in both PMCs and ATDC5. Overexpression of miR-320 suppressed the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3'-UTR and inhibited MMP-13 expression in both ATDC5 and IL-1β-treated PMCs, while treatment with anti-miR-320 enhanced MMP-13 expression. NF-κB and MAPK activation downregulated miR-320 expression. CONCLUSION Cartilage development and homeostasis are influenced by miR-320, which directly targets MMP-13 and regulates chondrogenesis and the IL-1β-stimulated catabolic effect in mouse chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - G Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - A He
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - C Hou
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Y Long
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - W Liao
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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18
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Santa Maria C, Cheng Z, Li A, Wang J, Shoback D, Tu CL, Chang W. Interplay between CaSR and PTH1R signaling in skeletal development and osteoanabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:11-23. [PMID: 26688334 PMCID: PMC4761456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) controls the pace of pre- and post-natal growth plate development by activating the PTH1R in chondrocytes, while PTH maintains mineral and skeletal homeostasis by modulating calciotropic activities in kidneys, gut, and bone. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of family C, G protein-coupled receptor, which regulates mineral and skeletal homeostasis by controlling PTH secretion in parathyroid glands and Ca(2+) excretion in kidneys. Recent studies showed the expression of CaSR in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts and confirmed its non-redundant roles in modulating the recruitment, proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the cells. This review emphasizes the actions of CaSR and PTH1R signaling responses in cartilage and bone and discusses how these two signaling cascades interact to control growth plate development and maintain skeletal metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions. Lastly, novel therapeutic regimens that exploit interrelationship between the CaSR and PTH1R are proposed to produce more robust osteoanabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Santa Maria
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiali Wang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Shoback
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Oralová V, Matalová E, Janečková E, Drobná Krejčí E, Knopfová L, Šnajdr P, Tucker AS, Veselá I, Šmarda J, Buchtová M. Role of c-Myb in chondrogenesis. Bone 2015; 76:97-106. [PMID: 25845979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Myb locus encodes the c-Myb transcription factor involved in controlling a broad variety of cellular processes. Recently, it has been shown that c-Myb may play a specific role in hard tissue formation; however, all of these results were gathered from an analysis of intramembranous ossification. To investigate a possible role of c-Myb in endochondral ossification, we carried out our study on the long bones of mouse limbs during embryonic development. Firstly, the c-myb expression pattern was analyzed by in situ hybridization during endochondral ossification of long bones. c-myb positive areas were found in proliferating as well as hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. At early embryonic stages, localized expression was also observed in the perichondrium and interdigital areas. The c-Myb protein was found in proliferating chondrocytes and in the perichondrium of the forelimb bones (E14.5-E17.5). Furthermore, protein was detected in pre-hypertrophic as well as hypertrophic chondrocytes. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to test the effect of altered c-myb expression on chondrogenesis in micromass cultures established from forelimb buds of mouse embryos. A loss-of-function approach using c-myb specific siRNA decreased nodule formation, as well as downregulated the level of Sox9 expression, a major marker of chondrogenesis. Transient c-myb overexpression markedly increased the formation of cartilage nodules and the production of extracellular matrix as detected by intense staining with Alcian blue. Moreover, the expression of early chondrogenic genes such as Sox9, Col2a1 and activity of a Col2-LUC reporter were increased in the cells overexpressing c-myb while late chondrogenic markers such as Col10a1 and Mmp13 were not significantly changed or were downregulated. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the c-Myb transcription factor is involved in the regulation and promotion of endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oralová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - E Matalová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Janečková
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Drobná Krejčí
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Knopfová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Šnajdr
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Veselá
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Šmarda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Buchtová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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Kim J, Shim M. Prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP) signaling regulates Bmp signaling and promotes chondrocyte differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:500-12. [PMID: 25499765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of lipid signaling molecules involved in various physiological processes. In addition, prostaglandins have been implicated in the development and progression of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. Prostaglandins exert their effects through the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this report, we examined the role of prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP) signaling as a regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. We found that FP expression was dramatically induced during the differentiation of chondrocytes and was up-regulated in cartilages. Forced expression of FP in ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line resulted in the increased expression of differentiation-related genes and increased synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regardless of the presence of insulin. Similarly, PGF2α treatment induced the expression of chondrogenic marker genes. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous FP expression suppressed the expression of chondrocyte marker genes and ECM synthesis. Organ culture of cartilage rudiments revealed that PGF2α induces chondrocyte hypertrophy. Additionally, FP overexpression increased the levels of Bmp-6, phospho-Smad1/5, and Bmpr1a, while knockdown of FP reduced expression of those genes. These results demonstrate that up-regulation of FP expression plays an important role in chondrocyte differentiation and modulates Bmp signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohwee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Minsub Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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22
