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Jonchère V, Montémont H, Le Scanf E, Siret A, Letourneur Q, Tubacher E, Battail C, Fall A, Labreche K, Renault V, Ratovomanana T, Buhard O, Jolly A, Le Rouzic P, Feys C, Despras E, Zouali H, Nicolle R, Cervera P, Svrcek M, Bourgoin P, Blanché H, Boland A, Lefèvre J, Parc Y, Touat M, Bielle F, Arzur D, Cueff G, Le Jossic-Corcos C, Quéré G, Dujardin G, Blondel M, Le Maréchal C, Cohen R, André T, Coulet F, de la Grange P, de Reyniès A, Fléjou JF, Renaud F, Alentorn A, Corcos L, Deleuze JF, Collura A, Duval A. Microsatellite instability at U2AF-binding polypyrimidic tract sites perturbs alternative splicing during colorectal cancer initiation. Genome Biol 2024; 25:210. [PMID: 39107855 PMCID: PMC11304650 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) due to mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is common in colorectal cancer (CRC). These cancers are associated with somatic coding events, but the noncoding pathophysiological impact of this genomic instability is yet poorly understood. Here, we perform an analysis of coding and noncoding MSI events at the different steps of colorectal tumorigenesis using whole exome sequencing and search for associated splicing events via RNA sequencing at the bulk-tumor and single-cell levels. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that MSI leads to hundreds of noncoding DNA mutations, notably at polypyrimidine U2AF RNA-binding sites which are endowed with cis-activity in splicing, while higher frequency of exon skipping events are observed in the mRNAs of MSI compared to non-MSI CRC. At the DNA level, these noncoding MSI mutations occur very early prior to cell transformation in the dMMR colonic crypt, accounting for only a fraction of the exon skipping in MSI CRC. At the RNA level, the aberrant exon skipping signature is likely to impair colonic cell differentiation in MSI CRC affecting the expression of alternative exons encoding protein isoforms governing cell fate, while also targeting constitutive exons, making dMMR cells immunogenic in early stage before the onset of coding mutations. This signature is characterized by its similarity to the oncogenic U2AF1-S34F splicing mutation observed in several other non-MSI cancer. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings provide evidence that a very early RNA splicing signature partly driven by MSI impairs cell differentiation and promotes MSI CRC initiation, far before coding mutations which accumulate later during MSI tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jonchère
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Montémont
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Enora Le Scanf
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Aurélie Siret
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Letourneur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Tubacher
- Laboratory for Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Battail
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Assane Fall
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Karim Labreche
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Victor Renault
- Laboratory for Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
| | - Toky Ratovomanana
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buhard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Le Rouzic
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Cody Feys
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Despras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Habib Zouali
- Laboratory for Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
| | - Rémy Nicolle
- Programme "Cartes d'Identité Des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital Saint-Antoine, 47-83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Magali Svrcek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital Saint-Antoine, 47-83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bourgoin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital Saint-Antoine, 47-83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Laboratory for Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jérémie Lefèvre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Yann Parc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Touat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Institut du Cerveau Et de La Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau Et de La Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neuropathologie Laboratoire Escourolle, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Arzur
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Gwennina Cueff
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Catherine Le Jossic-Corcos
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Gaël Quéré
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Gwendal Dujardin
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Marc Blondel
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Cédric Le Maréchal
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Romain Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Thierry André
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Florence Coulet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Genetics Department, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme "Cartes d'Identité Des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital Saint-Antoine, 47-83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Corcos
- INSERM, UMR 1078, Université de Brest, Génétique Génomique Fonctionnelle Et Biotechnologies, Etablissement Français du Sang, F-29200, Brest, France
- CHU de Brest, Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Laboratory for Genomics, Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Ada Collura
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alex Duval
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 938 and SIRIC CURAMUS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Equipe Instabilité Des Microsatellites Et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75012, Paris, France.
- Genetics Department, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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Senn KA, Lipinski KA, Zeps NJ, Griffin AF, Wilkinson ME, Hoskins AA. Control of 3' splice site selection by the yeast splicing factor Fyv6. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592262. [PMID: 38746449 PMCID: PMC11092753 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed in two steps: 5' splice site (SS) cleavage and exon ligation. A number of proteins transiently associate with spliceosomes to specifically impact these steps (1st and 2nd step factors). We recently identified Fyv6 (FAM192A in humans) as a 2nd step factor in S. cerevisiae; however, we did not determine how widespread Fyv6's impact is on the transcriptome. To answer this question, we have used RNA-seq to analyze changes in splicing. These results show that loss of Fyv6 results in activation of non-consensus, branch point (BP) proximal 3' SS transcriptome-wide. To identify the molecular basis of these observations, we determined a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of a yeast product complex spliceosome containing Fyv6 at 2.3 Å. The structure reveals that Fyv6 is the only 2nd step factor that contacts the Prp22 ATPase and that Fyv6 binding is mutually exclusive with that of the 1st step factor Yju2. We then use this structure to dissect Fyv6 functional domains and interpret results of a genetic screen for fyv6Δ suppressor mutations. The combined transcriptomic, structural, and genetic studies allow us to propose a model in which Yju2/Fyv6 exchange facilitates exon ligation and Fyv6 promotes usage of consensus, BP distal 3' SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Senn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Karli A. Lipinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Natalie J. Zeps
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Amory F. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Max E. Wilkinson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
- Present Addresses: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142 USA and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Aaron A. Hoskins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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3
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Sun L, Liu Y, Guo X, Cui T, Wu C, Tao J, Cheng C, Chu Q, Ji C, Li X, Guo H, Liang S, Zhou H, Zhou S, Ma K, Zhang N, Wang J, Liu Y, Liu L. Acetylation-dependent regulation of core spliceosome modulates hepatocellular carcinoma cassette exons and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5209. [PMID: 38890388 PMCID: PMC11189467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of spliceosome core components in cellular processes, their roles in cancer development, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remain poorly understood. In this study, we uncover a critical role for SmD2, a core component of the spliceosome machinery, in modulating DNA damage in HCC through its impact on BRCA1/FANC cassette exons and expression. Our findings reveal that SmD2 depletion sensitizes HCC cells to PARP inhibitors, expanding the potential therapeutic targets. We also demonstrate that SmD2 acetylation by p300 leads to its degradation, while HDAC2-mediated deacetylation stabilizes SmD2. Importantly, we show that the combination of Romidepsin and Olaparib exhibits significant therapeutic potential in multiple HCC models, highlighting the promise of targeting SmD2 acetylation and HDAC2 inhibition alongside PARP inhibitors for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmao Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Tianming Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Chenghui Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Chu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Changyong Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xianying Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Shuhang Liang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Huanran Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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4
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Huang AC, Su JY, Hung YJ, Chiang HL, Chen YT, Huang YT, Yu CHA, Lin HN, Lin CL. SpliceAPP: an interactive web server to predict splicing errors arising from human mutations. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:600. [PMID: 38877417 PMCID: PMC11179192 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splicing variants are a major class of pathogenic mutations, with their severity equivalent to nonsense mutations. However, redundant and degenerate splicing signals hinder functional assessments of sequence variations within introns, particularly at branch sites. We have established a massively parallel splicing assay to assess the impact on splicing of 11,191 disease-relevant variants. Based on the experimental results, we then applied regression-based methods to identify factors determining splicing decisions and their respective weights. RESULTS Our statistical modeling is highly sensitive, accurately annotating the splicing defects of near-exon intronic variants, outperforming state-of-the-art predictive tools. We have incorporated the algorithm and branchpoint information into a web-based tool, SpliceAPP, to provide an interactive application. This user-friendly website allows users to upload any genetic variants with genome coordinates (e.g., chr15 74,687,208 A G), and the tool will output predictions for splicing error scores and evaluate the impact on nearby splice sites. Additionally, users can query branch site information within the region of interest. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SpliceAPP represents a pioneering approach to screening pathogenic intronic variants, contributing to the development of precision medicine. It also facilitates the annotation of splicing motifs. SpliceAPP is freely accessible using the link https://bc.imb.sinica.edu.tw/SpliceAPP . Source code can be downloaded at https://github.com/hsinnan75/SpliceAPP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ying Su
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Hung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lun Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Albert Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Nan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ling Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City, 115014, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Bioinformatics Program, International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Abulfaraj AA, Alshareef SA. Concordant Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing Regulation under Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:675. [PMID: 38927612 PMCID: PMC11202685 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The current investigation endeavors to identify differentially expressed alternatively spliced (DAS) genes that exhibit concordant expression with splicing factors (SFs) under diverse multifactorial abiotic stress combinations in Arabidopsis seedlings. SFs serve as the post-transcriptional mechanism governing the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene expression. The different stresses encompass variations in salt concentration, heat, intensive light, and their combinations. Clusters demonstrating consistent expression profiles were surveyed to pinpoint DAS/SF gene pairs exhibiting concordant expression. Through rigorous selection criteria, which incorporate alignment with documented gene functionalities and expression patterns observed in this study, four members of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) gene family were delineated as SFs concordantly expressed with six DAS genes. These regulated SF genes encompass cactin, SR1-like, SR30, and SC35-like. The identified concordantly expressed DAS genes encode diverse proteins such as the 26.5 kDa heat shock protein, chaperone protein DnaJ, potassium channel GORK, calcium-binding EF hand family protein, DEAD-box RNA helicase, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 6. Among the concordantly expressed DAS/SF gene pairs, SR30/DEAD-box RNA helicase, and SC35-like/1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 6 emerge as promising candidates, necessitating further examinations to ascertain whether these SFs orchestrate splicing of the respective DAS genes. This study contributes to a deeper comprehension of the varied responses of the splicing machinery to abiotic stresses. Leveraging these DAS/SF associations shows promise for elucidating avenues for augmenting breeding programs aimed at fortifying cultivated plants against heat and intensive light stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A. Abulfaraj
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar A. Alshareef
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21921, Saudi Arabia;
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6
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Bakhtiar D, Vondraskova K, Pengelly RJ, Chivers M, Kralovicova J, Vorechovsky I. Exonic splicing code and coordination of divalent metals in proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1090-1106. [PMID: 38055834 PMCID: PMC10853796 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exonic sequences contain both protein-coding and RNA splicing information but the interplay of the protein and splicing code is complex and poorly understood. Here, we have studied traditional and auxiliary splicing codes of human exons that encode residues coordinating two essential divalent metals at the opposite ends of the Irving-Williams series, a universal order of relative stabilities of metal-organic complexes. We show that exons encoding Zn2+-coordinating amino acids are supported much less by the auxiliary splicing motifs than exons coordinating Ca2+. The handicap of the former is compensated by stronger splice sites and uridine-richer polypyrimidine tracts, except for position -3 relative to 3' splice junctions. However, both Ca2+ and Zn2+ exons exhibit close-to-constitutive splicing in multiple tissues, consistent with their critical importance for metalloprotein function and a relatively small fraction of expendable, alternatively spliced exons. These results indicate that constraints imposed by metal coordination spheres on RNA splicing have been efficiently overcome by the plasticity of exon-intron architecture to ensure adequate metalloprotein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Bakhtiar
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Katarina Vondraskova
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Reuben J Pengelly
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Chivers
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jana Kralovicova
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Vorechovsky
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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7
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Xie Z, Sun C, Liu C, Lu Y, Chen B, Wu R, Liu Y, Liu R, Peng Q, Deng J, Meng L, Wang Z, Zhang W, Yuan Y. A new pseudoexon activation due to ultrarare branch point formation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2024; 35:8-12. [PMID: 38194733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Deep-intronic variants that create or enhance a splice site are increasingly reported as a significant cause of monogenic diseases. However, deep-intronic variants that activate pseudoexons by affecting a branch point are extremely rare in monogenic diseases. Here, we describe a novel deep-intronic DMD variant that created a branch point in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patient. A 7.0-year-old boy was enrolled because he was suspected of DMD based on his clinical, muscle imaging, and pathological features. Routine genetic testing did not discover a pathogenic DMD variant. We then performed muscle-derived dystrophin mRNA analysis and detected an aberrant pseudoexon-containing transcript. Further genomic Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed a novel deep-intronic splicing variant in DMD (NM_004006.2:c.5325+1759G>T), which created a new branch point sequence and thus activated a new dystrophin pseudoexon (NM_004006.2:r.5325_5326ins5325+1779_5325+1855). Our study highlights the significant role of branch point alterations in the pathogenesis of monogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Xie
