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De la Cadena A, Park J, Tehrani KF, Renteria CA, Monroy GL, Boppart SA. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic microscopy driven by the supercontinuum generated from a bulk nonlinear crystal. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:491-505. [PMID: 38404303 PMCID: PMC10890845 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy encompasses several imaging techniques that leverage laser technology to probe intrinsic molecules of biological specimens. These native molecules produce optical fingerprints that allow nonlinear microscopes to reveal the chemical composition and structure of cells and tissues in a label-free and non-destructive fashion, information that enables a plethora of applications, e.g., real-time digital histopathology or image-guided surgery. Because state-of-the-art lasers exhibit either a limited bandwidth or reduced wavelength tunability, nonlinear microscopes lack the spectral support to probe different biomolecules simultaneously, thus losing analytical potential. Therefore, a conventional nonlinear microscope requires multiple or tunable lasers to individually excite endogenous molecules, increasing both the cost and complexity of the system. A solution to this problem is supercontinuum generation, a nonlinear optical phenomenon that supplies broadband femtosecond radiation, granting a wide spectrum for concurrent molecular excitation. This study introduces a source for nonlinear multiphoton microscopy based on the supercontinuum generation from a yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal, an approach that allows simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic imaging of biological samples and offers a practical and compact alternative for the clinical translation of nonlinear microscopy. While this supercontinuum covered the visible spectrum (550-900 nm) and the near-infrared region (950-1200 nm), the pulses within 1030-1150 nm produced label-free volumetric chemical images of ex vivo chinchilla kidney, thus validating the supercontinuum from bulk crystals as a powerful source for multimodal nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De la Cadena
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kayvan F. Tehrani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carlos A. Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Abstract
In this series of papers on light microscopy imaging, we have covered the fundamentals of microscopy, super-resolution microscopy, and lightsheet microscopy. This last review covers multi-photon microscopy with a brief reference to intravital imaging and Brainbow labeling. Multi-photon microscopy is often referred to as two-photon microscopy. Indeed, using two-photon microscopy is by far the most common way of imaging thick tissues; however, it is theoretically possible to use a higher number of photons, and three-photon microscopy is possible. Therefore, this review is titled "multi-photon microscopy." Another term for describing multi-photon microscopy is "non-linear" microscopy because fluorescence intensity at the focal spot depends upon the average squared intensity rather than the squared average intensity; hence, non-linear optics (NLO) is an alternative name for multi-photon microscopy. It is this non-linear relationship (or third exponential power in the case of three-photon excitation) that determines the axial optical sectioning capability of multi-photon imaging. In this paper, the necessity for two-photon or multi-photon imaging is explained, and the method of optical sectioning by multi-photon microscopy is described. Advice is also given on what fluorescent markers to use and other practical aspects of imaging thick tissues. The technique of Brainbow imaging is discussed. The review concludes with a description of intravital imaging of the mouse. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Batista A, Guimarães P, Domingues JP, Quadrado MJ, Morgado AM. Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9699. [PMID: 36560071 PMCID: PMC9783858 DOI: 10.3390/s22249699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different contrast mechanisms and are often used simultaneously to provide complementary information on morphology, metabolism, and structural properties of the imaged tissue. The cornea, being a transparent tissue, rich in collagen and with several cellular layers, is well-suited to be imaged by TPI microscopy. In this review, we discuss the physical principles behind TPI as well as its instrumentation. We also provide an overview of the current advances in TPI instrumentation and image analysis. We describe how TPI can be leveraged to retrieve unique information on the cornea and to complement the information provided by current clinical devices. The present state of corneal TPI is outlined. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be overcome and offer perspectives and outlooks to make clinical TPI of the human cornea a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batista
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Guimarães
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Domingues
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Quadrado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Miguel Morgado
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Haase C, Gustafsson K, Mei S, Yeh SC, Richter D, Milosevic J, Turcotte R, Kharchenko PV, Sykes DB, Scadden DT, Lin CP. Image-seq: spatially resolved single-cell sequencing guided by in situ and in vivo imaging. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1622-1633. [PMID: 36424441 PMCID: PMC9718684 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue function depends on cellular organization. While the properties of individual cells are increasingly being deciphered using powerful single-cell sequencing technologies, understanding their spatial organization and temporal evolution remains a major challenge. Here, we present Image-seq, a technology that provides single-cell transcriptional data on cells that are isolated from specific spatial locations under image guidance, thus preserving the spatial information of the target cells. It is compatible with in situ and in vivo imaging and can document the temporal and dynamic history of the cells being analyzed. Cell samples are isolated from intact tissue and processed with state-of-the-art library preparation protocols. The technique therefore combines spatial information with highly sensitive RNA sequencing readouts from individual, intact cells. We have used both high-throughput, droplet-based sequencing as well as SMARTseq-v4 library preparation to demonstrate its application to bone marrow and leukemia biology. We discovered that DPP4 is a highly upregulated gene during early progression of acute myeloid leukemia and that it marks a more proliferative subpopulation that is confined to specific bone marrow microenvironments. Furthermore, the ability of Image-seq to isolate viable, intact cells should make it compatible with a range of downstream single-cell analysis tools including multi-omics protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Haase
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karin Gustafsson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu-Chi Yeh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dmitry Richter
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jelena Milosevic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles P Lin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Chou LT, Wu SH, Hung HH, Lin WZ, Chen ZP, Ivanov AA, Chia SH. Compact multicolor two-photon fluorescence microscopy enabled by tailorable continuum generation from self-phase modulation and dispersive wave generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40315-40327. [PMID: 36298966 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
By precisely managing fiber-optic nonlinearity with anomalous dispersion, we have demonstrated the control of generating plural few-optical-cycle pulses based on a 24-MHz Chromium:forsterite laser, allowing multicolor two-photon tissue imaging by wavelength mixing. The formation of high-order soliton and its efficient coupling to dispersive wave generation leads to phase-matched spectral broadening, and we have obtained a broadband continuum ranging from 830 nm to 1200 nm, delivering 5-nJ pulses with a pulse width of 10.5 fs using a piece of large-mode-area fiber. We locate the spectral enhancement at around 920 nm for the two-photon excitation of green fluorophores, and we can easily compress the resulting pulse close to its limited duration without the need for active pulse shaping. To optimize the wavelength mixing for sum-frequency excitation, we have realized the management of the power ratio and group delay between the soliton and dispersive wave by varying the initial pulse energy without additional delay control. We have thus demonstrated simultaneous three-color two-photon tissue imaging with contrast management between different signals. Our source optimization leads to efficient two-photon excitation reaching a 500-µm imaging depth under a low 14-mW illumination power. We believe our source development leads to an efficient and compact approach for driving multicolor two-photon fluorescence microscopy and other ultrafast investigations, such as strong-field-driven applications.