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Ikeda Y, Yonemitsu I, Takei M, Shibata S, Ono T. Mechanical loading leads to osteoarthritis-like changes in the hypofunctional temporomandibular joint in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1368-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Ham O, Lee CY, Song BW, Lee SY, Kim R, Park JH, Lee J, Seo HH, Lee CY, Chung YA, Maeng LS, Lee MY, Kim J, Hwang J, Woo DK, Chang W. Upregulation of miR-23b enhances the autologous therapeutic potential for degenerative arthritis by targeting PRKACB in synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells from patients. Mol Cells 2014; 37:449-56. [PMID: 24916040 PMCID: PMC4086338 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SFMSCs) obtained from patients with degenerative arthropathy may serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For treatment of OA and RA patients, autologous transplantation of differentiated MSCs has several beneficial effects for cartilage regeneration including immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we induced chondrogenic differentiation of SFMSCs by inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) with a small molecule and microRNA (miRNA). Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by PCR and immunocytochemistry using probes specific for aggrecan, the major cartilaginous proteoglycan gene. Absorbance of alcian blue stain to detect chondrogenic differentiation was increased in H-89 and/or miRNA-23btransfected cells. Furthermore, expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 was decreased in treated cells. Therefore, differentiation of SFMSCs into chondrocytes through inhibition of PKA signaling may be a therapeutic option for OA or RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onju Ham
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Chang Youn Lee
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-759,
Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Ran Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-759,
Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Hyang-Hee Seo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Chae Yoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Yong-An Chung
- Institute of Catholic Integrative Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon 403-720,
Korea
| | - Lee-So Maeng
- Institute of Catholic Integrative Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon 403-720,
Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140-742,
Korea
| | - Jihwan Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701,
Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the human body that is responsible for the proper function of various organs. Changes in the ECM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and heart failure. Matrix components, such as collagens and noncollagenous proteins, influence the function and activity of vascular cells, particularly vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Matrix proteins have been shown to be implicated in the development of atherosclerotic complications, such as plaque rupture, aneurysm formation, and calcification. ECM proteins control ECM remodeling through feedback signaling to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the key players of ECM remodeling in both normal and pathological conditions. The production of MMPs is closely related to the development of an inflammatory response and is subjected to significant changes at different stages of atherosclerosis. Indeed, blood levels of circulating MMPs may be useful for the assessment of the inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. The availability of a wide variety of low-molecular MMP inhibitors that can be conjugated with various labels provides a good perspective for specific targeting of MMPs and implementation of imaging techniques to visualize MMP activity in atherosclerotic plaques and, most interestingly, to monitor responses to antiatheroslerosis therapies. Finally, because of the crucial role of ECM in cardiovascular repair, the regenerative potential of ECM could be successfully used in constructing engineered scaffolds and vessels that mimic properties of the natural ECM and consist of the native ECM components or composite biomaterials. These scaffolds possess a great promise in vascular tissue engineering.
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25
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Zhang JP, Deng YF, Zhou ZL, Hou JF. Expression and identification of recombinant chicken vascular endothelial growth factor in Pichia pastoris and its role in the pathogenesis of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3214-27. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Wang J, Zhu X, Liu L, Shi X, Yin L, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Liu G. Effects of strontium on collagen content and expression of related genes in rat chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:212-9. [PMID: 23475370 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strontium stimulates cartilage matrix formation in vitro. However, the mechanisms governing these effects have not yet been extensively reported. In this study, chondrocytes were isolated from rat articular cartilage by enzymatic digestion and cultured for 24-72 h with 1-5 mM strontium. We investigated the effects of different concentrations of strontium on collagen content, type II collagen, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression in rat cultured articular chondrocytes in vitro. The collagen content of the chondrocytes, determined as hydroxyproline, was measured by a colorimetry method. Type II collagen, IGF-1, and MMP-13 mRNA abundance and protein expression levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and western blot, respectively. The results showed that collagen content from the chondrocytes extracellular matrix increased with increasing strontium concentration. Moreover, 3 and 5 mM strontium strongly stimulated protein expression and mRNA levels of type II collagen and IGF-1. Conversely, MMP-13 expression in chondrocytes decreased dose-dependently with increasing strontium concentration. These results should provide insight into the ability of strontium to promote chondrocyte extracellular matrix synthesis. Strontium could promote collagen synthesis and suppress collagen degradation via the repression of MMP-13 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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27