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Chengyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, Shandong
| | - Yanru Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jianwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Lingchao Meng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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8
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Fukumura K, Sperotto L, Seuß S, Kang HS, Yoshimoto R, Sattler M, Mayeda A. SAP30BP interacts with RBM17/SPF45 to promote splicing in a subset of human short introns. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113534. [PMID: 38065098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pre-mRNA splicing requires the removal of introns with highly variable lengths, from tens to over a million nucleotides. Therefore, mechanisms of intron recognition and splicing are likely not universal. Recently, we reported that splicing in a subset of human short introns with truncated polypyrimidine tracts depends on RBM17 (SPF45), instead of the canonical splicing factor U2 auxiliary factor (U2AF) heterodimer. Here, we demonstrate that SAP30BP, a factor previously implicated in transcriptional control, is an essential splicing cofactor for RBM17. In vitro binding and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses demonstrate that a U2AF-homology motif (UHM) in RBM17 binds directly to a newly identified UHM-ligand motif in SAP30BP. We show that this RBM17-SAP30BP interaction is required to specifically recruit RBM17 to phosphorylated SF3B1 (SF3b155), a U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U2 snRNP) component in active spliceosomes. We propose a mechanism for splicing in a subset of short introns, in which SAP30BP guides RBM17 in the assembly of active spliceosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Fukumura
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Luca Sperotto
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Center, TUM School of Natural Sciences, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefanie Seuß
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Center, TUM School of Natural Sciences, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hyun-Seo Kang
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Center, TUM School of Natural Sciences, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rei Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 673-0101, Japan
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Center, TUM School of Natural Sciences, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Akila Mayeda
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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9
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Yoshimoto R, Nakayama Y, Nomura I, Yamamoto I, Nakagawa Y, Tanaka S, Kurihara M, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi T, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Mito M, Iwasaki S, Yamazaki T, Hirose T, Araki K, Nakagawa S. 4.5SH RNA counteracts deleterious exonization of SINE B1 in mice. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4479-4493.e6. [PMID: 38096826 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
4.5SH RNA is a highly abundant, small rodent-specific noncoding RNA that localizes to nuclear speckles enriched in pre-mRNA-splicing regulators. To investigate the physiological functions of 4.5SH RNA, we have created mutant mice that lack the expression of 4.5SH RNA. The mutant mice exhibited embryonic lethality, suggesting that 4.5SH RNA is an essential species-specific noncoding RNA in mice. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that 4.5SH RNA protects the transcriptome from abnormal exonizations of the antisense insertions of the retrotransposon SINE B1 (asB1), which would otherwise introduce deleterious premature stop codons or frameshift mutations. Mechanistically, 4.5SH RNA base pairs with complementary asB1-containing exons via the target recognition region and recruits effector proteins including Hnrnpm via its 5' stem loop region. The modular organization of 4.5SH RNA allows us to engineer a programmable splicing regulator to induce the skipping of target exons of interest. Our results also suggest the general existence of splicing regulatory noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Yuta Nakayama
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikuko Nomura
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamamoto
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yumeka Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Misuzu Kurihara
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Genome Regeneration, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Genome Regeneration, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mari Mito
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- RNA Biofunction Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- RNA Biofunction Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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10
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Xie J, Wang L, Lin RJ. Variations of intronic branchpoint motif: identification and functional implications in splicing and disease. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1142. [PMID: 37949953 PMCID: PMC10638238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The branchpoint (BP) motif is an essential intronic element for spliceosomal pre-mRNA splicing. In mammals, its sequence composition, distance to the downstream exon, and number of BPs per 3´ splice site are highly variable, unlike the GT/AG dinucleotides at the intron ends. These variations appear to provide evolutionary advantages for fostering alternative splicing, satisfying more diverse cellular contexts, and promoting resilience to genetic changes, thus contributing to an extra layer of complexity for gene regulation. Importantly, variants in the BP motif itself or in genes encoding BP-interacting factors cause human genetic diseases or cancers, highlighting the critical function of BP motif and the need to precisely identify functional BPs for faithful interpretation of their roles in splicing. In this perspective, we will succinctly summarize the major findings related to BP motif variations, discuss the relevant issues/challenges, and provide our insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyong Xie
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Ren-Jang Lin
- Center for RNA Biology & Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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11
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López-Oreja I, Gohr A, Playa-Albinyana H, Giró A, Arenas F, Higashi M, Tripathi R, López-Guerra M, Irimia M, Aymerich M, Valcárcel J, Bonnal S, Colomer D. SF3B1 mutation-mediated sensitization to H3B-8800 splicing inhibitor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301955. [PMID: 37562845 PMCID: PMC10415613 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) is involved in pre-mRNA branch site recognition and is the target of antitumor-splicing inhibitors. Mutations in SF3B1 are observed in 15% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and are associated with poor prognosis, but their pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using deep RNA-sequencing data from 298 CLL tumor samples and isogenic SF3B1 WT and K700E-mutated CLL cell lines, we characterize targets and pre-mRNA sequence features associated with the selection of cryptic 3' splice sites upon SF3B1 mutation, including an event in the MAP3K7 gene relevant for activation of NF-κB signaling. Using the H3B-8800 splicing modulator, we show, for the first time in CLL, cytotoxic effects in vitro in primary CLL samples and in SF3B1-mutated isogenic CLL cell lines, accompanied by major splicing changes and delayed leukemic infiltration in a CLL xenotransplant mouse model. H3B-8800 displayed preferential lethality towards SF3B1-mutated cells and synergism with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax, supporting the potential use of SF3B1 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene López-Oreja
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - André Gohr
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heribert Playa-Albinyana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariadna Giró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabian Arenas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Morihiro Higashi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rupal Tripathi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica López-Guerra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Aymerich
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Valcárcel
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Bonnal
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Oncologia, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Stergachis AB, Blue EE, Gillentine MA, Wang LK, Schwarze U, Cortés AS, Ranchalis J, Allworth A, Bland AE, Chanprasert S, Chen J, Doherty D, Folta AB, Glass I, Horike-Pyne M, Huang AY, Khan AT, Leppig KA, Miller DE, Mirzaa G, Parhin A, Raskind WH, Rosenthal EA, Sheppeard S, Strohbehn S, Sybert VP, Tran TT, Wener MH, Byers PHH, Nelson SF, Bamshad MJ, Dipple KM, Jarvik GP, Hoppins S, Hisama FM. Full-length Isoform Sequencing for Resolving the Molecular Basis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200090. [PMID: 37560121 PMCID: PMC10409571 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Transcript sequencing of patient-derived samples has been shown to improve the diagnostic yield for solving cases of suspected Mendelian conditions, yet the added benefit of full-length long-read transcript sequencing is largely unexplored. Methods We applied short-read and full-length transcript sequencing and mitochondrial functional studies to a patient-derived fibroblast cell line from an individual with neuropathy that previously lacked a molecular diagnosis. Results We identified an intronic homozygous MFN2 c.600-31T>G variant that disrupts the branch point critical for intron 6 splicing. Full-length long-read isoform complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing after treatment with a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) inhibitor revealed that this variant creates 5 distinct altered splicing transcripts. All 5 altered splicing transcripts have disrupted open reading frames and are subject to NMD. Furthermore, a patient-derived fibroblast line demonstrated abnormal lipid droplet formation, consistent with MFN2 dysfunction. Although correctly spliced full-length MFN2 transcripts are still produced, this branch point variant results in deficient MFN2 levels and autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2A (CMT2A). Discussion This case highlights the utility of full-length isoform sequencing for characterizing the molecular mechanism of undiagnosed rare diseases and expands our understanding of the genetic basis for CMT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Stergachis
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Madelyn A Gillentine
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lee-Kai Wang
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ulrike Schwarze
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Adriana Sedeño Cortés
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Austin E Bland
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jingheng Chen
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel Doherty
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew B Folta
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ian Glass
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Martha Horike-Pyne
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Alden Y Huang
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Alyna T Khan
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen A Leppig
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Danny E Miller
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Azma Parhin
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Elisabeth A Rosenthal
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Sam Sheppeard
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Samuel Strohbehn
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Virginia P Sybert
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Thao T Tran
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark H Wener
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter H H Byers
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Suzanne Hoppins
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- From the Department of Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., A.S.C., J.R., A.A., A.E.B., S.C., A.B.F., M.H.-P., A.P., W.H.R., E.A.R., S. Sheppeard, S. Strohbehn, V.P.S., P.H.H.B., G.P.J., F.M.H.), Genome Sciences (A.B.S., G.P.J.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine (A.B.S., E.E.B., D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D., G.P.J., F.M.H.); University of Washington (E.E.B., J.C., A.T.K.), Institute of Public Health Genetics; Department of Laboratories (M.A.G.), Seattle Children's Hospital, WA; Institute for Precision Health (L.-K.W., A.Y.H., S.F.N.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (U.S., D.E.M., T.T.T., M.H.W., P.H.H.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics (D.D., I.G., D.E.M., G.M., M.J.B., K.M.D.), Department of Biostatistics (A.T.K.), University of Washington; Group Health Cooperative (K.A.L.), Kaiser Permanente Washington; Seattle Children's Research Institute (G.M.), Center for Integrative Brain Research; and Department of Biochemistry (S.H.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Ohara H, Hosokawa M, Awaya T, Hagiwara A, Kurosawa R, Sako Y, Ogawa M, Ogasawara M, Noguchi S, Goto Y, Takahashi R, Nishino I, Hagiwara M. Branchpoints as potential targets of exon-skipping therapies for genetic disorders. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:404-412. [PMID: 37547287 PMCID: PMC10403725 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Fukutin (FKTN) c.647+2084G>T creates a pseudo-exon with a premature stop codon, which causes Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). We aimed to ameliorate aberrant splicing of FKTN caused by this variant. We screened compounds focusing on splicing regulation using the c.647+2084G>T splicing reporter and discovered that the branchpoint, which is essential for splicing reactions, could be a potential therapeutic target. To confirm the effectiveness of branchpoints as targets for exon skipping, we designed branchpoint-targeted antisense oligonucleotides (BP-AONs). This restored normal FKTN mRNA and protein production in FCMD patient myotubes. We identified a functional BP by detecting splicing intermediates and creating BP mutations in the FKTN reporter gene; this BP was non-redundant and sufficiently blocked by BP-AONs. Next, a BP-AON was designed for a different FCMD-causing variant, which induces pathogenic exon trapping by a common SINE-VNTR-Alu-type retrotransposon. Notably, this BP-AON also restored normal FKTN mRNA and protein production in FCMD patient myotubes. Our findings suggest that BPs could be potential targets in exon-skipping therapeutic strategies for genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery for Intractable Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Hosokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonari Awaya
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunity, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiya Sako
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Megumu Ogawa
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Ogasawara
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Noguchi
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yuichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Sparber P, Bychkov I, Pyankov D, Skoblov M. Functional investigation of SCN1A deep-intronic variants activating poison exons inclusion. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1043-1053. [PMID: 37186029 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a devastating epileptic syndrome characterized by intractable epilepsy with an early age of onset, regression of developmental milestones, ataxia, and motor deficits. Loss-of-function pathogenic variants in the SCN1A gene are found in the majority of patients with Dravet syndrome; however, a significant number of patients remain undiagnosed even after comprehensive genetic testing. Previously, it was shown that intronic elements in the SCN1A gene called poison exons can incorporate into SCN1A mRNA, leading to haploinsufficiency and potentially causing Dravet syndrome. Here, we developed a splicing reporter assay for all described poison exons of the SCN1A gene and validated it using previously reported and artificially introduced variants. Overall, we tested 18 deep-intronic single nucleotide variants and one complex allele in the SCN1A gene. Our approach is capable of evaluating the effect of both variants affecting cis-regulatory sequences and splice-site variants, with the potential to functionally annotate every possible variant within these elements. Moreover, using antisense-modified uridine-rich U7 small nuclear RNAs, we were able to block poison exon incorporation in mutant constructs, an approach that could be used as a promising therapeutic intervention in Dravet syndrome patients with deep-intronic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sparber
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Street 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478.
