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Camli B, Andrus L, Roy A, Mishra B, Xu C, Georgakoudi I, Tkaczyk T, Ben-Yakar A. Two photon imaging probe with highly efficient autofluorescence collection at high scattering and deep imaging conditions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3163-3182. [PMID: 38855663 PMCID: PMC11161376 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a 2-photon imaging probe system featuring a novel fluorescence collection method with improved and reliable efficiency. The system aims to miniaturize the potential of 2-photon imaging in the metabolic and morphological characterization of cervical tissue at sub-micron resolution over large imaging depths into a flexible and clinically viable platform towards the early detection of cancers. Clinical implementation of such a probe system is challenging due to inherently low levels of autofluorescence, particularly when imaging deep in highly scattering tissues. For an efficient collection of fluorescence signals, our probe employs 12 0.5 NA collection fibers arranged around a miniaturized excitation objective. By bending and terminating a multitude of collection fibers at a specific angle, we increase collection area and directivity significantly. Positioning of these fibers allows the collection of fluorescence photons scattered away from their ballistic trajectory multiple times, which offers a system collection efficiency of 4%, which is 55% of what our bench-top microscope with 0.75 NA objective achieves. We demonstrate that the collection efficiency is largely maintained even at high scattering conditions and high imaging depths. Radial symmetry of arrangement maintains uniformity of collection efficiency across the whole FOV. Additionally, our probe can image at different tissue depths via axial actuation by a dc servo motor, allowing depth dependent tissue characterization. We designed our probe to perform imaging at 775 nm, targeting 2-photon autofluorescence from NAD(P)H and FAD molecules, which are often used in metabolic tissue characterization. An air core photonic bandgap fiber delivers laser pulses of 100 fs duration to the sample. A miniaturized objective designed with commercially available lenses of 3 mm diameter focuses the laser beam on tissue, attaining lateral and axial imaging resolutions of 0.66 µm and 4.65 µm, respectively. Characterization results verify that our probe achieves collection efficiency comparable to our optimized bench-top 2-photon imaging microscope, minimally affected by imaging depth and radial positioning. We validate autofluorescence imaging capability with excised porcine vocal fold tissue samples. Images with 120 µm FOV and 0.33 µm pixel sizes collected at 2 fps confirm that the 300 µm imaging depth was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Camli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Liam Andrus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Aditya Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomasz Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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2
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Chen D, Nauen DW, Park HC, Li D, Yuan W, Li A, Guan H, Kut C, Chaichana KL, Bettegowda C, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Li X. Label-free imaging of human brain tissue at subcellular resolution for potential rapid intra-operative assessment of glioma surgery. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7222-7234. [PMID: 34158846 PMCID: PMC8210590 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Frozen section and smear preparation are the current standard for intraoperative histopathology during cancer surgery. However, these methods are time-consuming and subject to limited sampling. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a high-resolution non-destructive imaging technique capable of optical sectioning in real time with subcellular resolution. In this report, we systematically investigated the feasibility and translation potential of MPM for rapid histopathological assessment of label- and processing-free surgical specimens. Methods: We employed a customized MPM platform to capture architectural and cytological features of biological tissues based on two-photon excited NADH and FAD autofluorescence and second harmonic generation from collagen. Infiltrating glioma, an aggressive disease that requires subcellular resolution for definitive characterization during surgery, was chosen as an example for this validation study. MPM images were collected from resected brain specimens of 19 patients and correlated with histopathology. Deep learning was introduced to assist with image feature recognition. Results: MPM robustly captures diagnostic features of glioma including increased cellularity, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, microvascular proliferation, necrosis, and collagen deposition. Preliminary application of deep learning to MPM images achieves high accuracy in distinguishing gray from white matter and cancer from non-cancer. We also demonstrate the ability to obtain such images from intact brain tissue with a multiphoton endomicroscope for intraoperative application. Conclusion: Multiphoton imaging correlates well with histopathology and is a promising tool for characterization of cancer and delineation of infiltration within seconds during brain surgery.
