1
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Courellis HS, Minxha J, Cardenas AR, Kimmel DL, Reed CM, Valiante TA, Salzman CD, Mamelak AN, Fusi S, Rutishauser U. Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07799-x. [PMID: 39143207 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Humans have the remarkable cognitive capacity to rapidly adapt to changing environments. Central to this capacity is the ability to form high-level, abstract representations that take advantage of regularities in the world to support generalization1. However, little is known about how these representations are encoded in populations of neurons, how they emerge through learning and how they relate to behaviour2,3. Here we characterized the representational geometry of populations of neurons (single units) recorded in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial frontal cortex and ventral temporal cortex of neurosurgical patients performing an inferential reasoning task. We found that only the neural representations formed in the hippocampus simultaneously encode several task variables in an abstract, or disentangled, format. This representational geometry is uniquely observed after patients learn to perform inference, and consists of disentangled directly observable and discovered latent task variables. Learning to perform inference by trial and error or through verbal instructions led to the formation of hippocampal representations with similar geometric properties. The observed relation between representational format and inference behaviour suggests that abstract and disentangled representational geometries are important for complex cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristos S Courellis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Juri Minxha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Araceli R Cardenas
- Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel L Kimmel
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Daniel Salzman
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Fusi
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Abbaspoor S, Hoffman KL. Circuit dynamics of superficial and deep CA1 pyramidal cells and inhibitory cells in freely moving macaques. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114519. [PMID: 39018243 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse neuron classes in hippocampal CA1 have been identified through the heterogeneity of their cellular/molecular composition. How these classes relate to hippocampal function and the network dynamics that support cognition in primates remains unclear. Here, we report inhibitory functional cell groups in CA1 of freely moving macaques whose diverse response profiles to network states and each other suggest distinct and specific roles in the functional microcircuit of CA1. In addition, pyramidal cells that were grouped by their superficial or deep layer position differed in firing rate, burstiness, and sharp-wave ripple-associated firing. They also showed strata-specific spike-timing interactions with inhibitory cell groups, suggestive of segregated neural populations. Furthermore, ensemble recordings revealed that cell assemblies were preferentially organized according to these strata. These results suggest that hippocampal CA1 in freely moving macaques bears a sublayer-specific circuit organization that may shape its role in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Abbaspoor
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Kari L Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Kaneko T, Matsumoto J, Lu W, Zhao X, Ueno-Nigh LR, Oishi T, Kimura K, Otsuka Y, Zheng A, Ikenaka K, Baba K, Mochizuki H, Nishijo H, Inoue KI, Takada M. Deciphering social traits and pathophysiological conditions from natural behaviors in common marmosets. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2854-2867.e5. [PMID: 38889723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are indispensable animal models by virtue of the continuity of behavioral repertoires across primates, including humans. However, behavioral assessment at the laboratory level has so far been limited. Employing the application of three-dimensional (3D) pose estimation and the optimal integration of subsequent analytic methodologies, we demonstrate that our artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach has successfully deciphered the ethological, cognitive, and pathological traits of common marmosets from their natural behaviors. By applying multiple deep neural networks trained with large-scale datasets, we established an evaluation system that could reconstruct and estimate the 3D poses of the marmosets, a small NHP that is suitable for analyzing complex natural behaviors in laboratory setups. We further developed downstream analytic methodologies to quantify a variety of behavioral parameters beyond motion kinematics. We revealed the distinct parental roles of male and female marmosets through automated detections of food-sharing behaviors using a spatial-temporal filter on 3D poses. Employing a recurrent neural network to analyze 3D pose time series data during social interactions, we additionally discovered that marmosets adjusted their behaviors based on others' internal state, which is not directly observable but can be inferred from the sequence of others' actions. Moreover, a fully unsupervised approach enabled us to detect progressively appearing symptomatic behaviors over a year in a Parkinson's disease model. The high-throughput and versatile nature of an AI-driven approach to analyze natural behaviors will open a new avenue for neuroscience research dealing with big-data analyses of social and pathophysiological behaviors in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kaneko
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Wanyi Lu
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Xincheng Zhao
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Louie Richard Ueno-Nigh
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takao Oishi
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Kimura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yukiko Otsuka
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Andi Zheng
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 751-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Abbaspoor S, Hoffman KL. Circuit dynamics of superficial and deep CA1 pyramidal cells and inhibitory cells in freely-moving macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.06.570369. [PMID: 38106053 PMCID: PMC10723348 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Diverse neuron classes in hippocampal CA1 have been identified through the heterogeneity of their cellular/molecular composition. How these classes relate to hippocampal function and the network dynamics that support cognition in primates remains unclear. Here we report inhibitory functional cell groups in CA1 of freely-moving macaques whose diverse response profiles to network states and each other suggest distinct and specific roles in the functional microcircuit of CA1. In addition, pyramidal cells that were segregated into superficial and deep layers differed in firing rate, burstiness, and sharp-wave ripple-associated firing. They also showed strata-specific spike-timing interactions with inhibitory cell groups, suggestive of segregated neural populations. Furthermore, ensemble recordings revealed that cell assemblies were preferentially organized according to these strata. These results suggest sublayer-specific circuit organization in hippocampal CA1 of the freely-moving macaques that may underlie its role in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abbaspoor
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - K L Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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5
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Piza DB, Corrigan BW, Gulli RA, Do Carmo S, Cuello AC, Muller L, Martinez-Trujillo J. Primacy of vision shapes behavioral strategies and neural substrates of spatial navigation in marmoset hippocampus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4053. [PMID: 38744848 PMCID: PMC11093997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation has been primarily studied in nocturnal mammals, such as rats, that lack many adaptations for daylight vision. Here we demonstrate that during 3D navigation, the common marmoset, a new world primate adapted to daylight, predominantly uses rapid head-gaze shifts for visual exploration while remaining stationary. During active locomotion marmosets stabilize the head, in contrast to rats that use low-velocity head movements to scan the environment as they locomote. Pyramidal neurons in the marmoset hippocampus CA3/CA1 regions predominantly show mixed selectivity for 3D spatial view, head direction, and place. Exclusive place selectivity is scarce. Inhibitory interneurons are predominantly mixed selective for angular head velocity and translation speed. Finally, we found theta phase resetting of local field potential oscillations triggered by head-gaze shifts. Our findings indicate that marmosets adapted to their daylight ecological niche by modifying exploration/navigation strategies and their corresponding hippocampal specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Piza
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Corrigan
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lyle Muller
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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6
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Sima S, Sanayei M. Same principle, but different computations in representing time and space. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1387641. [PMID: 38774789 PMCID: PMC11106375 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1387641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Time and space are two intertwined contexts that frame our cognition of the world and have shared mechanisms. A well-known theory on this case is "A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM)" which states that the perception of these two domains shares common mechanisms. However, evidence regarding shared computations of time and space is intermixed. To investigate this issue, we asked human subjects to reproduce time and distance intervals with saccadic eye movements in similarly designed tasks. We applied an observer model to both modalities and found underlying differences in the processing of time and space. While time and space computations are both probabilistic, adding priors to space perception minimally improved model performance, as opposed to time perception which was consistently better explained by Bayesian computations. We also showed that while both measurement and motor variability were smaller in distance than time reproduction, only the motor variability was correlated between them, as both tasks used saccadic eye movements for response. Our results suggest that time and space perception abide by the same algorithm but have different computational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Sanayei
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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7