| | - Igor Bychkov
- Laboratory of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail Skoblov
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Street 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478
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15
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Shimazu T, Yoshimoto R, Kotoshiba K, Suzuki T, Matoba S, Hirose M, Akakabe M, Sohtome Y, Sodeoka M, Ogura A, Dohmae N, Shinkai Y. Histidine N1-position-specific methyltransferase CARNMT1 targets C3H zinc finger proteins and modulates RNA metabolism. Genes Dev 2023; 37:724-742. [PMID: 37612136 PMCID: PMC10546975 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350755.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Histidine (His) residues are methylated in various proteins, but their roles and regulation mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that carnosine N-methyltransferase 1 (CARNMT1), a known His methyltransferase of dipeptide carnosine (βAla-His), is a major His N1-position-specific methyltransferase. We found that 52 His sites in 20 proteins underwent CARNMT1-mediated methylation. The consensus methylation site for CARNMT1 was identified as Cx(F/Y)xH, a C3H zinc finger (C3H ZF) motif. CARNMT1-deficient and catalytically inactive mutant mice showed embryonic lethality. Among the CARNMT1 target C3H ZF proteins, RNA degradation mediated by Roquin and tristetraprolin (TTP) was affected by CARNMT1 and its enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the recognition of the 3' splice site of the CARNMT1 target C3H ZF protein U2AF1 was perturbed, and pre-mRNA alternative splicing (AS) was affected by CARNMT1 deficiency. These findings indicate that CARNMT1-mediated protein His methylation, which is essential for embryogenesis, plays roles in diverse aspects of RNA metabolism by targeting C3H ZF-type RNA-binding proteins and modulating their functions, including pre-mRNA AS and mRNA degradation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shimazu
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Rei Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kotoshiba
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Michiko Hirose
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Mai Akakabe
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sohtome
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
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16
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Panzeri V, Pieraccioli M, Cesari E, de la Grange P, Sette C. CDK12/13 promote splicing of proximal introns by enhancing the interaction between RNA polymerase II and the splicing factor SF3B1. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5512-5526. [PMID: 37026485 PMCID: PMC10287901 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the transcription cycle through sequential phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Herein, we report that dual inhibition of the highly homologous CDK12 and CDK13 impairs splicing of a subset of promoter-proximal introns characterized by weak 3' splice sites located at larger distance from the branchpoint. Nascent transcript analysis indicated that these introns are selectively retained upon pharmacological inhibition of CDK12/13 with respect to downstream introns of the same pre-mRNAs. Retention of these introns was also triggered by pladienolide B (PdB), an inhibitor of the U2 small nucelar ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) factor SF3B1 that recognizes the branchpoint. CDK12/13 activity promotes the interaction of SF3B1 with RNAPII phosphorylated on Ser2, and disruption of this interaction by treatment with the CDK12/13 inhibitor THZ531 impairs the association of SF3B1 with chromatin and its recruitment to the 3' splice site of these introns. Furthermore, by using suboptimal doses of THZ531 and PdB, we describe a synergic effect of these inhibitors on intron retention, cell cycle progression and cancer cell survival. These findings uncover a mechanism by which CDK12/13 couple RNA transcription and processing, and suggest that combined inhibition of these kinases and the spliceosome represents an exploitable anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pieraccioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Gemelli Science and Technology Park (GSTeP)-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Canson DM, O’Mara TA, Spurdle AB, Glubb DM. Splicing annotation of endometrial cancer GWAS risk loci reveals potentially causal variants and supports a role for NF1 and SKAP1 as susceptibility genes. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100185. [PMID: 36908940 PMCID: PMC9996439 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes to cancer development. Indeed, splicing analysis of cancer genome-wide association study (GWAS) risk variants has revealed likely causal variants. To systematically assess GWAS variants for splicing effects, we developed a prioritization workflow using a combination of splicing prediction tools, alternative transcript isoforms, and splicing quantitative trait locus (sQTL) annotations. Application of this workflow to candidate causal variants from 16 endometrial cancer GWAS risk loci highlighted single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were predicted to upregulate alternative transcripts. For two variants, sQTL data supported the predicted impact on splicing. At the 17q11.2 locus, the protective allele for rs7502834 was associated with increased splicing of an exon in a NF1 alternative transcript encoding a truncated protein in adipose tissue and is consistent with an endometrial cancer transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) finding in adipose tissue. Notably, NF1 haploinsufficiency is protective for obesity, a well-established risk factor for endometrial cancer. At the 17q21.32 locus, the rs2278868 risk allele was predicted to upregulate a SKAP1 transcript that is subject to nonsense-mediated decay, concordant with a corresponding sQTL in lymphocytes. This is consistent with a TWAS finding that indicates decreased SKAP1 expression in blood increases endometrial cancer risk. As SKAP1 is involved in T cell immune responses, decreased SKAP1 expression may impact endometrial tumor immunosurveillance. In summary, our analysis has identified potentially causal endometrial cancer GWAS risk variants with plausible biological mechanisms and provides a splicing annotation workflow to aid interpretation of other GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daffodil M. Canson
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Tracy A. O’Mara
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Dylan M. Glubb
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Corresponding author
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18
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Pruunsild P, Bengtson CP, Loss I, Lohrer B, Bading H. Expression of the primate-specific LINC00473 RNA in mouse neurons promotes excitability and CREB-regulated transcription. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104671. [PMID: 37019214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The LINC00473 (Lnc473) gene has previously been shown to be associated with cancer and psychiatric disorders. Its expression is elevated in several types of tumors and decreased in the brains of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or major depression. In neurons, Lnc473 transcription is strongly responsive to synaptic activity, suggesting a role in adaptive, plasticity-related mechanisms. However, the function of Lnc473 is largely unknown. Here, using a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector, we introduced a primate-specific human Lnc473 RNA into mouse primary neurons. We show that this resulted in a transcriptomic shift comprising downregulation of epilepsy-associated genes and a rise in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activity, which was driven by augmented CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) nuclear localization. Moreover, we demonstrate that ectopic Lnc473 expression increased neuronal excitability as well as network excitability. These findings suggest that primates may possess a lineage-specific activity-dependent modulator of CREB-regulated neuronal excitability.