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Diao HJ, Yeung CW, Yan CH, Chan GCF, Chan BP. Bidirectional and mutually beneficial interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and osteoarthritic chondrocytes in micromass co-cultures. Regen Med 2013; 8:257-69. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy presents a promising approach for treating osteoarthritis (OA). However, the molecular interactions between MSCs and OA chondrocytes (OACs) are not known. This study aims to investigate the bidirectional interactions between human MSCs (hMSCs) and human OACs (hOACs) in a 3D co-culture system. Materials & methods: hMSC–collagen microspheres were cultured in hOAC-conditioned medium or co-cultured with hOAC–collagen microspheres. Growth characteristics, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, gene expression of major OA-associated chondrogenic markers, including SOX9, COL2A1, ACAN and MMP13, were investigated in both cell types. Results: Both the conditioned medium and the co-culture induced MSC chondrogenesis with enhanced GAG production, SOX9 gene and protein expression, and gene expression of ACAN and COL2A1. Meanwhile, the co-culture also induced hOACs to partially resume the lost chondrogenic phenotype as shown by reduced proliferation, enhanced GAG production when hMSCs were chondrogenically predifferentiated, and reduced MMP13 gene expression. Conclusion: This work suggests that 3D co-culture of hMSCs and hOACs is mutually beneficial to each other, suggesting the potential therapeutic effect of delivering hMSC in scaffolds directly to OA defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jia Diao
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chui Wai Yeung
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun Hoi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Godfrey CF Chan
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara P Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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28
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Fosang AJ, Beier F. Emerging Frontiers in cartilage and chondrocyte biology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013; 25:751-66. [PMID: 22265258 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a uniquely ordered tissue that is designed to resist compression and redistribute load, but is poorly equipped for self-repair. The chondrocyte is the only resident cell type, responsible for maintaining a specialised and extensive matrix that is avascular and lacks innervation. These attributes, as well as the slow turnover rate of aggrecan and type II collagen in mature articular cartilage, present a considerable challenge to the tissue engineer. Similarly, those attempting to halt the progression of cartilage erosion must contend with these unusual characteristics. This review explores the gaps in our knowledge of cartilage biology and pathology, including what is known about the relative contribution of collagenases and aggrecanases to cartilage degradation, the need to regulate the chondrocytic phenotype and the putative role of chondrocyte hypertrophy in the pathogenesis of degenerative and rheumatic joint disease. Recent advances in cartilage tissue engineering are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Fosang
- University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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In vitro hypertrophy and calcification of human fracture haematoma-derived cells in chondrogenic differentiation. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:961-7. [PMID: 23446329 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The haematoma at a fracture site plays an important role in fracture healing. Previously, we demonstrated that a fracture haematoma contains multilineage mesenchymal progenitor cells. We postulated that the haematoma provided a source of chondrogenic cells for endochondral ossification during fracture healing and preservation of the cells contributed to biological fracture healing. In this study, we investigated whether haematoma-derived cells (HCs) could differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and finally induce calcification of the extracellular matrix in vitro. METHODS Fracture haematomas were obtained from four patients. HCs were cultured for five weeks under conditions that induce chondrogenic differentiation, followed by two weeks of hypertrophic induction using a pellet culture system. The pellets were analysed histologically and immunohistochemically. The gene expression levels of chondrogenic, hypertrophic, osteogenic, and angiogenic markers were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS The histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that HCs differentiated into chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes, followed by calcification of the extracellular matrix. This sequential differentiation was also reflected in the gene expression profiles. After chondrogenic induction, expression of osteogenic and angiogenic markers was not significantly upregulated. However, the expression of these markers was significantly upregulated following hypertrophic induction. These in vitro observations mimicked the process of endochondral ossification during fracture healing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the fracture haematoma may offer a source of cells with chondrogenic potential that play key roles in endochondral ossification during fracture healing. These findings support the opinion that the haematoma should be preserved for biological fracture healing.
