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Erdenedalai K, Maltais-Tariant R, Dehaes M, Boudoux C. MCOCT: an experimentally and numerically validated, open-source Monte Carlo simulator for optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:624-640. [PMID: 38404350 PMCID: PMC10890866 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present MCOCT, a Monte Carlo simulator for optical coherence tomography (OCT), incorporating a Gaussian illumination scheme and bias to increase backscattered event collection. MCOCT optical fluence was numerically compared and validated to an established simulator (MCX) and showed concordance at the focus while diverging slightly with distance to it. MCOCT OCT signals were experimentally compared and validated to OCT signals acquired in tissue-mimicking phantoms with known optical properties and showed a similar attenuation pattern with increasing depth while diverging beyond 1.5 mm and proximal to layer interfaces. MCOCT may help in the design of OCT systems for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaliun Erdenedalai
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, H3T 1J4, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Mathieu Dehaes
- University of Montreal, Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, H3T 1J4, Montreal, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Research Center, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Canada
- University of Montreal, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, H3T 1J4, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, H3T 1J4, Montreal, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Research Center, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Canada
- Castor Optics, H3T 2B1, Montreal, Canada
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2
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Mao J, Ling Y, Xue P, Su Y. Importance sampling-accelerated simulation of full-spectrum backscattered diffuse reflectance. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4644-4659. [PMID: 37791287 PMCID: PMC10545175 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The Monte Carlo (MC) method is one of the most widely used numerical tools to model the light interaction with tissue. However, due to the low photon collection efficiency and the need to simulate the entire emission spectrum, it is computationally expensive to simulate the full-spectrum backscattered diffuse reflectance (F-BDR). Here, we propose an acceleration scheme based on importance sampling (IS). We derive the biasing sampling function tailored for simulating BDR based on the two-term scattering phase function (TT). The parameters of the TT function at different wavelengths are directly obtained by fitting the Mie scattering phase function. Subsequently, we incorporate the TT function and its corresponding biased function into the redefined IS process and realize the accelerated simulation of F-BDR. Phantom simulations based on the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Compared to the original simulator without IS, our proposed method achieves a 373× acceleration in simulating the F-BDR of the multi-layer phantom with a relative mean square error (rMSE) of less than 2%. Besides, by parallelly computing A-lines, our method enables the simulation of an entire B-scan in less than 0.4 hours. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that a volumetric OCT image of a complex phantom is simulated. We believe that the proposed acceleration method can be readily applied to fast simulations of various F-BDR-dependent applications. The source codes of this manuscript are also publicly available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Mao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuye Ling
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yikai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Mao J, Ling Y, Xue P, Su Y. Monte Carlo-based full-wavelength simulator of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:6317-6334. [PMID: 36589559 PMCID: PMC9774871 DOI: 10.1364/boe.475428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been widely used to study imaging procedures, including Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). Despite the broadband nature of FD-OCT, the results obtained at a single wavelength are often used in previous studies. Some wavelength-relied imaging applications, such as spectroscopic OCT (S-OCT), are unlikely to be simulated in this way due to the lack of information from the entire spectrum. Here, we propose a novel simulator for full-wavelength MC simulation of FD-OCT. All wavelengths within the emission spectrum of the light source will be simulated, and the optical properties derived from Mie theory will be applied. We further combine the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) with a probability distribution-based signal pre-processing to combat the excessive noises in the OCT signal reconstruction, which is caused by the non-uniform distribution of the scattering events at different wavelengths. Proof-of-concept simulations are conducted to show the excellent performance of the proposed simulator on signal reconstruction and optical properties extraction. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed simulator is more accurate and could better preserve the wavelength-dependent features. For example, the mean square error (MSE) computed between the backscattering coefficient extracted by the proposed simulator and the ground truth is 0.11, which is far less than the value (7.67) of the conventional method. We believe this simulator could be an effective tool to study the wavelength dependency in FD-OCT imaging as well as a preferred solution for simulating spectroscopic OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Mao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuye Ling
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yikai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Canales-Benavides A, Zavislan J, Carney PS. Suppression of the conjugate signal for broadband computed imaging via synthetic phase modulation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:C203-C213. [PMID: 36520772 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.473089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present synthetic-phase-modulated interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (SPM-ISAM), a method to perform 3D object reconstructions from data acquired with confocal broadband interferometric microscopy (BIM) that reconstructs images virtually free of coherent and depth-dependent defocus artifacts. This is achieved by implementing a sinusoidal SPM method in combination with an ISAM reconstruction algorithm that uses relatively low-modulation frequencies compared with acquisition frequencies. A theoretical framework and numerical results are provided here.