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19
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Aguilera C, Padró-Miquel A, Esteve-Garcia A, Cerdà P, Torres-Iglesias R, Llecha N, Riera-Mestre A. Improving Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Molecular Diagnosis: A Referral Center Experience. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030772. [PMID: 36981042 PMCID: PMC10048779 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare vascular disease inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Disease-causing variants in endoglin (ENG) and activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1) genes are detected in more than 90% of the patients undergoing molecular testing. The identification of variants of unknown significance is often seen as a challenge in clinical practice that makes family screening and genetic counseling difficult. Here, we show that the implementation of cDNA analysis to assess the effect of splice site variants on mRNA splicing is a powerful tool. METHODS Gene panel sequencing of genes associated with HHT and other arteriovenous malformation-related syndromes was performed. To evaluate the effect of the splice site variants, cDNA analysis of ENG and ACVRL1 genes was carried out. RESULTS three novel splice site variants were identified in ENG (c.68-2A > T and c.1311+4_1311+8del) and ACVLR1 (c.526-6C > G) genes correspondingly in three individuals with HHT that met ≥ 3 Curaçao criteria. All three variants led to an aberrant splicing inducing exon skipping (ENG:c.68-2A > T and ACVRL1:c.526-6C > G) or intron retention (ENG:c.1311+4_1311+8del) allowing the confirmation of the predicted effect on splicing and the reclassification from unknown significance to pathogenic/likely pathogenic of two of them. CONCLUSIONS RNA analysis should be performed to assess and/or confirm the impact of variants on splicing. The molecular diagnosis of HHT patients is crucial to allow family screening and accurate genetic counseling. A multidisciplinary approach including clinicians and geneticists is crucial when dealing with patients with rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Aguilera
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ariadna Padró-Miquel
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Garcia
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pau Cerdà
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raquel Torres-Iglesias
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Núria Llecha
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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20
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Franz A, Weber AI, Preußner M, Dimos N, Stumpf A, Ji Y, Moreno-Velasquez L, Voigt A, Schulz F, Neumann A, Kuropka B, Kühn R, Urlaub H, Schmitz D, Wahl MC, Heyd F. Branch point strength controls species-specific CAMK2B alternative splicing and regulates LTP. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/3/e202201826. [PMID: 36543542 PMCID: PMC9772828 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation and functionality of species-specific alternative splicing has remained enigmatic to the present date. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIβ (CaMKIIβ) is expressed in several splice variants and plays a key role in learning and memory. Here, we identify and characterize several primate-specific CAMK2B splice isoforms, which show altered kinetic properties and changes in substrate specificity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that primate-specific CAMK2B alternative splicing is achieved through branch point weakening during evolution. We show that reducing branch point and splice site strengths during evolution globally renders constitutive exons alternative, thus providing novel mechanistic insight into cis-directed species-specific alternative splicing regulation. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we introduce a weaker, human branch point sequence into the mouse genome, resulting in strongly altered Camk2b splicing in the brains of mutant mice. We observe a strong impairment of long-term potentiation in CA3-CA1 synapses of mutant mice, thus connecting branch point-controlled CAMK2B alternative splicing with a fundamental function in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Franz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ioana Weber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Preußner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Dimos
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Stumpf
- Neuroscience Research Centre (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanlong Ji
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Moreno-Velasquez
- Neuroscience Research Centre (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voigt
- Neuroscience Research Centre (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederic Schulz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Freie Universität Berlin, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (BioSupraMol), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Neuroscience Research Centre (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Stergachis AB, Blue EE, Gillentine MA, Wang LK, Schwarze U, Cortés AS, Ranchalis J, Allworth A, Bland AE, Chanprasert S, Chen J, Doherty D, Folta AB, Glass I, Horike-Pyne M, Huang AY, Khan AT, Leppig KA, Miller DE, Mirzaa G, Parhin A, Raskind W, Rosenthal EA, Sheppeard S, Strohbehn S, Sybert VP, Tran TT, Wener M, Byers PH, Nelson SF, Bamshad MJ, Dipple KM, Jarvik GP, Hoppins S, Hisama FM. Full-length isoform sequencing for resolving the molecular basis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.526487. [PMID: 36798371 PMCID: PMC9934537 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.526487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Transcript sequencing of patient derived samples has been shown to improve the diagnostic yield for solving cases of likely Mendelian disorders, yet the added benefit of full-length long-read transcript sequencing is largely unexplored. Methods We applied short-read and full-length isoform cDNA sequencing and mitochondrial functional studies to a patient-derived fibroblast cell line from an individual with neuropathy that previously lacked a molecular diagnosis. Results We identified an intronic homozygous MFN2 c.600-31T>G variant that disrupts a branch point critical for intron 6 spicing. Full-length long-read isoform cDNA sequencing after treatment with a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) inhibitor revealed that this variant creates five distinct altered splicing transcripts. All five altered splicing transcripts have disrupted open reading frames and are subject to NMD. Furthermore, a patient-derived fibroblast line demonstrated abnormal lipid droplet formation, consistent with MFN2 dysfunction. Although correctly spliced full-length MFN2 transcripts are still produced, this branch point variant results in deficient MFN2 protein levels and autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2A (CMT2A). Discussion This case highlights the utility of full-length isoform sequencing for characterizing the molecular mechanism of undiagnosed rare diseases and expands our understanding of the genetic basis for CMT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Stergachis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health Genetics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lee-Kai Wang
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ulrike Schwarze
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adriana Sedeño Cortés
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Austin E Bland
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingheng Chen
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health Genetics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Doherty
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew B Folta
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha Horike-Pyne
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alden Y Huang
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alyna T Khan
- University of Washington, Institute of Public Health Genetics, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Leppig
- Group Health Cooperative, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny E Miller
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Azma Parhin
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy Raskind
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Rosenthal
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sam Sheppeard
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Strohbehn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia P Sybert
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thao T Tran
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Wener
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H Byers
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne Hoppins
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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RNA-seq analysis, targeted long-read sequencing and in silico prediction to unravel pathogenic intronic events and complicated splicing abnormalities in dystrophinopathy. Hum Genet 2023; 142:59-71. [PMID: 36048237 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy is caused by alterations in DMD. Approximately 1% of patients remain genetically undiagnosed, because intronic variations are not detected by standard methods. Here, we combined laboratory and in silico analyses to identify disease-causing genomic variants in genetically undiagnosed patients and determine the regulatory mechanisms underlying abnormal DMD transcript generation. DMD transcripts from 20 genetically undiagnosed dystrophinopathy patients in whom no exon variants were identified, despite dystrophin deficiency on muscle biopsy, were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Genome sequencing captured intronic variants and their effects were interpreted using in silico tools. Targeted long-read sequencing was applied in cases with suspected structural genomic abnormalities. Abnormal DMD transcripts were detected in 19 of 20 cases; Exonization of intronic sequences in 15 cases, exon skipping in one case, aberrantly spliced and polyadenylated transcripts in two cases and transcription termination in one case. Intronic single nucleotide variants, chromosomal rearrangements and nucleotide repeat expansion were identified in DMD gene as pathogenic causes of transcript alteration. Our combined analysis approach successfully identified pathogenic events. Detection of diseasing-causing mechanisms in DMD transcripts could inform the therapeutic options for patients with dystrophinopathy.
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23
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Barbosa P, Savisaar R, Carmo-Fonseca M, Fonseca A. Computational prediction of human deep intronic variation. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad085. [PMID: 37878682 PMCID: PMC10599398 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adoption of whole-genome sequencing in genetic screens has facilitated the detection of genetic variation in the intronic regions of genes, far from annotated splice sites. However, selecting an appropriate computational tool to discriminate functionally relevant genetic variants from those with no effect is challenging, particularly for deep intronic regions where independent benchmarks are scarce. RESULTS In this study, we have provided an overview of the computational methods available and the extent to which they can be used to analyze deep intronic variation. We leveraged diverse datasets to extensively evaluate tool performance across different intronic regions, distinguishing between variants that are expected to disrupt splicing through different molecular mechanisms. Notably, we compared the performance of SpliceAI, a widely used sequence-based deep learning model, with that of more recent methods that extend its original implementation. We observed considerable differences in tool performance depending on the region considered, with variants generating cryptic splice sites being better predicted than those that potentially affect splicing regulatory elements. Finally, we devised a novel quantitative assessment of tool interpretability and found that tools providing mechanistic explanations of their predictions are often correct with respect to the ground - information, but the use of these tools results in decreased predictive power when compared to black box methods. CONCLUSIONS Our findings translate into practical recommendations for tool usage and provide a reference framework for applying prediction tools in deep intronic regions, enabling more informed decision-making by practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barbosa
- LASIGE, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016,, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Carmo-Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alcides Fonseca
- LASIGE, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016,, Lisboa, Portugal
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24
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Leman R, Parfait B, Vidaud D, Girodon E, Pacot L, Le Gac G, Ka C, Ferec C, Fichou Y, Quesnelle C, Aucouturier C, Muller E, Vaur D, Castera L, Boulouard F, Ricou A, Tubeuf H, Soukarieh O, Gaildrat P, Riant F, Guillaud‐Bataille M, Caputo SM, Caux‐Moncoutier V, Boutry‐Kryza N, Bonnet‐Dorion F, Schultz I, Rossing M, Quenez O, Goldenberg L, Harter V, Parsons MT, Spurdle AB, Frébourg T, Martins A, Houdayer C, Krieger S. SPiP: Splicing Prediction Pipeline, a machine learning tool for massive detection of exonic and intronic variant effects on mRNA splicing. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2308-2323. [PMID: 36273432 PMCID: PMC10946553 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modeling splicing is essential for tackling the challenge of variant interpretation as each nucleotide variation can be pathogenic by affecting pre-mRNA splicing via disruption/creation of splicing motifs such as 5'/3' splice sites, branch sites, or splicing regulatory elements. Unfortunately, most in silico tools focus on a specific type of splicing motif, which is why we developed the Splicing Prediction Pipeline (SPiP) to perform, in one single bioinformatic analysis based on a machine learning approach, a comprehensive assessment of the variant effect on different splicing motifs. We gathered a curated set of 4616 variants scattered all along the sequence of 227 genes, with their corresponding splicing studies. The Bayesian analysis provided us with the number of control variants, that is, variants without impact on splicing, to mimic the deluge of variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Results show that SPiP can deal with the diversity of splicing alterations, with 83.13% sensitivity and 99% specificity to detect spliceogenic variants. Overall performance as measured by area under the receiving operator curve was 0.986, better than SpliceAI and SQUIRLS (0.965 and 0.766) for the same data set. SPiP lends itself to a unique suite for comprehensive prediction of spliceogenicity in the genomic medicine era. SPiP is available at: https://sourceforge.net/projects/splicing-prediction-pipeline/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Leman
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- UNICAENNormandie UniversitéCaenFrance
| | - Béatrice Parfait
- Service de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, APHP, HUPCHôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Dominique Vidaud
- Service de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, APHP, HUPCHôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Girodon
- Service de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, APHP, HUPCHôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Laurence Pacot
- Service de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, APHP, HUPCHôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Gérald Le Gac
- Inserm UMR1078, Genetics, Functional Genomics and BiotechnologyUniversité de Bretagne OccidentaleBrestFrance
| | - Chandran Ka
- Inserm UMR1078, Genetics, Functional Genomics and BiotechnologyUniversité de Bretagne OccidentaleBrestFrance
| | - Claude Ferec
- Inserm UMR1078, Genetics, Functional Genomics and BiotechnologyUniversité de Bretagne OccidentaleBrestFrance
| | - Yann Fichou
- Inserm UMR1078, Genetics, Functional Genomics and BiotechnologyUniversité de Bretagne OccidentaleBrestFrance
| | - Céline Quesnelle
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
| | - Camille Aucouturier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Etienne Muller
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
| | - Dominique Vaur
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Laurent Castera
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Flavie Boulouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Agathe Ricou
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Hélène Tubeuf
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- Integrative BiosoftwareRouenFrance
| | - Omar Soukarieh
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | | | - Florence Riant
- Laboratoire de Génétique, AP‐HPGH Saint‐Louis‐Lariboisière‐Fernand WidalParisFrance
| | | | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Department of Genetics, Institut CurieParis Sciences Lettres Research UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Nadia Boutry‐Kryza
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers FréquentsHospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Françoise Bonnet‐Dorion
- Departement de Biopathologie Unité de Génétique ConstitutionnelleInstitut Bergonie—INSERM U1218BordeauxFrance
| | - Ines Schultz
- Laboratoire d'OncogénétiqueCentre Paul StraussStrasbourgFrance
| | - Maria Rossing
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Louis Goldenberg
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Valentin Harter
- Department of BiostatisticsBaclesse Unicancer CenterCaenFrance
| | - Michael T. Parsons
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thierry Frébourg
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- Department of geneticsRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- Department of geneticsRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
| | - Sophie Krieger
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique du CancerCentre François BaclesseCaenFrance
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, FHU‐G4 génomiqueNormandie UniversitéRouenFrance
- UNICAENNormandie UniversitéCaenFrance
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25
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Cormier MJ, Pedersen BS, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Quinlan AR. Combining genetic constraint with predictions of alternative splicing to prioritize deleterious splicing in rare disease studies. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:482. [PMCID: PMC9664736 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-05041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite numerous molecular and computational advances, roughly half of patients with a rare disease remain undiagnosed after exome or genome sequencing. A particularly challenging barrier to diagnosis is identifying variants that cause deleterious alternative splicing at intronic or exonic loci outside of canonical donor or acceptor splice sites.