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KOJIMA T, HASEGAWA T, DE FREITAS PHL, YAMAMOTO T, SASAKI M, HORIUCHI K, HONGO H, YAMADA T, SAKAGAMI N, SAITO N, YOSHIZAWA M, KOBAYASHI T, MAEDA T, SAITO C, AMIZUKA N. Histochemical aspects of the vascular invasion at the erosion zone of the epiphyseal cartilage in MMP-9-deficient mice. Biomed Res 2013; 34:119-28. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.34.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Patil A, Sable R, Kothari R. Genetic expression of MMP-Matrix-mettalo-proteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-13) as a function of anterior mandibular repositioning appliance on the growth of mandibular condylar cartilage with and without administration of Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) and Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-β). Angle Orthod 2012; 82:1053-1059. [PMID: 22439767 PMCID: PMC8813132 DOI: 10.2319/122011-780.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) will grow with and without mandibular anterior repositioning appliances with the administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four growing New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: a group with saline injection in the temporomandibular joint, a group that received anterior positioning appliance, and a group that received injection of growth factors as well as mandibular repositioning appliance. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used to study gene expression supported by histomorphometry. RESULTS Administration of growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances has induced 5.70-fold expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) (P < .0005) and 1.29-fold expression of MMP-13 (P < .0005). In contrast, administration of mandibular repositioning appliances only has induced 2.33-fold expression of MMP-1 (P < .0005) and 0.83-fold expression of MMP-13 (P < .0005). Histomorphometric analysis revealed increased proliferation of the condylar cartilage in the appliance and injection group as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The administration of growth factors along with the use of mandibular advancement appliance has increased genetic expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 supported by histomorphometric evidence indicating growth of condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Patil
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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32
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Böhm M, Grässel S. Role of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and their receptors in the osteoarticular system: from basic to translational research. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:623-51. [PMID: 22736674 PMCID: PMC3410228 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides such as melanocortins and β-endorphin (β-ED) exert their pleiotropic effects via binding to melanocortin receptors (MCR) and opioid receptors (OR). There is now compelling evidence for the existence of a functional POMC system within the osteoarticular system. Accordingly, distinct cell types of the synovial tissue and bone have been identified to generate POMC-derived peptides like β-ED, ACTH, or α-MSH. MCR subtypes, especially MC1R, MC2R (the ACTH receptor), MC3R, and MC4R, but also the μ-OR and δ-OR, have been detected in various cells of the synovium, cartilage, and bone. The respective ligands of these POMC-derived peptide receptors mediate an increasing number of newly recognized biological effects in the osteoarticular system. These include bone mineralization and longitudinal growth, cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, osteoprotection, and immunomodulation. Importantly, bone formation is also regulated by the central melanocortin system via a complex hormonal interplay with other organs and tissues involved in energy metabolism. Among the POMC-derived peptides examined in cell culture systems from osteoarticular tissue and in animal models of experimentally induced arthritis, α-MSH, ACTH, and MC3R-specific agonists appear to have the most promising antiinflammatory actions. The effects of these melanocortin peptides may be exploited in future for the treatment of patients with inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology of the Skin and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von Esmarch-Strasse 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Hellingman CA, Koevoet W, van Osch GJVM. Can one generate stable hyaline cartilage from adult mesenchymal stem cells? A developmental approach. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:e1-e11. [DOI: 10.1002/term.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine A. Hellingman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; PO Box 2040; 3000; CA; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Koevoet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; PO Box 2040; 3000; CA; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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34
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Zhang X, Siclari VA, Lan S, Zhu J, Koyama E, Dupuis HL, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Beier F, Qin L. The critical role of the epidermal growth factor receptor in endochondral ossification. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2622-33. [PMID: 21887704 PMCID: PMC3200483 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in mice alters growth plate development, impairs endochondral ossification, and retards growth. However, the detailed mechanism by which EGFR regulates endochondral bone formation is unknown. Here, we show that administration of an EGFR-specific small-molecule inhibitor, gefitinib, into 1-month-old rats for 7 days produced profound defects in long bone growth plate cartilage characterized by epiphyseal growth plate thickening and massive accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Immunostaining demonstrated that growth plate chondrocytes express EGFR, but endothelial cells and osteoclasts show little to no expression. Gefitinib did not alter chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation and vascular invasion into the hypertrophic cartilage. However, osteoclast recruitment and differentiation at the chondro-osseous junction were attenuated owing to decreased RANKL expression in the growth plate. Moreover, gefitinib treatment inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, -13, and -14), increased the amount of collagen fibrils, and decreased degraded extracellular matrix products in the growth plate. In vitro, the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) strongly stimulated RANKL and MMPs expression and suppressed osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in primary chondrocytes. In addition, a mouse model of cartilage-specific EGFR inactivation exhibited a similar phenotype of hypertrophic cartilage enlargement. Together our data demonstrate that EGFR signaling supports osteoclastogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction and promotes chondrogenic expression of MMPs in the growth plate. Therefore, we conclude that EGFR signaling plays an essential role in the remodeling of growth plate cartilage extracellular matrix into bone during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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35
