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Zhao X, Liu W, Hu Z, Duan L, Zhang X, Li F, Hong B. Rapid prototyping of a retinal multivascular network phantom for optical retinal vascular imaging equipment evaluation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4253-4263. [PMID: 39022546 PMCID: PMC11249693 DOI: 10.1364/boe.523115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinal vascular health holds paramount importance for healthy vision. Many technologies have been developed to examine retinal vasculature non-destructively, including fundus cameras, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), fluorescein angiography (FA), and so on. However, there is a lack of a proper phantom simulating the critical features of the real human retina to calibrate and evaluate the performance of these technologies. In this work, we present a rapid, high-resolution, and economical technology based on 3D printed mold-based soft lithography and spin coating for the fabrication of a multivascular network and multilayer structural retinal phantom with the appropriate optical properties. The feasibility of the retinal phantom as a test device was demonstrated with an OCTA system and a confocal retinal ophthalmoscope. Experiment results prove that the retinal phantom could provide an objective evaluation of the OCTA and confocal retinal ophthalmoscope. Furthermore, the microfluidic phantoms enabled by this fabrication technology may support the development and evaluation of other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixiong Hu
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liangcheng Duan
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Li
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoyu Hong
- Center for Medical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, 18 North 3rd Ring East Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Sullender CT, Santorelli A, Richards LM, Mannava PK, Smith C, Dunn AK. Using pressure-driven flow systems to evaluate laser speckle contrast imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:036003. [PMID: 36915371 PMCID: PMC10007838 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.3.036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Microfluidic flow phantom studies are commonly used for characterizing the performance of laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) instruments. The selection of the flow control system is critical for the reliable generation of flow during testing. The majority of recent LSCI studies using microfluidics used syringe pumps for flow control. AIM We quantified the uncertainty in flow generation for a syringe pump and a pressure-regulated flow system. We then assessed the performance of both LSCI and multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI) using the pressure-regulated flow system across a range of flow speeds. APPROACH The syringe pump and pressure-regulated flow systems were evaluated during stepped flow profile experiments in a microfluidic device using an inline flow sensor. The uncertainty associated with each flow system was calculated and used to determine the reliability for instrument testing. The pressure-regulated flow system was then used to characterize the relative performance of LSCI and MESI during stepped flow profile experiments while using the inline flow sensor as reference. RESULTS The pressure-regulated flow system produced much more stable and reproducible flow outputs compared to the syringe pump. The expanded uncertainty for the syringe pump was 8 to 20 × higher than that of the pressure-regulated flow system across the tested flow speeds. Using the pressure-regulated flow system, MESI outperformed single-exposure LSCI at all flow speeds and closely mirrored the flow sensor measurements, with average errors of 4.6 % ± 2.6 % and 15.7 % ± 4.6 % , respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pressure-regulated flow systems should be used instead of syringe pumps when assessing the performance of flow measurement techniques with microfluidic studies. MESI offers more accurate relative flow measurements than traditional LSCI across a wide range of flow speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Sullender
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Adam Santorelli
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Lisa M. Richards
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Pawan K. Mannava
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Christopher Smith
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas, United States
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Horng H, O'Brien K, Lamont A, Sochol RD, Pfefer TJ, Chen Y. 3D printed vascular phantoms for high-resolution biophotonic image quality assessment via direct laser writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1987-1990. [PMID: 33857123 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques such as fluorescein angiography and fundus autofluorescence are often used to diagnose retinal pathologies; however, there are currently no standardized test methods for evaluating device performance. Here we present microstructured fluorescent phantoms fabricated using a submicron-scale three-dimensional printing technology, direct laser writing (DLW). We employ an in situ DLW technique to print 10 µm diameter microfluidic channels that support perfusions of fluorescent dyes. We then demonstrate how broadband photoresist fluorescence can be exploited to generate resolution targets and biomimetic models of retinal vasculature using standard DLW processes. The results indicate that these approaches show significant promise for generating better performance evaluation tools for fluorescence microscopy and imaging devices.