Results
Several existing tools predict the likelihood that a genetic variant causes alternative splicing. We sought to extend such methods by developing a new metric that aids in discerning whether a genetic variant leads to deleterious alternative splicing. Our metric combines genetic variation in the Genome Aggregate Database with alternative splicing predictions from SpliceAI to compare observed and expected levels of splice-altering genetic variation. We infer genic regions with significantly less splice-altering variation than expected to be constrained. The resulting model of regional splicing constraint captures differential splicing constraint across gene and exon categories, and the most constrained genic regions are enriched for pathogenic splice-altering variants. Building from this model, we developed ConSpliceML. This ensemble machine learning approach combines regional splicing constraint with multiple per-nucleotide alternative splicing scores to guide the prediction of deleterious splicing variants in protein-coding genes. ConSpliceML more accurately distinguishes deleterious and benign splicing variants than state-of-the-art splicing prediction methods, especially in “cryptic” splicing regions beyond canonical donor or acceptor splice sites.
Conclusion
Integrating a model of genetic constraint with annotations from existing alternative splicing tools allows ConSpliceML to prioritize potentially deleterious splice-altering variants in studies of rare human diseases.
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26
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Petrova V, Song R, Nordström KJV, Walter J, Wong JJL, Armstrong N, Rasko JEJ, Schmitz U. Increased chromatin accessibility facilitates intron retention in specific cell differentiation states. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11563-11579. [PMID: 36354002 PMCID: PMC9723627 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic intron retention (IR) in vertebrate cells is of widespread biological importance. Aberrant IR is associated with numerous human diseases including several cancers. Despite consistent reports demonstrating that intrinsic sequence features can help introns evade splicing, conflicting findings about cell type- or condition-specific IR regulation by trans-regulatory and epigenetic mechanisms demand an unbiased and systematic analysis of IR in a controlled experimental setting. We integrated matched mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq), whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), nucleosome occupancy methylome sequencing (NOMe-Seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data from primary human myeloid and lymphoid cells. Using these multi-omics data and machine learning, we trained two complementary models to determine the role of epigenetic factors in the regulation of IR in cells of the innate immune system. We show that increased chromatin accessibility, as revealed by nucleosome-free regions, contributes substantially to the retention of introns in a cell-specific manner. We also confirm that intrinsic characteristics of introns are key for them to evade splicing. This study suggests an important role for chromatin architecture in IR regulation. With an increasing appreciation that pathogenic alterations are linked to RNA processing, our findings may provide useful insights for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that target aberrant splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Petrova
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Renhua Song
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | | | - Karl J V Nordström
- Laboratory of EpiGenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Laboratory of EpiGenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Justin J L Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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27
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Mechanism and modeling of human disease-associated near-exon intronic variants that perturb RNA splicing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1043-1055. [PMID: 36303034 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that 10%-30% of disease-associated genetic variants affect splicing. Splicing variants may generate deleteriously altered gene product and are potential therapeutic targets. However, systematic diagnosis or prediction of splicing variants is yet to be established, especially for the near-exon intronic splice region. The major challenge lies in the redundant and ill-defined branch sites and other splicing motifs therein. Here, we carried out unbiased massively parallel splicing assays on 5,307 disease-associated variants that overlapped with branch sites and collected 5,884 variants across the 5' splice region. We found that strong splice sites and exonic features preserve splicing from intronic sequence variation. Whereas the splice-altering mechanism of the 3' intronic variants is complex, that of the 5' is mainly splice-site destruction. Statistical learning combined with these molecular features allows precise prediction of altered splicing from an intronic variant. This statistical model provides the identity and ranking of biological features that determine splicing, which serves as transferable knowledge and out-performs the benchmarking predictive tool. Moreover, we demonstrated that intronic splicing variants may associate with disease risks in the human population. Our study elucidates the mechanism of splicing response of intronic variants, which classify disease-associated splicing variants for the promise of precision medicine.
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28
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Bryen SJ, Yuen M, Joshi H, Dawes R, Zhang K, Lu JK, Jones KJ, Liang C, Wong WK, Peduto AJ, Waddell LB, Evesson FJ, Cooper ST. Prevalence, parameters, and pathogenic mechanisms for splice-altering acceptor variants that disrupt the AG exclusion zone. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100125. [PMID: 35847480 PMCID: PMC9284458 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the pathogenicity of acceptor splice-site variants outside the essential AG is challenging, due to high sequence diversity of the extended splice-site region. Critical analysis of 24,445 intronic extended acceptor splice-site variants reported in ClinVar and the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD) demonstrates 41.9% of pathogenic variants create an AG dinucleotide between the predicted branchpoint and acceptor (AG-creating variants in the AG exclusion zone), 28.4% result in loss of a pyrimidine at the -3 position, and 15.1% result in loss of one or more pyrimidines in the polypyrimidine tract. Pathogenicity of AG-creating variants was highly influenced by their position. We define a high-risk zone for pathogenicity: > 6 nucleotides downstream of the predicted branchpoint and >5 nucleotides upstream from the acceptor, where 93.1% of pathogenic AG-creating variants arise and where naturally occurring AG dinucleotides are concordantly depleted (5.8% of natural AGs). SpliceAI effectively predicts pathogenicity of AG-creating variants, achieving 95% sensitivity and 69% specificity. We highlight clinical examples showing contrasting mechanisms for mis-splicing arising from AG variants: (1) cryptic acceptor created; (2) splicing silencer created: an introduced AG silences the acceptor, resulting in exon skipping, intron retention, and/or use of an alternative existing cryptic acceptor; and (3) splicing silencer disrupted: loss of a deep intronic AG activates inclusion of a pseudo-exon. In conclusion, we establish AG-creating variants as a common class of pathogenic extended acceptor variant and outline factors conferring critical risk for mis-splicing for AG-creating variants in the AG exclusion zone, between the branchpoint and acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Bryen
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Functional Neuromics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michaela Yuen
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Functional Neuromics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ruebena Dawes
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Katharine Zhang
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Functional Neuromics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jessica K. Lu
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kristi J. Jones
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christina Liang
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Department of Neurogenetics, Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Wui-Kwan Wong
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Peduto
- Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leigh B. Waddell
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Frances J. Evesson
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Functional Neuromics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Cooper
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Functional Neuromics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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29
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Zhang H, Lianto P, Li W, Xu M, Moore JB, Thorne JL. Associations between liver X receptor polymorphisms and blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Steroids 2022; 185:109057. [PMID: 35679909 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to dyslipidaemia remains incompletely understood. The liver X receptors (LXRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors, are homeostatic regulators of lipid metabolism. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)have been identified previously in the coding and regulatory regions of the LXRs. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise associations between SNPs of LXRs (α and β isoforms) with blood lipid and lipoprotein traits. Five databases (PubMed, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched for population-based studies that assessed associations between one or more blood lipid/lipoprotein traits and LXR SNPs. Of seventeen articles included in the qualitative synthesis, ten were eligible for meta-analysis. Nine LXRα SNPs and five LXRβ SNPs were identified, and the three most studied LXRα SNPs were quantitatively summarised. Carriers of the minor allele A of LXRα rs12221497 (-115G>A) had higher triglyceride levels than GG homozygotes (0.13 mmol/L; 95%CI: [0.03, 0.23], P = 0.01). Heterozygote carriers of LXRα rs2279238 (297C/T) had higher total cholesterol levels (0.12 mmol/L; (95%CI: [0.01, 0.23], P = 0.04) than either CC or TT homozygotes. For LXRα rs11039155 (-6G>A), no significant differences in blood levels of either triglyceride (P = 0.39) or HDL-C (P = 0.98) were detected between genotypes in meta-analyses. In addition, there were no strong associations for other SNPs of LXRα and LXRβ. This study provides the evidence of an association between LXRα, but not LXRβ, SNPs and blood-lipid traits. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO No. CRD42021246158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Clinical Nutrition Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Priscilia Lianto
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Weiming Li
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengfan Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Bernadette Moore
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Liu H, Dai J, Li K, Sun Y, Wei H, Wang H, Zhao C, Wang DW. Performance evaluation of computational methods for splice-disrupting variants and improving the performance using the machine learning-based framework. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6670557. [PMID: 35976049 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge in genetic diagnostics is the assessment of genetic variants associated with diseases, specifically variants that fall out with canonical splice sites, by altering alternative splicing. Several computational methods have been developed to prioritize variants effect on splicing; however, performance evaluation of these methods is hampered by the lack of large-scale benchmark datasets. In this study, we employed a splicing-region-specific strategy to evaluate the performance of prediction methods based on eight independent datasets. Under most conditions, we found that dbscSNV-ADA performed better in the exonic region, S-CAP performed better in the core donor and acceptor regions, S-CAP and SpliceAI performed better in the extended acceptor region and MMSplice performed better in identifying variants that caused exon skipping. However, it should be noted that the performances of prediction methods varied widely under different datasets and splicing regions, and none of these methods showed the best overall performance with all datasets. To address this, we developed a new method, machine learning-based classification of splice sites variants (MLCsplice), to predict variants effect on splicing based on individual methods. We demonstrated that MLCsplice achieved stable and superior prediction performance compared with any individual method. To facilitate the identification of the splicing effect of variants, we provided precomputed MLCsplice scores for all possible splice sites variants across human protein-coding genes (http://39.105.51.3:8090/MLCsplice/). We believe that the performance of different individual methods under eight benchmark datasets will provide tentative guidance for appropriate method selection to prioritize candidate splice-disrupting variants, thereby increasing the genetic diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
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The retroelement Lx9 puts a brake on the immune response to virus infection. Nature 2022; 608:757-765. [PMID: 35948641 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The notion that mobile units of nucleic acid known as transposable elements can operate as genomic controlling elements was put forward over six decades ago1,2. However, it was not until the advancement of genomic sequencing technologies that the abundance and repertoire of transposable elements were revealed, and they are now known to constitute up to two-thirds of mammalian genomes3,4. The presence of DNA regulatory regions including promoters, enhancers and transcription-factor-binding sites within transposable elements5-8 has led to the hypothesis that transposable elements have been co-opted to regulate mammalian gene expression and cell phenotype8-14. Mammalian transposable elements include recent acquisitions and ancient transposable elements that have been maintained in the genome over evolutionary time. The presence of ancient conserved transposable elements correlates positively with the likelihood of a regulatory function, but functional validation remains an essential step to identify transposable element insertions that have a positive effect on fitness. Here we show that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of a transposable element-namely the LINE-1 retrotransposon Lx9c11-in mice results in an exaggerated and lethal immune response to virus infection. Lx9c11 is critical for the neogenesis of a non-coding RNA (Lx9c11-RegoS) that regulates genes of the Schlafen family, reduces the hyperinflammatory phenotype and rescues lethality in virus-infected Lx9c11-/- mice. These findings provide evidence that a transposable element can control the immune system to favour host survival during virus infection.