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Micro-endoscopy for Live Small Animal Fluorescent Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:153-186. [PMID: 33834437 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for the fluorescent visualization of cellular- and subcellular-level biological processes in vivo. However, the size of objective lenses used in standard microscopes currently makes it difficult to access internal organs with minimal invasiveness in small animal models, such as mice. Here we describe front- and side-view designs for small-diameter endoscopes based on gradient-index lenses, their construction, their integration into laser scanning confocal microscopy platforms, and their applications for in vivo imaging of fluorescent cells and microvasculature in various organs, including the kidney, bladder, heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tracts, with a focus on the new techniques developed for each imaging application. The combination of novel fluorescence techniques with these powerful imaging methods promises to continue providing novel insights into a variety of diseases.
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Oh BH, Kim KH, Chung KY. Skin Imaging Using Ultrasound Imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography, Confocal Microscopy, and Two-Photon Microscopy in Cutaneous Oncology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:274. [PMID: 31824956 PMCID: PMC6883721 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recognition of dermoscopy as a new medical technology and its available fee assessment in Korea comes an increased interest in imaging-based dermatological diagnosis. For the dermatologist, who treats benign tumors and malignant skin cancers, imaging-based evaluations can assist with determining the surgical method and future follow-up plans. The identification of the tumor's location and the existence of blood vessels can guide safe treatment and enable the use of minimal incisions. The recent development of high-resolution microscopy based on laser reflection has enabled observation of the skin at the cellular level. Despite the limitation of a shallow imaging depth, non-invasive light-based histopathologic examinations are being investigated as a rapid and pain-free process that would be appreciated by patients and feature reduced time from consultation to treatment. In the United States, the current procedural terminology billing code was established for reflectance confocal microscopy in 2016 and has been used for the skin cancer diagnosis ever since. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts and images of ultrasound imaging, optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and two-photon microscopy and discuss how they can be utilized in the field of dermatological oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang-si, South Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Hage CH, Leclerc P, Fabert M, Bardet SM, Brevier J, Ducourthial G, Mansuryan T, Leray A, Kudlinski A, Louradour F. A readily usable two-photon fluorescence lifetime microendoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800276. [PMID: 30548419 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A two-photon fluorescence lifetime (2P-FLIM) microendoscope, capable of energetic metabolism imaging through the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) autofluorescence, at sub-cellular resolution, is demonstrated. It exhibits readily usable characteristics such as convenient endoscope probe diameter (≈2 mm), fiber length (>5 m) and data accumulation rate (16 frames per second (fps)), leading to a FLIM refreshing rate of ≈0.1 to 1 fps depending on the sample. The spiral scanning image formation does not influence the instrument response function (IRF) characteristics of the system. Near table-top microscope performances are achieved through a comprehensive system including a home-designed spectro-temporal pulse shaper and a custom air-silica double-clad photonic crystal fiber, which enables to reach up to 40 mW of ≈100 fs pulses @ 760 nm with a 80 MHz repetition rate. A GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens provides a lateral resolution of 0.67 μm at the focus of the fiber probe. Intracellular NADH fluorescence lifetime data are finally acquired on cultured cells at 16 fps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Hage
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Leclerc
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Marc Fabert
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvia M Bardet
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Brevier
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | | | - Tigran Mansuryan
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
| | - Aymeric Leray
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6303, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Kudlinski
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Louradour
- Université de Limoges, XLIM - Pôle Photonique, UMR CNRS 7252, Limoges, France
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Yu D, Brown EB, Huxlin KR, Knox WH. Tissue effects of intra-tissue refractive index shaping (IRIS): insights from two-photon autofluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:855-867. [PMID: 30800519 PMCID: PMC6377903 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intra-tissue refractive index shaping (IRIS) is a novel, non-ablative form of vision correction by which femtosecond laser pulses are tightly focused into ocular tissues to induce localized refractive index (RI) change via nonlinear absorption. Here, we examined the effects of Blue-IRIS on corneal microstructure to gain insights into underlying mechanisms. Three-layer grating patterns were inscribed with IRIS ~180 µm below the epithelial surface of ex vivo rabbit globes using a 400 nm femtosecond laser. Keeping laser power constant at 82 mW in the focal volume, multiple patterns were written at different scan speeds. The largest RI change induced in this study was + 0.011 at 20 mm/s. After measuring the phase change profile of each inscribed pattern, two-photon excited autofluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy were used to quantify changes in stromal structure. While TPEF increased significantly with induced RI change, there was a noticeable suppression of SHG signal in IRIS treated regions. We posit that enhancement of TPEF was due to the formation of new fluorophores, while decreases in SHG were most likely due to degradation of collagen triple helices. All in all, the changes observed suggest that IRIS works by inducing a localized, photochemical change in collagen structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Edward B. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Krystel R. Huxlin
