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Tian H, Lyu R, Yi P. Crosstalk between Rho of Plants GTPase signalling and plant hormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3778-3796. [PMID: 38616410 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) constitute a plant-specific subset of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins within the Cdc42/Rho/Rac family. These versatile proteins regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, cell division, cell morphogenesis, organ development, and stress responses. In recent years, the dynamic cellular and subcellular behaviours orchestrated by ROPs have unveiled a notable connection to hormone-mediated organ development and physiological responses, thereby expanding our knowledge of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of this signalling pathway. This review delineates advancements in understanding the interplay between plant hormones and the ROP signalling cascade, focusing primarily on the connections with auxin and abscisic acid pathways, alongside preliminary discoveries in cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and salicylic acid responses. It endeavours to shed light on the intricate, coordinated mechanisms bridging cell- and tissue-level signals that underlie plant cell behaviour, organ development, and physiological processes, and highlights future research prospects and challenges in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ruohan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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2
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Denninger P. RHO OF PLANTS signalling and the activating ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS: specificity in cellular signal transduction in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3685-3699. [PMID: 38683617 PMCID: PMC11194304 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Every cell constantly receives signals from its neighbours or the environment. In plants, most signals are perceived by RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and then transmitted into the cell. The molecular switches RHO OF PLANTS (ROP) are critical proteins for polar signal transduction and regulate multiple cell polarity processes downstream of RLKs. Many ROP-regulating proteins and scaffold proteins of the ROP complex are known. However, the spatiotemporal ROP signalling complex composition is not yet understood. Moreover, how specificity is achieved in different ROP signalling pathways within one cell still needs to be determined. This review gives an overview of recent advances in ROP signalling and how specificity by downstream scaffold proteins can be achieved. The composition of the ROP signalling complexes is discussed, focusing on the possibility of the simultaneous presence of ROP activators and inactivators within the same complex to balance ROP activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the function of plant-specific ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS polarizing ROP signalling and defining the specificity of the initiated ROP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Denninger
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
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3
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Kopischke M, Probst K, McCollum C, Hofer J, Hückelhoven R. Barley RIC157, a potential RACB scaffold protein, is involved in susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:329-344. [PMID: 36562946 PMCID: PMC10090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CRIB motif-containing barley RIC157 is a novel ROP scaffold protein that interacts directly with barley RACB, promotes susceptibility to fungal penetration, and colocalizes with RACB at the haustorial neck. Successful obligate pathogens benefit from host cellular processes. For the biotrophic ascomycete fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) it has been shown that barley RACB, a small monomeric G-protein (ROP, Rho of plants), is required for full susceptibility to fungal penetration. The susceptibility function of RACB probably lies in its role in cell polarity, which may be co-opted by the pathogen for invasive ingrowth of its haustorium. However, how RACB supports fungal penetration success and which other host proteins coordinate this process is incompletely understood. RIC (ROP-Interactive and CRIB-(Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding) motif-containing) proteins are considered scaffold proteins which can interact directly with ROPs via a conserved CRIB motif. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized barley RIC protein, RIC157, which can interact directly with RACB in planta. We show that, in the presence of constitutively activated RACB, RIC157 shows a localization at the cell periphery/plasma membrane, whereas it otherwise localizes to the cytoplasm. RIC157 appears to mutually stabilize the plasma membrane localization of the activated ROP. During fungal infection, RIC157 and RACB colocalize at the penetration site, particularly at the haustorial neck. Additionally, transiently overexpressed RIC157 renders barley epidermal cells more susceptible to fungal penetration. We discuss that RIC157 may promote fungal penetration into barley epidermal cells by operating probably downstream of activated RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engelhardt
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Katja Probst
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofer
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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4
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Liu H, Huang J, Zhang X, Liu G, Liang W, Zhu G, Dong M, Li M, Zhang J, Yang W, Xiao W, Cheung AY, Tao LZ. The RAC/ROP GTPase activator OsRopGEF10 functions in crown root development by regulating cytokinin signaling in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:453-468. [PMID: 36190337 PMCID: PMC9806555 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RAC/Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases are major molecular switches that control diverse signaling cascades for plant growth, development, and defense. Here, we discovered a signaling node that connects RAC/ROPs to cytokinins. Rice (Oryza sativa) plants develop a fibrous root system mainly composed of crown roots. Cytokinin signaling via a phosphorelay system is critical for crown root development. We show that OsRopGEF10, which activates RAC/ROPs, acts upstream of the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling phosphotransfer proteins AHPs of the cytokinin signaling pathway to promote crown root development. Mutations of OsRopGEF10 induced hypersensitivity to cytokinin, whereas overexpressing this gene reduced the cytokinin response. Loss of OsRopGEF10 function reduced the expression of the response regulator gene OsRR6, a repressor of cytokinin signaling, and impaired crown root development. Mutations in OsAHP1/2 led to increased crown root production and rescued the crown root defect of Osropgef10. Furthermore, auxin activates the ROP GTPase OsRAC3, which attenuates cytokinin signaling for crown root initiation. Molecular interactions between OsRopGEF10, OsRAC3, and OsAHP1/2 implicate a mechanism whereby OsRopGEF10-activated OsRAC3 recruits OsAHP1/2 to the cortical cytoplasm, sequestering them from their phosphorelay function in the nucleus. Together, our findings uncover the OsRopGEF10-OsRAC3-OsAHP1/2 signaling module, establish a link between RAC/ROPs and cytokinin, and reveal molecular crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin during crown root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengge Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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5
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Feiguelman G, Cui X, Sternberg H, Hur EB, Higa T, Oda Y, Fu Y, Yalovsky S. Microtubule-associated ROP interactors affect microtubule dynamics and modulate cell wall patterning and root hair growth. Development 2022; 149:279331. [PMID: 36314989 PMCID: PMC9845754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rho of plant (ROP) proteins and the interactor of constitutively active ROP (ICR) family member ICR5/MIDD1 have been implicated to function as signaling modules that regulate metaxylem secondary cell wall patterning. Yet, loss-of-function mutants of ICR5 and its closest homologs have not been studied and, hence, the functions of these ICR family members are not fully established. Here, we studied the functions of ICR2 and its homolog ICR5. We show that ICR2 is a microtubule-associated protein that affects microtubule dynamics. Secondary cell wall pits in the metaxylem of Arabidopsis icr2 and icr5 single mutants and icr2 icr5 double mutants are smaller than those in wild-type Col-0 seedlings; however, they are remarkably denser, implying a complex function of ICRs in secondary cell wall patterning. ICR5 has a unique function in protoxylem secondary cell wall patterning, whereas icr2, but not icr5, mutants develop split root hairs, demonstrating functional diversification. Taken together, our results show that ICR2 and ICR5 have unique and cooperative functions as microtubule-associated proteins and as ROP effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Feiguelman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eliran Ben Hur