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Dotson NM, Davis ZW, Jendritza P, Reynolds JH. Acute Neuropixels Recordings in the Marmoset Monkey. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0544-23.2024. [PMID: 38658139 PMCID: PMC11129777 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0544-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-density linear probes, such as Neuropixels, provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how neural populations within specific laminar compartments contribute to behavior. Marmoset monkeys, unlike macaque monkeys, have a lissencephalic (smooth) cortex that enables recording perpendicular to the cortical surface, thus making them an ideal animal model for studying laminar computations. Here we present a method for acute Neuropixels recordings in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The approach replaces the native dura with an artificial silicon-based dura that grants visual access to the cortical surface, which is helpful in avoiding blood vessels, ensures perpendicular penetrations, and could be used in conjunction with optical imaging or optogenetic techniques. The chamber housing the artificial dura is simple to maintain with minimal risk of infection and could be combined with semichronic microdrives and wireless recording hardware. This technique enables repeated acute penetrations over a period of several months. With occasional removal of tissue growth on the pial surface, recordings can be performed for a year or more. The approach is fully compatible with Neuropixels probes, enabling the recording of hundreds of single neurons distributed throughout the cortical column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dotson
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Zachary W Davis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Patrick Jendritza
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John H Reynolds
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
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8
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Bevandić J, Chareyron LJ, Bachevalier J, Cacucci F, Genzel L, Newcombe NS, Vargha-Khadem F, Ólafsdóttir HF. Episodic memory development: Bridging animal and human research. Neuron 2024; 112:1060-1080. [PMID: 38359826 PMCID: PMC11129319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human episodic memory is not functionally evident until about 2 years of age and continues to develop into the school years. Behavioral studies have elucidated this developmental timeline and its constituent processes. In tandem, lesion and neurophysiological studies in non-human primates and rodents have identified key neural substrates and circuit mechanisms that may underlie episodic memory development. Despite this progress, collaborative efforts between psychologists and neuroscientists remain limited, hindering progress. Here, we seek to bridge human and non-human episodic memory development research by offering a comparative review of studies using humans, non-human primates, and rodents. We highlight critical theoretical and methodological issues that limit cross-fertilization and propose a common research framework, adaptable to different species, that may facilitate cross-species research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bevandić
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Loïc J Chareyron
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Faraneh Vargha-Khadem
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - H Freyja Ólafsdóttir
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Wischnewski M, Tran H, Zhao Z, Shirinpour S, Haigh ZJ, Rotteveel J, Perera ND, Alekseichuk I, Zimmermann J, Opitz A. Induced neural phase precession through exogenous electric fields. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1687. [PMID: 38402188 PMCID: PMC10894208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gradual shifting of preferred neural spiking relative to local field potentials (LFPs), known as phase precession, plays a prominent role in neural coding. Correlations between the phase precession and behavior have been observed throughout various brain regions. As such, phase precession is suggested to be a global neural mechanism that promotes local neuroplasticity. However, causal evidence and neuroplastic mechanisms of phase precession are lacking so far. Here we show a causal link between LFP dynamics and phase precession. In three experiments, we modulated LFPs in humans, a non-human primate, and computational models using alternating current stimulation. We show that continuous stimulation of motor cortex oscillations in humans lead to a gradual phase shift of maximal corticospinal excitability by ~90°. Further, exogenous alternating current stimulation induced phase precession in a subset of entrained neurons (~30%) in the non-human primate. Multiscale modeling of realistic neural circuits suggests that alternating current stimulation-induced phase precession is driven by NMDA-mediated synaptic plasticity. Altogether, the three experiments provide mechanistic and causal evidence for phase precession as a global neocortical process. Alternating current-induced phase precession and consequently synaptic plasticity is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic neuromodulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Wischnewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Harry Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sina Shirinpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zachary J Haigh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonna Rotteveel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nipun D Perera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ivan Alekseichuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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10
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Lee TJ, Briggman KL. Visually guided and context-dependent spatial navigation in the translucent fish Danionella cerebrum. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5467-5477.e4. [PMID: 38070503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Danionella cerebrum (DC) is a promising vertebrate animal model for systems neuroscience due to its small adult brain volume and inherent optical transparency, but the scope of their cognitive abilities remains an area of active research. In this work, we established a behavioral paradigm to study visual spatial navigation in DC and investigate their navigational capabilities and strategies. We initially observed that adult DC exhibit strong negative phototaxis in groups but less so as individuals. Using their dark preference as a motivator, we designed a spatial navigation task inspired by the Morris water maze. Through a series of environmental cue manipulations, we found that DC utilize visual cues to anticipate a reward location and found evidence for landmark-based navigational strategies wherein DC could use both proximal and distal visual cues. When subsets of proximal visual cues were occluded, DC were capable of using distant contextual visual information to solve the task, providing evidence for allocentric spatial navigation. Without proximal visual cues, DC tended to seek out a direct line of sight with at least one distal visual cue while maintaining a positional bias toward the reward location. In total, our behavioral results suggest that DC can be used to study the neural mechanisms underlying spatial navigation with cellular resolution imaging across an adult vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Department of Computational Neuroethology, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175 North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Kevin L Briggman
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Department of Computational Neuroethology, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175 North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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11
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Dotson NM, Davis ZW, Jendritza P, Reynolds JH. Acute Neuropixels recordings in the marmoset monkey. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571771. [PMID: 38168386 PMCID: PMC10760116 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
High-density linear probes, like Neuropixels, provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how neural populations within specific laminar compartments contribute to behavior. Marmoset monkeys, unlike macaque monkeys, have a lissencephalic (smooth) cortex that enables recording perpendicular to the cortical surface, thus making them an ideal animal model for studying laminar computations. Here we present a method for acute Neuropixels recordings in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The approach replaces the native dura with an artificial silicon-based dura that grants visual access to the cortical surface, which is helpful in avoiding blood vessels, ensures perpendicular penetrations, and could be used in conjunction with optical imaging or optogenetic techniques. The chamber housing the artificial dura is simple to maintain with minimal risk of infection and could be combined with semi-chronic microdrives and wireless recording hardware. This technique enables repeated acute penetrations over a period of several months. With occasional removal of tissue growth on the pial surface, recordings can be performed for a year or more. The approach is fully compatible with Neuropixels probes, enabling the recording of hundreds of single neurons distributed throughout the cortical column.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary W Davis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - John H Reynolds
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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12
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Abbaspoor S, Rahman K, Zinke W, Hoffman KL. Learning of object-in-context sequences in freely-moving macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571113. [PMID: 38168449 PMCID: PMC10760043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Flexible learning is a hallmark of primate cognition, which arises through interactions with changing environments. Studies of the neural basis for this flexibility are typically limited by laboratory settings that use minimal environmental cues and restrict interactions with the environment, including active sensing and exploration. To address this, we constructed a 3-D enclosure containing touchscreens on its walls, for studying cognition in freely moving macaques. To test flexible learning, two monkeys completed trials consisting of a regular sequence of object selections across four touchscreens. On each screen, the monkeys had to select by touching the sole correct object item ('target') among a set of four items, irrespective of their positions on the screen. Each item was the target on exactly one screen of the sequence, making correct performance conditioned on the spatiotemporal sequence rule across screens. Both monkeys successfully learned multiple 4-item sets (N=14 and 22 sets), totaling over 50 and 80 unique, conditional item-context memoranda, with no indication of capacity limits. The enclosure allowed freedom of movements leading up to and following the touchscreen interactions. To determine whether movement economy changed with learning, we reconstructed 3D position and movement dynamics using markerless tracking software and gyroscopic inertial measurements. Whereas general body positions remained consistent across repeated sequences, fine head movements varied as monkeys learned, within and across sequence sets, demonstrating learning set or "learning to learn". These results demonstrate monkeys' rapid, capacious, and flexible learning within an integrated, multisensory 3-D space. Furthermore, this approach enables the measurement of continuous behavior while ensuring precise experimental control and behavioral repetition of sequences over time. Overall, this approach harmonizes the design features that are needed for electrophysiological studies with tasks that showcase fully situated, flexible cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abbaspoor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - K Rahman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - W Zinke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - K L Hoffman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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13
