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Gao Z, Shi Y, Li M, Song J, Liu X, Wang X, Yang F. Tunable Extraordinary Optical Transmission with Graphene in Terahertz. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29746-29751. [PMID: 34778646 PMCID: PMC8582032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tunable extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) with graphene is realized using a novel metallic ring-rod nested structure in the terahertz frequency regime. The generated double-enhanced transmission peaks primarily originate from the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). On using graphene, the resonating surface plasmon distribution changes in the reaction plane, which disturbs the generation of LSPRs. By regulating the Fermi energy (E f) of the graphene to reach a certain level, an adjustment from bimodal EOT to unimodal EOT is obtained. As the E f of the graphene integrated beneath the rod increases to 0.5 eV, the transmittance of the peak at 2.42 THz decreases to 6%. Moreover, the transmission peak at 1.77 THz virtually disappears due to the E f increasing to 0.7 eV when the graphene is placed beneath the ring. The significant tuning capabilities of the bimodal EOT indicate its promising application prospects in frequency-selective surfaces, communication, filtering, and radar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Gao
- School
of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanpeng Shi
- School
of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Meiping Li
- School
of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jinmei Song
- School
of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School
of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Engineering
Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute
of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Engineering
Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute
of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Spreyer F, Ruppert C, Georgi P, Zentgraf T. Influence of Plasmon Resonances and Symmetry Effects on Second Harmonic Generation in WS 2-Plasmonic Hybrid Metasurfaces. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16719-16728. [PMID: 34606724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear process of second harmonic generation (SHG) in monolayer (1L) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), like WS2, strongly depends on the polarization state of the excitation light. By combination of plasmonic nanostructures with 1L-WS2 by transferring it onto a plasmonic nanoantenna array, a hybrid metasurface is realized impacting the polarization dependency of its SHG. Here, we investigate how plasmonic dipole resonances affect the process of SHG in plasmonic-TMD hybrid metasurfaces by nonlinear spectroscopy. We show that the polarization dependency is affected by the lattice structure of plasmonic nanoantenna arrays as well as by the relative orientation between the 1L-WS2 and the individual plasmonic nanoantennas. In addition, such hybrid metasurfaces show SHG in polarization states, where SHG is usually forbidden for either 1L-WS2 or plasmonic nanoantennas. By comparing the SHG in these channels with the SHG generated by the hybrid metasurface components, we detect an enhancement of the SHG signal by a factor of more than 40. Meanwhile, an attenuation of the SHG signal in usually allowed polarization states is observed. Our study provides valuable insight into hybrid systems where symmetries strongly affect the SHG and enable tailored SHG in 1L-WS2 for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Spreyer
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Claudia Ruppert
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philip Georgi
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zentgraf
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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3
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Liu SD, Yue P, Zhu MQ, Wen J, Lei D. Restoring the silenced surface second-harmonic generation in split-ring resonators by magnetic and electric mode matching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:26377-26391. [PMID: 31674521 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.026377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) in plasmonic metal nanostructures provides a promising approach to design compact and ultrafast nonlinear nanophotonics devices. However, typical plasmonic nanostructures, such as those with tiny gaps that provide strong near-field-amplified nonlinear sources, often suffer from the cancellation of nonlinear fields in the gaps, which results in the so-called silenced SHG and consequently attenuates the overall nonlinear conversion efficiency. In this study, we propose and demonstrate that the silenced SHG in a gold split-ring resonator can be effectively restored by carefully tailoring its gap geometry to avoid the cancellation of nonlinear fields in the gap and simultaneously achieve both spatial and frequency mode matching between the magnetic and the electric dipolar resonances. As a result, the effective nonlinear sources in the gap can be dramatically amplified and the surface second-harmonic emissions can be efficiently coupled out, leading to an SHG intensity enhancement of 7 times compared to a conventional split-ring resonator. The overall SHG conversion efficiency can thus be enlarged to about 1.49 × 10-8 in the near-infrared excitation region. Importantly, the restored surface second-harmonic emission exhibits the scattering characteristics of an ideal electric dipole, which can be very useful for nonlinear far-field manipulation such as beam steering and holograms.