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Gene Phenomics and Function, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Phenomics and Function, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel,Author for correspondence (; )
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6
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Hasi Q, Kakimoto T. ROP Interactive Partners are Involved in the Control of Cell Division Patterns in Arabidopsis Leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1130-1139. [PMID: 35779003 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal Rho GTP-binding proteins and their plant counterparts, Rho of plants (ROPs), regulate cell polarity, but they do so through different effector proteins. A class of ROP effectors, interactor of constitutive active ROPs (ICRs)/ROP interactive partners (RIPs), has been implicated in diverse biological processes; however, there are limited analyses of RIP loss-of-function mutants. Here, we report an analysis of the functions of the Arabidopsis thaliana RIPs in the leaf epidermis. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fusion proteins of all the RIPs colocalized to cortical microtubules. RIP1, RIP3 and RIP4, but not RIP2 and RIP5, colocalized with the preprophase band (PPB), spindles and phragmoplasts. RIP2 and RIP5 did not colocalize with the PPB, spindles or phragmoplasts even when they were expressed under a promoter active in proliferative cells, indicating that there are differences among RIP protein properties. The overexpression of RIP1 or RIP4 resulted in the fragmentation of cortical microtubules, and the rip1 2 3 4 5 quintuple mutant showed increased growth rate of microtubules at their plus ends compared with the wild type. The rip1 2 3 4 5 mutant leaves and petals were narrow, which was explained by the decreased cell number along the transverse axis compared with that of the wild type. The rip1 2 3 4 5 mutant leaf epidermis possessed fewer PPBs oriented close to the long axis of the leaf compared with wild type, indicating the involvement of RIPs in cell division plane regulation and leaf shape determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimuge Hasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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7
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Liu T, Liu Q, Yu Z, Wang C, Mai H, Liu G, Li R, Pang G, Chen D, Liu H, Yang J, Tao LZ. eIF4E1 Regulates Arabidopsis Embryo Development and Root Growth by Interacting With RopGEF7. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938476. [PMID: 35845661 PMCID: PMC9280432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E1 (eIF4E1) is required for the initiation of protein synthesis. The biological function of eIF4E1 in plant-potyvirus interactions has been extensively studied. However, the role of eIF4E1 in Arabidopsis development remains unclear. In this study, we show that eIF4E1 is highly expressed in the embryo and root apical meristem. In addition, eIF4E1 expression is induced by auxin. eIF4E1 mutants show embryonic cell division defects and short primary roots, a result of reduced cell divisions. Furthermore, our results show that mutation in eIF4E1 severely reduces the accumulation of PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins and decreases auxin-responsive gene expression at the root tip. Yeast two-hybrid assays identified that eIF4E1 interacts with an RAC/ROP GTPase activator, RopGEF7, which has been previously reported to be involved in the maintenance of the root apical meristem. The interaction between eIF4E1 and RopGEF7 is confirmed by protein pull-down and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays in plant cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that eIF4E1 is important for auxin-regulated embryo development and root growth. The eIF4E1-RopGEF7 interaction suggests that eIF4E1 may act through ROP signaling to regulate auxin transport, thus regulating auxin-dependent patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huafu Mai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain N, Gachomo EW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:215-229. [PMID: 34941379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial rhizobacteria can stimulate changes in plant root development. Although root system growth is mediated by multiple factors, the regulated distribution of the phytohormone auxin within root tissues plays a principal role. Auxin transport facilitators help to generate the auxin gradients and maxima that determine root structure. Here, we show that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 influences specific auxin efflux transporters to alter Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology. Gene expression profiling of host transcripts in control and B. japonicum-inoculated roots of the wild-type A. thaliana accession Col-0 confirmed upregulation of PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 with B. japonicum and identified genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of auxin-related responses. Cocultivation of the bacterium with loss-of-function auxin efflux transport mutants revealed that B. japonicum requires PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 to increase lateral root development and utilizes PIN2 to reduce primary root length. Accelerated lateral root primordia production due to B. japonicum was not observed in single pin3, pin7, or abcb19 mutants, suggesting independent roles for PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 during the plant-microbe interaction. Our work demonstrates B. japonicum's influence over host transcriptional reprogramming during plant interaction with this beneficial microbe and the subsequent alterations to root system architecture.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Y Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nathan McLain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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9
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Zhang L, Ma J, Liu H, Yi Q, Wang Y, Xing J, Zhang P, Ji S, Li M, Li J, Shen J, Lin J. SNARE proteins VAMP721 and VAMP722 mediate the post-Golgi trafficking required for auxin-mediated development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:426-440. [PMID: 34343378 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin controls many aspects of plant development. Membrane trafficking processes, such as secretion, endocytosis and recycling, regulate the polar localization of auxin transporters in order to establish an auxin concentration gradient. Here, we investigate the function of the Arabidopsis thaliana R-SNAREs VESICLE-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN 721 (VAMP721) and VAMP722 in the post-Golgi trafficking required for proper auxin distribution and seedling growth. We show that multiple growth phenotypes, such as cotyledon development, vein patterning and lateral root growth, were defective in the double homozygous vamp721 vamp722 mutant. Abnormal auxin distribution and root patterning were also observed in the mutant seedlings. Fluorescence imaging revealed that three auxin transporters, PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1), PIN2 and AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1), aberrantly accumulate within the cytoplasm of the double mutant, impairing the polar localization at the plasma membrane (PM). Analysis of intracellular trafficking demonstrated the involvement of VAMP721 and VAMP722 in the endocytosis of FM4-64 and the secretion and recycling of the PIN2 transporter protein to the PM, but not its trafficking to the vacuole. Furthermore, vamp721 vamp722 mutant roots display enlarged trans-Golgi network (TGN) structures, as indicated by the subcellular localization of a variety of marker proteins and the ultrastructure observed using transmission electron microscopy. Thus, our results suggest that the R-SNAREs VAMP721 and VAMP722 mediate the post-Golgi trafficking of auxin transporters to the PM from the TGN subdomains, substantially contributing to plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qian Yi
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457001, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Shengdong Ji
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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10
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Abstract
Auxin regulates the transcription of auxin-responsive genes by the TIR1/AFBs-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway, and in this way facilitates plant growth and development. However, rapid, nontranscriptional responses to auxin that cannot be explained by this pathway have been reported. In this review, we focus on several examples of rapid auxin responses: (1) the triggering of changes in plasma membrane potential in various plant species and tissues, (2) inhibition of root growth, which also correlates with membrane potential changes, cytosolic Ca2+ spikes, and a rise of apoplastic pH, (3) the influence on endomembrane trafficking of PIN proteins and other membrane cargoes, and (4) activation of ROPs (Rho of plants) and their downstream effectors such as the cytoskeleton or vesicle trafficking. In most cases, the signaling pathway triggering the response is poorly understood. A role for the TIR1/AFBs in rapid root growth regulation is emerging, as well as the involvement of transmembrane kinases (TMKs) in the activation of ROPs. We discuss similarities and differences among these rapid responses and focus on their physiological significance, which remains an enigma in most cases.