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Stachowiak D, Marzejon M, Bogusławski J, Łaszczych Z, Komar K, Wojtkowski M, Soboń G. Femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser source tunable from 872 to 1075 nm for two-photon vision studies in humans. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1899-1911. [PMID: 35519271 PMCID: PMC9045895 DOI: 10.1364/boe.452609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a widely-tunable femtosecond fiber laser system and its application for two-photon vision studies. The source is based on an Er-doped fiber laser with spectral shift up to 2150 nm, followed by a second harmonic generation module to generate a frequency-doubled beam tunable from 872 to 1075 nm. The source delivers sub-230 fs pulses with nearly-constant duration over the entire tuning range, with output powers between 0.68-1.24 mW, which corresponds to a pulse energy of 13.2-24.1 pJ. Such pulse energy is sufficient for employing a system for measurements of two-photon scotopic spectral sensitivity of two-photon vision in humans. The laser parameters allow for very efficient and safe two-photon stimulation of the human visual system, as proved by a good separation between one- and two-photon thresholds for wavelengths below 950 nm, which we have confirmed for 3 healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stachowiak
- Laser & Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Marzejon
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Bogusławski
- Laser & Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Skierniewicka 10a, 01-230 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Łaszczych
- Laser & Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Komar
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Skierniewicka 10a, 01-230 Warszawa, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Skierniewicka 10a, 01-230 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Soboń
- Laser & Fiber Electronics Group, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Dai R, Zhang N, Meng Y, Zhou Z, Wang F. High energy (>40 nJ), sub-100 fs, 950 nm laser for two-photon microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38979-38988. [PMID: 34809270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Compact and high-energy femtosecond fiber lasers operating around 900-950 nm are desirable for multiphoton microscopy. Here, we demonstrate a >40 nJ, sub-100 fs, wavelength-tunable ultrafast laser system based on chirped pulse amplification (CPA) in thulium-doped fiber and second-harmonic generation (SHG) technology. Through effective control of the nonlinear effect in the CPA process, we have obtained 92-fs pulses at 1903 nm with an average power of 0.89 W and a pulse energy of 81 nJ. By frequency doubling, 95-fs pulses at 954 nm with an average power of 0.46 W and a pulse energy of 42 nJ have been generated. In addition, our system can also achieve tunable wavelength from 932 nm to 962 nm (frequency doubled from 1863 nm to 1919 nm). A pulse width of ∼100 fs and sufficient pulse energy are ensured over the entire tuning range. Finally, we applied the laser in a two-photon microscope and obtained superior imaging results. Due to a relatively low repetition rate (∼ 10 MHz), similar imaging quality can be achieved at significantly reduced average power compared with a commercial 80 MHz laser system. At the same time, the lower average power is helpful in limiting the thermal load to the samples. It is believed that such a setup, with its well-balanced optical characteristics and compact footprint, provides an ideal source for two-photon microscopy.