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Courellis HS, Mixha J, Cardenas AR, Kimmel D, Reed CM, Valiante TA, Salzman CD, Mamelak AN, Fusi S, Rutishauser U. Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566490. [PMID: 37986878 PMCID: PMC10659400 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Humans have the remarkable cognitive capacity to rapidly adapt to changing environments. Central to this capacity is the ability to form high-level, abstract representations that take advantage of regularities in the world to support generalization 1 . However, little is known about how these representations are encoded in populations of neurons, how they emerge through learning, and how they relate to behavior 2,3 . Here we characterized the representational geometry of populations of neurons (single-units) recorded in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial frontal cortex, and ventral temporal cortex of neurosurgical patients who are performing an inferential reasoning task. We find that only the neural representations formed in the hippocampus simultaneously encode multiple task variables in an abstract, or disentangled, format. This representational geometry is uniquely observed after patients learn to perform inference, and consisted of disentangled directly observable and discovered latent task variables. Interestingly, learning to perform inference by trial and error or through verbal instructions led to the formation of hippocampal representations with similar geometric properties. The observed relation between representational format and inference behavior suggests that abstract/disentangled representational geometries are important for complex cognition.
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14
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Wischnewski M, Tran H, Zhao Z, Shirinpour S, Haigh Z, Rotteveel J, Perera N, Alekseichuk I, Zimmermann J, Opitz A. Induced neural phase precession through exogeneous electric fields. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535073. [PMID: 37034780 PMCID: PMC10081336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gradual shifting of preferred neural spiking relative to local field potentials (LFPs), known as phase precession, plays a prominent role in neural coding. Correlations between the phase precession and behavior have been observed throughout various brain regions. As such, phase precession is suggested to be a global neural mechanism that promotes local neuroplasticity. However, causal evidence and neuroplastic mechanisms of phase precession are lacking so far. Here we show a causal link between LFP dynamics and phase precession. In three experiments, we modulated LFPs in humans, a non-human primate, and computational models using alternating current stimulation. We show that continuous stimulation of motor cortex oscillations in humans lead to a gradual phase shift of maximal corticospinal excitability by ~90°. Further, exogenous alternating current stimulation induced phase precession in a subset of entrained neurons (~30%) in the non-human primate. Multiscale modeling of realistic neural circuits suggests that alternating current stimulation-induced phase precession is driven by NMDA-mediated synaptic plasticity. Altogether, the three experiments provide mechanistic and causal evidence for phase precession as a global neocortical process. Alternating current-induced phase precession and consequently synaptic plasticity is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic neuromodulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wischnewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - H. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z. Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S. Shirinpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z.J. Haigh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J. Rotteveel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N.D. Perera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - I. Alekseichuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J. Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A. Opitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Tyree TJ, Metke M, Miller CT. Cross-modal representation of identity in the primate hippocampus. Science 2023; 382:417-423. [PMID: 37883535 PMCID: PMC11086670 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Faces and voices are the dominant social signals used to recognize individuals among primates. Yet, it is not known how these signals are integrated into a cross-modal representation of individual identity in the primate brain. We discovered that, although single neurons in the marmoset hippocampus exhibited selective responses when presented with the face or voice of a specific individual, a parallel mechanism for representing the cross-modal identities for multiple individuals was evident within single neurons and at the population level. Manifold projections likewise showed the separability of individuals as well as clustering for others' families, which suggests that multiple learned social categories are encoded as related dimensions of identity in the hippocampus. Neural representations of identity in the hippocampus are thus both modality independent and reflect the primate social network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tyree
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Michael Metke
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
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16
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Seger SE, Kriegel JLS, Lega BC, Ekstrom AD. Memory-related processing is the primary driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations. Neuron 2023; 111:3119-3130.e4. [PMID: 37467749 PMCID: PMC10685603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in rodents suggest that movement is a powerful driver of hippocampal low-frequency "theta" oscillations. Puzzlingly, such movement-related theta increases in primates are less sustained and of lower frequency, leading to questions about their functional relevance. Verbal memory encoding and retrieval lead to robust increases in low-frequency oscillations in humans, and one possibility is that memory might be a stronger driver of hippocampal theta oscillations in humans than navigation. Here, neurosurgical patients navigated routes and then immediately mentally simulated the same routes while undergoing intracranial recordings. We found that mentally simulating the same route that was just navigated elicited oscillations that were of greater power, higher frequency, and longer duration than those involving navigation. Our findings suggest that memory is a more potent driver of human hippocampal theta oscillations than navigation, supporting models of internally generated theta oscillations in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Seger
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Jennifer L S Kriegel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brad C Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Neuroscience Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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17
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Grijseels DM, Prendergast BJ, Gorman JC, Miller CT. The neurobiology of vocal communication in marmosets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1528:13-28. [PMID: 37615212 PMCID: PMC10592205 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly popular animal model for studying the neural basis of social behavior, cognition, and communication is the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Interest in this New World primate across neuroscience is now being driven by their proclivity for prosociality across their repertoire, high volubility, and rapid development, as well as their amenability to naturalistic testing paradigms and freely moving neural recording and imaging technologies. The complement of these characteristics set marmosets up to be a powerful model of the primate social brain in the years to come. Here, we focus on vocal communication because it is the area that has both made the most progress and illustrates the prodigious potential of this species. We review the current state of the field with a focus on the various brain areas and networks involved in vocal perception and production, comparing the findings from marmosets to other animals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori M Grijseels
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brendan J Prendergast
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julia C Gorman
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Maisson DJN, Cervera RL, Voloh B, Conover I, Zambre M, Zimmermann J, Hayden BY. Widespread coding of navigational variables in prefrontal cortex. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3478-3488.e3. [PMID: 37541250 PMCID: PMC10984098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
To navigate effectively, we must represent information about our location in the environment. Traditional research highlights the role of the hippocampal complex in this process. Spurred by recent research highlighting the widespread cortical encoding of cognitive and motor variables previously thought to have localized function, we hypothesized that navigational variables would be likewise encoded widely, especially in the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with volitional behavior. We recorded neural activity from six prefrontal regions while macaques performed a foraging task in an open enclosure. In all regions, we found strong encoding of allocentric position, allocentric head direction, boundary distance, and linear and angular velocity. These encodings were not accounted for by distance, time to reward, or motor factors. The strength of coding of all variables increased along a ventral-to-dorsal gradient. Together, these results argue that encoding of navigational variables is not localized to the hippocampus and support the hypothesis that navigation is continuous with other forms of flexible cognition in the service of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J-N Maisson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Roberto Lopez Cervera
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin Voloh
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Indirah Conover
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mrunal Zambre