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11
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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12
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Brillada C, Teh OK, Ditengou FA, Lee CW, Klecker T, Saeed B, Furlan G, Zietz M, Hause G, Eschen-Lippold L, Hoehenwarter W, Lee J, Ott T, Trujillo M. Exocyst subunit Exo70B2 is linked to immune signaling and autophagy. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:404-419. [PMID: 33630076 PMCID: PMC8136888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During the immune response, activation of the secretory pathway is key to mounting an effective response, while gauging its output is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst functions as a spatiotemporal regulator by mediating numerous interactions with proteins and lipids. However, a molecular understanding of the exocyst regulation remains challenging. We show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Exo70B2 behaves as a bona fide exocyst subunit. Conversely, treatment with the salicylic acid (SA) defence hormone analog benzothiadiazole (BTH), or the immunogenic peptide flg22, induced Exo70B2 transport into the vacuole. We reveal that Exo70B2 interacts with AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8 (ATG8) via two ATG8-interacting motives (AIMs) and its transport into the vacuole is dependent on autophagy. In line with its role in immunity, we discovered that Exo70B2 interacted with and was phosphorylated by the kinase MPK3. Mimicking phosphorylation had a dual impact on Exo70B2: first, by inhibiting localization at sites of active secretion, and second, it increased the interaction with ATG8. Phosphonull variants displayed higher effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and were hypersensitive to BTH, which induce secretion and autophagy. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation diverts Exo70B2 from the secretory into the autophagy pathway for its degradation, to dampen secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, 060-0815 Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Chil-Woo Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Till Klecker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bushra Saeed
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Furlan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Zietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06120 (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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13
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Li E, Zhang YL, Shi X, Li H, Yuan X, Li S, Zhang Y. A positive feedback circuit for ROP-mediated polar growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:395-410. [PMID: 33271334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained. Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, regulate tip growth. The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth, and requires at least one positive feedback loop, which is still elusive. Here, we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs, in which ROPs, ROP activators and effectors, and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation. AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of ROPs, RopGEF4 and RopGEF10. They also interact with two ROP effectors, ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4, which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5. Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling. We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation. Interestingly, we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs. Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants, this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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14
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Liu J, Liu MX, Qiu LP, Xie F. SPIKE1 Activates the GTPase ROP6 to Guide the Polarized Growth of Infection Threads in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3774-3791. [PMID: 33023954 PMCID: PMC7721321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, rhizobia attach to root hair tips and secrete nodulation factor to activate rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Endosymbiotic rhizobia enter nodule primordia via a specialized transcellular compartment known as the infection thread (IT). The IT elongates by polar tip growth, following the path of the migrating nucleus along and within the root hair cell. Rho-family ROP GTPases are known to regulate the polarized growth of cells, but their role in regulating polarized IT growth is poorly understood. Here, we show that LjSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with three type I ROP GTPases. Genetic analyses showed that these three ROP GTPases are involved in root hair development, but only LjROP6 is required for IT formation after rhizobia inoculation. Misdirected ITs formed in the root hairs of Ljspk1 and Ljrop6 mutants. We show that LjSPK1 functions as a GEF that activates LjROP6. LjROP6 enhanced the plasma membrane localization LjSPK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and Lotus japonicus root hairs, and LjSPK1 and LjROP6 interact at the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results shed light on how the LjROP6-LjSPK1 module mediates the polarized growth of ITs in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Miao Xia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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McCollum C, Engelhardt S, Weiss L, Hückelhoven R. ROP INTERACTIVE PARTNER b Interacts with RACB and Supports Fungal Penetration into Barley Epidermal Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:823-836. [PMID: 32665335 PMCID: PMC7536699 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROP) G-proteins are key components of cell polarization processes in plant development. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) ROP protein RACB is a susceptibility factor in the interaction of barley with the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). RACB also drives polar cell development, and this function might be coopted during the formation of fungal haustoria in barley epidermal cells. To understand RACB signaling during the interaction of barley with Bgh, we searched for potential downstream interactors of RACB. Here, we show that ROP INTERACTIVE PARTNER b (RIPb; synonym: INTERACTOR OF CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVE ROP b) directly interacts with RACB in yeast and in planta. Overexpression of RIPb supports the susceptibility of barley to Bgh RIPb further interacts with itself at microtubules. However, the interaction with activated RACB largely takes place at the plasma membrane. Both RIPb and RACB are recruited to the site of fungal attack around the neck of developing haustoria, suggesting locally enhanced ROP activity. We further assigned different functions to different domains of the RIPb protein. The N-terminal coiled-coil CC1 domain is required for microtubule localization, while the C-terminal coiled-coil CC2 domain is sufficient to interact with RACB and to fulfill a function in susceptibility at the plasma membrane. Hence, RIPb appears to be localized at microtubules and is then recruited by activated RACB for a function at the plasma membrane during formation of the haustorial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCollum
- Phytopathology, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Phytopathology, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas Weiss
- Phytopathology, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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16
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Ogura T, Goeschl C, Filiault D, Mirea M, Slovak R, Wolhrab B, Satbhai SB, Busch W. Root System Depth in Arabidopsis Is Shaped by EXOCYST70A3 via the Dynamic Modulation of Auxin Transport. Cell 2020; 178:400-412.e16. [PMID: 31299202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA), the distribution of roots in soil, plays a major role in plant survival. RSA is shaped by multiple developmental processes that are largely governed by the phytohormone auxin, suggesting that auxin regulates responses of roots that are important for local adaptation. However, auxin has a central role in numerous processes, and it is unclear which molecular mechanisms contribute to the variation in RSA for environmental adaptation. Using natural variation in Arabidopsis, we identify EXOCYST70A3 as a modulator of the auxin system that causes variation in RSA by acting on PIN4 protein distribution. Allelic variation and genetic perturbation of EXOCYST70A3 lead to alteration of root gravitropic responses, resulting in a different RSA depth profile and drought resistance. Overall our findings suggest that the local modulation of the pleiotropic auxin pathway can gives rise to distinct RSAs that can be adaptive in specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ogura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Goeschl
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Filiault
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Madalina Mirea
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Radka Slovak
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bonnie Wolhrab
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Hoefle C, McCollum C, Hückelhoven R. Barley ROP-Interactive Partner-a organizes into RAC1- and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1-dependent membrane domains. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:94. [PMID: 32122296 PMCID: PMC7053138 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small ROP (also called RAC) GTPases are key factors in polar cell development and in interaction with the environment. ROP-Interactive Partner (RIP) proteins are predicted scaffold or ROP-effector proteins, which function downstream of activated GTP-loaded ROP proteins in establishing membrane heterogeneity and cellular organization. Grass ROP proteins function in cell polarity, resistance and susceptibility to fungal pathogens but grass RIP proteins are little understood. RESULTS We found that the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) RIPa protein can interact with barley ROPs in yeast. Fluorescent-tagged RIPa, when co-expressed with the constitutively activated ROP protein CA RAC1, accumulates at the cell periphery or plasma membrane. Additionally, RIPa, locates into membrane domains, which are laterally restricted by microtubules when co-expressed with RAC1 and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1. Both structural integrity of MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1 and microtubule stability are key to maintenance of RIPa-labeled membrane domains. In this context, RIPa also accumulates at the interface of barley and invading hyphae of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that barley RIPa interacts with barley ROPs and specifies RAC1 activity-associated membrane domains with potential signaling capacity. Lateral diffusion of this RAC1 signaling capacity is spatially restricted and the resulting membrane heterogeneity requires intact microtubules and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1. Focal accumulation of RIPa at sites of fungal attack may indicate locally restricted ROP activity at sites of fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoefle
