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Berning D, Heerema H, Gross JB. The spatiotemporal and genetic architecture of extraoral taste buds in Astyanax cavefish. Commun Biol 2024; 7:951. [PMID: 39107459 PMCID: PMC11303775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intense environmental pressures can yield both regressive and constructive traits through complex evolutionary mechanisms. Although regression is well-studied, the biological bases of constructive features are less well understood. Cave-dwelling Astyanax fish harbor prolific extraoral taste buds on their heads, which are absent in conspecific surface-dwellers. Here, we present novel ontogenetic data demonstrating extraoral taste buds appear gradually and late in life history. This appearance is similar but non-identical in different cavefish populations, where patterning has evolved to permit taste bud re-specification across the endoderm-ectoderm germ layer boundary. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed that spatially distinct taste buds on the head are primarily mediated by two different cave-dominant loci. While the precise function of this late expansion on to the head is unknown, the appearance of extraoral taste buds coincides with a dietary shift from live-foods to bat guano, suggesting an adaptive mechanism to detect nutrition in food-starved caves. This work provides fundamental insight to a constructive evolutionary feature, arising late in life history, promising a new window into unresolved features of vertebrate sensory organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berning
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Halle Heerema
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua B Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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2
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Kim HJ, Seo DW, Shim J, Lee JS, Choi SH, Kim DH, Moon SJ, Jung HS, Jeong YT. Reassessing the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5+ and Lgr6+ cells in vivo. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:353-366. [PMID: 39040684 PMCID: PMC11262215 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2381578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste buds, the neuroepithelial organs responsible for the detection of gustatory stimuli in the oral cavity, arise from stem/progenitor cells among nearby basal keratinocytes. Using genetic lineage tracing, Lgr5 and Lgr6 were suggested as the specific markers for the stem/progenitor cells of taste buds, but recent evidence implied that taste buds may arise even in the absence of these markers. Thus, we wanted to verify the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, we found that antibody staining revealed more diverse Lgr5-expressing cells inside and outside the taste buds of circumvallate papillae than was previously suggested. We also found that, while tamoxifen-induced genetic recombination occurred only in cells expressing the Lgr5 reporter GFP, we did not see any increase in the number of recombined daughter cells induced by consecutive injections of tamoxifen. Similarly, we found that cells expressing Lgr6, another stem/progenitor cell marker candidate and an analog of Lgr5, also do not generate recombined clones. In contrast, Lgr5-expressing cells in fungiform papillae can transform into Lgr5-negative progeny. Together, our data indicate that lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells exhibit diversity in their capacity to transform into Lgr5- and Lgr6-negative cells, depending on their location. Our results complement previous findings that did not distinguish this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Seo
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Tan J, Jones MLM, Teague WJ, Ranjitkar S, Anderson PJ. Craniofacial anomalies in a murine model of heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 10 gene mutation. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:84-94. [PMID: 37452556 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10), a member of the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) proteins, has been implicated in craniofacial and dental anomalies, including craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome. The aim of this murine study was to assess the craniofacial and dental phenotypes associated with a heterozygous FGF10 gene (FGF10+/- ) mutation at skeletal maturity. METHODS Skulls of 40 skeletally mature mice, comprising two genotypes (heterozygous FGF10+/- mutation, n = 22; wildtype, n = 18) and two sexes (male, n = 23; female, n = 17), were subjected to micro-computed tomography. Landmark-based linear dimensions were measured for the cranial vault, maxilla, mandible, and first molar teeth. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to assess whether there were significant differences in the craniofacial and dental structures between genotypes and sexes. RESULTS The craniomaxillary skeleton and the first molar teeth were smaller in the FGF10+/- mice (P < .05), but the mandible was unaffected. Sex did not have a significant effect on these structures (P > .05). Cranial sutural defects were noted in 5/22 (22.7%) mutant versus 2/18 (11.1%) wildtype mice, and cleft palate in only one (4.5%) mutant mouse. None of the mice displayed craniosynostosis, expansive bony lesions, bifid condyles, or impacted teeth. CONCLUSION The FGF10+/- mutation was associated with craniomaxillary skeletal hypoplasia that probably arose from deficient (delayed) intramembranous ossification of the sutured bones. Overall, the skeletal and dental data suggest that the FGF10 gene plays an important role in the aetiology of craniofacial dysmorphology and malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew L M Jones