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Stangl M, Maoz SL, Suthana N. Mobile cognition: imaging the human brain in the 'real world'. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:347-362. [PMID: 37046077 PMCID: PMC10642288 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience studies in humans have enabled decades of impactful discoveries but have primarily been limited to recording the brain activity of immobile participants in a laboratory setting. In recent years, advances in neuroimaging technologies have enabled recordings of human brain activity to be obtained during freely moving behaviours in the real world. Here, we propose that these mobile neuroimaging methods can provide unique insights into the neural mechanisms of human cognition and contribute to the development of novel treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. We further discuss the challenges associated with studying naturalistic human behaviours in complex real-world settings as well as strategies for overcoming them. We conclude that mobile neuroimaging methods have the potential to bring about a new era of cognitive neuroscience in which neural mechanisms can be studied with increased ecological validity and with the ability to address questions about natural behaviour and cognitive processes in humans engaged in dynamic real-world experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stangl
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sabrina L Maoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nanthia Suthana
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Zhu SL, Lakshminarasimhan KJ, Angelaki DE. Computational cross-species views of the hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 2023; 33:586-599. [PMID: 37038890 PMCID: PMC10947336 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of place cells and head direction cells in the hippocampal formation of freely foraging rodents has led to an emphasis of its role in encoding allocentric spatial relationships. In contrast, studies in head-fixed primates have additionally found representations of spatial views. We review recent experiments in freely moving monkeys that expand upon these findings and show that postural variables such as eye/head movements strongly influence neural activity in the hippocampal formation, suggesting that the function of the hippocampus depends on where the animal looks. We interpret these results in the light of recent studies in humans performing challenging navigation tasks which suggest that depending on the context, eye/head movements serve one of two roles-gathering information about the structure of the environment (active sensing) or externalizing the contents of internal beliefs/deliberation (embodied cognition). These findings prompt future experimental investigations into the information carried by signals flowing between the hippocampal formation and the brain regions controlling postural variables, and constitute a basis for updating computational theories of the hippocampal system to accommodate the influence of eye/head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren L Zhu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaushik J Lakshminarasimhan
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dora E Angelaki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Corrigan BW, Gulli RA, Doucet G, Mahmoudian B, Abbass M, Roussy M, Luna R, Sachs AJ, Martinez‐Trujillo JC. View cells in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of macaques during virtual navigation. Hippocampus 2023; 33:573-585. [PMID: 37002559 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells selectively activated by a particular view of an environment have been found in the primate hippocampus (HPC). Whether view cells are present in other brain areas, and how view selectivity interacts with other variables such as object features and place remain unclear. Here, we explore these issues by recording the responses of neurons in the HPC and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of rhesus macaques performing a task in which they learn new context-object associations while navigating a virtual environment using a joystick. We measured neuronal responses at different locations in a virtual maze where animals freely directed gaze to different regions of the visual scenes. We show that specific views containing task relevant objects selectively activated a proportion of HPC units, and an even higher proportion of LPFC units. Place selectivity was scarce and generally dependent on view. Many view cells were not affected by changing the object color or the context cue, two task relevant features. However, a small proportion of view cells showed selectivity for these two features. Our results show that during navigation in a virtual environment with complex and dynamic visual stimuli, view cells are found in both the HPC and the LPFC. View cells may have developed as a multiarea specialization in diurnal primates to encode the complexities and layouts of the environment through gaze exploration which ultimately enables building cognitive maps of space that guide navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Corrigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Roberto A. Gulli
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute Columbia University New York New York USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Guillaume Doucet
- The Ottawa Hospital University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Realize Medical Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Borna Mahmoudian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Mohamad Abbass
- Western University Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Megan Roussy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- National Science and Engineering Research Council Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rogelio Luna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua City Mexico
| | - Adam J. Sachs
- The Ottawa Hospital University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Julio C. Martinez‐Trujillo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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22
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Jendritza P, Klein FJ, Fries P. Multi-area recordings and optogenetics in the awake, behaving marmoset. Nat Commun 2023; 14:577. [PMID: 36732525 PMCID: PMC9895452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset has emerged as a key model in neuroscience. Marmosets are small in size, show great potential for genetic modification and exhibit complex behaviors. Thus, it is necessary to develop technology that enables monitoring and manipulation of the underlying neural circuits. Here, we describe a novel approach to record and optogenetically manipulate neural activity in awake, behaving marmosets. Our design utilizes a light-weight, 3D printed titanium chamber that can house several high-density silicon probes for semi-chronic recordings, while enabling simultaneous optogenetic stimulation. We demonstrate the application of our method in male marmosets by recording multi- and single-unit data from areas V1 and V6 with 192 channels simultaneously, and show that optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons in area V6 can influence behavior in a detection task. This method may enable future studies to investigate the neural basis of perception and behavior in the marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jendritza
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frederike J Klein
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Liang F, Yu S, Pang S, Wang X, Jie J, Gao F, Song Z, Li B, Liao WH, Yin M. Non-human primate models and systems for gait and neurophysiological analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1141567. [PMID: 37188006 PMCID: PMC10175625 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1141567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have garnered extensive interest and become a groundbreaking technology to restore movement, tactile sense, and communication in patients. Prior to their use in human subjects, clinical BCIs require rigorous validation and verification (V&V). Non-human primates (NHPs) are often considered the ultimate and widely used animal model for neuroscience studies, including BCIs V&V, due to their proximity to humans. This literature review summarizes 94 NHP gait analysis studies until 1 June, 2022, including seven BCI-oriented studies. Due to technological limitations, most of these studies used wired neural recordings to access electrophysiological data. However, wireless neural recording systems for NHPs enabled neuroscience research in humans, and many on NHP locomotion, while posing numerous technical challenges, such as signal quality, data throughout, working distance, size, and power constraint, that have yet to be overcome. Besides neurological data, motion capture (MoCap) systems are usually required in BCI and gait studies to capture locomotion kinematics. However, current studies have exclusively relied on image processing-based MoCap systems, which have insufficient accuracy (error: ≥4° and 9 mm). While the role of the motor cortex during locomotion is still unclear and worth further exploration, future BCI and gait studies require simultaneous, high-speed, accurate neurophysiological, and movement measures. Therefore, the infrared MoCap system which has high accuracy and speed, together with a high spatiotemporal resolution neural recording system, may expand the scope and improve the quality of the motor and neurophysiological analysis in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Siqi Pang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Binbin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei-Hsin Liao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Ming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Yin,
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24
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Comrie AE, Frank LM, Kay K. Imagination as a fundamental function of the hippocampus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210336. [PMID: 36314152 PMCID: PMC9620759 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagination is a biological function that is vital to human experience and advanced cognition. Despite this importance, it remains unknown how imagination is realized in the brain. Substantial research focusing on the hippocampus, a brain structure traditionally linked to memory, indicates that firing patterns in spatially tuned neurons can represent previous and upcoming paths in space. This work has generally been interpreted under standard views that the hippocampus implements cognitive abilities primarily related to actual experience, whether in the past (e.g. recollection, consolidation), present (e.g. spatial mapping) or future (e.g. planning). However, relatively recent findings in rodents identify robust patterns of hippocampal firing corresponding to a variety of alternatives to actual experience, in many cases without overt reference to the past, present or future. Given these findings, and others on hippocampal contributions to human imagination, we suggest that a fundamental function of the hippocampus is to generate a wealth of hypothetical experiences and thoughts. Under this view, traditional accounts of hippocampal function in episodic memory and spatial navigation can be understood as particular applications of a more general system for imagination. This view also suggests that the hippocampus contributes to a wider range of cognitive abilities than previously thought. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Comrie
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Loren M. Frank
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth Kay
- Zuckerman Institute, Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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25