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Wayne H. Knox
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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7
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Kochueva M, Dudenkova V, Kuznetsov S, Varlamova A, Sergeeva E, Kiseleva E, Maslennikova A. Quantitative assessment of radiation-induced changes of bladder and rectum collagen structure using optical methods. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 30136470 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is the quantitative analysis of the dose-time dependences of changes occurring in collagen of bladder and rectum after gamma-irradiation using optical methods [nonlinear microscopy in a second harmonic generation (SHG) detection regime and cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT)]. For quantitative assessment of the collagen structure, regions of interest on the SHG-images of two-dimensional (2-D) distribution of SHG signal intensity of collagen were chosen in the submucosa. The mean SHG signal intensity and its standard deviation were calculated by ImageJ 1.39p (NIH). For quantitative analysis of CP OCT data, an integral depolarization factor (IDF) was calculated. Quantitative calculation of the SHG signal intensity and the IDF can provide additional information about the processes of the collagen radiation-induced degradation and subsequent remodeling. High positive correlation between the mean SHG signal intensity and the mean IDF of bladder and rectum demonstrates that CP OCT can be used as an "optical biopsy" in the grading of collagen radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kochueva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (NNSMA), Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Radiation, Russia
| | - Varvara Dudenkova
- NNSMA, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Laboratory of Studying Optical Structure of Biotissues,, Russia
| | - Sergey Kuznetsov
- NNSMA, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Angelina Varlamova
- Lobachevsky State University, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Gagari, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sergeeva
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Laboratory for Optical Techniques, Department for Radiophysics Met, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- NNSMA, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Laboratory of Studying Optical Structure of Biotissues,, Russia
| | - Anna Maslennikova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (NNSMA), Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Radiation, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Gagari, Russia
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8
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Charan K, Li B, Wang M, Lin CP, Xu C. Fiber-based tunable repetition rate source for deep tissue two-photon fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2304-2311. [PMID: 29760989 PMCID: PMC5946790 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep tissue multiphoton imaging requires high peak power to enhance signal and low average power to prevent thermal damage. Both goals can be advantageously achieved through laser repetition rate tuning instead of simply adjusting the average power. We show that the ideal repetition rate for deep two-photon imaging in the mouse brain is between 1 and 10 MHz, and we present a fiber-based source with an arbitrarily tunable repetition rate within this range. The performance of the new source is compared to a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire (Ti:S) laser for in vivo imaging of mouse brain vasculature. At 2.5 MHz, the fiber source requires 5.1 times less average power to obtain the same signal as a standard Ti:S laser operating at 80 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Charan
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Bo Li
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Mengran Wang
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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9
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Le VH, Yoo SW, Yoon Y, Wang T, Kim B, Lee S, Lee KH, Kim KH, Chung E. Brain tumor delineation enhanced by moxifloxacin-based two-photon/CARS combined microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2148-2161. [PMID: 28736661 PMCID: PMC5516816 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Delineating brain tumor margin is critical for maximizing tumor removal while sparing adjacent normal tissue for better clinical outcome. We describe the use of moxifloxacin-based two-photon (TP)/coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) combined microscopy for differentiating normal mouse brain tissue from metastatic brain tumor tissue based on histoarchitectural and biochemical differences. Moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved compound, was used to label cells in the brain, and moxifloxacin-based two-photon microscopy (TPM) revealed tumor lesions with significantly high cellular density and invading edges in a metastatic brain tumor model. Besides, label-free CARS microscopy showed diminishing of lipid signal due to the destruction of myelin at the tumor site compared to a normal brain tissue site resulting in a complementary contrast for tumor detection. This study demonstrates that moxifloxacin-based TP/CARS combined microscopy might be advantageous for tumor margin identification in the brain that has been a long-standing challenge in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hoan Le
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-Ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Co-corresponding author:
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-Ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
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10
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Wang T, Jang WH, Lee S, Yoon CJ, Lee JH, Kim B, Hwang S, Hong CP, Yoon Y, Lee G, Le VH, Bok S, Ahn GO, Lee J, Gho YS, Chung E, Kim S, Jang MH, Myung SJ, Kim MJ, So PTC, Kim KH. Moxifloxacin: Clinically compatible contrast agent for multiphoton imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27142. [PMID: 27283889 PMCID: PMC4901393 DOI: 10.1038/srep27142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a nonlinear fluorescence microscopic technique widely used for cellular imaging of thick tissues and live animals in biological studies. However, MPM application to human tissues is limited by weak endogenous fluorescence in tissue and cytotoxicity of exogenous probes. Herein, we describe the applications of moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, as a cell-labeling agent for MPM. Moxifloxacin has bright intrinsic multiphoton fluorescence, good tissue penetration and high intracellular concentration. MPM with moxifloxacin was demonstrated in various cell lines, and animal tissues of cornea, skin, small intestine and bladder. Clinical application is promising since imaging based on moxifloxacin labeling could be 10 times faster than imaging based on endogenous fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Calvin J Yoon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sekyu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Chun-Pyo Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Gilgu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Viet-Hoan Le
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Myoung Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
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11
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Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Nagao Y, Kimura K, Wang S, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A. Real-time histological imaging of kidneys stained with food dyes using multiphoton microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:847-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nagao
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Human Science; Hokkaido Bunkyo University; Eniwa Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Japan
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13
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Huland DM, Jain M, Ouzounov DG, Robinson BD, Harya DS, Shevchuk MM, Singhal P, Xu C, Tewari AK. Multiphoton gradient index endoscopy for evaluation of diseased human prostatic tissue ex vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:116011. [PMID: 25415446 PMCID: PMC4409031 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.116011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy can instantly visualize cellular details in unstained tissues. Multiphoton probes with clinical potential have been developed. This study evaluates the suitability of multiphoton gradient index (GRIN) endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for prostatic tissue. A portable and compact multiphoton endoscope based on a 1-mm diameter, 8-cm length GRIN lens system probe was used. Fresh ex vivo samples were obtained from 14 radical prostatectomy patients and benign and malignant areas were imaged and correlated with subsequent H&E sections. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy images of unfixed and unprocessed prostate tissue at a subcellular resolution are presented. We note several differences and identifying features of benign versus low-grade versus high-grade tumors and are able to identify periprostatic tissues such as adipocytes, periprostatic nerves, and blood vessels. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy can be used to identify both benign and malignant lesions in ex vivo human prostate tissue and may be a valuable diagnostic tool for real-time visualization of suspicious areas of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Huland
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Address all correspondence to: David M. Huland, E-mail:
| | - Manu Jain
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States
| | - Dimitre G. Ouzounov
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Surgical Pathology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States
| | - Diana S. Harya
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Maria M. Shevchuk
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Surgical Pathology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States
| | - Paras Singhal
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States
| | - Chris Xu
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States
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14
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Sandoval RM, Wang E, Molitoris BA. Finding the bottom and using it: Offsets and sensitivity in the detection of low intensity values in vivo with 2-photon microscopy. INTRAVITAL 2014; 2. [PMID: 25313346 DOI: 10.4161/intv.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing 2-photon parameters used in acquiring images for quantitative intravital microscopy, especially when high sensitivity is required, remains an open area of investigation. Here we present data on correctly setting the black level of the photomultiplier tube amplifier by adjusting the offset to allow for accurate quantitation of low intensity processes. When the black level is set too high some low intensity pixel values become zero and a nonlinear degradation in sensitivity occurs rendering otherwise quantifiable low intensity values virtually undetectable. Initial studies using a series of increasing offsets for a sequence of concentrations of fluorescent albumin in vitro revealed a loss of sensitivity for higher offsets at lower albumin concentrations. A similar decrease in sensitivity, and therefore the ability to correctly determine the glomerular permeability coefficient of albumin, occurred in vivo at higher offset. Finding the offset that yields accurate and linear data are essential for quantitative analysis when high sensitivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA ; The Roudebush VA; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Exing Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA ; The Roudebush VA; Indianapolis, IN USA