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Cleft and Craniofacial SA, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ishan M, Wang Z, Zhao P, Yao Y, Stice SL, Wells L, Mishina Y, Liu HX. Taste papilla cell differentiation requires the regulation of secretory protein production by ALK3-BMP signaling in the tongue mesenchyme. Development 2023; 150:dev201838. [PMID: 37680190 PMCID: PMC10560570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Taste papillae are specialized organs, each of which comprises an epithelial wall hosting taste buds and a core of mesenchymal tissue. In the present study, we report that during early taste papilla development in mouse embryos, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling mediated by type 1 receptor ALK3 in the tongue mesenchyme is required for epithelial Wnt/β-catenin activity and taste papilla differentiation. Mesenchyme-specific knockout (cKO) of Alk3 using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre resulted in an absence of taste papillae at E12.0. Biochemical and cell differentiation analyses demonstrated that mesenchymal ALK3-BMP signaling governed the production of previously unappreciated secretory proteins, i.e. it suppressed those that inhibit and facilitated those that promote taste papilla differentiation. Bulk RNA-sequencing analysis revealed many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the tongue epithelium than in the mesenchyme in Alk3 cKO versus control. Moreover, we detected downregulated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling and found that taste papilla development in the Alk3 cKO was rescued by the GSK3β inhibitor LiCl, but not by Wnt3a. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the requirement of tongue mesenchyme in taste papilla cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zhonghou Wang
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Zine A, Fritzsch B. Early Steps towards Hearing: Placodes and Sensory Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6994. [PMID: 37108158 PMCID: PMC10139157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most prevalent sensory deficit in humans. Most cases of hearing loss are due to the degeneration of key structures of the sensory pathway in the cochlea, such as the sensory hair cells, the primary auditory neurons, and their synaptic connection to the hair cells. Different cell-based strategies to replace damaged inner ear neurosensory tissue aiming at the restoration of regeneration or functional recovery are currently the subject of intensive research. Most of these cell-based treatment approaches require experimental in vitro models that rely on a fine understanding of the earliest morphogenetic steps that underlie the in vivo development of the inner ear since its initial induction from a common otic-epibranchial territory. This knowledge will be applied to various proposed experimental cell replacement strategies to either address the feasibility or identify novel therapeutic options for sensorineural hearing loss. In this review, we describe how ear and epibranchial placode development can be recapitulated by focusing on the cellular transformations that occur as the inner ear is converted from a thickening of the surface ectoderm next to the hindbrain known as the otic placode to an otocyst embedded in the head mesenchyme. Finally, we will highlight otic and epibranchial placode development and morphogenetic events towards progenitors of the inner ear and their neurosensory cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azel Zine
- LBN, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Nanoscience, University of Montpellier, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, CLAS, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Ishan M, Wang Z, Zhao P, Yao Y, Stice S, Wells L, Mishina Y, Liu HX. Taste papilla cell differentiation requires tongue mesenchyme via ALK3-BMP signaling to regulate the production of secretory proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535414. [PMID: 37066397 PMCID: PMC10103976 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Taste papillae are specialized organs each of which is comprised of an epithelial wall hosting taste buds and a core of mesenchymal tissue. In the present study, we report that during the early stages of embryonic development, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling mediated by type 1 receptor ALK3 in the tongue mesenchyme is required for the epithelial Wnt/β-catenin activity and taste papilla cell differentiation. Mesenchyme-specific knockout ( cKO ) of Alk3 using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre resulted in an absence of taste papillae at E12.0. Biochemical and cell differentiation analyses demonstrated that mesenchymal ALK3-BMP signaling governs the production of previously unappreciated secretory proteins, i.e., suppresses those that inhibiting and facilitates those promoting taste cell differentiation. Bulk RNA-Sequencing analysis revealed many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the tongue epithelium than in the mesenchyme in Alk3 cKO vs control. Moreover, we detected a down-regulated epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and taste papilla development in the Alk3 cKO was rescued by GSK3β inhibitor LiCl, but not Wnt3a. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the requirement of tongue mesenchyme in taste papilla cell differentiation. Summary statement This is the first set of data to implicate the requirement of tongue mesenchyme in taste papilla cell differentiation.