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Barrios CA. Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape: A Versatile Material Platform for Optical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20185303. [PMID: 32948000 PMCID: PMC7570651 DOI: 10.3390/s20185303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes are a versatile, safe and easy-to-use solution for fastening, sealing, masking, or joining. They are widely employed in daily life, from domestic use to industrial applications in sectors such as construction and the automotive industry. In recent years, PSA tapes have found a place in the field of micro- and nanotechnology, particularly in contact transfer techniques where they can be used as either sacrificial layers or flexible substrates. As a consequence, various optical sensing configurations based on PSA tapes have been developed. In this paper, recent achievements related to the use of PSA tapes as functional and integral parts of optical sensors are reviewed. These include refractive index sensors, optomechanical sensors and vapor sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo Barrios
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Photonics and Bioengineering (TFB), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Liu Y, Ghassemi P, Depkon A, Iacono MI, Lin J, Mendoza G, Wang J, Tang Q, Chen Y, Pfefer TJ. Biomimetic 3D-printed neurovascular phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2810-2824. [PMID: 30258692 PMCID: PMC6154206 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technology enables the fabrication of optically realistic and morphologically complex tissue-simulating phantoms for the development and evaluation of novel optical imaging products. In this study, we assess the potential to print image-defined neurovascular phantoms with patent channels for contrast-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. An anatomical map defined from clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was segmented and processed into files suitable for printing a forebrain vessel network in rectangular and curved-surface biomimetic phantoms. Methods for effectively cleaning samples with complex vasculature were determined. A final set of phantoms were imaged with a custom NIRF system at 785 nm excitation using two NIRF contrast agents. In addition to demonstrating the strong potential of 3D printing for creating highly realistic, patient-specific biophotonic phantoms, our work provides insight into optimal methods for accomplishing this goal and elucidates current limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pejhman Ghassemi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Andrew Depkon
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maria Ida Iacono
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gonzalo Mendoza
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jianting Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - T Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Lv X, Chen H, Liu G, Shen S, Wu Q, Hu C, Li J, Dong E, Xu RX. Design of a portable phantom device to simulate tissue oxygenation and blood perfusion. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:3938-3946. [PMID: 29791363 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a portable phantom system for calibration and validation of medical optical devices in a clinical setting. The phantom system comprises a perfusion module and an exchangeable tissue-simulating phantom that simulates tissue oxygenation and blood perfusion. The perfusion module consists of a peristaltic pump, two liquid storage units, and two pressure suppressors. The tissue-simulating phantom is fabricated by a three-dimensional (3D) printing process with microchannels embedded to simulate blood vessels. Optical scattering and absorption properties of biologic tissue are simulated by mixing graphite powder and titanium dioxide powder with clear photoreactive resin at specific ratios. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) and blood perfusion are simulated by circulating the mixture of blood and intralipid at different oxygenation levels and flow rates. A house-made multimodal imaging system that combines multispectral imaging and laser speckle imaging are used for non-invasive detection of phantom oxygenation and perfusion, and the measurements are compared with those of a commercial Moor device as well as numerical simulation. By acquiring multimodal imaging data from one phantom and applying the calibration factors in different settings, we demonstrate the technical feasibility to calibrate optical devices for consistent measurements. By simulating retina tissue vasculature and acquiring functional images at different tissue oxygenation and blood perfusion levels, we demonstrate the clinical potential to simulate tissue anomalies. Our experiments imply the clinical potential of a portable, low-cost, and traceable phantom standard to calibrate and validate medical optical devices for improved performance.
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Durkee MS, Nash LD, Nooshabadi F, Cirillo JD, Maitland DJ, Maitland KC. Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553502 DOI: 10.3791/57031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of new optical imaging techniques is dependent on the availability of low-cost, customizable, and easily reproducible standards. By replicating the imaging environment, costly animal experiments to validate a technique may be circumvented. Predicting and optimizing the performance of in vivo and ex vivo imaging techniques requires testing on samples that are optically similar to tissues of interest. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms provide a standard for evaluation, characterization, or calibration of an optical system. Homogenous polymer optical tissue phantoms are widely used to mimic the optical properties of a specific tissue type within a narrow spectral range. Layered tissues, such as the epidermis and dermis, can be mimicked by simply stacking these homogenous slab phantoms. However, many in vivo imaging techniques are applied to more spatially complex tissue where three dimensional structures, such as blood vessels, airways, or tissue defects, can affect the performance of the imaging system. This protocol describes the fabrication of a tissue-mimicking phantom that incorporates three-dimensional structural complexity using material with optical properties of tissue. Look-up tables provide India ink and titanium dioxide recipes for optical absorption and scattering targets. Methods to characterize and tune the material optical properties are described. The phantom fabrication detailed in this article has an internal branching mock airway void; however, the technique can be broadly applied to other tissue or organ structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Landon D Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | | | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Deparment of Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M College of Medicine