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Mao D. Neural Correlates of Spatial Navigation in Primate Hippocampus. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:315-327. [PMID: 36319893 PMCID: PMC9905402 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been extensively implicated in spatial navigation in rodents and more recently in bats. Numerous studies have revealed that various kinds of spatial information are encoded across hippocampal regions. In contrast, investigations of spatial behavioral correlates in the primate hippocampus are scarce and have been mostly limited to head-restrained subjects during virtual navigation. However, recent advances made in freely-moving primates suggest marked differences in spatial representations from rodents, albeit some similarities. Here, we review empirical studies examining the neural correlates of spatial navigation in the primate (including human) hippocampus at the levels of local field potentials and single units. The lower frequency theta oscillations are often intermittent. Single neuron responses are highly mixed and task-dependent. We also discuss neuronal selectivity in the eye and head coordinates. Finally, we propose that future studies should focus on investigating both intrinsic and extrinsic population activity and examining spatial coding properties in large-scale hippocampal-neocortical networks across tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Mao
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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26
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Pathak A, Menon SN, Sinha S. Mesoscopic architecture enhances communication across the macaque connectome revealing structure-function correspondence in the brain. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054304. [PMID: 36559437 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the brain in terms of organizational structures at intermediate scales provides an approach to unravel the complexity arising from interactions between its large number of components. Focusing on a wiring diagram that spans the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus of the macaque brain, we identify robust modules in the network that provide a mesoscopic-level description of its topological architecture. Surprisingly, we find that the modular architecture facilitates rapid communication across the network, instead of localizing activity as is typically expected in networks having community organization. By considering processes of diffusive spreading and coordination, we demonstrate that the specific pattern of inter- and intramodular connectivity in the network allows propagation to be even faster than equivalent randomized networks with or without modular structure. This pattern of connectivity is seen at different scales and is conserved across principal cortical divisions, as well as subcortical structures. Furthermore, we find that the physical proximity between areas is insufficient to explain the modular organization, as similar mesoscopic structures can be obtained even after factoring out the effect of distance constraints on the connectivity. By supplementing the topological information about the macaque connectome with physical locations, volumes, and functions of the constituent areas and analyzing this augmented dataset, we reveal a counterintuitive role played by the modular architecture of the brain in promoting global coordination of its activity. It suggests a possible explanation for the ubiquity of modularity in brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pathak
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Shakti N Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Sitabhra Sinha
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
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27
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Behaviourally modulated hippocampal theta oscillations in the ferret persist during both locomotion and immobility. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5905. [PMID: 36207304 PMCID: PMC9547075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta oscillations are a hallmark of hippocampal activity across mammals and play a critical role in many hippocampal models of memory and spatial navigation. To reconcile the cross-species differences observed in the presence and properties of theta, we recorded hippocampal local field potentials in rats and ferrets during auditory and visual localisation tasks designed to vary locomotion and sensory attention. Here, we show that theta oscillations occur during locomotion in both ferrets and rats, however during periods of immobility, theta oscillations persist in the ferret, contrasting starkly with the switch to large irregular activity (LIA) in the rat. Theta during immobility in the ferret is identified as analogous to Type 2 theta that has been observed in rodents due to its sensitivity to atropine, and is modulated by behavioural state with the strongest theta observed during reward epochs. These results demonstrate that even under similar behavioural conditions, differences exist between species in the relationship between theta and behavioural state.
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28
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Wang Z, Na Z, Cui Y, Wei C, Wang S. LncRNA ZFAS1 regulates the hippocampal neurons injury in epilepsy through the miR-15a-5p/OXSR1/NF-κB pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2277-2290. [PMID: 35751788 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to be involved in epilepsy development. It has been reported that lncRNA ZFAS1 plays a vital regulatory role in epilepsy progression. Therefore, the role and molecular mechanism of ZFAS1 in epilepsy progression deserve further investigation. Mice status epilepticus (SE) model was constructed, and hippocampal neurons were isolated from mice hippocampus tissues. The expression of ZFAS1, miR-15a-5p and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OXSR1) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. ELISA assay was used to detect the concentrations of inflammation factors. Cell viability and apoptosis were examined by MTT assay, EdU staining and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was conducted to measure protein levels, and the productions of SOD and MDA were measured to assess cell oxidative stress. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were employed to validate the relationship between miR-15a-5p and ZFAS1 or OXSR1. LncRNA ZFAS1 was highly expressed in SE mice and SE-stimulated hippocampal neurons. Silenced ZFAS1 promoted viability, while inhibited inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress in SE-induced hippocampal neurons. MiR-15a-5p could be targeted by ZFAS1, and its inhibitor also reversed the suppressive effect of ZFAS1 knockdown on SE-induced hippocampal neurons injury. In addition, OXSR1 was a target of miR-15a-5p, and its silencing also could relieve SE-induced hippocampal neurons injury. OXSR1 overexpression reversed the inhibition effect of miR-15a-5p on SE-induced hippocampal neurons injury. Moreover, ZFAS1 positively regulated OXSR1 expression by sponging miR-15a-5p, thereby activating the NF-κB pathway. LncRNA ZFAS1 might contribute to the progression of epilepsy by regulating the miR-15a-5p/OXSR1/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengmian Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, 148-Xuefu Street, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Na
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Mudanjiang First People's Hospital, No. 76 Jianwei Road, Aimin District, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tangyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West of Hazhao Road, Tangyuan, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunjie Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Xiangyang District, Dexiang Street No.348, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, 148-Xuefu Street, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Xie J, Yan T, Zhang J, Ma Z, Zhou H. Modulation of Neuronal Activity and Saccades at Theta Rhythm During Visual Search in Non-human Primates. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1183-1198. [PMID: 35608752 PMCID: PMC9554076 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active exploratory behaviors have often been associated with theta oscillations in rodents, while theta oscillations during active exploration in non-human primates are still not well understood. We recorded neural activities in the frontal eye field (FEF) and V4 simultaneously when monkeys performed a free-gaze visual search task. Saccades were strongly phase-locked to theta oscillations of V4 and FEF local field potentials, and the phase-locking was dependent on saccade direction. The spiking probability of V4 and FEF units was significantly modulated by the theta phase in addition to the time-locked modulation associated with the evoked response. V4 and FEF units showed significantly stronger responses following saccades initiated at their preferred phases. Granger causality and ridge regression analysis showed modulatory effects of theta oscillations on saccade timing. Together, our study suggests phase-locking of saccades to the theta modulation of neural activity in visual and oculomotor cortical areas, in addition to the theta phase locking caused by saccade-triggered responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Yan
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- The Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhengyu Ma
- The Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- The Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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30
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Givon S, Pickholtz R, Pickholtz EY, Ben-Shahar O, Kiflawi M, Segev R. Toward Naturalistic Neuroscience of Navigation: Opportunities in Coral Reef Fish. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895381. [PMID: 35874430 PMCID: PMC9298462 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to navigate in the world is crucial to many species. One of the most fundamental unresolved issues in understanding animal navigation is how the brain represents spatial information. Although navigation has been studied extensively in many taxa, the key efforts to determine the neural basis of navigation have focused on mammals, usually in lab experiments, where the allocated space is typically very small; e.g., up to one order of magnitude the size of the animal, is limited by artificial walls, and contains only a few objects. This type of setting is vastly different from the habitat of animals in the wild, which is open in many cases and is virtually limitless in size compared to its inhabitants. Thus, a fundamental open question in animal navigation is whether small-scale, spatially confined, and artificially crafted lab experiments indeed reveal how navigation is enacted in the real world. This question is difficult to study given the technical problems associated with in vivo electrophysiology in natural settings. Here, we argue that these difficulties can be overcome by implementing state of the art technology when studying the rivulated rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus as the model animal. As a first step toward this goal, using acoustic tracking of the reef, we demonstrate that individual S. rivulatus have a defined home range of about 200 m in length, from which they seldom venture. They repeatedly visit the same areas and return to the same sleeping grounds, thus providing evidence for their ability to navigate in the reef environment. Using a clustering algorithm to analyze segments of daily trajectories, we found evidence of specific repeating patterns in behavior within the home range of individual fish. Thus, S. rivulatus appears to have the ability to carry out its daily routines and revisit places of interest by employing sophisticated means of navigation while exploring its surroundings. In the future, using novel technologies for wireless recording from single cells of fish brains, S. rivulatus can emerge as an ideal system to study the neural basis of navigation in natural settings and lead to “electrophysiology in the wild.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Givon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Renanel Pickholtz