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Chung H, Yang W, Kim M, Ko H. Comparison of the effects of enamel matrix derivative and mineral trioxide aggregate on the mineralization potential of human cementum-derived cells. J Dent Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Liang G, Vanhouten J, Macica CM. An atypical degenerative osteoarthropathy in Hyp mice is characterized by a loss in the mineralized zone of articular cartilage. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:151-62. [PMID: 21643724 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) develop enthesophytes and osteophytes secondary to articular cartilage degeneration and together are the primary cause of morbidity in adult patients so afflicted. We have previously characterized the enthesopathy in Hyp mice, a murine model of XLH. We now extend these studies to the synovial joint in order to characterize potential cellular changes in articular cartilage that may predispose patients to the osteoarthropathy of XLH. We report that, despite highly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase activity throughout articular cartilage, there is a complete loss in the mineralized zone of articular cartilage as assessed by von Kossa staining of mineral and as quantified by EPIC-microCT analysis and evidence of vascular invasion. We also identify the downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) factors identified as regulators of terminally differentiated mineralizing articular chondrocytes. There is also a striking increase in the histochemical staining of sulfated proteoglycans, a change that may reflect the loss of a transitional tissue that reduces mechanical stress at the interface between cartilage and subchondral bone. The failure of mineralizing articular chondrocytes to develop in the hypophosphatemic state suggests that phosphate may be a key regulator of chondrocyte mineralization. Accordingly, we find that the appropriate zonal arrangement and phenotypic markers of articular cartilage are significantly reestablished by phosphate-replacement therapy. Given the turnover and maintenance of articular cartilage ECM, the identification of early and abnormal cellular changes unique to XLH will undoubtedly aid in a more effective management of this disease to minimize the onset of degenerative osteoarthropathy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Density/physiology
- Calcification, Physiologic/physiology
- Cartilage, Articular/blood supply
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets/complications
- Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets/pathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Osteoarthritis/etiology
- Osteoarthritis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Liang
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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37
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Petit A, Demers CN, Girard-Lauriault PL, Stachura D, Wertheimer MR, Antoniou J, Mwale F. Effect of nitrogen-rich cell culture surfaces on type X collagen expression by bovine growth plate chondrocytes. Biomed Eng Online 2011; 10:4. [PMID: 21244651 PMCID: PMC3031272 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that osteoarthritis (OA) may be a systemic disease since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from OA patients express type X collagen, a marker of late stage chondrocyte hypertrophy (associated with endochondral ossification). We recently showed that the expression of type X collagen was suppressed when MSCs from OA patients were cultured on nitrogen (N)-rich plasma polymer layers, which we call "PPE:N" (N-doped plasma-polymerized ethylene, containing up to 36 atomic percentage (at.% ) of N. METHODS In the present study, we examined the expression of type X collagen in fetal bovine growth plate chondrocytes (containing hypertrophic chondrocytes) cultured on PPE:N. We also studied the effect of PPE:N on the expression of matrix molecules such as type II collagen and aggrecan, as well as on proteases (matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and molecules implicated in cell division (cyclin B2). Two other culture surfaces, "hydrophilic" polystyrene (PS, regular culture dishes) and nitrogen-containing cation polystyrene (Primaria®), were also investigated for comparison. RESULTS Results showed that type X collagen mRNA levels were suppressed when cultured for 4 days on PPE:N, suggesting that type X collagen is regulated similarly in hypertrophic chondrocytes and in human MSCs from OA patients. However, the levels of type X collagen mRNA almost returned to control value after 20 days in culture on these surfaces. Culture on the various surfaces had no significant effects on type II collagen, aggrecan, MMP-13, and cyclin B2 mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Hypertrophy is diminished by culturing growth plate chondrocytes on nitrogen-rich surfaces, a mechanism that is beneficial for MSC chondrogenesis. Furthermore, one major advantage of such "intelligent surfaces" over recombinant growth factors for tissue engineering and cartilage repair is potentially large cost-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Petit
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Chondrocyte differentiation in the growth plate is an important process for the longitudinal growth of endochondral bones. Sox9 and Runx2 are the most often-studied transcriptional regulators of the chondrocyte differentiation process, but the importance of additional factors is also becoming apparent. Mafs are a subfamily of the basic ZIP (bZIP) transcription factor superfamily, which act as key regulators of tissue-specific gene expression and terminal differentiation in many tissues. There is increasing evidence that c-Maf and its splicing variant Lc-Maf play a role in chondrocyte differentiation in a temporal-spatial manner. This review summarizes the functions of c-Maf in chondrocyte differentiation and discusses the possible role of c-Maf in osteoarthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- Dominik R. Haudenschild, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4635 Second Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Developmental mechanisms in articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2010; 2011:683970. [PMID: 22046522 PMCID: PMC3199933 DOI: 10.1155/2011/683970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritic condition, which involves progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. The most recent accomplishments have significantly advanced our understanding on the mechanisms of the disease development and progression. The most intriguing is the growing evidence indicating that extracellular matrix destruction in osteoarthritic articular cartilage resembles that in the hypertrophic zone of fetal growth plate during endochondral ossification. This suggests common regulatory mechanisms of matrix degradation in OA and in the development and can provide new approaches for the treatment of the disease by targeting reparation of chondrocyte phenotype.