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Abstract
The basic theoretical understanding of light interacting with nanostructured metals that has existed since the early 1900s has become more relevant in the last two decades, largely because of new approaches to structure metals down to the nanometer scale or smaller. Here, a broad overview of the concepts and applications of nanostructuring metals for light-based technologies is given. The theory of the response of metals to an applied oscillating field is given, including a discussion of nonlocal, nonlinear and quantum effects. Using this metal response, the guiding of electromagnetic (light) waves using metals is given, with a particular emphasis on the impact of nanostructured metals for tighter confinement and slower propagation. Similarly, the influence of metal nanostructures on light scattering by isolated metal structures, like nanoparticles and nanoantennas, is described, with basic results presented including plasmonic/circuit resonances, the single channel limit, directivity enhancement, the maximum power transfer theorem, limits on the magnetic response from kinetic inductance and the scaling of gap plasmons to the nanometer scale and smaller. A brief overview of nanofabrication approaches to creating metal nanostructures is given. Finally, existing and emerging light-based applications are presented, including those for sensing, spectroscopy (including local refractive index, Raman, IR absorption), detection (including Schottky detectors), switching (including terahertz photoconductive antennas), modulation, energy harvesting and photocatalysis, light emission (including lasers and tunneling based light emission), optical tweezing, nonlinear optics, subwavelength imaging and lithography and high density data storage.
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5
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Rahimi E, Xu H, Choi BC, Gordon R. Lorentz Nanoplasmonics for Nonlinear Generation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:8030-8034. [PMID: 30427690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While past works have suggested that the Lorentz magnetic contribution to second harmonic generation from metal nanostructures is negligible as compared to other terms, here we demonstrate a dominant Lorentz contribution from T-shaped apertures in a gold film. The apertures are designed to have overlapping magnetic and electric near-field intensities at the plasmonic resonance. This gives 65% greater nonlinear generation from the Lorentz term than the sum of the other two terms. We demonstrate this effect experimentally by milling of nanoapertures of different size and orientation in a metal film and measuring their second harmonic generation. Good agreement is seen between the experiments and comprehensive calculations. In the development of highly efficient nonlinear metasurfaces, careful optimization of the Lorentz contribution should be considered in addition to all other contributions. Following the approach of this work, the Lorentz contribution may also be optimized for THz generation.
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6
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Nasari H, Dupré M, Kanté B. Efficient design of random metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5829-5832. [PMID: 30499953 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Random media introduce large degrees of freedom in device design and can thus address challenges in manipulating optical waves. Wave shaping with metasurfaces has mainly utilized periodic or quasi-periodic grids, and the potential of random arrangement of particles for devices has only come under investigation recently. The main difficulty in pursuing random metasurfaces is the identification of the degrees of freedom that optimize their efficiencies and functions. They can also encode information using the statistics of particle distribution. We propose a phase-map that accounts for the statistical nature of random media. The method takes into account effects of random near-field couplings that introduce phase errors by affecting the phase shift of elements. The proposed approach increases the efficiency of our random metasurface devices by up to ∼20%. This work paves the way toward the efficient design of random metasurfaces with potential applications in highly secure optical cryptography and information encoding.
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Ding F, Pors A, Bozhevolnyi SI. Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:026401. [PMID: 28825412 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of intense research on metamaterials the two-dimensional analogue, known as metasurfaces, has attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years due to the ease of fabrication and smaller insertion losses, while enabling an unprecedented control over spatial distributions of transmitted and reflected optical fields. Metasurfaces represent optically thin planar arrays of resonant subwavelength elements that can be arranged in a strictly or quasi periodic fashion, or even in an aperiodic manner, depending on targeted optical wavefronts to be molded with their help. This paper reviews a broad subclass of metasurfaces, viz. gradient metasurfaces, which are devised to exhibit spatially varying optical responses resulting in spatially varying amplitudes, phases and polarizations of scattered fields. Starting with introducing the concept of gradient metasurfaces, we present classification of different metasurfaces from the viewpoint of their responses, differentiating electrical-dipole, geometric, reflective and Huygens' metasurfaces. The fundamental building blocks essential for the realization of metasurfaces are then discussed in order to elucidate the underlying physics of various physical realizations of both plasmonic and purely dielectric metasurfaces. We then overview the main applications of gradient metasurfaces, including waveplates, flat lenses, spiral phase plates, broadband absorbers, color printing, holograms, polarimeters and surface wave couplers. The review is terminated with a short section on recently developed nonlinear metasurfaces, followed by the outlook presenting our view on possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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8
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Nezami MS, Gordon R. Localized and propagating surface plasmon resonances in aperture-based third harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:32006-32014. [PMID: 26698991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of localized and propagating surface plasmons on third harmonic generation from rectangular apertures in metal films. We designed optimal aperture array structures by using finite-difference time-domain simulations with nonlinear scattering theory. From this design space, we fabricated and measured the third harmonic in the region of maximal performance. We find the highest third harmonic conversion efficiency when the localized resonance is tuned to the fundamental wavelength and the propagating (Bragg) resonance is tuned to the third harmonic; this is 2.5 times larger than the case where the both localized and propagating are tuned to the fundamental wavelength. The two remaining configurations where also investigated with much lower conversion efficiency. When the Bragg resonance is tuned to the third harmonic, directivity improves the collection of third harmonic emission. On the other hand, due to the inherent absorption of gold at the third harmonic, tuning the localized surface plasmon resonance to the third harmonic is less beneficial. All cases showed quantitative agreement with the original theoretical analysis. This work points towards an optimal design criterion for harmonic generation from thin plasmonic metasurfaces.