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7
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Fritzsch B, Elliott KL, Yamoah EN. Neurosensory development of the four brainstem-projecting sensory systems and their integration in the telencephalon. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:913480. [PMID: 36213204 PMCID: PMC9539932 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.913480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory, taste, vestibular, and auditory information is first processed in the brainstem. From the brainstem, the respective information is relayed to specific regions within the cortex, where these inputs are further processed and integrated with other sensory systems to provide a comprehensive sensory experience. We provide the organization, genetics, and various neuronal connections of four sensory systems: trigeminal, taste, vestibular, and auditory systems. The development of trigeminal fibers is comparable to many sensory systems, for they project mostly contralaterally from the brainstem or spinal cord to the telencephalon. Taste bud information is primarily projected ipsilaterally through the thalamus to reach the insula. The vestibular fibers develop bilateral connections that eventually reach multiple areas of the cortex to provide a complex map. The auditory fibers project in a tonotopic contour to the auditory cortex. The spatial and tonotopic organization of trigeminal and auditory neuron projections are distinct from the taste and vestibular systems. The individual sensory projections within the cortex provide multi-sensory integration in the telencephalon that depends on context-dependent tertiary connections to integrate other cortical sensory systems across the four modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bernd Fritzsch,
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Barlow LA. The sense of taste: Development, regeneration, and dysfunction. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1547. [PMID: 34850604 PMCID: PMC11152580 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gustation or the sense of taste is a primary sense, which functions as a gatekeeper for substances that enter the body. Animals, including humans, ingest foods that contain appetitive taste stimuli, including those that have sweet, moderately salty and umami (glutamate) components, and tend to avoid bitter-tasting items, as many bitter compounds are toxic. Taste is mediated by clusters of heterogeneous taste receptors cells (TRCs) organized as taste buds on the tongue, and these convey taste information from the oral cavity to higher order brain centers via the gustatory sensory neurons of the seventh and ninth cranial ganglia. One remarkable aspect of taste is that taste perception is mostly uninterrupted throughout life yet TRCs within buds are constantly renewed; every 1-2 months all taste cells have been steadily replaced. In the past decades we have learned a substantial amount about the cellular and molecular regulation of taste bud cell renewal, and how taste buds are initially established during embryogenesis. Here I review more recent findings pertaining to taste development and regeneration, as well as discuss potential mechanisms underlying taste dysfunction that often occurs with disease or its treatment. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells & Development, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Liu S, Zhu P, Tian Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Chen W, Liping D, Wu C. Preparation and application of taste bud organoids in biomedicine towards chemical sensation mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2015-2030. [PMID: 35441364 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Taste is one of the most basic and important sensations that is able to monitor the food quality and avoid intake of potential danger materials. Whether as an inevitable symptom of aging or a complication of cancer treatment, taste loss very seriously affects the patient's life quality. Taste bud organoids provide an alternative and convenient approach for the research of taste functions and the underlying mechanisms due to their characteristics of availability, strong maneuverability, and high similarity to the in-vivo taste buds. This review gives a systemic and comprehensive introduction to the preparation and application of taste bud organoids towards chemical sensing mechanisms. For the first, the basic structure and functions of taste buds will be briefly introduced. Then, the currently available approaches for the preparation of taste bud organoids are summarized and discussed, which are mainly divided into two categories, i.e. the stem/progenitor cell-derived approach and the tissue-derived approach. For the next, different applications of taste bud organoids in biomedicine are outlined based on their central roles such as disease modeling, biological sensing, gene regulation, and signal transduction. Finally, the current challenges, future development trends and prospects of research in taste bud organoids are proposed and discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yating Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yage Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Du Liping