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Hsiao YT, Huang YF, Borah BJ, Chen SK, Sun CK. Single-laser-based simultaneous four-wavelength excitation source for femtosecond two-photon fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4661-4679. [PMID: 34513216 PMCID: PMC8407803 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor labeling of biological samples with large volume is required for omic-level of study such as the construction of nervous system connectome. Among the various imaging method, two photon microscope has multiple advantages over traditional single photon microscope for higher resolution and could image large 3D volumes of tissue samples with superior imaging depth. However, the growing number of fluorophores for labeling underlines the urgent need for an ultrafast laser source with the capability of providing simultaneous plural excitation wavelengths for multiple fluorophores. Here, we propose and demonstrate a single-laser-based four-wavelength excitation source for two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Using a sub-100 fs 1,070-nm Yb:fiber laser to pump an ultrashort nonlinear photonic crystal fiber in the low negative dispersion region, we introduced efficient self-phase modulation and acquired a blue-shifted spectrum dual-peaked at 812 and 960 nm with 28.5% wavelength conversion efficiency. By compressing the blue-shift near-IR spectrum to 33 fs to ensure the temporal overlap of the 812 and 960 nm peaks, the so-called sum frequency effect created the third virtual excitation wavelength effectively at 886 nm. Combined with the 1,070 nm laser source as the fourth excitation wavelength, the all-fiber-format four-wavelength excitation source enabled simultaneous four-color two-photon imaging in Brainbow AAV-labeled (TagBFP, mTFP, EYFP, and mCherry) brain samples. With an increased number of excitation wavelengths and improved excitation efficiency than typical commercial femtosecond lasers, our compact four-wavelength excitation approach can provide a versatile, efficient, and easily accessible solution for multiple-color two-photon fluorescence imaging in the field of neuroscience, biomolecular probing, and clinical applications with at least four spectrally-distinct fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bhaskar Jyoti Borah
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kuo Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Kaya M, Stein F, Rouwkema J, Khalil ISM, Misra S. Serial imaging of micro-agents and cancer cell spheroids in a microfluidic channel using multicolor fluorescence microscopy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253222. [PMID: 34129617 PMCID: PMC8205435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique to fully visualize many biological phenomena by acquiring images from different spectrum channels. This study expands the scope of multicolor fluorescence microscopy by serial imaging of polystyrene micro-beads as surrogates for drug carriers, cancer spheroids formed using HeLa cells, and microfluidic channels. Three fluorophores with different spectral characteristics are utilized to perform multicolor microscopy. According to the spectrum analysis of the fluorophores, a multicolor widefield fluorescence microscope is developed. Spectral crosstalk is corrected by exciting the fluorophores in a round-robin manner and synchronous emitted light collection. To report the performance of the multicolor microscopy, a simplified 3D tumor model is created by placing beads and spheroids inside a channel filled with the cell culture medium is imaged at varying exposure times. As a representative case and a method for bio-hybrid drug carrier fabrication, a spheroid surface is coated with beads in a channel utilizing electrostatic forces under the guidance of multicolor microscopy. Our experiments show that multicolor fluorescence microscopy enables crosstalk-free and spectrally-different individual image acquisition of beads, spheroids, and channels with the minimum exposure time of 5.5 ms. The imaging technique has the potential to monitor drug carrier transportation to cancer cells in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Kaya
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Stein
- Vascularization Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Vascularization Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Islam S. M. Khalil
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarthak Misra
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Chou LT, Liu YC, Zhong DL, Lin WZ, Hung HH, Chan CJ, Chen ZP, Chia SH. Low noise, self-phase-modulation-enabled femtosecond fiber sources tunable in 740-1236 nm for wide two-photon fluorescence microscopy applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2888-2901. [PMID: 34168906 PMCID: PMC8194626 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated widely tunable Yb:fiber-based laser sources, aiming to replace Ti:sapphire lasers for the nJ-level ultrafast applications, especially for the uses of nonlinear light microscopy. We investigated the influence of different input parameters to obtain an expansive spectral broadening, enabled by self-phase modulation and further reshaped by self-steepening, in the normal dispersion regime before the fiber damage. We also discussed the compressibility and intensity fluctuations of the demonstrated pulses, to reach the transform-limited duration with a very low intensity noise. Most importantly, we have demonstrated clear two-photon fluorescence images from UV-absorbing fluorophores to deep red dye stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Lin Zhong
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhong Lin
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsuan Hung
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jin Chan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chia
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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11
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Buttolph ML, Mejooli MA, Sidorenko P, Eom CY, Schaffer CB, Wise FW. Synchronously pumped Raman laser for simultaneous degenerate and nondegenerate two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2496-2507. [PMID: 33996243 PMCID: PMC8086478 DOI: 10.1364/boe.421647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is a nonlinear imaging modality frequently used in deep-tissue imaging applications. A tunable-wavelength multicolor short-pulse source is usually required to excite fluorophores with a wide range of excitation wavelengths. This need is most typically met by solid-state lasers, which are bulky, expensive, and complicated systems. Here, we demonstrate a compact, robust fiber system that generates naturally synchronized femtosecond pulses at 1050 nm and 1200 nm by using a combination of gain-managed and Raman amplification. We image the brain of a mouse and view the blood vessels, neurons, and other cell-like structures using simultaneous degenerate and nondegenerate excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Buttolph
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Menansili A. Mejooli
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Pavel Sidorenko
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chi-Yong Eom
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris B. Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Akhoundi F, Peyghambarian N. Single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser for multimodal multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2761-2767. [PMID: 32499958 PMCID: PMC7249830 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser is designed to generate 1030 nm wavelength for high resolution multiphoton imaging and 1700 nm wavelength for long penetration depth imaging. Considering two-photon and three-photon microscopy (2PM and 3PM), the proposed laser provides the single-photon wavelength equivalent to 343 nm, 515 nm, 566 nm and 850 nm, that can be employed to excite a wide variety of intrinsic fluorophores, dyes, and fluorescent proteins. Generating two excitation wavelengths from a single laser reduces the footprint and cost significantly compared to having two separate lasers. Furthermore, an all-reflective microscope is designed to eliminate the chromatic aberration while employing two excitation wavelengths. The compact all-fiber alignment-free laser design makes the overall size of the microscope appropriate for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Akhoundi
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - N. Peyghambarian
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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13