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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18
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Hazak O, Mamon E, Lavy M, Sternberg H, Behera S, Schmitz-Thom I, Bloch D, Dementiev O, Gutman I, Danziger T, Schwarz N, Abuzeineh A, Mockaitis K, Estelle M, Hirsch JA, Kudla J, Yalovsky S. A novel Ca2+-binding protein that can rapidly transduce auxin responses during root growth. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000085. [PMID: 31295257 PMCID: PMC6650080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling cross talks between auxin, a regulator of plant development, and Ca2+, a universal second messenger, have been proposed to modulate developmental plasticity in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis roots, auxin elicits specific Ca2+ signaling patterns that spatially coincide with the expression pattern of auxin-regulated genes. We have identified the single EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein Ca2+-dependent modulator of ICR1 (CMI1) as an interactor of the Rho of plants (ROP) effector interactor of constitutively active ROP (ICR1). CMI1 expression is directly up-regulated by auxin, whereas the loss of function of CMI1 associates with the repression of auxin-induced Ca2+ increases in the lateral root cap and vasculature, indicating that CMI1 represses early auxin responses. In agreement, cmi1 mutants display an increased auxin response including shorter primary roots, longer root hairs, longer hypocotyls, and altered lateral root formation. Binding to ICR1 affects subcellular localization of CMI1 and its function. The interaction between CMI1 and ICR1 is Ca2+-dependent and involves a conserved hydrophobic pocket in CMI1 and calmodulin binding-like domain in ICR1. Remarkably, CMI1 is monomeric in solution and in vitro changes its secondary structure at cellular resting Ca2+ concentrations ranging between 10-9 and 10-8 M. Hence, CMI1 is a Ca2+-dependent transducer of auxin-regulated gene expression, which can function in a cell-specific fashion at steady-state as well as at elevated cellular Ca2+ levels to regulate auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Mamon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meirav Lavy
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitz-Thom
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daria Bloch
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Olga Dementiev
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itay Gutman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Danziger
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Netanel Schwarz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anas Abuzeineh
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology, University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Estelle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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19
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Dong Q, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Tao LZ, Liu H. FERONIA regulates auxin-mediated lateral root development and primary root gravitropism. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:97-106. [PMID: 30417333 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is a key hub of cell signaling networks mediating various hormone, stress, and immune responses. Previous studies have shown that FER functions correlate with auxin responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the primary root of the fer-4 mutant displays increased lateral root branching and a delayed gravitropic response, which are associated with polar auxin transport (PAT). Our data suggest that aberrant PIN2 polarity is responsible for the delayed gravitropic response in fer-4. Furthermore, the diminished F-actin cytoskeleton in fer-4 implies that FER modulates F-actin-mediated PIN2 polar localization. Our findings provide new insights into the function of FER in PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingKun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiWei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YuTing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HuiLi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Feiguelman G, Fu Y, Yalovsky S. ROP GTPases Structure-Function and Signaling Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:57-79. [PMID: 29150557 PMCID: PMC5761820 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between receptor like kinases and guanyl nucleotide exchange factors together with identification of effector proteins reveal putative ROP GTPases signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Feiguelman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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21
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Hong L, Ye C, Lin J, Fu H, Wu X, Li QQ. Alternative polyadenylation is involved in auxin-based plant growth and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:246-258. [PMID: 29155478 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is widely involved in plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism on how auxin carries out this work is unclear. In particular, the effect of auxin on pre-mRNA post-transcriptional regulation is mostly unknown. By using a poly(A) tag (PAT) sequencing approach, mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) profiles after auxin treatment were revealed. We showed that hundreds of poly(A) site clusters (PACs) are affected by auxin at the transcriptome level, where auxin reduces PAC distribution in 5'-untranslated region (UTR), but increases in the 3'UTR. APA site usage frequencies of 42 genes were switched by auxin, suggesting that auxin affects the choice of poly(A) sites. Furthermore, poly(A) signal selection was altered after auxin treatment. For example, a mutant of poly(A) signal binding protein CPSF30 showed altered sensitivity to auxin treatment, indicating interactions between auxin and the poly(A) signal recognition machinery. We also found that auxin activity on lateral root development is likely mediated by altered expression of ARF7, ARF19 and IAA14 through poly(A) site switches. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of auxin responses relative to its interactions with mRNA polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Congting Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Haihui Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
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22
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Abstract
Auxin triggers diverse responses in plants, and this is reflected in quantitative and qualitative diversity in the auxin signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
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23
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Kitakura S, Adamowski M, Matsuura Y, Santuari L, Kouno H, Arima K, Hardtke CS, Friml J, Kakimoto T, Tanaka H. BEN3/BIG2 ARF GEF is Involved in Brefeldin A-Sensitive Trafficking at the trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1801-1811. [PMID: 29016942 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is crucial for correctly distributing various membrane proteins to their destination. Polarly localized auxin efflux proteins, including PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1), are dynamically transported between the endosomes and the plasma membrane (PM) in the plant cells. The intracellular trafficking of PIN1 protein is sensitive to the fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA), which is known to inhibit guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factors (ARF GEFs) such as GNOM. However, the molecular details of the BFA-sensitive trafficking pathway have not been fully revealed. In a previous study, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant BFA-visualized endocytic trafficking defective 3 (ben3) which exhibited reduced sensitivity to BFA in terms of BFA-induced intracellular PIN1 agglomeration. Here, we show that BEN3 encodes a member of BIG family ARF GEFs, BIG2. BEN3/BIG2 tagged with fluorescent proteins co-localized with markers for the TGN/early endosome (EE). Inspection of conditionally induced de novo synthesized PIN1 confirmed that its secretion to the PM is BFA sensitive, and established BEN3/BIG2 as a crucial component of this BFA action at the level of the TGN/EE. Furthermore, ben3 mutation alleviated BFA-induced agglomeration of another TGN-localized ARF GEF, BEN1/MIN7. Taken together, our results suggest that BEN3/BIG2 is an ARF GEF component, which confers BFA sensitivity to the TGN/EE in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Kitakura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuki Matsuura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Luca Santuari
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hirotaka Kouno
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kohei Arima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jirí Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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24