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel
| | | | - Ohad Ben-Shahar
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Department of Computer Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Moshe Kiflawi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel
| | - Ronen Segev
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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31
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Abstract
When navigating through space, we must maintain a representation of our position in real time; when recalling a past episode, a memory can come back in a flash. Interestingly, the brain's spatial representation system, including the hippocampus, supports these two distinct timescale functions. How are neural representations of space used in the service of both real-world navigation and internal mnemonic processes? Recent progress has identified sequences of hippocampal place cells, evolving at multiple timescales in accordance with either navigational behaviors or internal oscillations, that underlie these functions. We review experimental findings on experience-dependent modulation of these sequential representations and consider how they link real-world navigation to time-compressed memories. We further discuss recent work suggesting the prevalence of these sequences beyond hippocampus and propose that these multiple-timescale mechanisms may represent a general algorithm for organizing cell assemblies, potentially unifying the dual roles of the spatial representation system in memory and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Tang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Shantanu P Jadhav
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA;
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32
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Honda Y, Shimokawa T, Matsuda S, Kobayashi Y, Moriya-Ito K. Hippocampal Connectivity of the Presubiculum in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:863478. [PMID: 35860211 PMCID: PMC9289110 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.863478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The marmoset (a New World monkey) has recently received much attention as an experimental animal model; however, little is known about the connectivity of limbic regions, including cortical and hippocampal memory circuits, in the marmoset. Here, we investigated the neuronal connectivity of the marmoset, especially focusing on the connectivity between the hippocampal formation and the presubiculum, using retrograde and anterograde tracers (cholera toxin-B subunit and biotin dextran amine). We demonstrated the presence of a direct projection from the CA1 pyramidal cell layer to the deep layers of the presubiculum in the marmoset, which was previously identified in the rabbit brain, but not in the rat. We also found that the cells of origin of the subiculo-presubicular projections were localized in the middle part along the superficial-to-deep axis of the pyramidal cell layer of the distal subiculum in the marmoset, which was similar to that in both rats and rabbits. Our results suggest that, compared to the rat and rabbit brains, connections between the hippocampal formation and presubiculum are highly organized and characteristic in the marmoset brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Honda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshiko Honda,
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Moriya-Ito
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Miller CT, Gire D, Hoke K, Huk AC, Kelley D, Leopold DA, Smear MC, Theunissen F, Yartsev M, Niell CM. Natural behavior is the language of the brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R482-R493. [PMID: 35609550 PMCID: PMC10082559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The breadth and complexity of natural behaviors inspires awe. Understanding how our perceptions, actions, and internal thoughts arise from evolved circuits in the brain has motivated neuroscientists for generations. Researchers have traditionally approached this question by focusing on stereotyped behaviors, either natural or trained, in a limited number of model species. This approach has allowed for the isolation and systematic study of specific brain operations, which has greatly advanced our understanding of the circuits involved. At the same time, the emphasis on experimental reductionism has left most aspects of the natural behaviors that have shaped the evolution of the brain largely unexplored. However, emerging technologies and analytical tools make it possible to comprehensively link natural behaviors to neural activity across a broad range of ethological contexts and timescales, heralding new modes of neuroscience focused on natural behaviors. Here we describe a three-part roadmap that aims to leverage the wealth of behaviors in their naturally occurring distributions, linking their variance with that of underlying neural processes to understand how the brain is able to successfully navigate the everyday challenges of animals' social and ecological landscapes. To achieve this aim, experimenters must harness one challenge faced by all neurobiological systems, namely variability, in order to gain new insights into the language of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
| | - David Gire
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kim Hoke
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alexander C Huk
- Center for Perceptual Systems, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 116 Inner Campus Drive, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Darcy Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Section of Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew C Smear
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1227 University Street, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Frederic Theunissen
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Yartsev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, 306 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cristopher M Niell
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 222 Huestis Hall, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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34
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Krause MR, Vieira PG, Thivierge JP, Pack CC. Brain stimulation competes with ongoing oscillations for control of spike timing in the primate brain. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001650. [PMID: 35613140 PMCID: PMC9132296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a popular method for modulating brain activity noninvasively. In particular, tACS is often used as a targeted intervention that enhances a neural oscillation at a specific frequency to affect a particular behavior. However, these interventions often yield highly variable results. Here, we provide a potential explanation for this variability: tACS competes with the brain's ongoing oscillations. Using neural recordings from alert nonhuman primates, we find that when neural firing is independent of ongoing brain oscillations, tACS readily entrains spiking activity, but when neurons are strongly entrained to ongoing oscillations, tACS often causes a decrease in entrainment instead. Consequently, tACS can yield categorically different results on neural activity, even when the stimulation protocol is fixed. Mathematical analysis suggests that this competition is likely to occur under many experimental conditions. Attempting to impose an external rhythm on the brain may therefore often yield precisely the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Krause
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro G. Vieira
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Thivierge
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher C. Pack
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Jovanovic V, Fishbein AR, de la Mothe L, Lee KF, Miller CT. Behavioral context affects social signal representations within single primate prefrontal cortex neurons. Neuron 2022; 110:1318-1326.e4. [PMID: 35108498 PMCID: PMC10064486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether social signal processing in more traditional, head-restrained contexts is representative of the putative natural analog-social communication-by comparing responses to vocalizations within individual neurons in marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC) across a series of behavioral contexts ranging from traditional to naturalistic. Although vocalization-responsive neurons were evident in all contexts, cross-context consistency was notably limited. A response to these social signals when subjects were head-restrained was not predictive of a comparable neural response to the identical vocalizations during natural communication. This pattern was evident both within individual neurons and at a population level, as PFC activity could be reliably decoded for the behavioral context in which vocalizations were heard. These results suggest that neural representations of social signals in primate PFC are not static but highly flexible and likely reflect how nuances of the dynamic behavioral contexts affect the perception of these signals and what they communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jovanovic
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam Ryan Fishbein
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa de la Mothe
- Department of Psychology, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Laboratory for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cory Thomas Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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A Novel, Automated, and Real-Time Method for the Analysis of Non-Human Primate Behavioral Patterns Using a Depth Image Sensor. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of their upright locomotion, similar to that of humans, motion analysis of non-human primates has been widely used in order to better understand musculoskeletal biomechanics and neuroscience problems. Given the difficulty of conducting a marker-based infrared optical tracking system for the behavior analysis of primates, a 2-dimensional (D) video analysis has been applied. Distinct from a conventional marker-based optical tracking system, a depth image sensor system provides 3-D information on movement without any skin markers. The specific aim of this study was to develop a novel algorithm to analyze the behavioral patterns of non-human primates in a home cage using a depth image sensor. The behavioral patterns of nine monkeys in their home cage, including sitting, standing, and pacing, were captured using a depth image sensor. Thereafter, these were analyzed by observers’ manual assessment and the newly written automated program. We confirmed that the measurement results from the observers’ manual assessments and the automated program with depth image analysis were statistically identical.