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Vonk LA, Doulabi BZ, Huang C, Helder MN, Everts V, Bank RA. Collagen-induced expression of collagenase-3 by primary chondrocytes is mediated by integrin α1 and discoidin domain receptor 2: a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 50:463-72. [PMID: 21075784 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether maintaining the chondrocyte's native pericellular matrix prevents collagen-induced up-regulation of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) and whether integrin α1 (ITGα1) and/or discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) modulate MMP-13 expression and which signalling pathway plays a role in collagen-stimulated MMP-13 expression. METHODS Goat articular chondrocytes and chondrons were cultured on collagen coatings. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides targeted against ITGα1 and DDR2 were transfected into primary chondrocytes. Chemical inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) (PD98059), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (FAK inhibitor 14), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK) (SP600125) and protein kinase C (PKC) (PKC412), and a calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) were used in cell cultures. Real-time PCR was performed to examine gene expression levels of MMP-13, ITGα1 and DDR2 and collagenolytic activity was determined by measuring the amount of hydroxyproline released in the culture medium. RESULTS Maintaining the chondrocyte's native pericellular matrix prevented MMP-13 up-regulation and collagenolytic activity when the cells were cultured on a collagen coating. Silencing of ITGα1 and DDR2 reduced MMP-13 gene expression and collagenolytic activity by primary chondrocytes cultured on collagen. Incubation with the PKC inhibitor strongly reduced MMP-13 gene expression levels. Gene expression levels of MMP-13 were also decreased by chondrocytes incubated with the MEK, FAK or JNK inhibitor. CONCLUSION Maintaining the native pericellular matrix of chondrocytes prevents collagen-induced up-regulation of MMP-13. Both ITGα1 and DDR2 modulate MMP-13 expression after direct contact between chondrocytes and collagen. PKC, FAK, MEK and JNK are involved in collagen-stimulated expression of MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dreier R. Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: the developmental aspect of degenerative joint disorders. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:216. [PMID: 20959023 PMCID: PMC2990991 DOI: 10.1186/ar3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a progressive degradation of articular cartilage leading to loss of joint function. The molecular mechanisms regulating pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis are poorly understood. Remarkably, some characteristics of this joint disease resemble chondrocyte differentiation processes during skeletal development by endochondral ossification. In healthy articular cartilage, chondrocytes resist proliferation and terminal differentiation. By contrast, chondrocytes in diseased cartilage progressively proliferate and develop hypertrophy. Moreover, vascularization and focal calcification of joint cartilage are initiated. Signaling molecules that regulate chondrocyte activities in both growth cartilage and permanent articular cartilage during osteoarthritis are thus interesting targets for disease-modifying osteoarthritis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Dreier
- University Hospital of Munster, Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstra.e 15, 48149 Munster, Germany.
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Borzí RM, Olivotto E, Pagani S, Vitellozzi R, Neri S, Battistelli M, Falcieri E, Facchini A, Flamigni F, Penzo M, Platano D, Santi S, Facchini A, Marcu KB. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 loss associated with impaired extracellular matrix remodeling disrupts chondrocyte differentiation by concerted effects on multiple regulatory factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2370-81. [PMID: 20506238 DOI: 10.1002/art.27512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To link matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) activity and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling to alterations in regulatory factors leading to a disruption in chondrocyte homeostasis. METHODS MMP-13 expression was ablated in primary human chondrocytes by stable retrotransduction of short hairpin RNA. The effects of MMP-13 knockdown on key regulators of chondrocyte differentiation (SOX9, runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX-2], and beta-catenin) and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) were scored at the protein level (by immunohistochemical or Western blot analysis) and RNA level (by real-time polymerase chain reaction) in high-density monolayer and micromass cultures under mineralizing conditions. Effects on cellular viability in conjunction with chondrocyte progression toward a hypertrophic-like state were assessed in micromass cultures. Alterations in SOX9 subcellular distribution were assessed using confocal microscopy in micromass cultures and also in osteoarthritic cartilage. RESULTS Differentiation of control chondrocyte micromasses progressed up to a terminal phase, with calcium deposition in conjunction with reduced cell viability and scant ECM. MMP-13 knockdown impaired ECM remodeling and suppressed differentiation in conjunction with reduced levels of RUNX-2, beta-catenin, and VEGF. MMP-13 levels in vitro and ECM remodeling in vitro and in vivo were linked to changes in SOX9 subcellular localization. SOX9 was largely excluded from the nuclei of chondrocytes with MMP-13-remodeled or -degraded ECM, and exhibited an intranuclear staining pattern in chondrocytes with impaired MMP-13 activity in vitro or with more intact ECM in vivo. CONCLUSION MMP-13 loss leads to a breakdown in primary human articular chondrocyte differentiation by altering the expression of multiple regulatory factors.