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Pouli D, Thieu HT, Genega EM, Baecher-Lind L, House M, Bond B, Roncari DM, Evans ML, Rius-Diaz F, Munger K, Georgakoudi I. Label-free, High-Resolution Optical Metabolic Imaging of Human Cervical Precancers Reveals Potential for Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diagnosis. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32577625 PMCID: PMC7311071 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While metabolic changes are considered a cancer hallmark, their assessment has not been incorporated in the detection of early or precancers, when treatment is most effective. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic changes are detected in freshly excised human cervical precancerous tissues using label-free, non-destructive imaging of the entire epithelium. The images rely on two-photon excited fluorescence from two metabolic co-enzymes, NAD(P)H and FAD, and have micron-level resolution, enabling sensitive assessments of the redox ratio and mitochondrial fragmentation, which yield metrics of metabolic function and heterogeneity. Simultaneous characterization of morphological features, such as the depth-dependent variation of the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, is demonstrated. Multi-parametric analysis combining several metabolic metrics with morphological ones enhances significantly the diagnostic accuracy of identifying high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Our results motivate the translation of such functional metabolic imaging to in vivo studies, which may enable improved identification of cervical lesions, and other precancers, at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Pouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,Present address: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Thao Thieu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Genega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Laura Baecher-Lind
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael House
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brian Bond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Danielle M Roncari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Megan L Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Francisca Rius-Diaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 32 Louis Pasteur Boulevard, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,Lead Contact
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14
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Huang L, Zhou X, Liu Q, MacAulay CE, Tang S. Miniaturized multimodal multiphoton microscope for simultaneous two-photon and three-photon imaging with a dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:624-635. [PMID: 32133217 PMCID: PMC7041471 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is developed to acquire both two-photon microscopy (2PM) and three-photon microscopy (3PM) signals. A dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser is used as the light source, which provides the fundamental pulse at 1580 nm to excite third harmonic generation (THG) and the frequency-doubled pulse at 790 nm to excite intrinsic two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Due to their different contrast mechanisms, the TPEF, SHG, and THG images can acquire complementary information about tissues, including cells, collagen fibers, lipids, and interfaces, all label-free. The compact MPM imaging probe is developed using miniature objective lens and a micro-electro-mechanical scanner. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser pulses are delivered by a single mode fiber and the signals are collected by a multimode fiber, which makes the miniaturized MPM directly fiber-coupled, compact, and portable. Design considerations on using the dual excitation wavelengths are discussed. Multimodal and label-free imaging by TPEF, SHG, and THG are demonstrated on biological samples. The miniaturized multimodal MPM is shown to have great potential for label-free imaging of thick and live tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Calum E. MacAulay
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Deoartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Perrin L, Bayarmagnai B, Gligorijevic B. Frontiers in Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy of Cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1192. [PMID: 32368722 PMCID: PMC7197974 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a highly complex disease which involves the co-operation of tumor cells with multiple types of host cells and the extracellular matrix. Cancer studies which rely solely on static measurements of individual cell types are insufficient to dissect this complexity. In the last two decades, intravital microscopy has established itself as a powerful technique that can significantly improve our understanding of cancer by revealing the dynamic interactions governing cancer initiation, progression and treatment effects, in living animals. This review focuses on intravital multiphoton microscopy (IV-MPM) applications in mouse models of cancer. Recent Findings IV-MPM studies have already enabled a deeper understanding of the complex events occurring in cancer, at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Multiple cells types, present in different tissues, influence cancer cell behavior via activation of distinct signaling pathways. As a result, the boundaries in the field of IV-MPM are continuously being pushed to provide an integrated comprehension of cancer. We propose that optics, informatics and cancer (cell) biology are co-evolving as a new field. We have identified four emerging themes in this new field. First, new microscopy systems and image processing algorithms are enabling the simultaneous identification of multiple interactions between the tumor cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment. Second, techniques from molecular biology are being exploited to visualize subcellular structures and protein activities within individual cells of interest, and relate those to phenotypic decisions, opening the door for "in vivo cell biology". Third, combining IV-MPM with additional imaging modalities, or omics studies, holds promise for linking the cell phenotype to its genotype, metabolic state or tissue location. Finally, the clinical use of IV-MPM for analyzing efficacy of anti-cancer treatments is steadily growing, suggesting a future role of IV-MPM for personalized medicine. Conclusion IV-MPM has revolutionized visualization of tumor-microenvironment interactions in real time. Moving forward, incorporation of novel optics, automated image processing, and omics technologies, in the study of cancer biology, will not only advance our understanding of the underlying complexities but will also leverage the unique aspects of IV-MPM for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisiane Perrin
- Department of BioengineeringTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of BioengineeringTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterCancer Biology ProgramPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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16
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Gan M, He C, Liu H, Zhuang Z, Qiu P, Wang K. Air-core fiber or photonic-crystal rod, which is more suitable for energetic femtosecond pulse generation and three-photon microscopy at the 1700-nm window? JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900069. [PMID: 31194292 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Energetic femtosecond pulses at the 1700-nm window are a prerequisite for deep-tissue three-photon microscopy (3PM). Soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) in photonic-crystal (PC) rod has been the only technique to generate such pulses suitable for 3PM. Here we demonstrate through SSFS in an air-core fiber, we can generate most energetic femtosecond soliton pulses at the 1700-nm window, 5.2 times higher than that from PC rod. However, the air-core soliton pulse width is 5.9 times longer than that of PC rod soliton. Based on comparative 3PM excited with both air-core and PC rod solitons, we propose the more suitable source for 3PM. We further elucidate the challenge of generating shorter soliton pulses from air-core fibers through numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Maibohm C, Silva F, Figueiras E, Guerreiro PT, Brito M, Romero R, Crespo H, Nieder JB. SyncRGB-FLIM: synchronous fluorescence imaging of red, green and blue dyes enabled by ultra-broadband few-cycle laser excitation and fluorescence lifetime detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1891-1904. [PMID: 31086710 PMCID: PMC6484984 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time that an ultra-broadband 7 femtosecond (fs) few-cycle laser can be used for multicolor nonlinear imaging in a single channel detection geometry, when employing a time-resolved fluorescence detection scheme. On a multi-chromophore-labelled cell sample we show that the few-cycle laser can efficiently excite the multiple chromophores over a >400 nm two-photon absorption range. By combining the few-cycle laser excitation with time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) detection to record two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images, the localization of different chromophores in the cell can be identified based on their fluorescence decay properties. The novel SyncRGB-FLIM multi-color bioimaging technique opens the possibility of real-time protein-protein interaction studies, where its single-scan operation translates into reduced laser exposure of the sample, resulting in more photoprotective conditions for biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maibohm
