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Zamboni R, Gauthier-Manuel L, Zaltron A, Lucchetti L, Chauvet M, Sada C. Opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microchannels in lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:28423-28436. [PMID: 37710896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a reconfigurable opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microfluidic channels in monolithic lithium niobate crystal. The light path connecting two waveguide arrays located on opposite sides of a microfluidic channel depends on the refractive index between the liquid phase and the hosting crystal. As a result, the optical properties of the flowing fluid, which is pumped into the microfluidic channel on demand, can be exploited to control the light pathways inside the optofluidic device. Proof-of-concept applications are herein presented, including microfluidic optical waveguide switching, optical refractive index sensing, and wavelength demultiplexing.
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2
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Fluorescence signal amplification by optical reflection in metal-coated nanowells. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:478. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Zamboni R, Zaltron A, Chauvet M, Sada C. Real-time precise microfluidic droplets label-sequencing combined in a velocity detection sensor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17987. [PMID: 34504237 PMCID: PMC8429775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplets microfluidics is broadening the range of Lab on a Chip solutions that, however, still suffer from the lack of an adequate level of integration of optical detection and sensors. In fact, droplets are currently monitored by imaging techniques, mostly limited by a time-consuming data post-processing and big data storage. This work aims to overcome this weakness, presenting a fully integrated opto-microfluidic platform able to detect, label and characterize droplets without the need for imaging techniques. It consists of optical waveguides arranged in a Mach Zehnder's configuration and a microfluidic circuit both coupled in the same substrate. As a proof of concept, the work demonstrates the performances of this opto-microfluidic platform in performing a complete and simultaneous sequence labelling and identification of each single droplet, in terms of its optical properties, as well as velocity and lengths. Since the sensor is realized in lithium niobate crystals, which is also highly resistant to chemical attack and biocompatible, the future addition of multifunctional stages into the same substrate can be easily envisioned, extending the range of applicability of the final device.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zamboni
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 2/4, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - A Zaltron
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Chauvet
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - C Sada
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Zamboni R, Zaltron A, Izzo E, Bottaro G, Ferraro D, Sada C. Opto-Microfluidic System for Absorbance Measurements in Lithium Niobate Device Applied to pH Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5366. [PMID: 32961673 PMCID: PMC7570644 DOI: 10.3390/s20185366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of Lab-on-a-chip systems is the downscaling of analytical protocols into microfluidic devices, including optical measurements. In this context, the growing interest of the scientific community in opto-microfluidic devices has fueled the development of new materials. Recently, lithium niobate has been presented as a promising material for this scope, thanks to its remarkable optical and physicochemical properties. Here, we present a novel microfluidic device realized starting from a lithium niobate crystal, combining engraved microfluidic channels with integrated and self-aligned optical waveguides. Notably, the proposed microfabrication strategy does not compromise the optical coupling between the waveguides and the microchannel, allowing one to measure the transmitted light through the liquid flowing in the channel. In addition, the device shows a high versatility in terms of the optical properties of the light source, such as wavelength and polarization. Finally, the developed opto-microfluidic system is successfully validated as a probe for real-time pH monitoring of the liquid flowing inside the microchannel, showing a high integrability and fast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zamboni
- Physics and Astronomy Department G. Galileo, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.Z.); (A.Z.); (E.I.)
| | - Annamaria Zaltron
- Physics and Astronomy Department G. Galileo, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.Z.); (A.Z.); (E.I.)
| | - Elena Izzo
- Physics and Astronomy Department G. Galileo, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.Z.); (A.Z.); (E.I.)
| | - Gregorio Bottaro
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council (CNR), University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Davide Ferraro
- Physics and Astronomy Department G. Galileo, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.Z.); (A.Z.); (E.I.)
| | - Cinzia Sada
- Physics and Astronomy Department G. Galileo, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.Z.); (A.Z.); (E.I.)
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5
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Arita Y, Lee J, Kawaguchi H, Matsuo R, Miyamoto K, Dholakia K, Omatsu T. Photopolymerization with high-order Bessel light beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4080-4083. [PMID: 32667359 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study photopolymerization with high-order Bessel light beams with phase singularities on-axis. Self-trapping and self-focusing of propagation-invariant light beams in a photopolymer allow the fabrication of extended helical microfibers with a length scale of a centimeter, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than the propagation distance of the Bessel light beams. We show the evolution of microfibers rotating at a rate proportional to the incident optical power, while the periodicity of the helical structures remains constant, irrespective of the laser power. This suggests that optical momentum transfer plays a predominant role in the growth and rotation of such fiber structures.
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6
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Torres-Mapa ML, Singh M, Simon O, Mapa JL, Machida M, Günther A, Roth B, Heinemann D, Terakawa M, Heisterkamp A. Fabrication of a Monolithic Lab-on-a-Chip Platform with Integrated Hydrogel Waveguides for Chemical Sensing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194333. [PMID: 31597248 PMCID: PMC6806100 DOI: 10.3390/s19194333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel waveguides have found increased use for variety of applications where biocompatibility and flexibility are important. In this work, we demonstrate the use of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) waveguides to realize a monolithic lab-on-a-chip device. We performed a comprehensive study on the swelling and optical properties for different chain lengths and concentrations in order to realize an integrated biocompatible waveguide in a microfluidic device for chemical sensing. Waveguiding properties of PEGDA hydrogel were used to guide excitation light into a microfluidic channel to measure the fluorescence emission profile of rhodamine 6G as well as collect the fluorescence signal from the same device. Overall, this work shows the potential of hydrogel waveguides to facilitate delivery and collection of optical signals for potential use in wearable and implantable lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leilani Torres-Mapa
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Simon
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jose Louise Mapa
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manan Machida
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Axel Günther
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dag Heinemann
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mitsuhiro Terakawa
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., 30419 Hannover, Germany.