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15
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Thomas G, van Voskuilen J, Gerritsen HC, Sterenborg HJCM. Advances and challenges in label-free nonlinear optical imaging using two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation for cancer research. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:128-38. [PMID: 25463660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical imaging (NLOI) has emerged to be a promising tool for bio-medical imaging in recent times. Among the various applications of NLOI, its utility is the most significant in the field of pre-clinical and clinical cancer research. This review begins by briefly covering the core principles involved in NLOI, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Subsequently, there is a short description on the various cellular components that contribute to endogenous optical fluorescence. Later on the review deals with its main theme--the challenges faced during label-free NLO imaging in translational cancer research. While this review addresses the accomplishment of various label-free NLOI based studies in cancer diagnostics, it also touches upon the limitations of the mentioned studies. In addition, areas in cancer research that need to be further investigated by label-free NLOI are discussed in a latter segment. The review eventually concludes on the note that label-free NLOI has and will continue to contribute richly in translational cancer research, to eventually provide a very reliable, yet minimally invasive cancer diagnostic tool for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Post Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Johan van Voskuilen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H J C M Sterenborg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Débarre D, Olivier N, Supatto W, Beaurepaire E. Mitigating phototoxicity during multiphoton microscopy of live Drosophila embryos in the 1.0-1.2 µm wavelength range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104250. [PMID: 25111506 PMCID: PMC4128758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced toxicity is a fundamental bottleneck in microscopic imaging of live embryos. In this article, after a review of photodamage mechanisms in cells and tissues, we assess photo-perturbation under illumination conditions relevant for point-scanning multiphoton imaging of live Drosophila embryos. We use third-harmonic generation (THG) imaging of developmental processes in embryos excited by pulsed near-infrared light in the 1.0-1.2 µm range. We study the influence of imaging rate, wavelength, and pulse duration on the short-term and long-term perturbation of development and define criteria for safe imaging. We show that under illumination conditions typical for multiphoton imaging, photodamage in this system arises through 2- and/or 3-photon absorption processes and in a cumulative manner. Based on this analysis, we derive general guidelines for improving the signal-to-damage ratio in two-photon (2PEF/SHG) or THG imaging by adjusting the pulse duration and/or the imaging rate. Finally, we report label-free time-lapse 3D THG imaging of gastrulating Drosophila embryos with sampling appropriate for the visualisation of morphogenetic movements in wild-type and mutant embryos, and long-term multiharmonic (THG-SHG) imaging of development until hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Débarre
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, and INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
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17
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Chen LC, Lloyd WR, Kuo S, Kim HM, Marcelo CL, Feinberg SE, Mycek MA. The potential of label-free nonlinear optical molecular microscopy to non-invasively characterize the viability of engineered human tissue constructs. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6667-76. [PMID: 24854093 PMCID: PMC4106121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical molecular imaging and quantitative analytic methods were developed to non-invasively assess the viability of tissue-engineered constructs manufactured from primary human cells. Label-free optical measures of local tissue structure and biochemistry characterized morphologic and functional differences between controls and stressed constructs. Rigorous statistical analysis accounted for variability between human patients. Fluorescence intensity-based spatial assessment and metabolic sensing differentiated controls from thermally-stressed and from metabolically-stressed constructs. Fluorescence lifetime-based sensing differentiated controls from thermally-stressed constructs. Unlike traditional histological (found to be generally reliable, but destructive) and biochemical (non-invasive, but found to be unreliable) tissue analyses, label-free optical assessments had the advantages of being both non-invasive and reliable. Thus, such optical measures could serve as reliable manufacturing release criteria for cell-based tissue-engineered constructs prior to human implantation, thereby addressing a critical regulatory need in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering & Medical School, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA.
| | - William R Lloyd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering & Medical School, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA.
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Hyungjin Myra Kim
- Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 915 E. Washington, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1070, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Marcelo
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Stephen E Feinberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Mary-Ann Mycek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering & Medical School, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA.