- Department of Nanophotonics, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga n/a, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisco Silva
- Sphere Ultrafast Photonics, R. do Campo Alegre 1021, Edifício FC6, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Edite Figueiras
- Department of Nanophotonics, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga n/a, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Present address: Fundação Champalimaud, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo T. Guerreiro
- Sphere Ultrafast Photonics, R. do Campo Alegre 1021, Edifício FC6, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-IN and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University Porto, R. do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Brito
- Department of Nanophotonics, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga n/a, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosa Romero
- Sphere Ultrafast Photonics, R. do Campo Alegre 1021, Edifício FC6, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-IN and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University Porto, R. do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Crespo
- Sphere Ultrafast Photonics, R. do Campo Alegre 1021, Edifício FC6, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-IN and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, University Porto, R. do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- Department of Nanophotonics, Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga n/a, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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18
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Davoudzadeh N, Ducourthial G, Spring BQ. Custom fabrication and mode-locked operation of a femtosecond fiber laser for multiphoton microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4233. [PMID: 30862800 PMCID: PMC6414530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state femtosecond lasers have stimulated the broad adoption of multiphoton microscopy in the modern laboratory. However, these devices remain costly. Fiber lasers offer promise as a means to inexpensively produce ultrashort pulses of light suitable for nonlinear microscopy in compact, robust and portable devices. Although encouraging, the initial methods reported in the biomedical engineering community to construct home-built femtosecond fiber laser systems overlooked fundamental aspects that compromised performance and misrepresented the significant financial and intellectual investments required to build these devices. Here, we present a practical protocol to fabricate an all-normal-dispersion ytterbium (Yb)-doped femtosecond fiber laser oscillator using commercially-available parts (plus standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories) as well as basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment. We also provide a synthesis of established protocols in the laser physics community, but often overlooked in other fields, to verify true versus seemingly (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance. The approaches described here make custom fabrication of femtosecond fiber lasers more accessible to a wide range of investigators and better represent the investments required for the proper laser design, fabrication and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Davoudzadeh
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume Ducourthial
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Bryan Q Spring
- Translational Biophotonics Cluster, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. .,Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
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19
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Li B, Wang M, Charan K, Li MJ, Xu C. Investigation of the long wavelength limit of soliton self-frequency shift in a silica fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:19637-19647. [PMID: 30114134 PMCID: PMC7510949 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.019637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We explore the long wavelength limit of soliton self-frequency shift in silica-based fibers experimentally and using numerical simulation. We found that the longest wavelength soliton generated by soliton self-frequency shift is approximately 2500 nm because the soliton loses its energy rapidly at wavelength beyond 2400 nm due to material absorption by silica and water. We demonstrate 1580-2520 nm wavelength-tunable, high-pulse energy soliton generation using soliton self-frequency shift in a large-mode-area silica fiber pumped by a compact fiber source. Soliton pulses with pulse width of ~100 fs and pulse energy up to 73 nJ were obtained. Second harmonic generation of the solitons enables a wavelength-tunable femtosecond source from 950 nm to 1260 nm, with pulse energy up to 21 nJ. Using such energetic pulses, we demonstrate in vivo two-photon excited fluorescence imaging of vasculature and neurons in a mouse brain at wavelength beyond the tuning range of a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mengran Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kriti Charan
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ming-jun Li
- Corning Research and Development Corporation, Corning, NY, 14831, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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20
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Liu H, Wang J, Peng X, Zhuang Z, Qiu P, Wang K. Ex and in vivo characterization of the wavelength-dependent 3-photon action cross-sections of red fluorescent proteins covering the 1700-nm window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700351. [PMID: 29603649 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton action cross-sections are the prerequisite for excitation light selection. At the 1700-nm window suitable for deep-tissue imaging, wavelength-dependent 3-photon action cross-sections ησ3 for RFPs are unknown, preventing wavelength selection. Here we demonstrate: (1) ex vivo measurement of wavelength-dependent ησ3 for purified RFPs; (2) a multiphoton imaging guided measurement system for in vivo measurement; and (3) in vivo measurement of wavelength-dependent ησ3 in RFP labeled cells. These fundamental results will provide guidelines for excitation wavelength selection for 3-photon fluorescence imaging of RFPs at the 1700-nm window, and augment the existing database of multiphoton action cross-sections for fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Huang JY, Guo LZ, Wang JZ, Li TC, Lee HJ, Chiu PK, Peng LH, Liu TM. Fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source for the minimally invasive harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36008. [PMID: 28271123 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) has become one unique tool of optical virtual biopsy for the diagnosis of cancer and the in vivo cytometry of leukocytes. Without labeling, HGM can reveal the submicron features of tissues and cells in vivo. For deep imaging depth and minimal invasiveness, people commonly adopt 1100- to 1300-nm femtosecond laser sources. However, those lasers are typically based on bulky oscillators whose performances are sensitive to environmental conditions. We demonstrate a fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source, with 6.5-nJ pulse energy, 86-fs pulse width, and 11.25-MHz pulse repetition rate. It was obtained by a bismuth borate or magnesium-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) mediated frequency doubling of the 2300-nm solitons, generated from an excitation of 1550-nm femtosecond pulses on a large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Combined with a home-built laser scanned microscope and a tailor-made frame grabber, we achieve a pulse-per-pixel HGM imaging in vivo at a 30-Hz frame rate. This integrated solution has the potential to be developed as a stable HGM system for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Huang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Zun Wang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Chung Li