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Little CB, Barai A, Burkhardt D, Smith SM, Fosang AJ, Werb Z, Shah M, Thompson EW. Matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice are resistant to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion but not chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteophyte development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:3723-33. [PMID: 19950295 DOI: 10.1002/art.25002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13; collagenase 3) in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS OA was surgically induced in the knees of MMP-13-knockout mice and wild-type mice, and mice were compared. Histologic scoring of femoral and tibial cartilage aggrecan loss (0-3 scale), erosion (0-7 scale), and chondrocyte hypertrophy (0-1 scale), as well as osteophyte size (0-3 scale) and maturity (0-3 scale) was performed. Serial sections were stained for type X collagen and the MMP-generated aggrecan neoepitope DIPEN. RESULTS Following surgery, aggrecan loss and cartilage erosion were more severe in the tibia than femur (P<0.01) and tibial cartilage erosion increased with time (P<0.05) in wild-type mice. Cartilaginous osteophytes were present at 4 weeks and underwent ossification, with size and maturity increasing by 8 weeks (P<0.01). There was no difference between genotypes in aggrecan loss or cartilage erosion at 4 weeks. There was less tibial cartilage erosion in knockout mice than in wild-type mice at 8 weeks (P<0.02). Cartilaginous osteophytes were larger in knockout mice at 4 weeks (P<0.01), but by 8 weeks osteophyte maturity and size were no different from those in wild-type mice. Articular chondrocyte hypertrophy with positive type X collagen and DIPEN staining occurred in both wild-type and knockout mouse joints. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that structural cartilage damage in a mouse model of OA is dependent on MMP-13 activity. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is not regulated by MMP-13 activity in this model and does not in itself lead to cartilage erosion. MMP-13 deficiency can inhibit cartilage erosion in the presence of aggrecan depletion, supporting the potential for therapeutic intervention in established OA with MMP-13 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Little
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard's, New South Wales, Australia.
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Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Extracellular Matrix Disintegration of Meckel's Cartilage in Mice. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Golub EE. Role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1592-8. [PMID: 19786074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles have been implicated in the mineralization of calcified cartilage, bone and dentin for more than 40 years. During this period, their exact role, if any in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite mineral, and its subsequent association with the collagen fibrils in the organic matrix has been debated and remains controversial. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes studies spanning the whole history of matrix vesicles, but emphasizes recent findings and several hypotheses which have been recently introduced to explain in greater detail how matrix vesicles function in biomineralization. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It is now generally accepted that matrix vesicles have some role(s) in mineralization; that they are the initial site of mineral formation; that MV bud from the plasma membrane of mineral forming cells, but that they take with them only a subset of the materials found in the parent membrane; that the three proteins, alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase and annexin V have important roles in the process and that matrix vesicles participate in regulating the concentration of PPi in the matrix. In contrast, many open questions remain to be answered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization will increase our knowledge of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis E Golub
- Biochemistry Department, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bertram H, Boeuf S, Wachters J, Boehmer S, Heisel C, Hofmann MW, Piecha D, Richter W. Matrix metalloprotease inhibitors suppress initiation and progression of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:881-92. [PMID: 19327011 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are an attractive source for cell therapy and tissue engineering of joint cartilage. Common chondrogenic in vitro protocols, however, induce hypertrophic markers like COL10A1, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) reminiscent of endochondral bone formation. To direct MSC toward articular chondrocytes more specifically, a better understanding of the regulatory steps is desirable. Proteases are important players in matrix remodeling, display inhibitory effects on growth plate development and MMP13 inhibition prevented hypertrophy of bovine chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the activity of proteases and MMPs, especially MMP13, is crucial for the transition of MSC toward mature chondrocytes and could allow to selectively influence aspects of early and late chondrogenic differentiation. Protease inhibitors were added during MSC chondrogenesis and stage-specific markers were assessed by histology, qPCR, and ALP quantification. Chondrogenesis was little affected by leupeptin, pepstatin, or aprotinin. In contrast, broad spectrum pan-MMP inhibitors dose dependently suppressed proteoglycan deposition, collagen type II and type X staining, ALP activity, and reduced SOX9 and COL2A1 expression. A selective MMP13 inhibitor allowed chondrogenesis and showed only weak effects on ALP activity. In conclusion, transition of MSC toward mature chondrocytes in vitro depended on molecules suppressed by pan-MMP inhibitors identifying chondrogenic differentiation of MSC as a sophistically regulated process in which catabolic enzymes are capable to directly influence cellular fate. In future therapeutic applications of diseased joints, the tested MMP13-specific inhibitor promises suppression of collagen type II degradation without imposing a risk to impair MSC-driven regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Bertram