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Pengelly RJ, Bakhtiar D, Borovská I, Královičová J, Vořechovský I. Exonic splicing code and protein binding sites for calcium. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5493-5512. [PMID: 35474482 PMCID: PMC9177970 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxilliary splicing sequences in exons, known as enhancers (ESEs) and silencers (ESSs), have been subject to strong selection pressures at the RNA and protein level. The protein component of this splicing code is substantial, recently estimated at ∼50% of the total information within ESEs, but remains poorly understood. The ESE/ESS profiles were previously associated with the Irving-Williams (I-W) stability series for divalent metals, suggesting that the ESE/ESS evolution was shaped by metal binding sites. Here, we have examined splicing activities of exonic sequences that encode protein binding sites for Ca2+, a weak binder in the I-W affinity order. We found that predicted exon inclusion levels for the EF-hand motifs and for Ca2+-binding residues in nonEF-hand proteins were higher than for average exons. For canonical EF-hands, the increase was centred on the EF-hand chelation loop and, in particular, on Ca2+-coordinating residues, with a 1>12>3∼5>9 hierarchy in the 12-codon loop consensus and usage bias at codons 1 and 12. The same hierarchy but a lower increase was observed for noncanonical EF-hands, except for S100 proteins. EF-hand loops preferentially accumulated exon splits in two clusters, one located in their N-terminal halves and the other around codon 12. Using splicing assays and published crosslinking and immunoprecipitation data, we identify candidate trans-acting factors that preferentially bind conserved GA-rich motifs encoding negatively charged amino acids in the loops. Together, these data provide evidence for the high capacity of codons for Ca2+-coordinating residues to be retained in mature transcripts, facilitating their exon-level expansion during eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Pengelly
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Dara Bakhtiar
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ivana Borovská
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Královičová
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Vořechovský
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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CI-SpliceAI—Improving machine learning predictions of disease causing splicing variants using curated alternative splice sites. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269159. [PMID: 35657932 PMCID: PMC9165884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is estimated that up to 50% of all disease causing variants disrupt splicing. Due to its complexity, our ability to predict which variants disrupt splicing is limited, meaning missed diagnoses for patients. The emergence of machine learning for targeted medicine holds great potential to improve prediction of splice disrupting variants. The recently published SpliceAI algorithm utilises deep neural networks and has been reported to have a greater accuracy than other commonly used methods. Methods and findings The original SpliceAI was trained on splice sites included in primary isoforms combined with novel junctions observed in GTEx data, which might introduce noise and de-correlate the machine learning input with its output. Limiting the data to only validated and manual annotated primary and alternatively spliced GENCODE sites in training may improve predictive abilities. All of these gene isoforms were collapsed (aggregated into one pseudo-isoform) and the SpliceAI architecture was retrained (CI-SpliceAI). Predictive performance on a newly curated dataset of 1,316 functionally validated variants from the literature was compared with the original SpliceAI, alongside MMSplice, MaxEntScan, and SQUIRLS. Both SpliceAI algorithms outperformed the other methods, with the original SpliceAI achieving an accuracy of ∼91%, and CI-SpliceAI showing an improvement at ∼92% overall. Predictive accuracy increased in the majority of curated variants. Conclusions We show that including only manually annotated alternatively spliced sites in training data improves prediction of clinically relevant variants, and highlight avenues for further performance improvements.
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Yamanaka Y, Ishizuka T, Fujita KI, Fujiwara N, Kurata M, Masuda S. CHERP Regulates the Alternative Splicing of pre-mRNAs in the Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052555. [PMID: 35269695 PMCID: PMC8910253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP) is colocalized with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) in the endoplasmic reticulum or perinuclear region, and has been involved in intracellular calcium signaling. Structurally, CHERP carries the nuclear localization signal and arginine/serine-dipeptide repeats, like domain, and interacts with the spliceosome. However, the exact function of CHERP in the nucleus remains unknown. Here, we showed that poly(A)+ RNAs accumulated in the nucleus of CHERP-depleted U2OS cells. Our global analysis revealed that CHERP regulated alternative mRNA splicing events by interaction with U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U2 snRNPs) and U2 snRNP-related proteins. Among the five alternative splicing patterns analyzed, intron retention was the most frequently observed event. This was in accordance with the accumulation of poly(A)+ RNAs in the nucleus. Furthermore, intron retention and cassette exon choices were influenced by the strength of the 5′ or 3′ splice site, the branch point site, GC content, and intron length. In addition, CHERP depletion induced anomalies in the cell cycle progression into the M phase, and abnormal cell division. These results suggested that CHERP is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Yamanaka
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Takaki Ishizuka
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Ken-ichi Fujita
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujiwara
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Masashi Kurata
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.I.); (K.-i.F.); (N.F.); (M.K.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-742-43-1713
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35
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Keegan NP, Wilton SD, Fletcher S. Analysis of Pathogenic Pseudoexons Reveals Novel Mechanisms Driving Cryptic Splicing. Front Genet 2022; 12:806946. [PMID: 35140743 PMCID: PMC8819188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pre-mRNA splicing is crucial to accurately diagnosing and treating genetic diseases. However, mutations that alter splicing can exert highly diverse effects. Of all the known types of splicing mutations, perhaps the rarest and most difficult to predict are those that activate pseudoexons, sometimes also called cryptic exons. Unlike other splicing mutations that either destroy or redirect existing splice events, pseudoexon mutations appear to create entirely new exons within introns. Since exon definition in vertebrates requires coordinated arrangements of numerous RNA motifs, one might expect that pseudoexons would only arise when rearrangements of intronic DNA create novel exons by chance. Surprisingly, although such mutations do occur, a far more common cause of pseudoexons is deep-intronic single nucleotide variants, raising the question of why these latent exon-like tracts near the mutation sites have not already been purged from the genome by the evolutionary advantage of more efficient splicing. Possible answers may lie in deep intronic splicing processes such as recursive splicing or poison exon splicing. Because these processes utilize intronic motifs that benignly engage with the spliceosome, the regions involved may be more susceptible to exonization than other intronic regions would be. We speculated that a comprehensive study of reported pseudoexons might detect alignments with known deep intronic splice sites and could also permit the characterisation of novel pseudoexon categories. In this report, we present and analyse a catalogue of over 400 published pseudoexon splice events. In addition to confirming prior observations of the most common pseudoexon mutation types, the size of this catalogue also enabled us to suggest new categories for some of the rarer types of pseudoexon mutation. By comparing our catalogue against published datasets of non-canonical splice events, we also found that 15.7% of pseudoexons exhibit some splicing activity at one or both of their splice sites in non-mutant cells. Importantly, this included seven examples of experimentally confirmed recursive splice sites, confirming for the first time a long-suspected link between these two splicing phenomena. These findings have the potential to improve the fidelity of genetic diagnostics and reveal new targets for splice-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P. Keegan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Niall P. Keegan,
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Zanoni P, Panteloglou G, Othman A, Haas JT, Meier R, Rimbert A, Futema M, Abou Khalil Y, Norrelykke SF, Rzepiela AJ, Stoma S, Stebler M, van Dijk F, Wijers M, Wolters JC, Dalila N, Huijkman NCA, Smit M, Gallo A, Carreau V, Philippi A, Rabès JP, Boileau C, Visentin M, Vonghia L, Weyler J, Francque S, Verrijken A, Verhaegen A, Van Gaal L, van der Graaf A, van Rosmalen BV, Robert J, Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Keel M, Radosavljevic S, Geier A, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varret M, Rohrer L, Humphries SE, Staels B, van de Sluis B, Kuivenhoven JA, von Eckardstein A. Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Human LDL Receptor by the U2-Spliceosome. Circ Res 2022; 130:80-95. [PMID: 34809444 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) in the liver is the major determinant of LDL-cholesterol levels in human plasma. The discovery of genes that regulate the activity of LDLR helps to identify pathomechanisms of hypercholesterolemia and novel therapeutic targets against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. METHODS We performed a genome-wide RNA interference screen for genes limiting the uptake of fluorescent LDL into Huh-7 hepatocarcinoma cells. Top hit genes were validated by in vitro experiments as well as analyses of data sets on gene expression and variants in human populations. RESULTS The knockdown of 54 genes significantly inhibited LDL uptake. Fifteen of them encode for components or interactors of the U2-spliceosome. Knocking down any one of 11 out of 15 genes resulted in the selective retention of intron 3 of LDLR. The translated LDLR fragment lacks 88% of the full length LDLR and is detectable neither in nontransfected cells nor in human plasma. The hepatic expression of the intron 3 retention transcript is increased in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as well as after bariatric surgery. Its expression in blood cells correlates with LDL-cholesterol and age. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 rare variants of one spliceosome gene, RBM25, are associated with LDL-cholesterol in the population and familial hypercholesterolemia, respectively. Compared with overexpression of wild-type RBM25, overexpression of the 3 rare RBM25 mutants in Huh-7 cells led to lower LDL uptake. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation of LDLR activity in humans and associations of genetic variants of RBM25 with LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Now with Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Grigorios Panteloglou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (A.O.)
| | - Joel T Haas
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, France (J.T.H., B.S.)
| | - Roger Meier
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.).,Now with Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291 IRS-UN, Nantes, France (A.R.)
| | - Marta Futema
- Cardiology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom (M.F.)
| | - Yara Abou Khalil
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics (LBTM), Faculty of Pharmacy and Pôle technologie Santé (PTS), Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (Y.A.K.)
| | - Simon F Norrelykke
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Andrzej J Rzepiela
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Szymon Stoma
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Michael Stebler
- Scientific center for optical and electron microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.J.R., S.S., M. Stebler)
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (F.v.D., A.v.d.G.)