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chiu
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Han Peng
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, TaiwandUniversity of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macao SAR, ChinaeNational Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Zhang C, Bucklew V, Edwards P, Janisch C, Liu Z. Divided pulse soliton self-frequency shift: a multi-color, dual-polarization, power-scalable, broadly tunable optical source. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:502-505. [PMID: 28146512 PMCID: PMC5673094 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A versatile, broadly tunable, power scalable, multi-line, ultrafast source is presented, the operation of which is based on combining principles of pulse division with the phenomenon of the soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS). Interferometric pulse recombination is demonstrated showing that the source can decouple the generally limiting relationship between the output power and the center wavelength in SSFS-based optical sources. Broadly tunable two- and four-color soliton self-frequency shifted pulses are experimentally demonstrated. Simultaneous dual-polarization second-harmonic generation was performed with the source, demonstrating one novel imaging methodology that the source can enable. It is expected that this source architecture will be useful for advancing current nonlinear optical imaging methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenji Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Victor Bucklew
- Atoptix, LLC, 200 Innovation Blvd., Suite 234-1, State College, Pennsylvania 16803, USA
| | - Perry Edwards
- Atoptix, LLC, 200 Innovation Blvd., Suite 234-1, State College, Pennsylvania 16803, USA
| | - Corey Janisch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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23
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Lien CH, Abrigo G, Chen PH, Chien FC. Two-color temporal focusing multiphoton excitation imaging with tunable-wavelength excitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:26008. [PMID: 28241274 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.2.026008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength tunable temporal focusing multiphoton excitation microscopy (TFMPEM) is conducted to visualize optical sectioning images of multiple fluorophore–labeled specimens through the optimal two-photon excitation (TPE) of each type of fluorophore. The tunable range of excitation wavelength was determined by the groove density of the grating, the diffraction angle, the focal length of lenses, and the shifting distance of the first lens in the beam expander. Based on a consideration of the trade-off between the tunable-wavelength range and axial resolution of temporal focusing multiphoton excitation imaging, the presented system demonstrated a tunable-wavelength range from 770 to 920 nm using a diffraction grating with groove density of 830 ?? lines / mm . TPE fluorescence imaging examination of a fluorescent thin film indicated that the width of the axial confined excitation was 3.0 ± 0.7 ?? ? m and the shifting distance of the temporal focal plane was less than 0.95 ?? ? m within the presented wavelength tunable range. Fast different wavelength excitation and three-dimensionally rendered imaging of Hela cell mitochondria and cytoskeletons and mouse muscle fibers were demonstrated. Significantly, the proposed system can improve the quality of two-color TFMPEM images through different excitation wavelengths to obtain higher-quality fluorescent signals in multiple-fluorophore measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Lien
- National United University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Gerald Abrigo
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- National Central University, Department of Optics and Photonics, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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24
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Rasskazov G, Ryabtsev A, Charan K, Wang T, Xu C, Dantus M. Characterization and adaptive compression of a multi-soliton laser source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:320-329. [PMID: 28085826 PMCID: PMC5772462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort pulse generation in the 1600 nm wavelength region is required for deep-tissue biomedical imaging. We report on the characterization and adaptive compression of a multi-soliton output spanning >300 nm from a large-mode area photonic-crystal fiber rod for two separate laser setups. Sub-30 fs pulses are generated by first compressing of each soliton individually, and then followed by coherently combining all of the pulses in the train, which are separated by hundreds of femtoseconds. Simulations of the source, together with amplitude and phase coherence measurements are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Rasskazov
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Anton Ryabtsev
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Kriti Charan
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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25
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Li KC, Huang LLH, Liang JH, Chan MC. Simple approach to three-color two-photon microscopy by a fiber-optic wavelength convertor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4803-4815. [PMID: 27896017 PMCID: PMC5119617 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple approach to multi-color two-photon microscopy of the red, green, and blue fluorescent indicators was reported based on an ultra-compact 1.03-μm femtosecond laser and a nonlinear fiber. Inside the nonlinear fiber, the 1.03-μm laser pulses were simultaneously blue-shifted to 0.6~0.8 μm and red-shifted to 1.2~1.4 μm region by the Cherenkov radiation and fiber Raman gain effects. The wavelength-shifted 0.6~0.8 μm and 1.2~1.4 μm radiations were co-propagated with the residual non-converted 1.03-μm pulses inside the same nonlinear fiber to form a fiber-output three-color femtosecond source. The application of the multi-wavelength sources on multi-color two-photon fluorescence microscopy were also demonstrated. Overall, due to simple system configuration, convenient wavelength conversion, easy wavelength tunability within the entire 0.7~1.35 μm bio-penetration window and less requirement for high power and bulky light sources, the simple approach to multi-color two-photon microscopy could be widely applicable as an easily implemented and excellent research tool for future biomedical and possibly even clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Che Li
- College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
- Equal contribution
| | - Lynn L. H. Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
- Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
- Equal contribution
| | - Jhih-Hao Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Chan
- College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
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26
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Murtagh M, Lin J, Trägårdh J, McConnell G, Spence DJ. Ultrafast second-Stokes diamond Raman laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:8149-8155. [PMID: 27137254 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.008149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a synchronously-pumped femtosecond diamond Raman laser operating with a tunable second-Stokes output. Pumped using a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser at 840-910 nm with a duration of 165 fs, the second-Stokes wavelength was tuneable from 1082 - 1200 nm with sub-picosecond duration. Our results demonstrate potential for cascaded Raman conversion to extend the wavelength coverage of standard laser sources to new regions.