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37
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Mao D, Avila E, Caziot B, Laurens J, Dickman JD, Angelaki DE. Spatial modulation of hippocampal activity in freely moving macaques. Neuron 2021; 109:3521-3534.e6. [PMID: 34644546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is linked to spatial navigation, but there is little corroboration from freely moving primates with concurrent monitoring of head and gaze stances. We recorded neural activity across hippocampal regions in rhesus macaques during free foraging in an open environment while tracking their head and eye. Theta activity was intermittently present at movement onset and modulated by saccades. Many neurons were phase-locked to theta, with few showing phase precession. Most neurons encoded a mixture of spatial variables beyond place and grid tuning. Spatial representations were dominated by facing location and allocentric direction, mostly in head, rather than gaze, coordinates. Importantly, eye movements strongly modulated neural activity in all regions. These findings reveal that the macaque hippocampal formation represents three-dimensional (3D) space using a multiplexed code, with head orientation and eye movement properties being dominant during free exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Mao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Eric Avila
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Baptiste Caziot
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jean Laurens
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J David Dickman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dora E Angelaki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA.
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38
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Dotson NM, Yartsev MM. Nonlocal spatiotemporal representation in the hippocampus of freely flying bats. Science 2021; 373:242-247. [PMID: 34244418 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Navigation occurs through a continuum of space and time. The hippocampus is known to encode the immediate position of moving animals. However, active navigation, especially at high speeds, may require representing navigational information beyond the present moment. Using wireless electrophysiological recordings in freely flying bats, we demonstrate that neural activity in area CA1 predominantly encodes nonlocal spatial information up to meters away from the bat's present position. This spatiotemporal representation extends both forward and backward in time, with an emphasis on future locations, and is found during both random exploration and goal-directed navigation. The representation of position thus extends along a continuum, with each moment containing information about past, present, and future, and may provide a key mechanism for navigating along self-selected and remembered paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dotson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael M Yartsev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Qasim SE, Fried I, Jacobs J. Phase precession in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Cell 2021; 184:3242-3255.e10. [PMID: 33979655 PMCID: PMC8195854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowing where we are, where we have been, and where we are going is critical to many behaviors, including navigation and memory. One potential neuronal mechanism underlying this ability is phase precession, in which spatially tuned neurons represent sequences of positions by activating at progressively earlier phases of local network theta oscillations. Based on studies in rodents, researchers have hypothesized that phase precession may be a general neural pattern for representing sequential events for learning and memory. By recording human single-neuron activity during spatial navigation, we show that spatially tuned neurons in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex exhibit phase precession. Furthermore, beyond the neural representation of locations, we show evidence for phase precession related to specific goal states. Our findings thus extend theta phase precession to humans and suggest that this phenomenon has a broad functional role for the neural representation of both spatial and non-spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman E Qasim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Visual Neuroscience Methods for Marmosets: Efficient Receptive Field Mapping and Head-Free Eye Tracking. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0489-20.2021. [PMID: 33863782 PMCID: PMC8143020 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0489-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The marmoset has emerged as a promising primate model system, in particular for visual neuroscience. Many common experimental paradigms rely on head fixation and an extended period of eye fixation during the presentation of salient visual stimuli. Both of these behavioral requirements can be challenging for marmosets. Here, we present two methodological developments, each addressing one of these difficulties. First, we show that it is possible to use a standard eye-tracking system without head fixation to assess visual behavior in the marmoset. Eye-tracking quality from head-free animals is sufficient to obtain precise psychometric functions from a visual acuity task. Second, we introduce a novel method for efficient receptive field (RF) mapping that does not rely on moving stimuli but uses fast flashing annuli and wedges. We present data recorded during head-fixation in areas V1 and V6 and show that RF locations are readily obtained within a short period of recording time. Thus, the methodological advancements presented in this work will contribute to establish the marmoset as a valuable model in neuroscience.