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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7
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Kim HM, Park JH, Lee SK. Fabrication and measurement of optical waveguide sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-019-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Fleischer H, Do VQ, Thurow K. Online Measurement System in Reaction Monitoring for Determination of Structural and Elemental Composition Using Mass Spectrometry. SLAS Technol 2019; 24:330-341. [PMID: 30616500 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318813838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of chemical reactions is an important task in chemical engineering, especially in quality control, pharmaceutical and biological processes, or industrial production. The development of new reactions such as catalyst-based procedures requires detailed knowledge about process steps and reaction kinetics. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of reactants and resulting products, proprietary online measurement systems are used, which were designed for special applications. A mobile online reaction monitoring system was developed for a flexible coupling to different mass selective measurement systems for structural (ESI-MS) and elemental (ICP-MS) analysis to determine chemical precursors, reaction products, and internal standard compounds and their elemental composition at any stage of the reaction. Chemical reactions take place in a tempered continuous-flow microreactor. The flow rate in the microreactor can be varied to adjust the residence times in the reactor. An online dilution module was integrated to adapt the concentration of the reaction solutions to the working range of the analyzers. The performance and limitations of the online reaction system were determined using standard solutions and a real chemical reaction. The control software with a graphical user interface enables the adjustment of reaction, sampling, and measurement parameters as well as the system and process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fleischer
- 1 Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vinh Quang Do
- 2 Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Kerstin Thurow
- 2 Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Hong YS, Cho CH, Sung HK. Design Parameter Optimization of a Silicon-Based Grating Waveguide for Performance Improvement in Biochemical Sensor Application. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030781. [PMID: 29510559 PMCID: PMC5876739 DOI: 10.3390/s18030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We performed numerical analysis and design parameter optimization of a silicon-based grating waveguide refractive index (RI) sensor. The performance of the grating waveguide RI sensor was determined by the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and the shift in the resonance wavelength in the transmission spectrum. The transmission extinction, a major figure-of-merit of an RI sensor that reflects both FWHM and resonance shift performance, could be significantly improved by the proper determination of three major grating waveguide parameters: duty ratio, grating period, and etching depth. We analyzed the transmission characteristics of the grating waveguide under various design parameter conditions using a finite-difference time domain method. We achieved a transmission extinction improvement of >26 dB under a given bioenvironmental target change by the proper choice of the design procedure and parameters. This design procedure and choice of appropriate parameters would enable the widespread application of silicon-based grating waveguide in high-performance RI biochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seung Hong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
| | - Chun-Hyung Cho
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Kee Sung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
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10
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Characterization of a Functional Hydrogel Layer on a Silicon-Based Grating Waveguide for a Biochemical Sensor. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16060914. [PMID: 27322286 PMCID: PMC4934340 DOI: 10.3390/s16060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We numerically demonstrated the characteristics of a functional hydrogel layer on a silicon-based grating waveguide for a simple, cost-effective refractive index (RI) biochemical sensor. The RI of the functional hydrogel layer changes when a specific biochemical interaction occurs between the hydrogel-linked receptors and injected ligand molecules. The transmission spectral profile of the grating waveguide shifts depends on the amount of RI change caused by the functional layer. Our characterization includes the effective RI change caused by the thickness, functional volume ratio, and functional strength of the hydrogel layer. The results confirm the feasibility of, and set design rules for, hydrogel-assisted silicon-based grating waveguides.
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11
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Testa G, Persichetti G, Bernini R. Liquid Core ARROW Waveguides: A Promising Photonic Structure for Integrated Optofluidic Microsensors. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7030047. [PMID: 30407419 PMCID: PMC6190334 DOI: 10.3390/mi7030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a liquid core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) as a novel optofluidic device that can be used to create innovative and highly functional microsensors. Liquid core ARROWs, with their dual ability to guide the light and the fluids in the same microchannel, have shown great potential as an optofluidic tool for quantitative spectroscopic analysis. ARROWs feature a planar architecture and, hence, are particularly attractive for chip scale integrated system. Step by step, several improvements have been made in recent years towards the implementation of these waveguides in a complete on-chip system for highly-sensitive detection down to the single molecule level. We review applications of liquid ARROWs for fluids sensing and discuss recent results and trends in the developments and applications of liquid ARROW in biomedical and biochemical research. The results outlined show that the strong light matter interaction occurring in the optofluidic channel of an ARROW and the versatility offered by the fabrication methods makes these waveguides a very promising building block for optofluidic sensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genni Testa
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IREA-CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Persichetti
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IREA-CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy.
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IREA-CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy.