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Kim D, Park SH. A Microfluidics-based Pulpal Arteriole Blood Flow Phantom for Validation of Doppler Ultrasound Devices in Pulpal Blood Flow Velocity Measurement. J Endod 2016; 42:1660-1666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen C, Ahmed M, Häfner T, Klämpfl F, Stelzle F, Schmidt M. Fabrication of a turbid optofluidic phantom device with tunable μa and μ's to simulate cutaneous vascular perfusion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30567. [PMID: 27457535 PMCID: PMC4960568 DOI: 10.1038/srep30567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are oftenly used to calibrate the imaging reconstruction, because they simulate the morphology of microvasculature. However, for lack of optical properties in microfluidics, the functional recovery of oximetry information cannot be verified. In this work, we describe the fabrication of a novel turbid optofluidic tissue phantom. It is designed to mimic the vascular perfusion and the turbid nature of cutaneous tissue. This phantom contains an interior hollow microfluidic structure with a diameter of ϕave = 50 μm. The microfluidic structure includes the geometry of an inlet, a river-like assay and an outlet. This structure can be perfused by hemoglobin solution to mimic the cutaneous micro-circulation. The multiple-layered phantom matrices exhibit the representative optical parameters of human skin cutis, namely the absorption coefficient μa and the reduced scattering coefficient . The geometry of the generated microfluidic structure is investigated by using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. This optofluidic phantom bridges the gap between tissue equivalent phantoms and Lab-On-Chip devices. Perspectively, this device can be used to calibrate a variety of optical angiographic imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Midhat Ahmed
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tom Häfner
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Klämpfl
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Stelzle
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstr. 11, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Chen C, Florian K, Rajesh K, Max R, Christian K, Florian S, Michael S. Recovering the superficial microvascular pattern via diffuse reflection imaging: phantom validation. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:87. [PMID: 26419826 PMCID: PMC4589028 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse reflection imaging could potentially be used to recover the superficial microvasculature under cutaneous tissue and the associated blood oxygenation status with a modified imaging resolution. The aim of this work is to deliver a new approach of local off-axis scanning diffuse reflection imaging, with the revisit of the modified Beer–Lambert Law (MBLL). Methods To validate this, the system is used to recover the micron-scale subsurface vessel structure interiorly embedded in a skin equivalent tissue phantom. This vessel structure is perfused with oxygenated meta-hemoglobin solution. Results Our preliminary results confirm that the thin vessel structure can be mapped into a 2-D planar image. The distributions of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Ct_{HbO_{2}}$$\end{document}CtHbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Ct_{RHb}$$\end{document}CtRHb) can be co-registerated through the MBLL upon the CW spectroscopy, the scattering issue is addressed in the reformed MBLL. The recovered pattern matches to the estimation from the simultaneous optical coherence tomography studies. Conclusions With further modification, this system may serve as the first prototype to investigate the superficial microvasculature in the expotential skin cancer loci, or a micro-lesion of vascular dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Klämpfl Florian
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Kanawade Rajesh
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Riemann Max
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glück Str. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Knipfer Christian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glück Str. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stelzle Florian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glück Str. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Schmidt Michael
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Wu Q, Ren W, Yu Z, Dong E, Zhang S, Xu RX. Microfabrication of polydimethylsiloxane phantoms to simulate tumor hypoxia and vascular anomaly. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:121308. [PMID: 26456687 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a microfluidic approach to simulate tumor hypoxia and vascular anomaly. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phantoms with embedded microchannel networks were fabricated by a soft lithography process. A dialysis membrane was sandwiched between two PDMS slabs to simulate the controlled mass transport and oxygen metabolism. A tortuous microchannel network was fabricated to simulate tumor microvasculature. A dual-modal multispectral and laser speckle imaging system was used for oxygen and blood flow imaging in the tumor-simulating phantom. The imaging results were compared with those of the normal vasculature. Our experiments demonstrated the technical feasibility of simulating tumor hypoxia and vascular anomalies using the proposed PDMS phantom. Such a phantom fabrication technique may be potentially used to calibrate optical imaging devices, to study the mechanisms for tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis, and to optimize the drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wenqi Ren
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, ChinabThe Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zelin Yu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Erbao Dong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, ChinabThe Ohio State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio