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Nicolette C A Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Human Research Nutrition Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France (A. Gallo, V.C.)
| | - Valérie Carreau
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Human Research Nutrition Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France (A. Gallo, V.C.)
| | - Anne Philippi
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Diderot, UMR-S958 Paris, France; Now with Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Paris, France (A.P.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Rabès
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France (J.-P.R.).,UFR Simone Veil des Sciences de la Santé, UVSQ, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France (J.-P.R.)
| | - Catherine Boileau
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret).,AP-HP, Genetics Department, CHU Xavier Bichat, Université de Paris, France (C.B.)
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (M. Visentin)
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.).,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.)
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F.).,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - An Verrijken
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Ann Verhaegen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium (L.V., J.W., S.F., A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.).,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (A. Verrijken, A. Verhaegen, L.V.G.)
| | - Adriaan van der Graaf
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (F.v.D., A.v.d.G.)
| | - Belle V van Rosmalen
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.V.v.R.)
| | - Jerome Robert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.Y.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Michaela Keel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (A. Geier)
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Mathilde Varret
- LVTS-INSERM UMRS 1148 and University of Paris, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France (Y.A.K., J.-P.R., C.B., M. Varret)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (S.E.H.)
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, France (J.T.H., B.S.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (A.R., M.W., J.C.W., N.C.A.H., M. Smit, B.v.d.S., J.A.K.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., J.R., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.).,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (P.Z., G.P., S.V., M.Y., M.K., S.R., L.R., A.v.E.)
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37
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Reixachs-Solé M, Eyras E. Uncovering the impacts of alternative splicing on the proteome with current omics techniques. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1707. [PMID: 34979593 PMCID: PMC9542554 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The high‐throughput sequencing of cellular RNAs has underscored a broad effect of isoform diversification through alternative splicing on the transcriptome. Moreover, the differential production of transcript isoforms from gene loci has been recognized as a critical mechanism in cell differentiation, organismal development, and disease. Yet, the extent of the impact of alternative splicing on protein production and cellular function remains a matter of debate. Multiple experimental and computational approaches have been developed in recent years to address this question. These studies have unveiled how molecular changes at different steps in the RNA processing pathway can lead to differences in protein production and have functional effects. New and emerging experimental technologies open exciting new opportunities to develop new methods to fully establish the connection between messenger RNA expression and protein production and to further investigate how RNA variation impacts the proteome and cell function. This article is categorized under:RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing Translation > Regulation RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reixachs-Solé
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,EMBL Australia Partner Laboratory Network and the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Eduardo Eyras
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,EMBL Australia Partner Laboratory Network and the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Naro C, De Musso M, Delle Monache F, Panzeri V, de la Grange P, Sette C. The oncogenic kinase NEK2 regulates an RBFOX2-dependent pro-mesenchymal splicing program in triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:397. [PMID: 34930366 PMCID: PMC8686545 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most heterogeneous and malignant subtype of breast cancer (BC). TNBC is defined by the absence of expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors and lacks efficacious targeted therapies. NEK2 is an oncogenic kinase that is significantly upregulated in TNBC, thereby representing a promising therapeutic target. NEK2 localizes in the nucleus and promotes oncogenic splice variants in different cancer cells. Notably, alternative splicing (AS) dysregulation has recently emerged as a featuring trait of TNBC that contributes to its aggressive phenotype. METHODS To investigate whether NEK2 modulates TNBC transcriptome we performed RNA-sequencing analyses in a representative TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231) and results were validated in multiple TNBC cell lines. Bioinformatics and functional analyses were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of splicing regulation by NEK2. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were mined to evaluate the potential of NEK2-sensitive exons as markers to identify the TNBC subtype and to assess their prognostic value. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed a widespread impact of NEK2 on the transcriptome of TNBC cells, with 1830 AS events that are susceptible to its expression. NEK2 regulates the inclusion of cassette exons in splice variants that discriminate TNBC from other BC and that correlate with poor prognosis, suggesting that this kinase contributes to the TNBC-specific splicing program. NEK2 elicits its effects by modulating the expression of the splicing factor RBFOX2, a well-known regulator of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Accordingly, NEK2 splicing-regulated genes are enriched in functional terms related to cell adhesion and contractile cytoskeleton and NEK2 depletion in mesenchymal TNBC cells induces phenotypic and molecular traits typical of epithelial cells. Remarkably, depletion of select NEK2-sensitive splice-variants that are prognostic in TNBC patients is sufficient to interfere with TNBC cell morphology and motility, suggesting that NEK2 orchestrates a pro-mesenchymal splicing program that modulates migratory and invasive properties of TNBC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers an extensive splicing program modulated by NEK2 involving splice variants that confer an invasive phenotype to TNBCs and that might represent, together with NEK2 itself, valuable therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Naro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica De Musso
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Delle Monache
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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39
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Martín E, Vivori C, Rogalska M, Herrero-Vicente J, Valcárcel J. Alternative splicing regulation of cell-cycle genes by SPF45/SR140/CHERP complex controls cell proliferation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1557-1576. [PMID: 34544891 PMCID: PMC8594467 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078935.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of pre-mRNA processing has important consequences for cell division and the control of cancer cell proliferation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report that three splicing factors, SPF45, SR140, and CHERP, form a tight physical and functionally coherent complex that regulates a variety of alternative splicing events, frequently by repressing short exons flanked by suboptimal 3' splice sites. These comprise alternative exons embedded in genes with important functions in cell-cycle progression, including the G2/M key regulator FOXM1 and the spindle regulator SPDL1. Knockdown of either of the three factors leads to G2/M arrest and to enhanced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Promoting the changes in FOXM1 or SPDL1 splicing induced by SPF45/SR140/CHERP knockdown partially recapitulates the effects on cell growth, arguing that the complex orchestrates a program of alternative splicing necessary for efficient cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Claudia Vivori
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Malgorzata Rogalska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jorge Herrero-Vicente
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Juan Valcárcel
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Jin X, Yan Y, Zhang C, Tai Y, An L, Yu X, Zhang L, Hao S, Cao X, Yin C, Ma X. Identification of novel deep intronic PAH gene variants in patients diagnosed with phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:56-66. [PMID: 34747549 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene variants. Previously, 94.21% of variants were identified using Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. To investigate the remaining variants, we performed whole-genome sequencing for four patients with PKU and unknown genotypes to identify deep intronic or structural variants. We identified three novel heterozygous variants (c.706+368T>C, c.1065+241C>A, and c.1199+502A>T) in a deep PAH gene intron. We detected a c.1199+502A>T variant in 60% (6/10) of PKU patients with genetically undetermined PKU. In silico predictions indicated that the three deep variants may impact splice site selection and result in the inclusion of a pseudo-exon. A c.1199+502A>T PAH minigene and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) on blood RNA from a PKU patient with biallelic variants c.1199+502A>T and c.1199G>A confirmed that the c.1199+502A>T variant may strengthen the predicted branch point and leads to the inclusion of a 25-nt pseudo-exon in the PAH mRNA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on the minigene revealed that c.706+368T>C may create an SRSF2 (SC35) binding site via a 313-nt pseudo-exon, whereas c.1065+241C>A may produce an 81-nt pseudo-exon that strengthens the predicted SRSF1 (SF2/ASF) binding site. These results augment current knowledge of PAH genotypes and show that deep intronic analysis of PAH can genetically diagnose PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jin
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yousheng Yan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China.,Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Tai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha An
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyou Yu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Clinical Lab, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengju Hao
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.,National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
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41
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Kadri NK, Mapel XM, Pausch H. The intronic branch point sequence is under strong evolutionary constraint in the bovine and human genome. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1206. [PMID: 34675361 PMCID: PMC8531310 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The branch point sequence is a cis-acting intronic motif required for mRNA splicing. Despite their functional importance, branch point sequences are not routinely annotated. Here we predict branch point sequences in 179,476 bovine introns and investigate their variability using a catalogue of 29.4 million variants detected in 266 cattle genomes. We localize the bovine branch point within a degenerate heptamer "nnyTrAy". An adenine residue at position 6, that acts as branch point, and a thymine residue at position 4 of the heptamer are more strongly depleted for mutations than coding sequences suggesting extreme purifying selection. We provide evidence that mutations affecting these evolutionarily constrained residues lead to alternative splicing. We confirm evolutionary constraints on branch point sequences using a catalogue of 115 million SNPs established from 3,942 human genomes of the gnomAD database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Kadri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xena Marie Mapel
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Pausch
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Horiuchi K, Kawamura T, Hamakubo T. Wilms' Tumor 1-Associating Protein complex regulates alternative splicing and polyadenylation at potential G-quadruplex-forming splice site sequences. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101248. [PMID: 34582888 PMCID: PMC8605363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms’ tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) is a core component of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-methyltransferase complex, along with VIRMA, CBLL1, ZC3H13 (KIAA0853), RBM15/15B, and METTL3/14, which generate m6A, a key RNA modification that affects various processes of RNA metabolism. WTAP also interacts with splicing factors; however, despite strong evidence suggesting a role of Drosophila WTAP homolog fl(2)d in alternative splicing (AS), its role in splicing regulation in mammalian cells remains elusive. Here we demonstrate using RNAi coupled with RNA-seq that WTAP, VIRMA, CBLL1, and ZC3H13 modulate AS, promoting exon skipping and intron retention in AS events that involve short introns/exons with higher GC content and introns with weaker polypyrimidine-tract and branch points. Further analysis of GC-rich sequences involved in AS events regulated by WTAP, together with minigene assay analysis, revealed potential G-quadruplex formation at splice sites where WTAP has an inhibitory effect. We also found that several AS events occur in the last exon of one isoform of MSL1 and WTAP, leading to competition for polyadenylation. Proteomic analysis also suggested that WTAP/CBLL1 interaction promotes recruitment of the 3′-end processing complex. Taken together, our results indicate that the WTAP complex regulates AS and alternative polyadenylation via inhibitory mechanisms in GC-rich sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Horiuchi
- Department of Protein-Protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-0011, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Protein-Protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-0011, Japan.