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18
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CHEN W, WANG Y, LIU N, ZHANG J, CHEN R. Multiphoton microscopic imaging of human normal and cancerous oesophagus tissue. J Microsc 2013; 253:79-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.S. CHEN
- Fuzhou General Hospital; Fuzhou 350025 China
| | - Y. WANG
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - N.R. LIU
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - J.X. ZHANG
- Fuzhou General Hospital; Fuzhou 350025 China
| | - R. CHEN
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
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19
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Khondee S, Wang TD. Progress in molecular imaging in endoscopy and endomicroscopy for cancer imaging. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2013; 4:1-22. [PMID: 23502247 PMCID: PMC4224106 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.4.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imaging is an essential tool for effective cancer management. Endoscopes are important medical instruments for performing in vivo imaging in hollow organs. Early detection of cancer can be achieved with surveillance using endoscopy, and has been shown to reduce mortality and to improve outcomes. Recently, great advancements have been made in endoscopic instruments, including new developments in optical designs, light sources, optical fibers, miniature scanners, and multimodal systems, allowing for improved resolution, greater tissue penetration, and multispectral imaging. In addition, progress has been made in the development of highly-specific optical probes, allowing for improved specificity for molecular targets. Integration of these new endoscopic instruments with molecular probes provides a unique opportunity for significantly improving patient outcomes and has potential to further improve early detection, image guided therapy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine. This work summarizes current and evolving endoscopic technologies, and provides an overview of various promising optical molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supang Khondee
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Saytashev I, Arkhipov SN, Winkler N, Zuraski K, Lozovoy VV, Dantus M. Pulse duration and energy dependence of photodamage and lethality induced by femtosecond near infrared laser pulses in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 115:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Metabolic trajectory of cellular differentiation in small intestine by Phasor Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy of NADH. Sci Rep 2012; 2:568. [PMID: 22891156 PMCID: PMC3416911 DOI: 10.1038/srep00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of fast and high resolution methods to measure metabolic activity of single cells in their native environment. Here we develop a straightforward, non-invasive and sensitive method to measure metabolic phenotype of single cells in a live tissue. By using NADH as optical biomarker and the phasor approach to Fluorescence Lifetime microscopy (FLIM) we identify cellular metabolic fingerprints related to different rates of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. For the first time we measure a three dimensional metabolic gradient in the small intestine (SI) epithelia that appears tightly associated with epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and the Wnt gradient. The highest free/bound NADH ratios are measured at the base of the crypt within the highly proliferative stem cells, indicating high levels of glycolysis. For the first time mouse small intestinal stem cells in intact live crypts are identified within the tissue by their metabolic fingerprint.
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22
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Najari BB, Ramasamy R, Sterling J, Aggarwal A, Sheth S, Li PS, Dubin JM, Goldenberg S, Jain M, Robinson BD, Shevchuk M, Scherr DS, Goldstein M, Mukherjee S, Schlegel PN. Pilot Study of the Correlation of Multiphoton Tomography of Ex Vivo Human Testis with Histology. J Urol 2012; 188:538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby B. Najari
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Joshua Sterling
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Seema Sheth
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Philip S. Li
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Justin M. Dubin
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sagit Goldenberg
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Manu Jain
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Maria Shevchuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Douglas S. Scherr
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Marc Goldstein
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Peter N. Schlegel
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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23
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Fabrication and operation of GRIN probes for in vivo fluorescence cellular imaging of internal organs in small animals. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:1456-69. [PMID: 22767088 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intravital fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique to visualize cellular processes in vivo. However, owing to their size, the objective lenses required have limited physical accessibility to various tissue sites in the internal organs of small animals. The use of small-diameter probes using graded-index (GRIN) lenses expands the capabilities of conventional intravital microscopes to minimally invasive imaging of internal organs. In this protocol, we describe the detailed steps for the fabrication of front- and side-view GRIN probes and the integration and operation of the probes in a confocal microscope to enable visualization of fluorescent cells and microvasculature in various mouse organs. Some experience in building an optical setup is required to complete the protocol. We also present longitudinal imaging of immune cells in renal allografts and tumor development in the colon. Fabrication and integration can be completed in 5-7 h, and a typical in vivo imaging session takes 1-2 h.