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Rolls ET. Neurons including hippocampal spatial view cells, and navigation in primates including humans. Hippocampus 2021; 31:593-611. [PMID: 33760309 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new theory is proposed of mechanisms of navigation in primates including humans in which spatial view cells found in the primate hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus are used to guide the individual from landmark to landmark. The navigation involves approach to each landmark in turn (taxis), using spatial view cells to identify the next landmark in the sequence, and does not require a topological map. Two other cell types found in primates, whole body motion cells, and head direction cells, can be utilized in the spatial view cell navigational mechanism, but are not essential. If the landmarks become obscured, then the spatial view representations can be updated by self-motion (idiothetic) path integration using spatial coordinate transform mechanisms in the primate dorsal visual system to transform from egocentric to allocentric spatial view coordinates. A continuous attractor network or time cells or working memory is used in this approach to navigation to encode and recall the spatial view sequences involved. I also propose how navigation can be performed using a further type of neuron found in primates, allocentric-bearing-to-a-landmark neurons, in which changes of direction are made when a landmark reaches a particular allocentric bearing. This is useful if a landmark cannot be approached. The theories are made explicit in models of navigation, which are then illustrated by computer simulations. These types of navigation are contrasted with triangulation, which requires a topological map. It is proposed that the first strategy utilizing spatial view cells is used frequently in humans, and is relatively simple because primates have spatial view neurons that respond allocentrically to locations in spatial scenes. An advantage of this approach to navigation is that hippocampal spatial view neurons are also useful for episodic memory, and for imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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42
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The Architecture of Human Memory: Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings. J Neurosci 2020; 41:883-890. [PMID: 33257323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1648-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of human memory is a central goal of neuroscience, both from the point of view of the fundamental biology of memory and for its translational relevance. Here, we review some contributions that recordings from neurons in humans implanted with electrodes for clinical purposes have made toward this goal. Recordings from the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, reveal the existence of two classes of cells: those encoding highly selective and invariant representations of abstract concepts, and memory-selective cells whose activity is related to familiarity and episodic retrieval. Insights derived from observing these cells in behaving humans include that semantic representations are activated before episodic representations, that memory content and memory strength are segregated, and that the activity of both types of cells is related to subjective awareness as expected from a substrate for declarative memory. Visually selective cells can remain persistently active for several seconds, thereby revealing a cellular substrate for working memory in humans. An overarching insight is that the neural code of human memory is interpretable at the single-neuron level. Jointly, intracranial recording studies are starting to reveal aspects of the building blocks of human memory at the single-cell level. This work establishes a bridge to cellular-level work in animals on the one hand, and the extensive literature on noninvasive imaging in humans on the other hand. More broadly, this work is a step toward a detailed mechanistic understanding of human memory that is needed to develop therapies for human memory disorders.
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Bala PC, Eisenreich BR, Yoo SBM, Hayden BY, Park HS, Zimmermann J. Automated markerless pose estimation in freely moving macaques with OpenMonkeyStudio. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4560. [PMID: 32917899 PMCID: PMC7486906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhesus macaque is an important model species in several branches of science, including neuroscience, psychology, ethology, and medicine. The utility of the macaque model would be greatly enhanced by the ability to precisely measure behavior in freely moving conditions. Existing approaches do not provide sufficient tracking. Here, we describe OpenMonkeyStudio, a deep learning-based markerless motion capture system for estimating 3D pose in freely moving macaques in large unconstrained environments. Our system makes use of 62 machine vision cameras that encircle an open 2.45 m × 2.45 m × 2.75 m enclosure. The resulting multiview image streams allow for data augmentation via 3D-reconstruction of annotated images to train a robust view-invariant deep neural network. This view invariance represents an important advance over previous markerless 2D tracking approaches, and allows fully automatic pose inference on unconstrained natural motion. We show that OpenMonkeyStudio can be used to accurately recognize actions and track social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet C Bala
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Seng Bum Michael Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Abstract
Several types of neurons involved in spatial navigation and memory encode the distance and direction (that is, the vector) between an agent and items in its environment. Such vectorial information provides a powerful basis for spatial cognition by representing the geometric relationships between the self and the external world. Here, we review the explicit encoding of vectorial information by neurons in and around the hippocampal formation, far from the sensory periphery. The parahippocampal, retrosplenial and parietal cortices, as well as the hippocampal formation and striatum, provide a plethora of examples of vector coding at the single neuron level. We provide a functional taxonomy of cells with vectorial receptive fields as reported in experiments and proposed in theoretical work. The responses of these neurons may provide the fundamental neural basis for the (bottom-up) representation of environmental layout and (top-down) memory-guided generation of visuospatial imagery and navigational planning.
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Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a critical element of the hippocampal formation located within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in primates. The EC has historically received attention for being the primary mediator of cortical information going into and coming from the hippocampus proper. In this review, we highlight the significance of the EC as a major player in memory processing, along with other associated structures in the primate MTL. The complex, convergent topographies of cortical and subcortical input to the EC, combined with short-range intrinsic connectivity and the selective targeting of EC efferents to the hippocampus, provide evidence for subregional specialization and integration of information beyond what would be expected if this structure were a simple conduit of information for the hippocampus. Lesion studies of the EC provide evidence implicating this region as critical for memory and the flexible use of complex relational associations between experienced events. The physiology of this structure's constituent principal cells mirrors the complexity of its anatomy. EC neurons respond preferentially to aspects of memory-dependent paradigms including object, place, and time. EC neurons also show striking spatial representations as primates explore visual space, similar to those identified in rodents navigating physical space. In this review, we highlight the great strides that have been made toward furthering our understanding of the primate EC, and we identify paths forward for future experiments to provide additional insight into the role of this structure in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Garcia
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A Buffalo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; .,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Berger M, Agha NS, Gail A. Wireless recording from unrestrained monkeys reveals motor goal encoding beyond immediate reach in frontoparietal cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e51322. [PMID: 32364495 PMCID: PMC7228770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
System neuroscience of motor cognition regarding the space beyond immediate reach mandates free, yet experimentally controlled movements. We present an experimental environment (Reach Cage) and a versatile visuo-haptic interaction system (MaCaQuE) for investigating goal-directed whole-body movements of unrestrained monkeys. Two rhesus monkeys conducted instructed walk-and-reach movements towards targets flexibly positioned in the cage. We tracked 3D multi-joint arm and head movements using markerless motion capture. Movements show small trial-to-trial variability despite being unrestrained. We wirelessly recorded 192 broad-band neural signals from three cortical sensorimotor areas simultaneously. Single unit activity is selective for different reach and walk-and-reach movements. Walk-and-reach targets could be decoded from premotor and parietal but not motor cortical activity during movement planning. The Reach Cage allows systems-level sensorimotor neuroscience studies with full-body movements in a configurable 3D spatial setting with unrestrained monkeys. We conclude that the primate frontoparietal network encodes reach goals beyond immediate reach during movement planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz-Institute for Primate ResearchGoettingenGermany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Naubahar Shahryar Agha
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz-Institute for Primate ResearchGoettingenGermany
| | - Alexander Gail
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center – Leibniz-Institute for Primate ResearchGoettingenGermany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGoettingenGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational NeuroscienceGoettingenGermany
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Leopold DA, Park SH. Studying the visual brain in its natural rhythm. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116790. [PMID: 32278093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain fluidly orchestrates visual behavior is a central question in cognitive neuroscience. Researchers studying neural responses in humans and nonhuman primates have mapped out visual response profiles and cognitive modulation in a large number of brain areas, most often using pared down stimuli and highly controlled behavioral paradigms. The historical emphasis on reductionism has placed most studies at one pole of an inherent trade-off between strictly controlled experimental variables and open designs that monitor the brain during its natural modes of operation. This bias toward simplified experiments has strongly shaped the field of visual neuroscience, with little guarantee that the principles and concepts established within that framework will apply more generally. In recent years, a growing number of studies have begun to relax strict experimental control with the aim of understanding how the brain responds under more naturalistic conditions. In this article, we survey research that has explicitly embraced the complexity and rhythm of natural vision. We focus on those studies most pertinent to understanding high-level visual specializations in brains of humans and nonhuman primates. We conclude that representationalist concepts borne from conventional visual experiments fall short in their ability to capture the real-life visual operations undertaken by the brain. More naturalistic approaches, though fraught with experimental and analytic challenges, provide fertile ground for neuroscientists seeking new inroads to investigate how the brain supports core aspects of our daily visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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