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12
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Lima RS, Leão PAGC, Piazzetta MHO, Monteiro AM, Shiroma LY, Gobbi AL, Carrilho E. Sacrificial adhesive bonding: a powerful method for fabrication of glass microchips. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13276. [PMID: 26293346 PMCID: PMC4543966 DOI: 10.1038/srep13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new protocol for fabrication of glass microchips is addressed in this research paper. Initially, the method involves the use of an uncured SU-8 intermediate to seal two glass slides irreversibly as in conventional adhesive bonding-based approaches. Subsequently, an additional step removes the adhesive layer from the channels. This step relies on a selective development to remove the SU-8 only inside the microchannel, generating glass-like surface properties as demonstrated by specific tests. Named sacrificial adhesive layer (SAB), the protocol meets the requirements of an ideal microfabrication technique such as throughput, relatively low cost, feasibility for ultra large-scale integration (ULSI), and high adhesion strength, supporting pressures on the order of 5 MPa. Furthermore, SAB eliminates the use of high temperature, pressure, or potential, enabling the deposition of thin films for electrical or electrochemical experiments. Finally, the SAB protocol is an improvement on SU-8-based bondings described in the literature. Aspects such as substrate/resist adherence, formation of bubbles, and thermal stress were effectively solved by using simple and inexpensive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Lima
- Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo A G C Leão
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Monteiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Y Shiroma
- Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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13
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Guo T, Wei Y, Xu C, Watts BR, Zhang Z, Fang Q, Zhang H, Selvaganapathy PR, Deen MJ. Counting ofEscherichia coliby a microflow cytometer based on a photonic-microfluidic integrated device. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:298-304. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
- Institute of Microelectronics; Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing China
| | - Yin Wei
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
| | - Benjamin R. Watts
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Information and Communication Technologies; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics; Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing China
| | | | - M. Jamal Deen
- School of Biomedical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
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14
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Testa G, Persichetti G, Sarro PM, Bernini R. A hybrid silicon-PDMS optofluidic platform for sensing applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:417-26. [PMID: 24575337 PMCID: PMC3920873 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid silicon-poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS) optofluidic platform for lab-on-a-chip applications is proposed. A liquid-core waveguide with a self-aligned solid-core waveguide and a microfluidic device are integrated with a multilayer approach, resulting in a three-dimensional device assembly. The optofluidic layer was fabricated with a hybrid silicon-polymer technology, whereas the microfluidic layer was fabricated with a soft lithography technique. The combination of different materials and fabrication processes allows a modular approach, enabling both the benefits from the high optical quality achievable with silicon technology and the low cost of polymer processing. The proposed chip has been tested for fluorescence measurements on Cy5 water solutions, demonstrating the possibility to obtain a limit of detection of 2.5 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genni Testa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Persichetti
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualina M. Sarro
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romeo Bernini
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
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15
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ul Haque A, Chatni MR, Li G, Porterfield DM. Biochips and other microtechnologies for physiomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:553-63. [PMID: 17705712 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of microtechnologies relevant to applications in cellular physiology, including biochips, electrochemical sensors and optrodic sensing techniques. Microelectrodes have been the main tools for measuring cellular electrophysiology, oxygen, nitric oxide, neurotransmitters, pH and various ions. Optical fiber sensing methods, such as indicator-based optrodes, with fluorescence lifetime measurement, are now emerging as viable alternatives to electroanalytical chemistry. These new optrode techniques are possible because of recent advances in the optoelectronics industry and are comparably easier to miniaturize, have faster response times, do not consume the analyte and have lower operational costs. This review serves as a summary and predicts future trends for both electrochemical and optical luminescence lifetime sensing as components in lab-on-a-chip devices for physiological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeraj ul Haque
- Purdue University, Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Physiological Sensing Facility, Bindley Bioscience Research Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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16
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Lima RS, Carneiro Leão PAG, Monteiro AM, de Oliveira Piazzetta MH, Gobbi AL, Mazo LH, Carrilho E. Glass/SU-8 microchip for electrokinetic applications. Electrophoresis 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Angelo Luiz Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais; Campinas; SP; Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Mazo
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos; SP; Brazil
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17
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Watts BR, Zhang Z, Xu CQ, Cao X, Lin M. A method for detecting forward scattering signals on-chip with a photonic-microfluidic integrated device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1051-60. [PMID: 23847731 PMCID: PMC3704087 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A photonic integrated microfluidic device is demonstrated to perform optical excitation and forward scatter collection all on-chip in a planar format. Integrated on-chip optics formed a tailored beam geometry for optimal excitation of particles while a special design modification allowed for on-chip forward collection with the beam shaping capabilities. A notch was placed in the lens system that caused a dark spot on the facet of a collection waveguide while not affecting the beam geometry at the point of interrogation. The modified device with the ability to form a 10 μm beam geometry was demonstrated to detect the forward scatter from blank 5 μm diameter polystyrene beads. Free-space collection of side scatter signals was performed simultaneously with the on-chip collection and the designs demonstrated and enhanced SNR while the reliability of detection was determined to be appropriate for many applications. Excellent performance was confirmed via a false positive rate of 0.4%, a missed events rate of 6.8%, and a coincident rate of 96.3% as determined between simultaneously performed free-space and on-chip detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Watts
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Institute of Microstructural Science, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada
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Rushworth CM, Davies J, Cabral JT, Dolan PR, Smith JM, Vallance C. Cavity-enhanced optical methods for online microfluidic analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Watts BR, Zhang Z, Xu CQ, Cao X, Lin M. A photonic-microfluidic integrated device for reliable fluorescence detection and counting. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3236-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Watts
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton; Ontario; Canada
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Institute for Microstructural Sciences; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa; Ontario; Canada
| | - Chang Qing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics; McMaster University; Hamilton; Ontario; Canada
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Ottawa; Ottawa; Ontario; Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Ottawa; Ontario; Canada
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20
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Polini A, Pagliara S, Camposeo A, Cingolani R, Wang X, Schröder HC, Müller WEG, Pisignano D. Optical properties of in-vitro biomineralised silica. Sci Rep 2012; 2:607. [PMID: 22934130 PMCID: PMC3429881 DOI: 10.1038/srep00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon is the second most common element on the Earth's crust and its oxide (SiO2) the most abundant mineral. Silica and silicates are widely used in medicine and industry as well as in micro- and nano-optics and electronics. However, the fabrication of glass fibres and components requires high temperature and non-physiological conditions, in contrast to biosilica structures in animals and plants. Here, we show for the first time the use of recombinant silicatein-α, the most abundant subunit of sponge proteins catalyzing biosilicification reactions, to direct the formation of optical waveguides in-vitro through soft microlithography. The artificial biosilica fibres mimic the natural sponge spicules, exhibiting refractive index values suitable for confinement of light within waveguides, with optical losses in the range of 5–10 cm−1, suitable for application in lab-on-chips systems. This method extends biosilicification to the controlled fabrication of optical components by physiological processing conditions, hardly addressed by conventional technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Polini
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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21
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Zhuang G, Jensen TG, Kutter JP. Detection of unlabeled particles in the low micrometer size range using light scattering and hydrodynamic 3D focusing in a microfluidic system. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1715-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Fabrication and Performance of a Photonic-Microfluidic Integrated Device. MICROMACHINES 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/mi3010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Barat D, Spencer D, Benazzi G, Mowlem MC, Morgan H. Simultaneous high speed optical and impedance analysis of single particles with a microfluidic cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:118-26. [PMID: 22051732 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic cytometer that performs simultaneous optical and electrical characterisation of particles. The microfluidic chip measures side scattered light, signal extinction and fluorescence using integrated optical fibres coupled to photomultiplier tubes. The channel is 80 μm high and 200 μm wide, and made from SU-8 patterned and sandwiched between glass substrates. Particles were focused into the analysis region using 1-D hydrodynamic focusing and typical particle velocities were 0.1 ms(-1). Excitation light is coupled into the detection channel with an optical fibre and focused into the channel using an integrated compound air lens. The electrical impedance of particles is measured at 1 MHz using micro-electrodes fabricated on the channel top and bottom. This data is used to accurately size the particles. The system is characterised using a range of different sized polystyrene beads (fluorescent and non-fluorescent). Single and mixed populations of beads were measured and the data compared with a conventional flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barat
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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24
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Ozhikandathil J, Packirisamy M. Silica-on-silicon waveguide integrated polydimethylsiloxane lab-on-a-chip for quantum dot fluorescence bio-detection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:017006. [PMID: 22352672 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.017006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Integration of microfluidics and optical components is an essential requirement for the realization of optical detection in lab-on-a-chip (LOC). In this work, a novel hybrid integration of silica-on-silicon (SOS) waveguide and polydymethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics for realizing optical detection based biochip is demonstrated. SOS is a commonly used platform for integrated photonic circuits due to its lower absorption coefficient of silica and the availability of advanced microfabrication technologies for fabricating complicated optical components. However, the fabrication of complex microfluidics circuits on SOS is an expensive process. On the other hand, any complex 3D and high-aspect-ratio microstructures for the microfluidic applications can be easily patterned on PDMS using soft lithography. By exploring the advantages of these two materials, the proposed hybrid integration method greatly simplifies the fabrication of optical LOC. Two simple technologies--namely, diamond machining and soft lithography--were employed for the integration of an optical microfluidic system. Use of PDMS for the fabrication of any complex 3D microfluidics structures, together with the integration of low loss silica-on-silicon photonic waveguides with a straight microfluidic channel, opens up new possibilities to produce low-cost biochips. The performance of SOS-PDMS-integrated hybrid biochip is demonstrated with the detection of laser induced fluorescence of quantum dots. As quantum dots have immense application potential for biodetection, they are used for the demonstration of biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayan Ozhikandathil
- Concordia University, Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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25
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Devaraju NSGK, Unger MA. Multilayer soft lithography of perfluoropolyether based elastomer for microfluidic device fabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1962-1967. [PMID: 21503367 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The compatibility of microfluidic devices with solvents and other chemicals is extremely important for many applications such as organic synthesis in microreactors and drug screening. We report the successful fabrication of microfluidic devices from a novel perfluoropolyether based polymer utilizing the Multilayer Soft Lithography™ (MSL) technique with simple, straightforward processing. The perfluorinated polymer SIFEL X-71 8115 is a highly chemically resistant elastomeric material. We demonstrate fabrication of a microfluidic device using an off-ratio bonding technique to bond multiple SIFEL layers, each patterned lithographically. The mechanical properties of the SIFEL MSL valves (including actuation pressures) are similar to PDMS MSL valves of the same geometry. Chemical compatibility tests highlight SIFEL's remarkable resistance to organic solvents, acids and alkalis.