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Ghassemi P, Wang J, Melchiorri AJ, Ramella-Roman JC, Mathews SA, Coburn JC, Sorg BS, Chen Y, Joshua Pfefer T. Rapid prototyping of biomimetic vascular phantoms for hyperspectral reflectance imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:121312. [PMID: 26662064 PMCID: PMC4881289 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technique of rapid prototyping with three-dimensional (3-D) printers provides a simple yet revolutionary method for fabricating objects with arbitrary geometry. The use of 3-D printing for generating morphologically biomimetic tissue phantoms based on medical images represents a potentially major advance over existing phantom approaches. Toward the goal of image-defined phantoms, we converted a segmented fundus image of the human retina into a matrix format and edited it to achieve a geometry suitable for printing. Phantoms with vessel-simulating channels were then printed using a photoreactive resin providing biologically relevant turbidity, as determined by spectrophotometry. The morphology of printed vessels was validated by x-ray microcomputed tomography. Channels were filled with hemoglobin (Hb) solutions undergoing desaturation, and phantoms were imaged with a near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging system. Additionally, a phantom was printed incorporating two disjoint vascular networks at different depths, each filled with Hb solutions at different saturation levels. Light propagation effects noted during these measurements—including the influence of vessel density and depth on Hb concentration and saturation estimates, and the effect of wavelength on vessel visualization depth—were evaluated. Overall, our findings indicated that 3-D-printed biomimetic phantoms hold significant potential as realistic and practical tools for elucidating light–tissue interactions and characterizing biophotonic system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejhman Ghassemi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jianting Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anthony J. Melchiorri
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, E6 2610, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Scott A. Mathews
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, United States
| | - James C. Coburn
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Brian S. Sorg
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 3142 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Address all correspondence to: T. Joshua Pfefer, E-mail:
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Chen C, Klämpfl F, Knipfer C, Riemann M, Kanawade R, Stelzle F, Schmidt M. Preparation of a skin equivalent phantom with interior micron-scale vessel structures for optical imaging experiments. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3140-9. [PMID: 25401027 PMCID: PMC4230850 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A popular alternative of preparing multilayer or microfluidic chip based phantoms could have helped to simulate the subsurface vascular network, but brought inevitable problems. In this work, we describe the preparation method of a single layer skin equivalent tissue phantom containing interior vessel channels, which mimick the superficial microvascular structure. The fabrication method does not disturb the optical properties of the turbiding matrix material. The diameter of the channels reaches a value of 50 μm. The size, as well as the geometry of the generated vessel structures are investigated by using the SD-OCT system. Our preliminary results confirm that fabrication of such a phantom is achievable and reproducible. Prospectively, this phantom is used to calibrate the optical angiographic imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Florian Klämpfl
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Christian Knipfer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Max Riemann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Rajesh Kanawade
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Florian Stelzle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen,
Germany
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14
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Liu X, Huang Y, Ramella-Roman JC, Mathews SA, Kang JU. Quantitative transverse flow measurement using optical coherence tomography speckle decorrelation analysis. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:805-7. [PMID: 23455305 PMCID: PMC4102610 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose an inter-Ascan speckle decorrelation based method that can quantitatively assess blood flow normal to the direction of the optical coherence tomography imaging beam. To validate this method, we performed a systematic study using both phantom and in vivo animal models. Results show that our speckle analysis method can accurately extract transverse flow speed with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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15
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Kovarik ML, Ornoff DM, Melvin AT, Dobes NC, Wang Y, Dickinson AJ, Gach PC, Shah PK, Allbritton NL. Micro total analysis systems: fundamental advances and applications in the laboratory, clinic, and field. Anal Chem 2013; 85:451-72. [PMID: 23140554 PMCID: PMC3546124 DOI: 10.1021/ac3031543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kovarik
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Douglas M. Ornoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nicholas C. Dobes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alexandra J. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Philip C. Gach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pavak K. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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16
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Wang D, Chen Y, Liu JTC. A liquid optical phantom with tissue-like heterogeneities for confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:3153-60. [PMID: 23243566 PMCID: PMC3521309 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phantoms play an important role in the development, standardization, and calibration of biomedical imaging devices in laboratory and clinical settings, serving as standards to assess the performance of such devices. Here we present the design of a liquid optical phantom to facilitate the assessment of optical-sectioning microscopes that are being developed to enable point-of-care pathology. This phantom, composed of silica microbeads in an Intralipid base, is specifically designed to characterize a reflectance-based dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscope for skin imaging. The phantom mimics the scattering properties of normal human epithelial tissue in terms of an effective scattering coefficient and a depth-dependent degradation in spatial resolution due to beam steering caused by tissue micro-architectural heterogeneities.
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17
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Gu RY, Lurie KL, Pipes M, Ellerbee AK. Variable-sized bar targets for characterizing three-dimensional resolution in OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2317-25. [PMID: 23024923 PMCID: PMC3447571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resolution is an important figure of merit for imaging systems. We designed, fabricated and tested an optical phantom that mimics the simplicity of an Air Force Test Chart but can characterize both the axial and lateral resolution of optical coherence tomography systems. The phantom is simple to fabricate, simple to use and functions in versatile environments.
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