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27
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Yamanaka M, Saito K, Smith NI, Arai Y, Uegaki K, Yonemaru Y, Mochizuki K, Kawata S, Nagai T, Fujita K. Visible-wavelength two-photon excitation microscopy for fluorescent protein imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:101202. [PMID: 26238663 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous observation of multiple fluorescent proteins (FPs) by optical microscopy is revealing mechanisms by which proteins and organelles control a variety of cellular functions. Here we show the use of visible-light based two-photon excitation for simultaneously imaging multiple FPs. We demonstrated that multiple fluorescent targets can be concurrently excited by the absorption of two photons from the visible wavelength range and can be applied in multicolor fluorescence imaging. The technique also allows simultaneous single-photon excitation to offer simultaneous excitation of FPs across the entire range of visible wavelengths from a single excitation source. The calculation of point spread functions shows that the visible-wavelength two-photon excitation provides the fundamental improvement of spatial resolution compared to conventional confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamanaka
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Saito
- Osaka University, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicholas I Smith
- Osaka University, Immunology Frontier Research Center, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- Osaka University, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kumiko Uegaki
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yonemaru
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mochizuki
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawata
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Osaka University, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Osaka University, Department of Applied Physics, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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28
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Hu Y, Tehranchi A, Wabnitz S, Kashyap R, Chen Z, Morandotti R. Improved intrapulse raman scattering control via asymmetric airy pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:073901. [PMID: 25763958 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.073901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the possibility of tuning the frequency of a laser pulse via the use of an Airy pulse-seeded soliton self-frequency shift. The intrinsically asymmetric nature of Airy pulses, typically featured by either leading or trailing oscillatory tails (relatively to the main lobe), is revealed through the nonlinear generation of both a primary and a secondary Raman soliton self-frequency shift, a phenomenon which is driven by the soliton fission processes. The resulting frequency shift can be carefully controlled by using time-reversed Airy pulses or, alternatively, by applying an offset to the cubic phase modulation used to generate the pulses. When compared with the use of conventional chirped Gaussian pulses, our technique brings about unique advantages in terms of both efficient frequency tuning and feasibility, along with the generation and control of multicolor Raman solitons with enhanced tunability. Our theoretical analysis agrees well with our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Wabnitz
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Raman Kashyap
- Advanced Photonics Concepts Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Zhigang Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
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29
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Mortensen LJ, Alt C, Turcotte R, Masek M, Liu TM, Côté DC, Xu C, Intini G, Lin CP. Femtosecond laser bone ablation with a high repetition rate fiber laser source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:32-42. [PMID: 25657872 PMCID: PMC4317121 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser pulses can be used to perform very precise cutting of material, including biological samples from subcellular organelles to large areas of bone, through plasma-mediated ablation. The use of a kilohertz regenerative amplifier is usually needed to obtain the pulse energy required for ablation. This work investigates a 5 megahertz compact fiber laser for near-video rate imaging and ablation in bone. After optimization of ablation efficiency and reduction in autofluorescence, the system is demonstrated for the in vivo study of bone regeneration. Image-guided creation of a bone defect and longitudinal evaluation of cellular injury response in the defect provides insight into the bone regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Mortensen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Clemens Alt
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Marissa Masek
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Daniel C. Côté
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J2G3,
Canada
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
USA
| | - Giuseppe Intini
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA
- Co-corresponding authors
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30
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Coffey SE, Giedt RJ, Weissleder R. Automated analysis of clonal cancer cells by intravital imaging. INTRAVITAL 2014; 2. [PMID: 24349895 DOI: 10.4161/intv.26138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal analyses of single cell lineages over prolonged periods have been challenging particularly in processes characterized by high cell turn-over such as inflammation, proliferation, or cancer. RGB marking has emerged as an elegant approach for enabling such investigations. However, methods for automated image analysis continue to be lacking. Here, to address this, we created a number of different multicolored poly- and monoclonal cancer cell lines for in vitro and in vivo use. To classify these cells in large scale data sets, we subsequently developed and tested an automated algorithm based on hue selection. Our results showed that this method allows accurate analyses at a fraction of the computational time required by more complex color classification methods. Moreover, the methodology should be broadly applicable to both in vitro and in vivo analyses.