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26
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Donzella V, Crea F. Optical biosensors to analyze novel biomarkers in oncology. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:442-452. [PMID: 21567973 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer types are characterized by poor survival and unpredictable therapy response. Easy-to-perform molecular analyses may help patient stratification and treatment tailoring. Several integrated devices have been proposed to overcome current analysis equipment limitations. They offer improved sensitivity and easy availability of parallel detection. Particularly, unlabelled optical biosensors combine the manifold advantages of integrated sensors (e.g. easy handling, portability and low-volume requirement) with detection of target molecules in their original form. Here, we review integrated optical biosensor current features, and discuss their possible application to the detection of protein variants from body fluids, with particular regard to histone modifications. Indeed, histone post-translational modifications are a set of epigenetic markers frequently deregulated in cancer. Available technology does not allow a comprehensive analysis of all histone modifications in a single patient. Thus, label-free optical biosensors may pave the way to the discovery and detection of a novel class of biomarkers in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Donzella
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Liberta' 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
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27
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Wilson ME, Kota N, Kim Y, Wang Y, Stolz DB, LeDuc PR, Ozdoganlar OB. Fabrication of circular microfluidic channels by combining mechanical micromilling and soft lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1550-5. [PMID: 21399830 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of microfluidic channels with complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries presents a major challenge to the field of microfluidics, because conventional lithography methods are mainly limited to rectangular cross-sections. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of mechanical micromachining to fabricate microfluidic channels with complex cross-sectional geometries. Micro-scale milling tools are first used to fabricate semi-circular patterns on planar metallic surfaces to create a master mold. The micromilled pattern is then transferred to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) through a two-step reverse molding process. Using these semi-circular PDMS channels, circular cross-sectioned microchannels are created by aligning and adhering two channels face-to-face. Straight and serpentine-shaped microchannels were fabricated, and the channel geometry and precision of the metallic master and PDMS molds were assessed through scanning electron microscopy and non-contact profilometry. Channel functionality was tested by perfusion of liquid through the channels. This work demonstrates that micromachining enabled soft lithography is capable of fabricating non-rectangular cross-section channels for microfluidic applications. We believe that this approach will be important for many fields from biomimetics and vascular engineering to microfabrication and microreactor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
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28
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29
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Ehsan AA, Shaari S, Rahman MKA. Fabrication of 1×2 asymmetric plastic optical fiber coupler for portable optical access-card system. OPTICAL REVIEW 2011; 18:86-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10043-011-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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30
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Krishnaswamy N, Srinivas T, Rao GM. Analysis of integrated optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence biosensor based on transmittance of light through a fluidic gap. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2011:30-34. [PMID: 22254243 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6089889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity analysis is an important aspect to be looked into while designing lab-on-a-chip systems. In this paper we will be showing with appropriate design that the best sensitivity of the fluorescence biosensor is achieved for an optimal width of fluidic gap, corresponding to a particular mode spot size. We will be also showing that the sensitivity of the biosensor is affected by efficiency of light coupling, which is influenced by changes in the width of fluidic gap, refractive index of the fluid and higher order modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Krishnaswamy
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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31
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Ehsan AA, Shaari S, Abd-Rahman MK. PLASTIC OPTICAL FIBER COUPLER WITH HIGH INDEX CONTRAST WAVEGUIDE TAPER. PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH C 2011; 20:125-138. [DOI: 10.2528/pierc11011302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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32
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Cho SH, Godin JM, Chen CH, Qiao W, Lee H, Lo YH. Review Article: Recent advancements in optofluidic flow cytometer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:43001. [PMID: 21267434 PMCID: PMC3026024 DOI: 10.1063/1.3511706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to develop optofluidic flow cytometers. Optofluidics, where optics and microfluidics work together to create novel functionalities on a small chip, holds great promise for lab-on-a-chip flow cytometry. The development of a low-cost, compact, handheld flow cytometer and microfluorescence-activated cell sorter system could have a significant impact on the field of point-of-care diagnostics, improving health care in, for example, underserved areas of Africa and Asia, that struggle with epidemics such as HIV∕AIDS. In this paper, we review recent advancements in microfluidics, on-chip optics, novel detection architectures, and integrated sorting mechanisms.