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Hruba E, Kavkova M, Dalecka L, Macholan M, Zikmund T, Varecha M, Bosakova M, Kaiser J, Krejci P, Hovorakova M, Buchtova M. Loss of Sprouty Produces a Ciliopathic Skeletal Phenotype in Mice Through Upregulation of Hedgehog Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:2258-2274. [PMID: 34423857 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Sprouty family is a highly conserved group of intracellular modulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-signaling pathways, which have been recently linked to primary cilia. Disruptions in the structure and function of primary cilia cause inherited disorders called ciliopathies. We aimed to evaluate Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 gene-dependent alterations of ciliary structure and to focus on the determination of its association with Hedgehog signaling defects in chondrocytes. Analysis of the transgenic mice phenotype with Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 deficiency revealed several defects, including improper endochondral bone formation and digit patterning, or craniofacial and dental abnormalities. Moreover, reduced bone thickness and trabecular bone mass, skull deformities, or chondroma-like lesions were revealed. All these pathologies might be attributed to ciliopathies. Elongation of the ciliary axonemes in embryonic and postnatal growth plate chondrocytes was observed in Sprouty2-/- and Sprouty2+/- /Sprouty4-/- mutants compared with corresponding littermate controls. Also, cilia-dependent Hedgehog signaling was upregulated in Sprouty2/4 mutant animals. Ptch1 and Ihh expression were upregulated in the autopodium and the proximal tibia of Sprouty2-/- /Sprouty4-/- mutants. Increased levels of the GLI3 repressor (GLI3R) form were detected in Sprouty2/4 mutant primary fibroblast embryonic cell cultures and tissues. These findings demonstrate that mouse lines deficient in Sprouty proteins manifest phenotypic features resembling ciliopathic phenotypes in multiple aspects and may serve as valuable models to study the association between overactivation of RTK and dysfunction of primary cilia during skeletogenesis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hruba
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Dalecka
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Macholan
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Zhang S, Lee JM, Ashok AA, Jung HS. Action of Actomyosin Contraction With Shh Modulation Drive Epithelial Folding in the Circumvallate Papilla. Front Physiol 2020; 11:936. [PMID: 32848868 PMCID: PMC7411262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse tongue possesses three types of gustatory papillae: large circumvallate papillae (CVP), foliate papillae (FOP) and fungiform papillae (FFP). Although CVP is the largest papilla and contain a high density of taste buds, little is known about CVP development. Their transition from placode to dome-shape is particularly ambiguous. Understanding this phase is crucial since dome-shaped morphology is essential for proper localization of the imminent nerve fibers and taste buds. Here, we report actomyosin-dependent apical and basal constriction of epithelial cells during dynamic epithelial folding. Furthermore, actomyosin-dependent basal constriction requires focal adhesion kinase to guide dome-shape formation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is closely associated with the differentiation or survival of the neurons in CVP ganglion and cytoskeletal alteration in trench epithelial cells which regulate CVP morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate the CVP morphogenesis mechanism from placode to dome-shape by actomyosin-dependent cell shape change and suggest roles that Shh may play in trench and stromal core formation during CVP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushan Zhang
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Taste Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Taste Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Adpaikar Anish Ashok
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Taste Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Taste Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Transcriptome analysis of axolotl oropharyngeal explants during taste bud differentiation stages. Mech Dev 2020; 161:103597. [PMID: 32044293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Mexican salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl), is an excellent vertebrate model system to understand development and regeneration. Studies in axolotl embryos have provided important insights into taste bud development. Taste bud specification and determination occur in the oropharyngeal endoderm of axolotl embryos during gastrulation and neurulation, respectively, whereas taste bud innervation and taste cell differentiation occur later in development. Axolotl embryos are amenable to microsurgery, and tissue explants develop readily in vitro. We performed RNA-seq analysis to investigate the differential expression of genes in oropharyngeal explants at several stages of taste cell differentiation. Since the axolotl genome has only recently been sequenced, we used a Trinity pipeline to perform de novo assembly of sequencing reads. Linear models for RNA-seq data were used to identify differentially expressed genes. We found 1234 unique genes differentially expressed during taste cell differentiation stages. We validated four of these genes using RTqPCR and performed GO functional analysis. The differential expression of these genes suggests that they may play a role in taste cell differentiation in axolotls.