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Nagib K, Mezgebo B, Fernando N, Kordi B, Sherif SS. Generalized Image Reconstruction in Optical Coherence Tomography Using Redundant and Non-Uniformly-Spaced Samples. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217057. [PMID: 34770364 PMCID: PMC8587445 DOI: 10.3390/s21217057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we use Frame Theory to develop a generalized OCT image reconstruction method using redundant and non-uniformly spaced frequency domain samples that includes using non-redundant and uniformly spaced samples as special cases. We also correct an important theoretical error in the previously reported results related to OCT image reconstruction using the Non-uniform Discrete Fourier Transform (NDFT). Moreover, we describe an efficient method to compute our corrected reconstruction transform, i.e., a scaled NDFT, using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Finally, we demonstrate different advantages of our generalized OCT image reconstruction method by achieving (1) theoretically corrected OCT image reconstruction directly from non-uniformly spaced frequency domain samples; (2) a novel OCT image reconstruction method with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using redundant frequency domain samples. Our new image reconstruction method is an improvement of OCT technology, so it could benefit all OCT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nagib
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (K.N.); (B.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Biniyam Mezgebo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (K.N.); (B.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Namal Fernando
- Manitoba Hydro High Voltage Test Facility, Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, MB R3T 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Behzad Kordi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (K.N.); (B.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Sherif S. Sherif
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (K.N.); (B.M.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Wei S, Kang JU. Stabilizing the phase of swept-source optical coherence tomography by a wrapped Gaussian mixture model. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2932-2935. [PMID: 34129577 PMCID: PMC9808914 DOI: 10.1364/ol.420898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phase of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal carries critical information about particle micro-displacements. However, swept-source OCT (SSOCT) suffers from phase instability problems due to trigger jitters from the swept source. In this Letter, a wrapped Gaussian mixture model (WGMM) is proposed to stabilize the phase of SSOCT systems. A closed-form iteration solution of the WGMM is derived using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Necessary approximations are made for real-time graphic processing unit implementation. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through ex vivo, in vivo, and flow phantom experiments. The results show the robustness of the method in different application scenarios.
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Ling Y, Wang M, Yao X, Gan Y, Schmetterer L, Zhou C, Su Y. Effect of spectral leakage on the image formation of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6394-6397. [PMID: 33258820 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the investigation of spectral leakage's impact on the reconstruction of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). We discuss the shift-variant nature introduced by the spectral leakage and develop a novel spatial-domain FD-OCT image formation model. A proof-of-concept phantom experiment is conducted to validate our model. Compared with previous models, the proposed framework could better describe the image formation process, especially when the fineness of the axial structure approaches the theoretical resolution limit.
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Wang T, Pfeiffer T, Daemen J, Mastik F, Wieser W, van der Steen AFW, Huber R, van Soest G. Simultaneous Morphological and Flow Imaging Enabled by Megahertz Intravascular Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1535-1544. [PMID: 31725370 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2948258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate three-dimensional intravascular flow imaging compatible with routine clinical image acquisition workflow by means of megahertz (MHz) intravascular Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The OCT system relies on a 1.1 mm diameter motorized imaging catheter and a 1.5 MHz Fourier Domain Mode Locked (FDML) laser. Using a post processing method to compensate the drift of the FDML laser output, we can resolve the Doppler phase shift between two adjoining OCT A-line datasets. By interpretation of the velocity field as measured around the zero phase shift, the flow direction at specific angles can be qualitatively estimated. Imaging experiments were carried out in phantoms, micro channels, and swine coronary artery in vitro at a speed of 600 frames/s. The MHz wavelength sweep rate of the OCT system allows us to directly investigate flow velocity of up to 37.5 cm/s while computationally expensive phase-unwrapping has to be applied to measure such high speed using conventional OCT system. The MHz sweep rate also enables a volumetric Doppler imaging even with a fast pullback at 40 mm/s. We present the first simultaneously recorded 3D morphological images and Doppler flow profiles. Flow pattern estimation and three-dimensional structural reconstruction of entire coronary artery are achieved using a single OCT pullback dataset.
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Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical neuroimaging. Biomed Eng Lett 2019; 9:311-325. [PMID: 31456891 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical neuroimaging allows for the assessment of brain anatomy, connectivity, and function in laboratory animals, such as mice and this imaging field has been a rapidly growing aimed at bridging the translation gap between animal and human research. The progress in the animal research could be accelerated by high-resolution in vivo optical imaging technologies. Optical coherence tomography-based angiography (OCTA) estimates the scattering from moving red blood cells, providing the visualization of functional micro-vessel networks within tissue beds in vivo without a need for exogenous contrast agents. Recent advancement of OCTA methods have expanded its application to neuroimaging of small animal models of brain disorders. In this paper, we overview the recent development of OCTA techniques for blood flow imaging and its preclinical applications in neuroimaging. In specific, a summary of preclinical OCTA studies for traumatic brain injury, cerebral stroke, and aging brain on mice is reviewed.