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Mayers JR, Hu T, Wang C, Cárdenas JJ, Tan Y, Pan J, Bednarek SY. SCD1 and SCD2 Form a Complex That Functions with the Exocyst and RabE1 in Exocytosis and Cytokinesis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2610-2625. [PMID: 28970336 PMCID: PMC5774579 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although exocytosis is critical for the proper trafficking of materials to the plasma membrane, relatively little is known about the mechanistic details of post-Golgi trafficking in plants. Here, we demonstrate that the DENN (Differentially Expressed in Normal and Neoplastic cells) domain protein STOMATAL CYTOKINESIS DEFECTIVE1 (SCD1) and SCD2 form a previously unknown protein complex, the SCD complex, that functionally interacts with subunits of the exocyst complex and the RabE1 family of GTPases in Arabidopsis thaliana Consistent with a role in post-Golgi trafficking, scd1 and scd2 mutants display defects in exocytosis and recycling of PIN2-GFP. Perturbation of exocytosis using the small molecule Endosidin2 results in growth inhibition and PIN2-GFP trafficking defects in scd1 and scd2 mutants. In addition to the exocyst, the SCD complex binds in a nucleotide state-specific manner with Sec4p/Rab8-related RabE1 GTPases and overexpression of wild-type RabE1 rescues scd1 temperature-sensitive mutants. Furthermore, SCD1 colocalizes with the exocyst subunit, SEC15B, and RabE1 at the cell plate and in distinct punctae at or near the plasma membrane. Our findings reveal a mechanism for plant exocytosis, through the identification and characterization of a protein interaction network that includes the SCD complex, RabE1, and the exocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianwei Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jessica J Cárdenas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yuqi Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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25
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Liu Y, Dong Q, Kita D, Huang JB, Liu G, Wu X, Zhu X, Cheung AY, Wu HM, Tao LZ. RopGEF1 Plays a Critical Role in Polar Auxin Transport in Early Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:157-171. [PMID: 28698357 PMCID: PMC5580763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, facilitated by the combined activities of auxin influx and efflux carriers to maintain asymmetric auxin distribution, is essential for plant growth and development. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RopGEF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and activator of Rho GTPases of plants (ROPs), is critically involved in polar distribution of auxin influx carrier AUX1 and differential accumulation of efflux carriers PIN7 and PIN2 and is important for embryo and early seedling development when RopGEF1 is prevalently expressed. Knockdown or knockout of RopGEF1 induces embryo defects, cotyledon vein breaks, and delayed root gravity responses. Altered expression from the auxin response reporter DR5rev:GFP in the root pole of RopGEF1-deficient embryos and loss of asymmetric distribution of DR5rev:GFP in their gravistimulated root tips suggest that auxin distribution is affected in ropgef1 mutants. This is reflected by the polarity of AUX1 being altered in ropgef1 embryos and roots, shifting from the normal apical membrane location to a basal location in embryo central vascular and root protophloem cells and also reduced PIN7 accumulation at embryos and altered PIN2 distribution in gravistimulated roots of mutant seedlings. In establishing that RopGEF1 is critical for AUX1 localization and PIN differential accumulation, our results reveal a role for RopGEF1 in cell polarity and polar auxin transport whereby it imapcts auxin-mediated plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingkun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Daniel Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jia-Bao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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26
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Morales-Tapia A, Cruz-Ramírez A. Computational Modeling of Auxin: A Foundation for Plant Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1881. [PMID: 28066453 PMCID: PMC5168462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of agriculture, humans have relied on the cultivation of plants to satisfy our increasing demand for food, natural products, and other raw materials. As we understand more about plant development, we can better manipulate plants to fulfill our particular needs. Auxins are a class of simple metabolites that coordinate many developmental activities like growth and the appearance of functional structures in plants. Computational modeling of auxin has proven to be an excellent tool in elucidating many mechanisms that underlie these developmental events. Due to the complexity of these mechanisms, current modeling efforts are concerned only with single phenomena focused on narrow spatial and developmental contexts; but a general model of plant development could be assembled by integrating the insights from all of them. In this perspective, we summarize the current collection of auxin-driven computational models, focusing on how they could come together into a single model for plant development. A model of this nature would allow researchers to test hypotheses in silico and yield accurate predictions about the behavior of a plant under a given set of physical and biochemical constraints. It would also provide a solid foundation toward the establishment of plant engineering, a proposed discipline intended to enable the design and production of plants that exhibit an arbitrarily defined set of features.
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27
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Tan X, Feng Y, Liu Y, Bao Y. Mutations in exocyst complex subunit SEC6 gene impaired polar auxin transport and PIN protein recycling in Arabidopsis primary root. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:97-104. [PMID: 27457987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, which is critical for land plant pattern formation and directional growth, is largely depended on asymmetric distribution of PIN proteins at the plasma membrane (PM). Endocytosis and recycling processes play important roles in regulating PIN protein distribution and abundance at the PM. Two subunits (SEC8, EXO70A1) of exocyst, an octameric vesicle-tethering complex, have been reported to be involved in PIN protein recycling in Arabidopsis. However, the function of exocyst complex in PIN protein recycling and polar auxin transport remains incompletely understood. In this study, we utilized two SEC6 down-regulation mutants (PRsec6-1 and PRsec6-2) to investigate the role of exocyst subunit SEC6 in the primary root development, polar auxin transport and PIN proteins recycling. We found that in PRsec6 mutants: 1. Primary root growth was retarded, and lateral root initiation were compromised. 2. Primary roots were sensitive to exogenous auxin 1-napthalene acetic acid (NAA) but not 2,4-dichlorophenoxy (2.4-D). 3. Recycling of PIN1 and PIN2 proteins from the Brefeldin A (BFA) compartment to the PM was delayed. 4. Vesicles accumulated in the primary root tip cells, especially accumulated in the cytosol closed to the PM. These results further demonstrated that the exocyst complex plays an important role in PIN protein recycling and polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yihong Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yulong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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28
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Ren H, Dang X, Yang Y, Huang D, Liu M, Gao X, Lin D. SPIKE1 Activates ROP GTPase to Modulate Petal Growth and Shape. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:358-71. [PMID: 27440754 PMCID: PMC5074625 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ growth and final shape rely on cell proliferation and, particularly, on cell expansion that largely determines the visible growth of plant organs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) petals serve as an excellent model for dissecting the coordinated regulation of patterns of cell expansion and organ growth, but the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying this regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during the late petal development stages, SPIKE1 (SPK1), encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, activates Rho of Plants (ROP) GTPase proteins (ROP2, ROP4, and ROP6) to affect anisotropic expansion of epidermal cells in both petal blades and claws, thereby affecting anisotropic growth of the petal and the final characteristic organ shape. The petals of SPK1 knockdown mutants were significantly longer but narrower than those of the wild type, associated with increased anisotropic expansion of epidermal cells at late development stages. In addition, ROP2, ROP4, and ROP6 are activated by SPK1 to promote the isotropic organization of cortical microtubule arrays and thus inhibit anisotropic growth in the petal. Both knockdown of SPK1 and multiple rop mutants caused highly ordered cortical microtubule arrays that were transversely oriented relative to the axis of cell elongation after development stage 11. Taken together, our results suggest a SPK1-ROP-dependent signaling module that influences anisotropic growth in the petal and defines the final organ shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., D.L.), Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (H.R., X.D., Y.Y., D.H., M.L., X.G., D.L.), and Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (X.G.), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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29
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Shao W, Dong J. Polarity in plant asymmetric cell division: Division orientation and cell fate differentiation. Dev Biol 2016; 419:121-131. [PMID: 27475487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is universally required for the development of multicellular organisms. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a rigid cellulosic extracellular matrix, the cell wall, which provides physical support and forms communication routes. This fundamental difference leads to some unique mechanisms in plants for generating asymmetries during cell division. However, plants also utilize intrinsically polarized proteins to regulate asymmetric signaling and cell division, a strategy similar to the differentiation mechanism found in animals. Current progress suggests that common regulatory modes, i.e. protein spontaneous clustering and cytoskeleton reorganization, underlie protein polarization in both animal and plant cells. Despite these commonalities, it is important to note that intrinsic mechanisms in plants are heavily influenced by extrinsic cues. To control physical asymmetry in cell division, although our understanding is fragmentary thus far, plants might have evolved novel polarization strategies to orientate cell division plane. Recent studies also suggest that the phytohormone auxin, one of the most pivotal small molecules in plant development, regulates ACD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA; Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA.