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9
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Butet J, Brevet PF, Martin OJF. Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Plasmonic Nanostructures: From Fundamental Principles to Advanced Applications. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10545-62. [PMID: 26474346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has emerged as an important research field in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Recently, significant attention has been devoted to the observation and the understanding of nonlinear optical processes in plasmonic nanostructures, giving rise to the new research field called nonlinear plasmonics. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the physical mechanisms of one of these nonlinear optical processes, namely, second harmonic generation (SHG), with an emphasis on the main differences with the linear response of plasmonic nanostructures. The main applications, ranging from the nonlinear optical characterization of nanostructure shapes to the optimization of laser beams at the nanoscale, are summarized and discussed. Future directions and developments, made possible by the unique combination of SHG surface sensitivity and field enhancements associated with surface plasmon resonances, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , 69622 Cedex, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Chen Y, Kotnala A, Yu L, Zhang J, Gordon R. Wedge and gap plasmonic resonances in double nanoholes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:30227-30236. [PMID: 26698503 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the plasmonic resonances of double nanoholes (DNHs) in metal films. These apertures exhibit the usual gap-mode Fabry-Pérot resonances, where the zeroth order resonance is determined by the waveguide cut-off and the first order resonance shows sensitivity to the film thickness. An additional wedge resonance is observed, which is sensitive to the curvature of the cusps in the DNHs, analogous to the wedge modes of single wedges. While the gap mode intensity increases dramatically with decreasing gap-width, the wedge mode intensity saturates since its field enhancement arises from the curvature of the metal film, like cylindrical Sommerfeld waves. Experimental transmission spectra agree well with finite-difference time-domain simulations showing these separate resonances. The controlled design of these resonances is critical for applications including optical tweezers, nonlinear conversion, sensing and spectroscopy.
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11
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Chen Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Gordon R. Effective wavelength scaling of rectangular aperture antennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10385-10395. [PMID: 25969079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the resonances of aperture antennas from the visible to the terahertz regime, with comparison to comprehensive simulations. Simple piecewise analytic behavior is found for the wavelength scaling over the entire spectrum, with a linear regime through the visible and near-IR. This theory will serve as a useful and simple design tool for applications including biosensors, nonlinear plasmonics and surface enhanced spectroscopies.
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12
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Plasmonic quasicrystals with broadband transmission enhancement. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5257. [PMID: 24918659 PMCID: PMC4052717 DOI: 10.1038/srep05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic quasicrystals (PlQCs), by integrating the properties of quasicrystals (rotational symmetry and long range ordering but lack translational symmetry) and surface plasmon polariton mediated effects, offer several advantages over plasmonic crystals (PlCs). For example, in PlQCs one could have broadband, polarization independent response. However, large area patterning by electron beam lithography requires precise lattice coordinates as well as a practical way to design the structures for specific spectral response. We demonstrate design and fabrication of large area quasicrystal air hole patterns of π/5 symmetry in metal film in which broadband, polarization and launch angle independent transmission enhancement is observed. We demonstrate bi-grating quasicrystals to show that designable transmission response is possible over visible to near infrared wavelength regions with about 15 times enhancement. These would be useful in many applications like energy harvesting, nonlinear optics and quantum plasmonics.