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Ling Y, Meiniel W, Singh-Moon R, Angelini E, Olivo-Marin JC, Hendon CP. Compressed sensing-enabled phase-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:855-871. [PMID: 30696165 PMCID: PMC6410915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a novel phase-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography (PhS-SS-OCT) system. The simultaneously recorded calibration signal, which is commonly used in SS-OCT to stabilize the phase, is randomly sub-sampled during the acquisition, and it is later reconstructed based on the Compressed Sensing (CS) theory. We first mathematically investigated the method, and verified it through computer simulations. We then conducted a vibrational frequency test and a flow velocity measurement in phantoms to demonstrate the system's capability of handling phase-sensitive tasks. The proposed scheme shows excellent phase stability with greatly discounted data bandwidth compared with conventional procedures. We further showcased the usefulness of the system in biological samples by detecting the blood flow in ex vivo swine left marginal artery. The proposed system is compatible with most of the existing SS-OCT systems and could be a preferred solution for future high-speed phase-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | - William Meiniel
- Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom-ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, Paris,
France
- Institut Pasteur, BioImage Analysis unit, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris,
France
| | - Rajinder Singh-Moon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | - Elsa Angelini
- Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom-ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, Paris,
France
- NIHR Imperial BRC, ITMAT Data Science Group, Imperial College, London,
United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
| | | | - Christine P. Hendon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th St., New York, New York 10027,
USA
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Moon S, Chen Z. Phase-stability optimization of swept-source optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5280-5295. [PMID: 30460128 PMCID: PMC6238911 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phase-resolved imaging of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) is subject to phase measurement instabilities involved with the sweep variation of a frequency-swept source. In general, optically generated timing references are utilized to track the variations imposed on OCT signals. But they might not be accurately synchronized due to relative time delays. In this research, we investigated the impact of the signal delays on the timing instabilities and the consequent deviations of the measured phases. We considered two types of timing signals utilized in a popular digitizer operation mode: a sweep trigger from a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) that initiates a series of signal sampling actions clocked by an auxiliary Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) signal. We found that significant instabilities were brought by the relative delays through incoherent timing corrections and timing collisions between the timing references. The best-to-worst ratio of the measured phase errors was higher than 200 while only the signal delays varied. Noise-limited phase stability was achieved with a wide dynamic range of OCT signals above 50 dB in optimized delays. This demonstrated that delay optimization is very effective in phase stabilization of SS-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucbei Moon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chen W, Du C, Pan Y. Cerebral capillary flow imaging by wavelength-division-multiplexing swept-source optical Doppler tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800004. [PMID: 29603668 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Swept-source-based optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) has demonstrated the unique advantages for fast imaging rate and long imaging distance; however, limited axial resolution and complex phase noises restrict swept-source optical Doppler tomography (SS-ODT) for quantitative capillary blood flow imaging in the deep cortices. Here, the wavelength-dividing-multiplexing optical Doppler tomography (WDM-ODT) method that divides a single interferogram into multiple phase-correlated interferograms is proposed to effectively enhance the sensitivity for cerebral capillary flow imaging. Both flow phantom and in vivo mouse brain imaging studies show that WDM-ODT is able to significantly suppress background phase noise and image cerebral capillary flow down to the vessel size of 5.6 μm. Comparison between the wavelength-division-multiplexing SS-ODT and the spectral-domain ultrahigh-resolution ODT (uODT) reveals that SS-ODT outpaces uODT by extending the capillary flow imaging depth to 1.6 mm in mouse cortex. Thus, for the first time, quantitative capillary flow imaging is demonstrated using SS-ODT in the deep cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Congwu Du
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yingtian Pan
- Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Yao X, Gan Y, Ling Y, Marboe CC, Hendon CP. Multicontrast endomyocardial imaging by single-channel high-resolution cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700204. [PMID: 29165902 PMCID: PMC6186148 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A single-channel high-resolution cross-polarization (CP) optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is presented for multicontrast imaging of human myocardium in one-shot measurement. The intensity and functional contrasts, including the ratio between the cross- and co-polarization channels as well as the cumulative retardation, are reconstructed from the CP-OCT readout. By comparing the CP-OCT results with histological analysis, it is shown that the system can successfully delineate microstructures in the myocardium and differentiate the fibrotic myocardium from normal or ablated myocardium based on the functional contrasts provided by the CP-OCT system. The feasibility of using A-line profiles from the 2 orthogonal polarization channels to identify fibrotic myocardium, normal myocardium and ablated lesion is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yuye Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles C. Marboe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Christine P. Hendon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Ling Y, Yao X, Hendon CP. Highly phase-stable 200 kHz swept-source optical coherence tomography based on KTN electro-optic deflector. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3687-3699. [PMID: 29082103 PMCID: PMC5560834 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advance in swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) technology has enabled exciting new applications in elastography, angiography, and vibrometry, where both high temporal resolution and phase stability are highly sought-after. In this paper, we present a 200 kHz SS-OCT system centered at 1321 nm by using an electro-optically tuned swept source. The proposed system's performance was fully characterized, and it possesses superior phase stability (0.0012% scanning variability and <1 ns timing jitter) that is promising for many phase-sensitive imaging applications. Biological experiments were demonstrated within ex vivo human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium where both the ciliary motion and ciliary beat frequency were successfully extracted.
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