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30
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Feng QN, Kang H, Song SJ, Ge FR, Zhang YL, Li E, Li S, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis RhoGDIs Are Critical for Cellular Homeostasis of Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:841-56. [PMID: 26662604 PMCID: PMC4734571 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhos of plants (ROPs) play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, especially in tip-growing pollen tubes and root hairs, by regulating an array of intracellular activities such as dynamic polymerization of actin microfilaments. ROPs are regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RopGEFs), GTPase activating proteins (RopGAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs). RopGEFs and RopGAPs play evolutionarily conserved function in ROP signaling. By contrast, although plant RhoGDIs regulate the membrane extraction and cytoplasmic sequestration of ROPs, less clear are their positive roles in ROP signaling as do their yeast and metazoan counterparts. We report here that functional loss of all three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GDIs (tri-gdi) significantly reduced male transmission due to impaired pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that ROPs were ectopically activated at the lateral plasma membrane of the tri-gdi pollen tubes. However, total ROPs were reduced posttranslationally in the tri-gdi mutant, resulting in overall dampened ROP signaling. Indeed, a ROP5 mutant that was unable to interact with GDIs failed to induce growth, indicating the importance of the ROP-GDI interaction for ROP signaling. Functional loss of GDIs impaired cellular homeostasis, resulting in excess apical accumulation of wall components in pollen tubes, similar to that resulting from ectopic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signaling. GDIs and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate may antagonistically coordinate to maintain cellular homeostasis during pollen tube growth. Our results thus demonstrate a more complex role of GDIs in ROP-mediated pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shi-Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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31
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Feng M, Kim JY. Revisiting Apoplastic Auxin Signaling Mediated by AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1. Mol Cells 2015; 38:829-35. [PMID: 26467289 PMCID: PMC4625063 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) functions as an apoplastic auxin receptor, and is known to be involved in the post-transcriptional process, and largely independent of the already well-known SKP-cullin-F-box-transport inhibitor response (TIR1) /auxin signaling F-box (AFB) (SCF(TIR1/AFB)) pathway. In the past 10 years, several key components downstream of ABP1 have been reported. After perceiving the auxin signal, ABP1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with plasma membrane (PM)-localized transmembrane proteins, transmembrane kinase (TMK) or SPIKE1 (SPK1), or other unidentified proteins, which transfer the signal into the cell to the Rho of plants (ROP). ROPs interact with their effectors, such as the ROP interactive CRIB motif-containing protein (RIC), to regulate the endocytosis/exocytosis of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to mediate polar auxin transport across the PM. Additionally, ABP1 is a negative regulator of the traditional SCF(TIR1/AFB) auxin signaling pathway. However, Gao et al. (2015) very recently reported that ABP1 is not a key component in auxin signaling, and the famous abp1-1 and abp1-5 mutant Arabidopsis lines are being called into question because of possible additional mutantion sites, making it necessary to reevaluate ABP1. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the history of ABP1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Feng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701,
Korea
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Chen J, Wang F, Zheng S, Xu T, Yang Z. Pavement cells: a model system for non-transcriptional auxin signalling and crosstalks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4957-70. [PMID: 26047974 PMCID: PMC4598803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole acetic acid) is a multifunctional phytohormone controlling various developmental patterns, morphogenetic processes, and growth behaviours in plants. The transcription-based pathway activated by the nuclear TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/auxin-related F-box auxin receptors is well established, but the long-sought molecular mechanisms of non-transcriptional auxin signalling remained enigmatic until very recently. Along with the establishment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cell (PC) as an exciting and amenable model system in the past decade, we began to gain insight into non-transcriptional auxin signalling. The puzzle-piece shape of PCs forms from intercalated or interdigitated cell growth, requiring local intra- and inter-cellular coordination of lobe and indent formation. Precise coordination of this interdigitated pattern requires auxin and an extracellular auxin sensing system that activates plasma membrane-associated Rho GTPases from plants and subsequent downstream events regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and PIN polarization. Apart from auxin, mechanical stress and cytokinin have been shown to affect PC interdigitation, possibly by interacting with auxin signals. This review focuses upon signalling mechanisms for cell polarity formation in PCs, with an emphasis on non-transcriptional auxin signalling in polarized cell expansion and pattern formation and how different auxin pathways interplay with each other and with other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shiqin Zheng
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Stress Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Differences in auxin distribution within tissues are mediated by the polar auxin transport machinery, and cellular auxin responses occur depending on changes in cellular auxin levels. Multiple receptor systems at the cell surface and in the interior operate to sense and interpret fluctuations in auxin distribution that occur during plant development. Until now, three proteins or protein complexes that can bind auxin have been identified. SCF(TIR1) [a SKP1-cullin-1-F-box complex that contains transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) as the F-box protein] and S-phase-kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) localize to the nucleus, whereas auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1), predominantly associates with the endoplasmic reticulum and cell surface. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarize recent discoveries in the field of auxin transport and signaling that have led to the identification of new components of these pathways, as well as their mutual interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, BE-9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Masaryk University, CEITEC MU, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Jose M, Tollis S, Nair D, Mitteau R, Velours C, Massoni-Laporte A, Royou A, Sibarita JB, McCusker D. A quantitative imaging-based screen reveals the exocyst as a network hub connecting endocytosis and exocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2519-34. [PMID: 25947137 PMCID: PMC4571305 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing the spatial organization of endocytosis and exocytosis are ill defined. A quantitative imaging screen and high-density single-vesicle tracking are used to identify mutants that are defective in endocytic and exocytic vesicle organization. The screen identifies a role for the exocyst complex in connecting the two pathways. The coupling of endocytosis and exocytosis underlies fundamental biological processes ranging from fertilization to neuronal activity and cellular polarity. However, the mechanisms governing the spatial organization of endocytosis and exocytosis require clarification. Using a quantitative imaging-based screen in budding yeast, we identified 89 mutants displaying defects in the localization of either one or both pathways. High-resolution single-vesicle tracking revealed that the endocytic and exocytic mutants she4∆ and bud6∆ alter post-Golgi vesicle dynamics in opposite ways. The endocytic and exocytic pathways display strong interdependence during polarity establishment while being more independent during polarity maintenance. Systems analysis identified the exocyst complex as a key network hub, rich in genetic interactions with endocytic and exocytic components. Exocyst mutants displayed altered endocytic and post-Golgi vesicle dynamics and interspersed endocytic and exocytic domains compared with control cells. These data are consistent with an important role for the exocyst in coordinating endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Jose
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sylvain Tollis
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Romain Mitteau
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurelie Massoni-Laporte
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Royou
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Derek McCusker
- Dynamics of Cell Growth and Division, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, F-33607 Bordeaux, France Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Qin Y, Dong J. Focusing on the focus: what else beyond the master switches for polar cell growth? MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:582-94. [PMID: 25744359 PMCID: PMC5124495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, often associated with polarized cell expansion/growth in plants, describes the uneven distribution of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, signaling molecules, vesicles, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles, which may ultimately modulate cell shape, structure, and function. Pollen tubes and root hairs are model cell systems for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying sustained tip growth. The formation of intercalated epidermal pavement cells requires excitatory and inhibitory pathways to coordinate cell expansion within single cells and between cells in contact. Strictly controlled cell expansion is linked to asymmetric cell division in zygotes and stomatal lineages, which require integrated processes of pre-mitotic cellular polarization and division asymmetry. While small GTPase ROPs are recognized as fundamental signaling switches for cell polarity in various cellular and developmental processes in plants, the broader molecular machinery underpinning polarity establishment required for asymmetric division remains largely unknown. Here, we review the widely used ROP signaling pathways in cell polar growth and the recently discovered feedback loops with auxin signaling and PIN effluxers. We discuss the conserved phosphorylation and phospholipid signaling mechanisms for regulating uneven distribution of proteins, as well as the potential roles of novel proteins and MAPKs in the polarity establishment related to asymmetric cell division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; The Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Rakusová H, Fendrych M, Friml J. Intracellular trafficking and PIN-mediated cell polarity during tropic responses in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:116-23. [PMID: 25553419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular trafficking and cell polarity are basic cellular processes crucial for plant development including tropisms - directional growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity. Tropisms involve auxin gradient across the stimulated organ that underlies the differential cell elongation and bending. The perception of light or gravity is followed by changes in the polar, cellular distribution of the PIN auxin transporters. Such re-specification of polar trafficking pathways is a part of the mechanism, by which plants adjust their phenotype to environmental changes. Recent genetic and biochemical studies provided the important insights into mechanisms of PIN polarization during tropisms. In this review, we summarize the present state of knowledge on dynamic PIN repolarization and its specific regulations during hypocotyl tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Rakusová