- Division of Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Brochhausen C, Lehmann M, Halstenberg S, Meurer A, Klaus G, Kirkpatrick CJ. Signalling molecules and growth factors for tissue engineering of cartilage-what can we learn from the growth plate? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:416-29. [DOI: 10.1002/term.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ferket PR, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Mente PL, Bohórquez DV, Santos AA, Grimes JL, Richards JD, Dibner JJ, Felts V. Organic trace minerals and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol affect performance characteristics, leg abnormalities, and biomechanical properties of leg bones of turkeys. Poult Sci 2009; 88:118-31. [PMID: 19096066 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg problems and resulting mortality can exceed 1% per week in turkey toms starting at approximately 15 wk of age. Dietary supplementation of organic trace minerals (MIN) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HyD) may improve performance, decrease incidence of leg abnormalities, and increase bone strength. Nicholas 85X700 toms were assigned to 4 treatments consisting of a factorial arrangement of 2 concentrations of MIN (0 and 0.1% of Mintrex P(Se), which adds 40, 40, 20, and 0.3 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Se, respectively) and 2 concentrations of HyD (0 and 92 microg/kg of HyD). Diets were formulated to be equal in nutrient content and fed ad libitum as 8 feed phases. Feed intake and BW were measured at 6, 12, 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. Valgus, varus, and shaky leg defects were determined at 12, 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. Tibia and femur biomechanical properties were evaluated by torsion and bending tests at 17 wk of age. There were no treatment effects on BW. Only MIN significantly improved feed conversion ratio through to 20 wk of age. Cumulative mortality at 3 wk of age was greater among the MIN birds, but it was lower by 20 wk (P = 0.085). The MIN decreased the incidence of varus defects at 17 wk of age; shaky leg at 12, 15, and 17 wk of age; and valgus defects at 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. There were no MIN x HyD interaction effects on individual gait problems. Maximum load and the bending stress required for tibias to break in a 4-point assay were increased with MIN supplementation, especially when HyD was also added. Maximum shear stress at failure of femoral bones in a torsion assay was increased by supplementation with both MIN and HyD together. Dietary supplementation of MIN and HyD may improve biomechanical properties of bones. Dietary MIN supplementation may improve feed conversion of turkeys, likely by decreasing leg problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Ferket
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Tomiya M, Fujikawa K, Ichimura S, Kikuchi T, Yoshihara Y, Nemoto K. Skeletal unloading induces a full-thickness patellar cartilage defect with increase of urinary collagen II CTx degradation marker in growing rats. Bone 2009; 44:295-305. [PMID: 19000792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays an important role in tissue morphogenesis and extracellular matrix metabolism. However, little is known about the effects of reduced loading without restriction of joint motion on the patella. We investigated the effects of long-term skeletal unloading on patellar cartilage and subchondral bone and systemic collagen II metabolism. Nine-week-old male F344/N rats (n=128) were randomly divided into two groups: caged control (C) and tail suspended (TS). Hindlimbs of the TS rats were subjected to unloading for up to 12 weeks. Sequential changes in the patellar cartilage and subchondral bone were analyzed macroscopically, by pathological findings and histomorphologically. All animals received double tidemark fluorochrome labeling prior to sacrifice. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in patellar cartilage, cross-linked C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTx-II) in 24-h urine and type II procollagen-C-peptide (pCol-II-C) in sera were also measured by DMB assay, ELISA and EIA, respectively. In the TS group, GAG content was significantly reduced only during the first 3 weeks. No further significant decrease was found. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was increased, especially at the deep zone. Tidemark mineral apposition rate (MAR) was temporally increased, which resulted in an increase in the ratio of calcified cartilage to the entire cartilage. In the medial part, in addition, thickness of the entire cartilage was decreased by temporal acceleration of subchondral ossification advancement and, in the medial margin, a full-thickness cartilage defect was revealed in 88.6% of TS rats. However, the remaining articular surface was free from fibrillation. While urinary CTx-II was significantly increased during the experimental periods, serum pCol-II-C was significantly decreased at the early phase. There were significant correlations between the urinary CTx-II levels and tidemark MAR. Our results provided evidence that skeletal unloading increased ALP activity at the deep zone and temporally accelerated tidemark advancement associated with a decrease in proteoglycan content. In addition, skeletal unloading temporally accelerated subchondral ossification advancement in the medial part of the patella and finally induced a full-thickness patellar cartilage defect without any fibrillation at the remaining articular surface by additional subchondral bone modeling and possible retarded cartilage growth, which was through a different mechanism than overloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tomiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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Suri L, Damoulis PD, Le T, Gagari E. Expression of MMP-13 (collagenase-3) in long-term cultures of human dental pulp cells. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:791-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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