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14
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Lv YQ, Wu J, Li XK, Zhang JS, Bellusci S. Role of FGF10/FGFR2b Signaling in Mouse Digestive Tract Development, Repair and Regeneration Following Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:326. [PMID: 31921841 PMCID: PMC6914673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, the rudimentary digestive tract is initially a tube-like structure. It is composed of epithelial cells surrounded by mesenchymal cells. Reciprocal epithelial–mesenchymal interactions progressively subdivide this primitive tube into distinct functional regions: the tongue, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the small intestine, the cecum, the large intestine, the colon, and the anus as well as the pancreas and the liver. Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) constitute a family of conserved small proteins playing crucial roles during organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair after injury. Among them, fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) has been reported to orchestrate epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during digestive tract development. In mice, loss of function of Fgf10 as well as its receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b) lead to defective taste papillae in the tongue, underdeveloped and defective differentiation of the stomach, duodenal, cecal, and colonic atresias, anorectal malformation, as well as underdeveloped pancreas and liver. Fgf signaling through Fgfr2b receptor is also critical for the repair process after gut injury. In the adult mice, a malabsorption disorder called small bowel syndrome is triggered after massive small bowel resection (SBR). In wild-type mice, SBR leads to a regenerative process called gut adaptation characterized by an increase in the diameter of the remaining small intestine as well as by the presence of deeper crypts and longer villi, altogether leading to increased intestinal surface. Intestinal stem cells are key for this regeneration process. Induction of Fgf10 expression in the Paneth cells located in the crypt following SBR suggests a critical role for this growth factor in the process of gut adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Takai S, Watanabe Y, Sanematsu K, Yoshida R, Margolskee RF, Jiang P, Atsuta I, Koyano K, Ninomiya Y, Shigemura N. Effects of insulin signaling on mouse taste cell proliferation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225190. [PMID: 31714935 PMCID: PMC6850543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of insulin and its receptor (IR) in rodent taste cells has been proposed, but exactly which types of taste cells express IR and the function of insulin signaling in taste organ have yet to be determined. In this study, we analyzed expression of IR mRNA and protein in mouse taste bud cells in vivo and explored its function ex vivo in organoids, using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative PCR. In mouse taste tissue, IR was expressed broadly in taste buds, including in type II and III taste cells. With using 3-D taste bud organoids, we found insulin in the culture medium significantly decreased the number of taste cell and mRNA expression levels of many taste cell genes, including nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2), Tas1R3 (T1R3), gustducin, carbonic anhydrase 4 (CA4), glucose transporter-8 (GLUT8), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1) in a concentration-dependent manner. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, diminished insulin's effects and increase taste cell generation. Altogether, circulating insulin might be an important regulator of taste cell growth and/or proliferation via activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takai
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ST); (NS)
| | - Yu Watanabe
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Section of Removable Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sanematsu
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshida
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ikiru Atsuta
- Section of Removable Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- Section of Removable Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriatsu Shigemura
- Section of Oral Neuroscience, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (ST); (NS)
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16
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Drake PM, Jourdeuil K, Franz-Odendaal TA. An overlooked placode: Recharacterizing the papillae in the embryonic eye of reptilia. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:164-172. [PMID: 31665553 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The papillae in the chicken embryonic eye, described as scleral papillae in the well-known Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) staging table, are one of the key anatomical features used to stage reptilian (including bird) embryos from HH30-36. These papillae are epithelial thickenings of the conjunctiva and are situated above the mesenchymal sclera. Here, we present evidence that the conjunctival papillae, which are required for the induction and patterning of the underlying scleral ossicles, require epithelial pre-patterning and have a placodal stage similar to other placode systems. We also suggest modifications to the Hamburger Hamilton staging criteria that incorporate this change in terminology (from "scleral" to "conjunctival" papillae) and provide a more detailed description of this anatomical feature that includes its placode stage. This enables a more complete and accurate description of chick embryo staging. The acknowledgment of a placode phase, which shares molecular and morphological features with other cutaneous placodes, will direct future research into the early inductive events leading to scleral ossicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Drake
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karyn Jourdeuil
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland
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17
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Fan D, Chettouh Z, Consalez GG, Brunet JF. Taste bud formation depends on taste nerves. eLife 2019; 8:e49226. [PMID: 31570121 PMCID: PMC6785267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for more than a century that, in adult vertebrates, the maintenance of taste buds depends on their afferent nerves. However, the initial formation of taste buds is proposed to be nerve-independent in amphibians, and evidence to the contrary in mammals has been endlessly debated, mostly due to indirect and incomplete means to impede innervation during the protracted perinatal period of taste bud differentiation. Here, by genetically ablating, in mice, all somatic (i.e. touch) or visceral (i.e. taste) neurons for the oral cavity, we show that the latter but not the former are absolutely required for the proper formation of their target organs, the taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San RaffaeleMilanoItaly
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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18
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Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Taste Organs and Oral Sensation: Distinctive Roles in the Epithelium, Stroma, and Innervation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061341. [PMID: 30884865 PMCID: PMC6471208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has regulatory roles in maintaining and restoring lingual taste organs, the papillae and taste buds, and taste sensation. Taste buds and taste nerve responses are eliminated if Hh signaling is genetically suppressed or pharmacologically inhibited, but regeneration can occur if signaling is reactivated within the lingual epithelium. Whereas Hh pathway disruption alters taste sensation, tactile and cold responses remain intact, indicating that Hh signaling is modality-specific in regulation of tongue sensation. However, although Hh regulation is essential in taste, the basic biology of pathway controls is not fully understood. With recent demonstrations that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is within both taste buds and the innervating ganglion neurons/nerve fibers, it is compelling to consider Hh signaling throughout the tongue and taste organ cell and tissue compartments. Distinctive signaling centers and niches are reviewed in taste papilla epithelium, taste buds, basal lamina, fibroblasts and lamellipodia, lingual nerves, and sensory ganglia. Several new roles for the innervation in lingual Hh signaling are proposed. Hh signaling within the lingual epithelium and an intact innervation each is necessary, but only together are sufficient to sustain and restore taste buds. Importantly, patients who use Hh pathway inhibiting drugs confront an altered chemosensory world with loss of taste buds and taste responses, intact lingual touch and cold sensation, and taste recovery after drug discontinuation.