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, BE-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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37
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Ren H, Lin D. ROP GTPase regulation of auxin transport in arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:193-195. [PMID: 25680772 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Ren
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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38
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Lin D, Ren H, Fu Y. ROP GTPase-mediated auxin signaling regulates pavement cell interdigitation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:31-9. [PMID: 25168157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular plant organs, cell shape formation depends on molecular switches to transduce developmental or environmental signals and to coordinate cell-to-cell communication. Plants have a specific subfamily of the Rho GTPase family, usually called Rho of Plants (ROP), which serve as a critical signal transducer involved in many cellular processes. In the last decade, important advances in the ROP-mediated regulation of plant cell morphogenesis have been made by using Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and cotyledon pavement cells. Especially, the auxin-ROP signaling networks have been demonstrated to control interdigitated growth of pavement cells to form jigsaw-puzzle shapes. Here, we review findings related to the discovery of this novel auxin-signaling mechanism at the cell surface. This signaling pathway is to a large extent independent of the well-known Transport Inhibitor Response (TIR)-Auxin Signaling F-Box (AFB) pathway, and instead requires Auxin Binding Protein 1 (ABP1) interaction with the plasma membrane-localized, transmembrane kinase (TMK) receptor-like kinase to regulate ROP proteins. Once activated, ROP influences cytoskeletal organization and inhibits endocytosis of the auxin transporter PIN1. The present review focuses on ROP signaling and its self-organizing feature allowing ROP proteins to serve as a bustling signal decoder and integrator for plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshu Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Cole RA, McInally SA, Fowler JE. Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:386. [PMID: 25551204 PMCID: PMC4302519 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. RESULTS The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose-response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. CONCLUSIONS The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - Samantha A McInally
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
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Bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels generates self-organizing auxin distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5471-9. [PMID: 25468974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413918111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin polar transport, local maxima, and gradients have become an important model system for studying self-organization. Auxin distribution is regulated by auxin-dependent positive feedback loops that are not well-understood at the molecular level. Previously, we showed the involvement of the RHO of Plants (ROP) effector INTERACTOR of CONSTITUTIVELY active ROP 1 (ICR1) in regulation of auxin transport and that ICR1 levels are posttranscriptionally repressed at the site of maximum auxin accumulation at the root tip. Here, we show that bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels by auxin is essential for regulating formation of auxin local maxima and gradients. ICR1 levels increase concomitant with increase in auxin response in lateral root primordia, cotyledon tips, and provascular tissues. However, in the embryo hypophysis and root meristem, when auxin exceeds critical levels, ICR1 is rapidly destabilized by an SCF(TIR1/AFB) [SKP, Cullin, F-box (transport inhibitor response 1/auxin signaling F-box protein)]-dependent auxin signaling mechanism. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ICR1 in the embryo hypophysis resulted in reduction of auxin accumulation and concomitant root growth arrest. ICR1 disappeared during root regeneration and lateral root initiation concomitantly with the formation of a local auxin maximum in response to external auxin treatments and transiently after gravitropic stimulation. Destabilization of ICR1 was impaired after inhibition of auxin transport and signaling, proteasome function, and protein synthesis. A mathematical model based on these findings shows that an in vivo-like auxin distribution, rootward auxin flux, and shootward reflux can be simulated without assuming preexisting tissue polarity. Our experimental results and mathematical modeling indicate that regulation of auxin distribution is tightly associated with auxin-dependent ICR1 levels.
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Nagawa S, Xu T, Yang Z. RHO GTPase in plants: Conservation and invention of regulators and effectors. Small GTPases 2014; 1:78-88. [PMID: 21686259 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.2.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess a single subfamily of Rho GTPases, ROP, which does usual things as do Rho-family GTPases in animal and fungal systems, namely participating in the spatial control of cellular processes by signaling to the cytoskeleton and vesicular trafficking. As one would expect, ROPs are modulated by conserved regulators such as DHR2-type GEFs, RhoGAPs and Rho GDIs. What is surprising is that plants have invented new regulators such as PRONE-type GEFs (known as RopGEFs) and effectors such as RICs and ICRs/RIPs in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and vesicular trafficking. This review will discuss recent work on characterizing ROP regulators and effectors as well as addressing why and how a mixture of conserved and novel Rho signaling mechanisms is utilized to modulate fundamental cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics/reorganization and vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagawa
- Center for Plant Cell Biology; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences; University of California; Riverside, CA USA
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42
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Huang JB, Liu H, Chen M, Li X, Wang M, Yang Y, Wang C, Huang J, Liu G, Liu Y, Xu J, Cheung AY, Tao LZ. ROP3 GTPase contributes to polar auxin transport and auxin responses and is important for embryogenesis and seedling growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3501-18. [PMID: 25217509 PMCID: PMC4213153 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ROP GTPases are crucial for the establishment of cell polarity and for controlling responses to hormones and environmental signals in plants. In this work, we show that ROP3 plays important roles in embryo development and auxin-dependent plant growth. Loss-of-function and dominant-negative (DN) mutations in ROP3 induced a spectrum of similar defects starting with altered cell division patterning during early embryogenesis to postembryonic auxin-regulated growth and developmental responses. These resulted in distorted embryo development, defective organ formation, retarded root gravitropism, and reduced auxin-dependent hypocotyl elongation. Our results showed that the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5/MONOPTEROS and root master regulators PLETHORA1 (PLT1) and PLT2 was reduced in DN-rop3 mutant embryos, accounting for some of the observed patterning defects. ROP3 mutations also altered polar localization of auxin efflux proteins (PINs) at the plasma membrane (PM), thus disrupting auxin maxima in the root. Notably, ROP3 is induced by auxin and prominently detected in root stele cells, an expression pattern similar to those of several stele-enriched PINs. Our results demonstrate that ROP3 is important for maintaining the polarity of PIN proteins at the PM, which in turn ensures polar auxin transport and distribution, thereby controlling plant patterning and auxin-regulated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-bao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Min Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaqing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Li-zhen Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Retzer K, Butt H, Korbei B, Luschnig C. The far side of auxin signaling: fundamental cellular activities and their contribution to a defined growth response in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:731-46. [PMID: 24221297 PMCID: PMC4059964 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have provided us with spectacular insights into the biology of the plant hormone auxin, leaving the impression of a highly versatile molecule involved in virtually every aspect of plant development. A combination of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology has established auxin signaling pathways, leading to the identification of two distinct modes of auxin perception and downstream regulatory cascades. Major targets of these signaling modules are components of the polar auxin transport machinery, mediating directional distribution of the phytohormone throughout the plant body, and decisively affecting plant development. Alterations in auxin transport, metabolism, or signaling that occur as a result of intrinsic as well as environmental stimuli, control adjustments in morphogenetic programs, giving rise to defined growth responses attributed to the activity of the phytohormone. Some of the results obtained from the analysis of auxin, however, do not fit coherently into a picture of highly specific signaling events, but rather suggest mutual interactions between auxin and fundamental cellular pathways, like the control of intracellular protein sorting or translation. Crosstalk between auxin and these basic determinants of cellular activity and how they might shape auxin effects in the control of morphogenesis are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Haroon Butt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600 Pakistan
| | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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44
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Ito K, Ren J, Fujita T. Conserved function of Rho-related Rop/RAC GTPase signaling in regulation of cell polarity in Physcomitrella patens. Gene 2014; 544:241-7. [PMID: 24769554 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamentally important to growth and development in higher plants, from pollen tubes to root hairs. Basal land plants (mosses and ferns) also have cell polarity, developing protonemal apical cells that show polar tip growth. Flowering plants have a distinct group of Rho GTPases that regulate polarity in polarized cell growth. Rop/RAC signaling module components have been identified in non-flowering plants, but their roles remain unclear. To understand the importance and evolution of Rop/RAC signaling in polarity regulation in land plants, we examined the functions of PpRop and PpRopGEF in protonemal apical cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Inducible overexpression of PpRop2 or PpRopGEF3 caused depolarized growth of tip-growing apical cells. PpRop2 overexpression also caused aberrant cross wall formation. Fluorescent protein-tagged PpRop2 localized to the plasma membrane, including the cross wall membrane, and fluorescent-tagged PpRopGEF3 showed polarized localization to the tip region in apical cells. Thus, our results suggest common functions of PpRop and PpRopGEF in the tip-growing apical cells and the importance of a conserved Rop/RAC signaling module in the control of cell polarity in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junling Ren
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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Kania U, Fendrych M, Friml J. Polar delivery in plants; commonalities and differences to animal epithelial cells. Open Biol 2014; 4:140017. [PMID: 24740985 PMCID: PMC4043115 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plant and animal cells use a similar core mechanism to deliver proteins
to the plasma membrane, their different lifestyle, body organization and
specific cell structures resulted in the acquisition of regulatory mechanisms
that vary in the two kingdoms. In particular, cell polarity regulators do not
seem to be conserved, because genes encoding key components are absent in plant
genomes. In plants, the broad knowledge on polarity derives from the study of
auxin transporters, the PIN-FORMED proteins, in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana. In animals, much information is
provided from the study of polarity in epithelial cells that exhibit basolateral
and luminal apical polarities, separated by tight junctions. In this review, we
summarize the similarities and differences of the polarization mechanisms
between plants and animals and survey the main genetic approaches that have been
used to characterize new genes involved in polarity establishment in plants,
including the frequently used forward and reverse genetics screens as well as a
novel chemical genetics approach that is expected to overcome the limitation of
classical genetics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kania
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Tanaka H, Nodzyński T, Kitakura S, Feraru MI, Sasabe M, Ishikawa T, Kleine-Vehn J, Kakimoto T, Friml J. BEX1/ARF1A1C is required for BFA-sensitive recycling of PIN auxin transporters and auxin-mediated development in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:737-49. [PMID: 24369434 PMCID: PMC3982122 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Correct positioning of membrane proteins is an essential process in eukaryotic organisms. The plant hormone auxin is distributed through intercellular transport and triggers various cellular responses. Auxin transporters of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) family localize asymmetrically at the plasma membrane (PM) and mediate the directional transport of auxin between cells. A fungal toxin, brefeldin A (BFA), inhibits a subset of guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP-ribosylation factor small GTPases (ARF GEFs) including GNOM, which plays a major role in localization of PIN1 predominantly to the basal side of the PM. The Arabidopsis genome encodes 19 ARF-related putative GTPases. However, ARF components involved in PIN1 localization have been genetically poorly defined. Using a fluorescence imaging-based forward genetic approach, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant, bfa-visualized exocytic trafficking defective1 (bex1), in which PM localization of PIN1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) as well as development is hypersensitive to BFA. We found that in bex1 a member of the ARF1 gene family, ARF1A1C, was mutated. ARF1A1C localizes to the trans-Golgi network/early endosome and Golgi apparatus, acts synergistically to BEN1/MIN7 ARF GEF and is important for PIN recycling to the PM. Consistent with the developmental importance of PIN proteins, functional interference with ARF1 resulted in an impaired auxin response gradient and various developmental defects including embryonic patterning defects and growth arrest. Our results show that ARF1A1C is essential for recycling of PIN auxin transporters and for various auxin-dependent developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-(0)6-6850-5984
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Mugurel I. Feraru
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, 1190 Austria
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Tomomi Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), Vienna, 1190 Austria
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Jiří Friml
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00 Czech Republic
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, 3400 Austria
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Liang WH, Wang HH, Li H, Wang JJ, Yang DD, Hao YF, Li JJ, Lou C, Lin QT, Hou CQ. Isolation and characterization of OsMY1, a putative partner of OsRac5 from Oryza sativa L. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1829-36. [PMID: 24464125 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OsRac5 belongs to the rice Rho of plants family, and acts as the molecular switch in the signal pathway which is pivotally involved in the rice fertility control. One of its putative partners, OsMY1, was isolated by yeast two-hybrid screening from rice panicle cDNA library. Bioinformatics analysis shows that OsMY1 contains a coiled-coil domain which generally appeared in the partners of Rho GTPases. By yeast two-hybrid assay, it is confirmed that OsMY1 binds both the wild type (WT) and constitutively active (CA) OsRac5, but does not interact with dominantly negative OsRac5. In addition, the interactions between OsMY1 and WT-OsRac5 or CA-OsRac5 in vivo are demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Using PCR-mediated sequence deletion and point mutation of OsMY1, the interaction between OsMY1 and OsRac5 was identified to be mediated by the coiled-coil domain in OsMY1, and their binding was quantified by O-nitro-phenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside assay. Real-time PCR shows that OsMY1 and OsRac5 are coordinately expressed in rice leaves and panicles with similar expression patterns. Our results suggest that OsMY1 is an important target of OsRac5 and that these two genes are involved in the same biological processes in rice growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China,
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Abstract
ROPs (Rho of plants) belong to a large family of plant-specific Rho-like small GTPases that function as essential molecular switches to control diverse cellular processes including cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization, cytokinesis, cell differentiation and vesicle trafficking. Although the machineries of vesicle trafficking and cell polarity in plants have been individually well addressed, how ROPs co-ordinate those processes is still largely unclear. Recent progress has been made towards an understanding of the co-ordination of ROP signalling and trafficking of PIN (PINFORMED) transporters for the plant hormone auxin in both root and leaf pavement cells. PIN transporters constantly shuttle between the endosomal compartments and the polar plasma membrane domains, therefore the modulation of PIN-dependent auxin transport between cells is a main developmental output of ROP-regulated vesicle trafficking. The present review focuses on these cellular mechanisms, especially the integration of ROP-based vesicle trafficking and plant cell polarity.
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Synek L, Sekereš J, Žárský V. The exocyst at the interface between cytoskeleton and membranes in eukaryotic cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 4:543. [PMID: 24427163 PMCID: PMC3877765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Delivery and final fusion of the secretory vesicles with the relevant target membrane are hierarchically organized and reciprocally interconnected multi-step processes involving not only specific protein-protein interactions, but also specific protein-phospholipid interactions. The exocyst was discovered as a tethering complex mediating initial encounter of arriving exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane. The exocyst complex is regulated by Rab and Rho small GTPases, resulting in docking of exocytic vesicles to the plasma membrane (PM) and finally their fusion mediated by specific SNARE complexes. In model Opisthokont cells, the exocyst was shown to directly interact with both microtubule and microfilament cytoskeleton and related motor proteins as well as with the PM via phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate specific binding, which directly affects cortical cytoskeleton and PM dynamics. Here we summarize the current knowledge on exocyst-cytoskeleton-PM interactions in order to open a perspective for future research in this area in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Synek
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Viktor Žárský, Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic e-mail:
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Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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