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24
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Huland DM, Brown CM, Howard SS, Ouzounov DG, Pavlova I, Wang K, Rivera DR, Webb WW, Xu C. In vivo imaging of unstained tissues using long gradient index lens multiphoton endoscopic systems. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1077-85. [PMID: 22567597 PMCID: PMC3342183 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We characterize long (up to 285 mm) gradient index (GRIN) lens endoscope systems for multiphoton imaging. We fabricate a portable, rigid endoscope system suitable for imaging unstained tissues, potentially deep within the body, using a GRIN lens system of 1 mm diameter and 8 cm length. The portable device is capable of imaging a ~200 µm diameter field of view at 4 frames/s. The lateral and axial resolution in water is 0.85 µm and 7.4 µm respectively. In vivo images of unstained tissues in live, anesthetized rats using the portable device are presented. These results show great promise for GRIN endoscopy to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Huland
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brown
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott S. Howard
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Currently with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 275 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Dimitre G. Ouzounov
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ina Pavlova
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Currently with the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street Suite 135, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David R. Rivera
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Watt W. Webb
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 146 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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25
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Brown CM, Rivera DR, Pavlova I, Ouzounov DG, Williams WO, Mohanan S, Webb WW, Xu C. In vivo imaging of unstained tissues using a compact and flexible multiphoton microendoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:040505. [PMID: 22559671 PMCID: PMC3382343 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We use a compact and flexible multiphoton microendoscope (MPME) to acquire in vivo images of unstained liver, kidney, and colon from an anesthetized rat. The device delivers femtosecond pulsed 800 nm light from the core of a raster-scanned dual-clad fiber (DCF), which is focused by a miniaturized gradient-index lens assembly into tissue. Intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic generation signal from the tissue is epi-collected through the core and inner clad of the same DCF. The MPME has a rigid distal tip of 3 mm in outer diameter and 4 cm in length. The image field-of-view measures 115 μm by 115 μm and was acquired at 4.1 frames/s with 75 mW illumination power at the sample. Organs were imaged after anesthetizing Sprague-Dawley rats with isofluorane gas, accessing tissues via a ventral-midline abdominal incision, and isolating the organs with tongue depressors. In vivo multiphoton images acquired from liver, kidney, and colon using this device show features similar to that of conventional histology slides, without motion artifact, in ~75% of imaged frames. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of multiphoton imaging of unstained tissue from a live subject using a compact and flexible MPME device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Brown
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
- Address all correspondence to: Christopher M. Brown, Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501; Tel: (607)255-8034; E-mail:
| | - David R. Rivera
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Ina Pavlova
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main Street Suite 135, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dimitre G. Ouzounov
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Wendy O. Williams
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
| | - Sunish Mohanan
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
| | - Watt W. Webb
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Chris Xu
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
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Buschke DG, Squirrell JM, Fong JJ, Eliceiri KW, Ogle BM. Cell death, non-invasively assessed by intrinsic fluorescence intensity of NADH, is a predictive indicator of functional differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biol Cell 2012; 104:352-64. [PMID: 22304470 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Continued advances in stem cell biology and stem cell transplantation rely on non-invasive biomarkers to characterise cells and stem cell aggregates. The non-invasive quality of such biomarkers is essential because exogenous labels, probes or reporters can unintentionally and dramatically alter stem cell state as can disruption of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here, we investigate the utility of the autofluorescent metabolite, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), as a non-invasive, intrinsic biomarker of cell death when detected with multi-photon optical-based approaches. To test this possibility, cell death was induced in murine embryoid bodies (EBs) at an early stage (day 3) of differentiation using staurosporine, an ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor of electron transport. Several hours after staurosporine treatment, EBs were stained with a single-colour, live/dead probe. A single-cross-sectional plane of each EB was imaged to detect the fluorescence intensity of the live/dead probe (extrinsic fluorescence) as well as the fluorescence intensity of NADH (intrinsic fluorescence). EBs were assessed at subsequent time points (days 6-12) for the formation of beating areas as an indicator of functional differentiation. RESULTS Statistical comparison indicated a strong positive correlation between extrinsic fluorescence intensity of the live/dead stain and intrinsic fluorescence of NADH, suggesting that the intensity of NADH fluorescence could be used to reliably and non-invasively assess death of cells of EBs. Furthermore, EBs that had high levels of cell death soon after aggregate formation had limited ability to give rise to functional cardiomyocytes at later time points. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of NADH fluorescence intensity as a non-invasive indicator of cell death in stem cell aggregates when measured using multi-photon excitation. In addition, we show that the degree of stem cell death at early stages of differentiation is predictive for the formation of functional cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Buschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Perry SW, Burke RM, Brown EB. Two-photon and second harmonic microscopy in clinical and translational cancer research. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:277-91. [PMID: 22258888 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of two-photon microscopy (TPM) to translational and clinical cancer research has burgeoned over the last several years, as several avenues of pre-clinical research have come to fruition. In this review, we focus on two forms of TPM-two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy-as they have been used for investigating cancer pathology in ex vivo and in vivo human tissue. We begin with discussion of two-photon theory and instrumentation particularly as applicable to cancer research, followed by an overview of some of the relevant cancer research literature in areas that include two-photon imaging of human tissue biopsies, human skin in vivo, and the rapidly developing technology of two-photon microendoscopy. We believe these and other evolving two-photon methodologies will continue to help translate cancer research from the bench to the bedside, and ultimately bring minimally invasive methods for cancer diagnosis and treatment to therapeutic reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Perry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Safdarian N, Liu Z, Zhou X, Appelman H, Nostrant TT, Wang TD, Wang ET. Quantifying human eosinophils using three-dimensional volumetric images collected with multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:15-20.e1. [PMID: 22100819 PMCID: PMC3244565 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Safdarian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhongyao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | | | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Emily T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Gulotta LV, Wiznia D, Cunningham M, Fortier L, Maher S, Rodeo SA. What's new in orthopaedic research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:2136-41. [PMID: 22262389 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence V Gulotta
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Compact and flexible raster scanning multiphoton endoscope capable of imaging unstained tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17598-603. [PMID: 22006303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114746108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a compact and flexible endoscope (3-mm outer diameter, 4-cm rigid length) that utilizes a miniaturized resonant/nonresonant fiber raster scanner and a multielement gradient-index lens assembly for two-photon excited intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging of biological tissues. The miniaturized raster scanner is fabricated by mounting a commercial double-clad optical fiber (DCF) onto two piezo bimorphs that are aligned such that their bending axes are perpendicular to each other. Fast lateral scanning of the laser illumination at 4.1 frames/s (512 lines per frame) is achieved by simultaneously driving the DCF cantilever at its resonant frequency in one dimension and nonresonantly in the orthogonal axis. The implementation of a DCF into the scanner enables simultaneous delivery of the femtosecond pulsed 800-nm excitation source and epi-collection of the signal. Our device is able to achieve a field-of-view (FOV(xy)) of 110 μm by 110 μm with a highly uniform pixel dwell time. The lateral and axial resolutions for two-photon imaging are 0.8 and 10 μm, respectively. The endoscope's imaging capabilities were demonstrated by imaging ex vivo mouse tissue through the collection of intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic signal without the need for staining. The results presented here indicate that our device can be applied in the future to perform minimally invasive in vivo optical biopsies for medical diagnostics.
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Grosberg LE, Radosevich AJ, Asfaha S, Wang TC, Hillman EMC. Spectral characterization and unmixing of intrinsic contrast in intact normal and diseased gastric tissues using hyperspectral two-photon microscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19925. [PMID: 21603623 PMCID: PMC3095627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living tissues contain a range of intrinsic fluorophores and sources of second harmonic generation which provide contrast that can be exploited for fresh tissue imaging. Microscopic imaging of fresh tissue samples can circumvent the cost and time associated with conventional histology. Further, intrinsic contrast can provide rich information about a tissue's composition, structure and function, and opens the potential for in-vivo imaging without the need for contrast agents. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we used hyperspectral two-photon microscopy to explore the characteristics of both normal and diseased gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, relying only on their endogenous fluorescence and second harmonic generation to provide contrast. We obtained hyperspectral data at subcellular resolution by acquiring images over a range of two-photon excitation wavelengths, and found excitation spectral signatures of specific tissue types based on our ability to clearly visualize morphology. We present the two-photon excitation spectral properties of four major tissue types that are present throughout the GI tract: epithelium, lamina propria, collagen, and lymphatic tissue. Using these four excitation signatures as basis spectra, linear unmixing strategies were applied to hyperspectral data sets of both normal and neoplastic tissue acquired in the colon and small intestine. Our results show that hyperspectral unmixing with excitation spectra allows segmentation, showing promise for blind identification of tissue types within a field of view, analogous to specific staining in conventional histology. The intrinsic spectral signatures of these tissue types provide information relating to their biochemical composition. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest hyperspectral two-photon microscopy could provide an alternative to conventional histology either for in-situ imaging, or intraoperative ‘instant histology’ of fresh tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grosberg
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Taroni P, D'Andrea C, Valentini G, Cubeddu R, Hu DN, Roberts JE. Fullerol in human lens and retinal pigment epithelial cells: time domain fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:904-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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