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19
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Prochazkova M, Prochazka J, Marangoni P, Klein OD. Bones, Glands, Ears and More: The Multiple Roles of FGF10 in Craniofacial Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:542. [PMID: 30505318 PMCID: PMC6250787 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have myriad functions during development of both non-vertebrate and vertebrate organisms. One of these family members, FGF10, is largely expressed in mesenchymal tissues and is essential for postnatal life because of its critical role in development of the craniofacial complex, as well as in lung branching. Here, we review the function of FGF10 in morphogenesis of craniofacial organs. Genetic mouse models have demonstrated that the dysregulation or absence of FGF10 function affects the process of palate closure, and FGF10 is also required for development of salivary and lacrimal glands, the inner ear, eye lids, tongue taste papillae, teeth, and skull bones. Importantly, mutations within the FGF10 locus have been described in connection with craniofacial malformations in humans. A detailed understanding of craniofacial defects caused by dysregulation of FGF10 and the precise mechanisms that underlie them offers new opportunities for development of medical treatments for patients with birth defects and for regenerative approaches for cancer patients with damaged gland tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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20
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Zheng X, Xu X, He JZ, Zhang P, Chen J, Zhou XD. [Development and homeostasis of taste buds in mammals]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:552-558. [PMID: 30465351 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Taste is mediated by multicellular taste buds distributed throughout the oral and pharyngeal cavities. The taste buds can detect five basic tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salty and umami, allowing mammals to select nutritious foods and avoid the ingestion of toxic and rotten foods. Once developed, the taste buds undergo continuous renewal throughout the adult life. In the past decade, significant progress has been achived in delineating the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing taste buds development and homeostasis. With this knowledges and in-depth investigations in the future, we can achieve the precise management of taste dysfunctions such as dysgeusia and ageusia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin-Zhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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21
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Zhang S, Choi HS, Jung HS, Lee JM. FGF10 Is Required for Circumvallate Papilla Morphogenesis by Maintaining Lgr5 Activity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1192. [PMID: 30233392 PMCID: PMC6127645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste buds develop in different regions of the mammal oral cavity. Adult stem cells in various organs including the tongue papillae are marked by leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and its homolog, Lgr6. Recent studies have reported that adult taste stem/progenitor cells in circumvallate papilla (CVP) on the posterior tongue are Lgr5-positive. In this study, we confirm the Lgr5 expression pattern during CVP development. A previous study reported that mesenchymal Fgf10 is necessary for maintaining epithelial Lgr5-positive stem/progenitor cells. To confirm the interaction between Lgr5-positive CVP epithelium and mesenchymal factor FGF10, reverse recombination (180-degree) was performed after tongue epithelium detachment. FGF10 protein-soaked bead implantation was performed after reverse recombination to rescue CVP development. Moreover, we reduced mesenchymal Fgf10 by BIO and SU5402 treatment which disrupted CVP morphogenesis. This study suggests that the crosstalk between epithelial Lgr5 and mesenchymal Fgf10 plays a pivotal role in CVP epithelium invagination during mouse tongue CVP development by maintaining Lgr5-positive stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushan Zhang
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Su Choi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Liu HX, Rajapaksha P, Wang Z, Kramer NE, Marshall BJ. An Update on the Sense of Taste in Chickens: A Better Developed System than Previously Appreciated. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8. [PMID: 29770259 PMCID: PMC5951165 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Taste is important in guiding nutritive choices and motivating food intake. The sensory organs for taste are the taste buds, that transduce gustatory stimuli into neural signals. It has been reported that chickens have a low taste bud number and thus low taste acuity. However, more recent studies indicate that chickens have a well-developed taste system and the reported number and distribution of taste buds may have been significantly underestimated. Chickens, as a well-established animal model for research, are also the major species of animals in the poultry industry. Thus, a clear understanding of taste organ formation and the effects of taste sensation on nutrition and feeding practices is important for improving livestock production strategies. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings in chicken taste buds and taste sensation indicating that the chicken taste organ is better developed than previously thought and can serve as an ideal system for multidisciplinary studies including organogenesis, regenerative medicine, feeding and nutritional choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Liu
- Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Prasangi Rajapaksha
- Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Zhonghou Wang
- Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Naomi E Kramer
- Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Brett J Marshall
- Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
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23
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Qin Y, Sukumaran SK, Jyotaki M, Redding K, Jiang P, Margolskee RF. Gli3 is a negative regulator of Tas1r3-expressing taste cells. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007058. [PMID: 29415007 PMCID: PMC5819828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse taste receptor cells survive from 3-24 days, necessitating their regeneration throughout adulthood. In anterior tongue, sonic hedgehog (SHH), released by a subpopulation of basal taste cells, regulates transcription factors Gli2 and Gli3 in stem cells to control taste cell regeneration. Using single-cell RNA-Seq we found that Gli3 is highly expressed in Tas1r3-expressing taste receptor cells and Lgr5+ taste stem cells in posterior tongue. By PCR and immunohistochemistry we found that Gli3 was expressed in taste buds in all taste fields. Conditional knockout mice lacking Gli3 in the posterior tongue (Gli3CKO) had larger taste buds containing more taste cells than did control wild-type (Gli3WT) mice. In comparison to wild-type mice, Gli3CKO mice had more Lgr5+ and Tas1r3+ cells, but fewer type III cells. Similar changes were observed ex vivo in Gli3CKO taste organoids cultured from Lgr5+ taste stem cells. Further, the expression of several taste marker and Gli3 target genes was altered in Gli3CKO mice and/or organoids. Mirroring these changes, Gli3CKO mice had increased lick responses to sweet and umami stimuli, decreased lick responses to bitter and sour taste stimuli, and increased glossopharyngeal taste nerve responses to sweet and bitter compounds. Our results indicate that Gli3 is a suppressor of stem cell proliferation that affects the number and function of mature taste cells, especially Tas1r3+ cells, in adult posterior tongue. Our findings shed light on the role of the Shh pathway in adult taste cell regeneration and may help devise strategies for treating taste distortions from chemotherapy and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Qin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gonshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunil K. Sukumaran
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Masafumi Jyotaki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Redding
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Margolskee
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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Abstract
Perception of the environment in vertebrates relies on a variety of neurosensory mini-organs. These organs develop via a multi-step process that includes placode induction, cell differentiation, patterning and innervation. Ultimately, cells derived from one or more different tissues assemble to form a specific mini-organ that exhibits a particular structure and function. The initial building blocks of these organs are epithelial cells that undergo rearrangements and interact with neighbouring tissues, such as neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and sensory neurons, to construct a functional sensory organ. In recent years, advances in in vivo imaging methods have allowed direct observation of these epithelial cells, showing that they can be displaced within the epithelium itself via several modes. This Review focuses on the diversity of epithelial cell behaviours that are involved in the formation of small neurosensory organs, using the examples of dental placodes, hair follicles, taste buds, lung neuroendocrine cells and zebrafish lateral line neuromasts to highlight both well-established and newly described modes of epithelial cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Kapsimali
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris 75005, France .,INSERM U1024, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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25
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RNA-Seq analysis on chicken taste sensory organs: An ideal system to study organogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9131. [PMID: 28831098 PMCID: PMC5567234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq is a powerful tool in transcriptomic profiling of cells and tissues. We recently identified many more taste buds than previously appreciated in chickens using molecular markers to stain oral epithelial sheets of the palate, base of oral cavity, and posterior tongue. In this study, RNA-Seq was performed to understand the transcriptomic architecture of chicken gustatory tissues. Interestingly, taste sensation related genes and many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between the epithelium and mesenchyme in the base of oral cavity as compared to the palate and posterior tongue. Further RNA-Seq using specifically defined tissues of the base of oral cavity demonstrated that DEGs between gustatory (GE) and non-gustatory epithelium (NGE), and between GE and the underlying mesenchyme (GM) were enriched in multiple GO terms and KEGG pathways, including many biological processes. Well-known genes for taste sensation were highly expressed in the GE. Moreover, genes of signaling components important in organogenesis (Wnt, TGFβ/ BMP, FGF, Notch, SHH, Erbb) were differentially expressed between GE and GM. Combined with other features of chicken taste buds, e.g., uniquely patterned array and short turnover cycle, our data suggest that chicken gustatory tissue provides an ideal system for multidisciplinary studies, including organogenesis and regenerative medicine.