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33
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Wu ZQ, Cao XD, Chen L, Zhang JR, Xia XH, Fang Q, Chen HY. Study on the influence of cross-sectional area and zeta potential on separation for hybrid-chip-based capillary electrophoresis using 3-D simulations. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3665-74. [PMID: 20967775 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid chips combing microchips with capillaries have displayed particular advantages in achieving UV-vis and mass spectroscopic detection. In this work, systematic 3-D numerical simulations have been carried out to explore the influence of junction interface cross-sectional area and ζ-potential distribution on sample band broadening in hybrid-chip electrophoresis separation. In this case, the ratio of cross-sectional area of chip to capillary channel (S(ratio) ) is used as the parameter of the variation in junction interface cross-sectional area. Theoretical simulations demonstrated that the decrease of the S(ratio) would increase the separation efficiency in the hybrid-chip-based CE with uniform ζ-potential distribution. ζ-potential distribution along the axial direction of the channel also affects mass transport in hybrid-chip-based CE. Therefore, the effect of ζ-potential distribution has been considered in the 3-D simulation. Theoretical simulation results reveal that ζ-potential distribution rather than the interface cross-sectional area variation (S(ratio) ) controls the sample band broadening and manipulates sample separation efficiency in the hybrid-chip-based CE with non-uniform ζ-potential distribution. Both the theoretical simulations and experimental results show that optimal hybrid-chip CE separation efficiency can be achieved at S(ratio) =1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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34
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Watts BR, Kowpak T, Zhang Z, Xu CQ, Zhu S. Formation and characterization of an ideal excitation beam geometry in an optofluidic device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:848-860. [PMID: 21258513 PMCID: PMC3018065 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal excitation beam shape is necessary to perform reliable flow cytometric analysis but has so far not been implemented in a photonic-microfluidic integrated (i.e. optofluidic) device. We have achieved this feature by integrating a 1D lens system with planar waveguides and microfluidic channel on a substrate using one patterning material via a one-shot process. In this paper, we report the method of design and the performance of specifically formed excitation regions shaped to be ideal for reducing double detections, improving SNR, and for reliable detection in a flow cytometry application. Demonstration of different sizes via changes to lens design shows the ability to control the width of the shaped beam according to a targeted detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Watts
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West,
Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Thomas Kowpak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West,
Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Institue for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road,
Ottawa ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West,
Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West,
Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
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35
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Okagbare PI, Emory JM, Datta P, Goettert J, Soper SA. Fabrication of a cyclic olefin copolymer planar waveguide embedded in a multi-channel poly(methyl methacrylate) fluidic chip for evanescence excitation. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:66-73. [PMID: 20024052 PMCID: PMC2859618 DOI: 10.1039/b908759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of a novel cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) waveguide embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, fluidic chip configured in a multi-channel format with an integrated monolithic prism for evanescent fluorescence excitation are reported. The fabrication approach allowed the embedded waveguide to be situated orthogonal to a series of fluidic channels within the PMMA wafer to sample fluorescent solutions in these channels using the evanescence properties of the waveguide. Construction of the device was achieved using several fabrication techniques including high precision micromilling, hot embossing and stenciling of a polymer melt to form the waveguide and coupling prism. A waveguide channel was fabricated in the fluidic chip's cover plate, also made from PMMA, and was loaded with a COC solution using a pre-cast poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, stencil containing a prism-shaped recess. The PMMA substrate contained multiple channels (100 microm wide x 30 microm deep with a pitch of 100 microm) that were situated orthogonal to the waveguide to allow penetration of the evanescent field into the sampling solution. The optical properties of the waveguide in terms of its transmission properties and penetration depth of the evanescent field in the adjacent solution were evaluated. Finally, the device was used for laser-induced fluorescence evanescent excitation of a dye solution hydrodynamically flowing through multiple microfluidic channels in the chip and processed using a microscope equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) for parallel readout. The device and optical system were able to image 11 channels simultaneously with a limit-of-detection of 7.1 x 10(-20) mol at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2. The waveguide was simple to manufacture and could be scaled to illuminate much higher channel numbers making it appropriate for high-throughput measurements using evanescent excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Okagbare
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jason M. Emory
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Proyag Datta
- Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jost Goettert
- Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Center for BioModular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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36
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Ehsan A, Abd Rahman M. Acrylic-based 1x2 Y-Branch POF Coupler with High Index Contrast Waveguide Taper. PASSIVE COMPONENTS AND FIBER-BASED DEVICES VII 2010. [DOI: 10.1364/acp.2010.798610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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37
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Chandrasekaran A, Packirisamy M. Experimental investigation of evanescence-based infrared biodetection technique for micro-total-analysis systems. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:054050. [PMID: 19895151 DOI: 10.1117/1.3210766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The advent of microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) and its integration with other technologies such as microfluidics, microthermal, immunoproteomics, etc. has led to the concept of an integrated micro-total-analysis systems (microTAS) or Lab-on-a-Chip for chemical and biological applications. Recently, research and development of microTAS have attained a significant growth rate over several biodetection sciences, in situ medical diagnoses, and point-of-care testing applications. However, it is essential to develop suitable biophysical label-free detection methods for the success, reliability, and ease of use of the microTAS. We proposed an infrared (IR)-based evanescence wave detection system on the silicon-on-insulator platform for biodetection with microTAS. The system operates on the principle of bio-optical interaction that occurs due to the evanescence of light from the waveguide device. The feasibility of biodetection has been experimentally investigated by the detection of horse radish peroxidase upon its reaction with hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Chandrasekaran
- Concordia University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, 1515 Street Catherine Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H3G 2W1, Canada.