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13
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Wang BL, Wang R, Liu RJ, Lu XH, Zhao J, Li ZY. Origin of shape resonance in second-harmonic generation from metallic nanohole arrays. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2358. [PMID: 23912881 PMCID: PMC3733058 DOI: 10.1038/srep02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) from periodic arrays of subwavelength rectangular air hole with various aspect ratios perforated in gold thin films can get resonantly enhanced for some specific geometric shapes. Here we clarify the physical origin of this shape resonance effect. A nonlinear coupled-mode theory is set up to solve energy conversion from fundamental wave (FW) mode to second-harmonic wave (SHW) mode within the nanoscale air hole. It reveals that several physical mechanisms, including the FW mode excitation amplitude, FW-SHW modal spatial overlap, FW-SHW mode phase mismatch, and SHW mode attenuation, are all geometric shape sensitive and altogether act to induce the SHG shape resonance effect. The theory agrees well with experimental observations and provides an accurate and complete explanation for the long-emphasized but elusive shape effect. The study may stimulate deeper insights to visualize general nonlinear nanophotonic processes and pave the way to engineering high-efficiency nonlinear nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Li Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Khurgin JB, Sun G. Plasmonic enhancement of the third order nonlinear optical phenomena: figures of merit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:27460-27480. [PMID: 24216967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.027460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in the plasmonic enhancement of nonlinear optical effects, yet there remains an uncertainty as to the limits of this enhancement. We present a simple and physically transparent theory for the plasmonic enhancement of third order nonlinear optical processes and show that while a huge enhancement of the effective nonlinear index can be attained, the most relevant figure of merit, the phase shift per one absorption length, remains very low. This suggests that while nonlinear plasmonic materials are not suitable for applications requiring high efficiency, for example in all-optical switching and wavelength conversion, they can be very useful for applications where overall high efficiency is not critical, such as in sensing.
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15
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Deng HD, Li GC, Dai QF, Ouyang M, Lan S, Trofimov VA, Lysak TM. Size dependent competition between second harmonic generation and two-photon luminescence observed in gold nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:075201. [PMID: 23358516 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/7/075201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate systematically the competition between the second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon-induced luminescence (TPL) that are simultaneously present in Au nanoparticles excited by using a femtosecond (fs) laser. For a large-sized (length ~ 800 nm, diameter ~ 200 nm) Au nanorod, the SHG appears to be much stronger than the TPL. However, the situation is completely reversed when the Au nanorod is fragmented into many Au nanoparticles by the fs laser. In sharp contrast, only the TPL is observed in small-sized (length ~ 40 nm, diameter ~ 10 nm) Au nanorods. When a number of the small-sized Au nanorods are optically trapped and fused into a large-sized Au cluster by focused fs laser light, the strong TPL is reduced while the weak SHG increases significantly. In both cases, the morphology change is characterized by scanning electron microscope. In addition, the modification of the scattering and absorption cross sections due to the morphology change is calculated by using the discrete dipole approximation method. It is revealed that SHG is dominant in the case when the scattering is much larger than the absorption. When the absorption becomes comparable to or larger than the scattering, the TPL increases dramatically and will eventually become dominant. Since the relative strengths of scattering and absorption depend strongly on the size of the Au nanoparticles, the competition between SHG and TPL is found to be size dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dong Deng
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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16
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Hajisalem G, Ahmed A, Pang Y, Gordon R. Plasmon hybridization for enhanced nonlinear optical response. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29923-29930. [PMID: 23388818 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the plasmon hybridization between silver nanoprisms and a thin gold film as a means to tune the plasmon resonance and to achieve enhanced optical second harmonic generation. The hybridization enhances the second harmonic counts by nearly three orders of magnitude when varying the spacer layer between the nanoprisms and the gold film. Finite-difference time-domain calculations agree within a factor of 2 with the experimental findings in terms of the predicted enhancement factor. This plasmon hybridization approach is promising for future applications, including multi-photon lithography and nonlinear sensing using metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Hajisalem
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, BC, V8P5C2, Canada
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17