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43
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Santos-Rodriguez G, Voineagu I, Weatheritt RJ. Evolutionary dynamics of circular RNAs in primates. eLife 2021; 10:e69148. [PMID: 34542404 PMCID: PMC8516421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many primate genes produce circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the extent of circRNA conservation between closely related species remains unclear. By comparing tissue-specific transcriptomes across over 70 million years of primate evolution, we identify that within 3 million years circRNA expression profiles diverged such that they are more related to species identity than organ type. However, our analysis also revealed a subset of circRNAs with conserved neural expression across tens of millions of years of evolution. By comparing to species-specific circRNAs, we identified that the downstream intron of the conserved circRNAs display a dramatic lengthening during evolution due to the insertion of novel retrotransposons. Our work provides comparative analyses of the mechanisms promoting circRNAs to generate increased transcriptomic complexity in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Santos-Rodriguez
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstAustralia
- St. Vincent Clinical School, University of New South WalesDarlinghurstAustralia
| | - Irina Voineagu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstAustralia
- St. Vincent Clinical School, University of New South WalesDarlinghurstAustralia
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44
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Riolo G, Cantara S, Ricci C. What's Wrong in a Jump? Prediction and Validation of Splice Site Variants. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:62. [PMID: 34564308 PMCID: PMC8482176 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial process to enhance gene expression driving organism development. Interestingly, more than 95% of human genes undergo AS, producing multiple protein isoforms from the same transcript. Any alteration (e.g., nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions) involving consensus splicing regulatory sequences in a specific gene may result in the production of aberrant and not properly working proteins. In this review, we introduce the key steps of splicing mechanism and describe all different types of genomic variants affecting this process (splicing variants in acceptor/donor sites or branch point or polypyrimidine tract, exonic, and deep intronic changes). Then, we provide an updated approach to improve splice variants detection. First, we review the main computational tools, including the recent Machine Learning-based algorithms, for the prediction of splice site variants, in order to characterize how a genomic variant interferes with splicing process. Next, we report the experimental methods to validate the predictive analyses are defined, distinguishing between methods testing RNA (transcriptomics analysis) or proteins (proteomics experiments). For both prediction and validation steps, benefits and weaknesses of each tool/procedure are accurately reported, as well as suggestions on which approaches are more suitable in diagnostic rather than in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.)
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45
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Fukumura K, Yoshimoto R, Sperotto L, Kang HS, Hirose T, Inoue K, Sattler M, Mayeda A. SPF45/RBM17-dependent, but not U2AF-dependent, splicing in a distinct subset of human short introns. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4910. [PMID: 34389706 PMCID: PMC8363638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pre-mRNA introns vary in size from under fifty to over a million nucleotides. We searched for essential factors involved in the splicing of human short introns by screening siRNAs against 154 human nuclear proteins. The splicing activity was assayed with a model HNRNPH1 pre-mRNA containing short 56-nucleotide intron. We identify a known alternative splicing regulator SPF45 (RBM17) as a constitutive splicing factor that is required to splice out this 56-nt intron. Whole-transcriptome sequencing of SPF45-deficient cells reveals that SPF45 is essential in the efficient splicing of many short introns. To initiate the spliceosome assembly on a short intron with the truncated poly-pyrimidine tract, the U2AF-homology motif (UHM) of SPF45 competes out that of U2AF65 (U2AF2) for binding to the UHM-ligand motif (ULM) of the U2 snRNP protein SF3b155 (SF3B1). We propose that splicing in a distinct subset of human short introns depends on SPF45 but not U2AF heterodimer. The length distribution of human pre-mRNA introns is very extensive. The authors demonstrate that splicing in a subset of short introns is dependent on SPF45 (RBM17), which replaces authentic U2AF-heterodimer on the truncated poly-pyrimidine tracts and interacts with the U2 snRNP protein SF3b155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Fukumura
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Rei Yoshimoto
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luca Sperotto
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Hyun-Seo Kang
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Akila Mayeda
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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Beneventi G, Munita R, Cao Thi Ngoc P, Madej M, Cieśla M, Muthukumar S, Krogh N, Nielsen H, Swaminathan V, Bellodi C. The small Cajal body-specific RNA 15 (SCARNA15) directs p53 and redox homeostasis via selective splicing in cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab026. [PMID: 34316713 PMCID: PMC8271217 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) guide post-transcriptional modification of spliceosomal RNA and, while commonly altered in cancer, have poorly defined roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we uncover that SCARNA15 directs alternative splicing (AS) and stress adaptation in cancer cells. Specifically, we find that SCARNA15 guides critical pseudouridylation (Ψ) of U2 spliceosomal RNA to fine-tune AS of distinct transcripts enriched for chromatin and transcriptional regulators in malignant cells. This critically impacts the expression and function of the key tumor suppressors ATRX and p53. Significantly, SCARNA15 loss impairs p53-mediated redox homeostasis and hampers cancer cell survival, motility and anchorage-independent growth. In sum, these findings highlight an unanticipated role for SCARNA15 and Ψ in directing cancer-associated splicing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Beneventi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberto Munita
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Phuong Cao Thi Ngoc
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Madej
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maciej Cieśla
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sowndarya Muthukumar
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Krogh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vinay Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristian Bellodi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
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Bedi K, Magnuson BR, Narayanan I, Paulsen M, Wilson TE, Ljungman M. Co-transcriptional splicing efficiencies differ within genes and between cell types. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.078662.120. [PMID: 33975916 PMCID: PMC8208053 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078662.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is carried out by the spliceosome and involves splice site recognition, removal of introns, and ligation of exons. Components of the spliceosome have been shown to interact with the elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) which is thought to allow splicing to occur concurrently with transcription. However, little is known about the regulation and efficiency of co-transcriptional splicing in human cells. In this study, we used Bru-seq and BruChase-seq to determine the co-transcriptional splicing efficiencies of 17,000 introns expressed across 6 human cell lines. We found that less than half of all introns across these 6 cell lines were co-transcriptionally spliced. Splicing efficiencies for individual introns showed variations across cell lines, suggesting that splicing may be regulated in a cell-type specific manner. Moreover, the splicing efficiency of introns varied within genes. The efficiency of co-transcriptional splicing did not correlate with gene length, intron position, splice site strengths, or the intron/neighboring exons GC content. However, we identified binding signals from multiple RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that correlated with splicing efficiency, including core spliceosomal machinery components-such as SF3B4, U2AF1 and U2AF2 showing higher binding signals in poorly spliced introns. In addition, multiple RBPs, such as BUD13, PUM1 and SND1, showed preferential binding in exons that flank introns with high splicing efficiencies. The nascent RNA splicing patterns presented here across multiple cell types add to our understanding of the complexity in RNA splicing, wherein RNA-binding proteins may play important roles in determining splicing outcomes in a cell type- and intron-specific manner.
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Farini D, Cesari E, Weatheritt RJ, La Sala G, Naro C, Pagliarini V, Bonvissuto D, Medici V, Guerra M, Di Pietro C, Rizzo FR, Musella A, Carola V, Centonze D, Blencowe BJ, Marazziti D, Sette C. A Dynamic Splicing Program Ensures Proper Synaptic Connections in the Developing Cerebellum. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107703. [PMID: 32492419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight coordination of gene expression in the developing cerebellum is crucial for establishment of neuronal circuits governing motor and cognitive function. However, transcriptional changes alone do not explain all of the switches underlying neuronal differentiation. Here we unveiled a widespread and highly dynamic splicing program that affects synaptic genes in cerebellar neurons. The motifs enriched in modulated exons implicated the splicing factor Sam68 as a regulator of this program. Sam68 controls splicing of exons with weak branchpoints by directly binding near the 3' splice site and competing with U2AF recruitment. Ablation of Sam68 disrupts splicing regulation of synaptic genes associated with neurodevelopmental diseases and impairs synaptic connections and firing of Purkinje cells, resulting in motor coordination defects, ataxia, and abnormal social behavior. These findings uncover an unexpectedly dynamic splicing regulatory network that shapes the synapse in early life and establishes motor and cognitive circuitry in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Farini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cesari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; EMBL Australia, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Gina La Sala
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Naro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pagliarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Bonvissuto
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Medici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Guerra
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana and University San Raffaele, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Carola
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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49
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Královičová J, Borovská I, Pengelly R, Lee E, Abaffy P, Šindelka R, Grutzner F, Vořechovský I. Restriction of an intron size en route to endothermy. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2460-2487. [PMID: 33550394 PMCID: PMC7969005 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-insensitive and -sensitive E1 subunits of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) regulate tissue-specific NADH and ATP supply by mutually exclusive OGDH exons 4a and 4b. Here we show that their splicing is enforced by distant lariat branch points (dBPs) located near the 5' splice site of the intervening intron. dBPs restrict the intron length and prevent transposon insertions, which can introduce or eliminate dBP competitors. The size restriction was imposed by a single dominant dBP in anamniotes that expanded into a conserved constellation of four dBP adenines in amniotes. The amniote clusters exhibit taxon-specific usage of individual dBPs, reflecting accessibility of their extended motifs within a stable RNA hairpin rather than U2 snRNA:dBP base-pairing. The dBP expansion took place in early terrestrial species and was followed by a uridine enrichment of large downstream polypyrimidine tracts in mammals. The dBP-protected megatracts permit reciprocal regulation of exon 4a and 4b by uridine-binding proteins, including TIA-1/TIAR and PUF60, which promote U1 and U2 snRNP recruitment to the 5' splice site and BP, respectively, but do not significantly alter the relative dBP usage. We further show that codons for residues critically contributing to protein binding sites for Ca2+ and other divalent metals confer the exon inclusion order that mirrors the Irving-Williams affinity series, linking the evolution of auxiliary splicing motifs in exons to metallome constraints. Finally, we hypothesize that the dBP-driven selection for Ca2+-dependent ATP provision by E1 facilitated evolution of endothermy by optimizing the aerobic scope in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Královičová
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, HDH, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre for Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Borovská
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre for Biosciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Reuben Pengelly
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, HDH, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Eunice Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šindelka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Grutzner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Igor Vořechovský
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, HDH, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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50
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Bauer MA, Ashby C, Wardell C, Boyle EM, Ortiz M, Flynt E, Thakurta A, Morgan G, Walker BA. Differential RNA splicing as a potentially important driver mechanism in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2021; 106:736-745. [PMID: 32079689 PMCID: PMC7927887 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.235424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the normal splicing patterns of RNA is a major factor in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Increasingly research has shown the strong influence that splicing patterns can have on cancer progression. Multiple Myeloma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease classified by the presence of key translocations, gene expression profiles and mutations but the splicing patterns in MM remains largely unexplored. We take a multifaceted approach to define the extent and impact of alternative splicing in MM. We look at the spliceosome component, SF3B1, with hotspot mutations (K700E and K666T/Q) shown to result in an increase in alternative splicing in other cancers. We discovered a number of differentially spliced genes in comparison of the SF3B1 mutant and wild type samples that included, MZB1, DYNLL1, TMEM14C and splicing related genes DHX9, CLASRP, and SNRPE. We identified a broader role for abnormal splicing showing clear differences in the extent of novel splice variants in the different translocation groups. We show that a high number of novel splice loci is associated with adverse survival and an ultra-high risk group. The enumeration of patterns of alternative splicing has the potential to refine MM classification and to aid in the risk stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bauer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cody Ashby
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Eileen M Boyle
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maria Ortiz
- Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erin Flynt
- Translational Development and Diagnostics, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Anjan Thakurta
- Translational Development and Diagnostics, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Gareth Morgan
- NYULangone Medical Center, Perlmuter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian A Walker
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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