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38
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Abstract
Optical detection schemes continue to be favoured for measurements in microfluidic systems. A selection of the latest progress mainly within the last two years is critically reviewed. Emphasis is on integrated solutions, such as planar waveguides, coupling schemes to the outside world, evanescent-wave based detectors and the field of optofluidics. The perspectives and limitations of the different solutions are discussed in terms of analytical performance and fabrication costs. There has been an increased focus on cheap solutions in polymer materials that are amenable for mass production in order to ease commercialisation of the devices. This work will hopefully result in more commercial products that benefit from integrated optics, because the impact on commercial devices so far has been modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus B Mogensen
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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Maselli V, Grenier JR, Ho S, Herman PR. Femtosecond laser written optofluidic sensor: Bragg Grating Waveguide evanescent probing of microfluidic channel. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:11719-29. [PMID: 19582086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.011719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic channels and Bragg Grating Waveguides (BGWs) were simultaneously fabricated inside fused silica glass by means of femtosecond laser exposure followed by chemical etching. Evanescent field penetration of the waveguide mode into the parallel microfluidic channel induced Bragg resonant wavelength shifts to enable refractive index characterization of the fluidic medium in the 1 to 1.452 range. Laser exposure was optimized to fabricate devices with optically smooth channel walls and narrow Bragg resonances for high sensing response at 1560 nm wavelength. Reference gratings were also employed in the optical circuit for temperature and strain compensation. These devices open new directions for optical sensing in three-dimensional optofluidic and reactor microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Maselli
- The Edward S Rogers Sr Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, M5S 3G4 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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40
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Schafer D, Gibson EA, Salim EA, Palmer AE, Jimenez R, Squier J. Microfluidic cell counter with embedded optical fibers fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation and anodic bonding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:6068-73. [PMID: 19365429 PMCID: PMC3155247 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.006068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple fabrication technique to create all silicon/glass microfluidic devices is demonstrated using femtosecond laser ablation and anodic bonding. In a first application, we constructed a cell counting device based on small angle light scattering. The counter featured embedded optical fibers for multiangle excitation and detection of scattered light and/or fluorescence. The performance of the microfluidic cell counter was benchmarked against a commercial fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Schafer
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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41
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Ambekar R, Park J, Henthorn DB, Kim CS. Photopatternable Polymeric Membranes for Optical Oxygen Sensors. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2009; 9:169-175. [PMID: 19554206 PMCID: PMC2701202 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2008.2011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new class of optical oxygen sensor that can be photopatternable by traditional UV lithography is presented. They are fabricated using photopatternable spin-on silicone (polydimethyl-siloxane, PDMS) with oxygen sensitive luminescent dyes. It has a good adhesion property and can be applied on glass or on photopolymer (SU-8) without any additional surface treatments. The optimum mixture composition for patternable oxygen sensitive membranes is investigated and its optical properties are characterized. Proof-of-concepts for two applications, intensity-based oxygen sensing with SU-8 based structure and self-calibration fluidic oxygen sensor, are described. These photopatternable optical membranes will find many applications wherever small patterns of oxygen sensitive membranes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Ambekar
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (formerly University of Missouri-Rolla), MO 65409 USA. He is now with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Jongwon Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA (e-mail: )
| | - David B. Henthorn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401 USA (e-mail: )
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Vazquez RM, Osellame R, Nolli D, Dongre C, van den Vlekkert H, Ramponi R, Pollnau M, Cerullo G. Integration of femtosecond laser written optical waveguides in a lab-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:91-6. [PMID: 19209340 DOI: 10.1039/b808360f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We use direct femtosecond laser writing to integrate optical waveguides into a commercial fused silica lab-on-chip (LOC). We fabricate high quality waveguides intersecting the microfluidic channels and use them to optically address with high spatial selectivity their content. Fluorescence from the photoexcited volume is efficiently collected at a 90 degrees angle by a high numerical aperture fiber, resulting in a compact and portable setup. Our approach is quite powerful because it allows the integration of photonic functionalities, by simple post-processing, into commercial LOCs, fabricated with standard techniques. By taking advantage of the unique three-dimensional capabilities of femtosecond laser writing, more complex functionalities, such as splitters or Mach-Zehnder interferometers, can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martinez Vazquez
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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43
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Optical sensing in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip by femtosecond-laser-written waveguides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1209-16. [PMID: 18839156 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We use direct femtosecond laser writing to integrate optical waveguides into a commercial fused silica capillary electrophoresis chip. High-quality waveguides crossing the microfluidic channels are fabricated and used to optically address, with high spatial selectivity, their content. Fluorescence from the optically excited volume is efficiently collected at a 90 degree angle by a high numerical aperture fiber, resulting in a highly compact and portable device. To test the platform we performed electrophoresis and detection of a 23-mer oligonucleotide plug. Our approach is quite powerful because it allows the integration of photonic functionalities, by simple post-processing, into commercial LOCs fabricated with standard techniques.