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Thyagarajan K, Rivier S, Lovera A, Martin OJF. Enhanced second-harmonic generation from double resonant plasmonic antennae. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:12860-5. [PMID: 22714312 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.012860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel plasmonic antenna geometry - the double resonant antenna (DRA) - that is optimized for second-harmonic generation (SHG). This antenna is based on two gaps coupled to each other so that a resonance at the fundamental and at the doubled frequency is obtained. Furthermore, the proximity of the localized hot spots allows for a coupling and spatial overlap between the two field enhancements at both frequencies. Using such a structure, both the generation of the second-harmonic and its re-emission into the far-field are significantly increased when compared with a standard plasmonic dipole antenna. Such DRA are fabricated in aluminium using electron beam lithography and their linear and nonlinear responses are studied experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Thyagarajan
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Park S, Hahn JW, Lee JY. Doubly resonant metallic nanostructure for high conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:4856-4870. [PMID: 22418292 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of strong nonlinear emission in metallic nanostructures has offered possibilities for realization of functional nano photonic devices. Here, we demonstrate a novel design of a plasmonic nano device for high conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation. A 4 × 4 bowtie aperture array is fabricated to have both plasmonic resonance for local field enhancement of the fundamental wave and Fabry-Pérot resonance for high transmission of second harmonic wave. Combining nano structures for exciting surface plasmon polariton and suppressing higher order diffraction and anti-reflection layer, we achieve a second harmonic conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10(-8) that is nearly an order of magnitude larger than the results published in recent literatures. We also theoretically analyze evidences of the role of double resonances tuned to the fundamental wave and the second harmonic wave, resulting in the augmentation of second harmonic response approximately an order of magnitude greater than that without the help of the resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjeung Park
- Nano Photonics Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
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19
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Wen X, Yi M, Zhang D, Wang P, Lu Y, Ming H. Tunable plasmonic coupling between silver nano-cubes and silver nano-hole arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:085203. [PMID: 21242613 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/8/085203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3D) system composed of Ag nano-cubes and Ag nano-hole arrays was fabricated through a low cost chemical process. The coupling of localized surface plasmons (LSPs) in the cube-hole array system has been investigated through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules. A SERS enhancement factor as large as 1.1 × 10(8) can be achieved due to this plasmonic coupling effect, and is highly sensitive to geometrical parameters, such as cube-hole array distance, hole diameter, inter-hole spacing and Ag film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wen
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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20
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Schön P, Bonod N, Devaux E, Wenger J, Rigneault H, Ebbesen TW, Brasselet S. Enhanced second-harmonic generation from individual metallic nanoapertures. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:4063-4065. [PMID: 21124613 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.004063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the ability of single-subwavelength-size nanoapertures fabricated in a gold metal thin film to enhance second-harmonic generation (SHG) as compared to a bare metal film. Nonlinear microscopy imaging with polarization resolution is used to quantify the SHG enhancement in circular and triangular nanoaperture shapes. The dependence of the measured SHG enhancement on circular aperture diameters is seen to originate from both phase retardation effects and field enhancements at the nanoaperture edge. Triangular nanoapertures exhibit superior SHG enhancement compared with circular ones, as expected from their noncentrosymmetric shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schön
- Institut Fresnel, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Domaine Universitaire St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
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21
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Valev VK, Silhanek AV, Smisdom N, De Clercq B, Gillijns W, Aktsipetrov OA, Ameloot M, Moshchalkov VV, Verbiest T. Linearly polarized second harmonic generation microscopy reveals chirality. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:8286-8293. [PMID: 20588674 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.008286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In optics, chirality is typically associated with circularly polarized light. Here we present a novel way to detect the handedness of chiral materials with linearly polarized light. We performed Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy on G-shaped planar chiral nanostructures made of gold. The SHG response originates in distinctive hotspots, whose arrangement is dependent of the handedness. These results uncover new directions for studying chirality in artificial materials.