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31
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Ksander BR, Kolovou PE, Wilson BJ, Saab KR, Guo Q, Ma J, McGuire SP, Gregory MS, Vincent WJB, Perez VL, Cruz-Guilloty F, Kao WWY, Call MK, Tucker BA, Zhan Q, Murphy GF, Lathrop KL, Alt C, Mortensen LJ, Lin CP, Zieske JD, Frank MH, Frank NY. ABCB5 is a limbal stem cell gene required for corneal development and repair. Nature 2014; 511:353-7. [PMID: 25030174 DOI: 10.1038/nature13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial homeostasis and regeneration are sustained by limbal stem cells (LSCs), and LSC deficiency is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Transplantation is often the only therapeutic option available to patients with LSC deficiency. However, while transplant success depends foremost on LSC frequency within grafts, a gene allowing for prospective LSC enrichment has not been identified so far. Here we show that ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B, member 5 (ABCB5) marks LSCs and is required for LSC maintenance, corneal development and repair. Furthermore, we demonstrate that prospectively isolated human or murine ABCB5-positive LSCs possess the exclusive capacity to fully restore the cornea upon grafting to LSC-deficient mice in xenogeneic or syngeneic transplantation models. ABCB5 is preferentially expressed on label-retaining LSCs in mice and p63α-positive LSCs in humans. Consistent with these findings, ABCB5-positive LSC frequency is reduced in LSC-deficient patients. Abcb5 loss of function in Abcb5 knockout mice causes depletion of quiescent LSCs due to enhanced proliferation and apoptosis, and results in defective corneal differentiation and wound healing. Our results from gene knockout studies, LSC tracing and transplantation models, as well as phenotypic and functional analyses of human biopsy specimens, provide converging lines of evidence that ABCB5 identifies mammalian LSCs. Identification and prospective isolation of molecularly defined LSCs with essential functions in corneal development and repair has important implications for the treatment of corneal disease, particularly corneal blindness due to LSC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Ksander
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2]
| | - Paraskevi E Kolovou
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2]
| | - Brian J Wilson
- 1] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
| | - Karim R Saab
- 1] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- 1] Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA [2] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- 1] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sean P McGuire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Meredith S Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - William J B Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Victor L Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Fernando Cruz-Guilloty
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Winston W Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Mindy K Call
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Qian Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James D Zieske
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- 1] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA [4]
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- 1] Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA [2] Transplant Research Program, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA [4] Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [5]
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32
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Djaker N, Brustlein S, Rohman G, Huot S, de la Chapelle ML, Migonney V. Characterization of a synthetic bioactive polymer by nonlinear optical microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 5:149-57. [PMID: 24466483 PMCID: PMC3891327 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue Engineering is a new emerging field that offers many possibilities to produce three-dimensional and functional tissues like ligaments or scaffolds. The biocompatibility of these materials is crucial in tissue engineering, since they should be integrated in situ and should induce a good cell adhesion and proliferation. One of the most promising materials used for tissue engineering are polyesters such as Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), which is used in this work. In our case, the bio-integration is reached by grafting a bioactive polymer (pNaSS) on a PCL surface. Using nonlinear microscopy, PCL structure is visualized by SHG and proteins and cells by two-photon excitation autofluorescence generation. A comparative study between grafted and nongrafted polymer films is provided. We demonstrate that the polymer grafting improves the protein adsorption by a factor of 75% and increase the cell spreading onto the polymer surface. Since the spreading is directly related to cell adhesion and proliferation, we demonstrate that the pNaSS grafting promotes PCL biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Djaker
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny,
France
| | - S. Brustlein
- Institut Fresnel, MOSAIC, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Domaine Universitaire St Jérôme,
France
| | - G. Rohman
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 99 avenue JB Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse,
France
| | - S. Huot
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 99 avenue JB Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse,
France
| | - M. Lamy de la Chapelle
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny,
France
| | - V. Migonney
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 99 avenue JB Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse,
France
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33
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Brenner MH, Cai D, Swanson JA, Ogilvie JP. Two-photon imaging of multiple fluorescent proteins by phase-shaping and linear unmixing with a single broadband laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:17256-64. [PMID: 23938572 PMCID: PMC3724397 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.017256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Imaging multiple fluorescent proteins (FPs) by two-photon microscopy has numerous applications for studying biological processes in thick and live samples. Here we demonstrate a setup utilizing a single broadband laser and a phase-only pulse-shaper to achieve imaging of three FPs (mAmetrine, TagRFPt, and mKate2) in live mammalian cells. Phase-shaping to achieve selective excitation of the FPs in combination with post-imaging linear unmixing enables clean separation of the fluorescence signal of each FP. This setup also benefits from low overall cost and simple optical alignment, enabling easy adaptation in a regular biomedical research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H. Brenner
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan 450 Church St., Ann Arbor MI 48109
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dawen Cai
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joel A. Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
| | - Jennifer P. Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
USA
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34
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Cai D, Cohen KB, Luo T, Lichtman JW, Sanes JR. Improved tools for the Brainbow toolbox. Nat Methods 2013; 10:540-7. [PMID: 23817127 PMCID: PMC3713494 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the transgenic multicolor labeling strategy called 'Brainbow', Cre-loxP recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression among fluorescent proteins, resulting in the indelible marking of mouse neurons with multiple distinct colors. This method has been adapted to non-neuronal cells in mice and to neurons in fish and flies, but its full potential has yet to be realized in the mouse brain. Here we present several lines of mice that overcome limitations of the initial lines, and we report an adaptation of the method for use in adeno-associated viral vectors. We also provide technical advice about how best to image Brainbow-expressing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Cai
- 1] Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Kieu K, Mehravar S, Gowda R, Norwood RA, Peyghambarian N. Label-free multi-photon imaging using a compact femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotube saturable absorber. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2187-95. [PMID: 24156074 PMCID: PMC3799676 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate label-free multi-photon imaging of biological samples using a compact Er(3+)-doped femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). These compact and low cost lasers have been developed by various groups but they have not been exploited for multiphoton microscopy. Here, it is shown that various multiphoton imaging modalities (e.g. second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), and three-photon excitation fluorescence (3PEF)) can be effectively performed on various biological samples using a compact handheld CNT mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser operating in the telecommunication window near 1560nm. We also show for the first time that chlorophyll fluorescence in plant leaves and diatoms can be observed using 1560nm laser excitation via three-photon absorption.
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