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44
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Chugh D, Kaler KVIS. Leveraging liquid dielectrophoresis for microfluidic applications. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:034009. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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45
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Sun Y, Yu X, Nguyen NT, Shum P, Kwok YC. Long Path-Length Axial Absorption Detection in Photonic Crystal Fiber. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4220-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800417n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- National Institute of Education, Network Technology Research Centre, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - X. Yu
- National Institute of Education, Network Technology Research Centre, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nam Trung Nguyen
- National Institute of Education, Network Technology Research Centre, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - P. Shum
- National Institute of Education, Network Technology Research Centre, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yien Chian Kwok
- National Institute of Education, Network Technology Research Centre, and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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46
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Stangegaard M, Wang Z, Kutter JP, Dufva M, Wolff A. Whole genome expression profiling using DNA microarray for determining biocompatibility of polymeric surfaces. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 2:421-8. [PMID: 17153139 DOI: 10.1039/b608239d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever increasing need to find surfaces that are biocompatible for applications like medical implants and microfluidics-based cell culture systems. The biocompatibility of five different surfaces with different hydrophobicity was determined using gene expression profiling as well as more conventional methods to determine biocompatibility such as cellular growth rate, morphology and the hydrophobicity of the surfaces. HeLa cells grown on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or a SU-8 surface treated with HNO3-ceric ammonium nitrate (HNO3-CAN) and ethanolamine showed no differences in growth rate, morphology or gene expression profiles as compared to HeLa cells grown in cell culture flasks. Cells grown on SU-8 treated with only HNO3-CAN showed almost the same growth rate (36 +/- 1 h) and similar morphology as cells grown in cell culture flasks (32 +/- 1 h), indicating good biocompatibility. However, more than 200 genes showed different expression levels in cells grown on SU-8 treated with HNO3-CAN compared to cells grown in cell culture flasks. This shows that gene expression profiling is a simple and precise method for determining differences in cells grown on different surfaces that are otherwise difficult to find using conventional methods. It is particularly noteworthy that no correlation was found between surface hydrophobicity and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stangegaard
- MIC-Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Orsteds Plads 345 East, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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47
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Bliss CL, McMullin JN, Backhouse CJ. Rapid fabrication of a microfluidic device with integrated optical waveguides for DNA fragment analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1280-7. [PMID: 17896011 DOI: 10.1039/b708485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and performance of a microfluidic device with integrated liquid-core optical waveguides for laser induced fluorescence DNA fragment analysis is presented. The device was fabricated through poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) soft lithography and waveguides are formed in dedicated channels through the addition of a liquid PDMS pre-polymer of higher refractive index. Once a master has been fabricated, microfluidic chips can be produced in less than 3 h without the requirement for a cleanroom, yet this method provides an optical system that has higher performance than a conventional confocal optical assembly. Optical coupling was achieved through the insertion of optical fibers into fiber-to-waveguide couplers at the edge of the chip and the liquid-fiber interface results in low reflection and scattering losses. Waveguide propagation losses are measured to be 1.8 dB cm(-1) (532 nm) and 1.0 dB cm(-1) (633 nm). The chip displays an average total coupling loss of 7.6 dB due to losses at the optical fiber interfaces. In the electrophoretic separation and detection of a BK virus PCR product, the waveguide system achieves an average signal-to-noise ratio of 570 +/- 30 whereas a commercial confocal benchtop electrophoresis system achieves an average SNR of 330 +/- 30. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a waveguide-based system has been demonstrated to have a SNR comparable to a commercially available confocal-based system for microchip capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Bliss
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Hunt HC, Wilkinson JS. Optofluidic integration for microanalysis. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2007; 4:53-79. [PMID: 32214954 PMCID: PMC7087941 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-007-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent research in the application of optical techniques to microfluidic systems for chemical and biochemical analysis. The "lab-on-a-chip" presents great benefits in terms of reagent and sample consumption, speed, precision, and automation of analysis, and thus cost and ease of use, resulting in rapidly escalating adoption of microfluidic approaches. The use of light for detection of particles and chemical species within these systems is widespread because of the sensitivity and specificity which can be achieved, and optical trapping, manipulation and sorting of particles show significant benefits in terms of discrimination and reconfigurability. Nonetheless, the full integration of optical functions within microfluidic chips is in its infancy, and this review aims to highlight approaches, which may contribute to further miniaturisation and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish C. Hunt
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ UK
| | - James S. Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ UK
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De Malsche W, Eghbali H, Clicq D, Vangelooven J, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. Pressure-driven reverse-phase liquid chromatography separations in ordered nonporous pillar array columns. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5915-26. [PMID: 17583911 DOI: 10.1021/ac070352p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Building upon the micromachined column idea proposed by the group of Regnier in 1998, we report on the first high-resolution reversed-phase separations in micromachined pillar array columns under pressure-driven LC conditions. A three component mixture could be separated in 3 s using arrays of nonporous silicon pillars with a diameter of approximately 4.3 microm and an external porosity of 55%. Under slightly retained component conditions (retention factor k' = 0.65-1.2), plate heights of about H = 4 microm were obtained at a mobile phase velocity around u = 0.5 mm/s. In reduced terms, such plate heights are as low as hmin = 1. Also, since the flow resistance of the column is much smaller than in a packed column (mainly because of the higher external porosity of the pillar array), the separation impedance of the array was as small as E = 150, i.e., of the same order as the best currently existing monolithic columns. At pH = 3, yielding very low retention factors (k' = 0.13 and 0.23), plate heights as low as H = 2 microm were realized, yielding a separation of the three component mixture with an efficiency of N = 4000-5000 plates over a column length of 1 cm. At higher retention factors, significantly larger plate heights were obtained. More experimental work is needed to investigate this more in depth. The study is completed with a discussion of the performance limits of the pillar array column concept in the frame of the current state-of-the-art in microfabrication precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Sniehotta M, Schiffer E, Zürbig P, Novak J, Mischak H. CE – a multifunctional application for clinical diagnosis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1407-17. [PMID: 17427258 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CE has been used widely as an analytical tool with high separation power taking advantage of size, charge-to-size ratio, or isoelectric point of various analytes. In combination with detection methods, such as UV absorption, electrochemical detection, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry (MS), it allows the separation and detection of inorganic and organic ions, as well as complex compounds, such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, including PCR amplicons from viruses or bacteria. Recent interest in identification of biomarkers of diseases using body fluids leads to development of CE-MS techniques. These applications allowed identification of new potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. In this report, we present a technical overview of various CE techniques and discuss their applications in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sniehotta
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany
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