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Barakat EH, Bernal MP, Baida FI. Second harmonic generation enhancement by use of annular aperture arrays embedded into silver and filled by lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:6530-6536. [PMID: 20389676 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.006530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose and theoretically study a metallo-dielectric photonic crystal (MDPhC) based on metallic annular aperture arrays (AAA) associated to a nonlinear material (LiNbO(3)) for the second harmonic generation (SHG). An optimal structure design can be found thanks to the relations that link the geometrical parameters to the operating point namely the wavelength of the fundamental and SHG signals. A slow light phenomenon, which occurs at the cut-off frequency of the guided mode through the annular cavities, is at the origin of the SHG signal enhancement. The benefit of the AAA is demonstrated through a comparison with cylindrical aperture arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Barakat
- Département d'Optique P. M. Duffieux, Institut FEMTO-ST UMR 6174 CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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23
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Schuller JA, Barnard ES, Cai W, Jun YC, White JS, Brongersma ML. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation. NATURE MATERIALS 2010; 9:193-204. [PMID: 20168343 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1552] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented ability of nanometallic (that is, plasmonic) structures to concentrate light into deep-subwavelength volumes has propelled their use in a vast array of nanophotonics technologies and research endeavours. Plasmonic light concentrators can elegantly interface diffraction-limited dielectric optical components with nanophotonic structures. Passive and active plasmonic devices provide new pathways to generate, guide, modulate and detect light with structures that are similar in size to state-of-the-art electronic devices. With the ability to produce highly confined optical fields, the conventional rules for light-matter interactions need to be re-examined, and researchers are venturing into new regimes of optical physics. In this review we will discuss the basic concepts behind plasmonics-enabled light concentration and manipulation, make an attempt to capture the wide range of activities and excitement in this area, and speculate on possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Schuller
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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24
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Xu T, Jiao X, Blair S. Third-harmonic generation from arrays of sub-wavelength metal apertures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:23582-23588. [PMID: 20052067 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.023582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We measure third-harmonic generation (THG) from arrays of sub-wavelength metal apertures in transmission using fundamental input at 800 nm. Samples with different aperture spacings, sizes, and shapes are used. Strong angular dependence of THG is observed, with maxima located at incidence angles corresponding to extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) for the fundamental. We demonstrate an anomalous scaling of TH intensity with aperture size, where at different EOT peaks, the TH may either increase or decrease with aperture size. The aperture shape is also shown to have a strong effect on TH output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Xu
- University of Utah, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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25
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Valev VK, Smisdom N, Silhanek AV, De Clercq B, Gillijns W, Ameloot M, Moshchalkov VV, Verbiest T. Plasmonic ratchet wheels: switching circular dichroism by arranging chiral nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3945-8. [PMID: 19863052 DOI: 10.1021/nl9021623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate circular dichroism (CD) in the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal from chiral assemblies of G-shaped nanostructures made of gold. The arrangement of the G shapes is crucial since upon reordering them the SHG-CD effect disappears. Microscopy reveals SHG "hotspots" assemblies, which originate in enantiomerically sensitive plasmon modes, having the novel property of exhibiting a chiral geometry themselves in relation with the handedness of the material. These results open new frontiers in studying chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Valev
- Molecular Electronics and Photonics, INPAC, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Gordon R, Choudhury AIK, Lu T. Gap plasmon mode of eccentric coaxial metal waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:5311-5320. [PMID: 19333296 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.005311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The gap plasmon mode of an eccentric coaxial waveguide is analyzed by the effective index method. The results agree-well with fully-vectorial numerical calculations. In the eccentric structure, there is extreme subwavelength field localization around the narrowest gap due to the gap plasmon. Furthermore, the effective index of the lowest-order waveguide mode increases considerably, for example, to 3.7 in the structure considered with a 2 nm minimum gap. The nanostructure waveguide geometry and wavelength (4 microm) are comparable with recent experiments on coaxial structures, except that that position of the center island is shifted for the eccentric coaxial structure; therefore, the proposed structure is a good candidate for future fabrication and experiments. In the visible regime, the effective index increases to over 10 for the same structure. The influence of symmetry-breaking in the eccentric coaxial structure is discussed as a way to enhance the local field and improve optical coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
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Feth N, Linden S, Klein MW, Decker M, Niesler FBP, Zeng Y, Hoyer W, Liu J, Koch SW, Moloney JV, Wegener M. Second-harmonic generation from complementary split-ring resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:1975-1977. [PMID: 18758583 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present experiments on second-harmonic generation from arrays of magnetic split-ring resonators and arrays of complementary split-ring resonators. In both cases, the fundamental resonance is excited by the incident femtosecond laser pulses under normal incidence, leading to comparably strong second-harmonic signals. These findings are discussed in terms of Babinet's principle and in terms of a recently developed microscopic classical theory that leads to good agreement regarding the relative and the absolute nonlinear signal strengths. The hydrodynamic convective contribution is found to be the dominant source of second-harmonic generation--in contrast to a previous assignment [Science 313, 502 (2006)].
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Affiliation(s)
- N Feth
- Institut fur Nanotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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