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26
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Prochazkova M, Häkkinen TJ, Prochazka J, Spoutil F, Jheon AH, Ahn Y, Krumlauf R, Jernvall J, Klein OD. FGF signaling refines Wnt gradients to regulate the patterning of taste papillae. Development 2017; 144:2212-2221. [PMID: 28506989 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of repeated structures is a major theme in developmental biology, and the inter-relationship between spacing and size of such structures is an unresolved issue. Fungiform papillae are repeated epithelial structures that house taste buds on the anterior tongue. Here, we report that FGF signaling is a crucial regulator of fungiform papillae development. We found that mesenchymal FGF10 controls the size of the papillary area, while overall patterning remains unchanged. Our results show that FGF signaling negatively affects the extent of canonical Wnt signaling, which is the main activation pathway during fungiform papillae development; however, this effect does not occur at the level of gene transcription. Rather, our experimental data, together with computational modeling, indicate that FGF10 modulates the range of Wnt effects, likely via induction of Sostdc1 expression. We suggest that modification of the reach of Wnt signaling could be due to local changes in morphogen diffusion, representing a novel mechanism in this tissue context, and we propose that this phenomenon might be involved in a broader array of mammalian developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prochazkova
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v. v. i., Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Teemu J Häkkinen
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v. v. i., Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Spoutil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v. v. i., Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew H Jheon
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Youngwook Ahn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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27
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Percival CJ, Marangoni P, Tapaltsyan V, Klein O, Hallgrímsson B. The Interaction of Genetic Background and Mutational Effects in Regulation of Mouse Craniofacial Shape. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:1439-1450. [PMID: 28280213 PMCID: PMC5427488 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inbred genetic background significantly influences the expression of phenotypes associated with known genetic perturbations and can underlie variation in disease severity between individuals with the same mutation. However, the effect of epistatic interactions on the development of complex traits, such as craniofacial morphology, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of three inbred backgrounds (129X1/SvJ, C57BL/6J, and FVB/NJ) on the expression of craniofacial dysmorphology in mice (Mus musculus) with loss of function in three members of the Sprouty family of growth factor negative regulators (Spry1, Spry2, or Spry4) in order to explore the impact of epistatic interactions on skull morphology. We found that the interaction of inbred background and the Sprouty genotype explains as much craniofacial shape variation as the Sprouty genotype alone. The most severely affected genotypes display a relatively short and wide skull, a rounded cranial vault, and a more highly angled inferior profile. Our results suggest that the FVB background is more resilient to Sprouty loss of function than either C57 or 129, and that Spry4 loss is generally less severe than loss of Spry1 or Spry2 While the specific modifier genes responsible for these significant background effects remain unknown, our results highlight the value of intercrossing mice of multiple inbred backgrounds to identify the genes and developmental interactions that modulate the severity of craniofacial dysmorphology. Our quantitative results represent an important first step toward elucidating genetic interactions underlying variation in robustness to known genetic perturbations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Percival
- Alberta Children's Hospital Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- The McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Vagan Tapaltsyan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Alberta Children's Hospital Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- The McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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28
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Abstract
The tongue is an elaborate complex of heterogeneous tissues with taste organs of diverse embryonic origins. The lingual taste organs are papillae, composed of an epithelium that includes specialized taste buds, the basal lamina, and a lamina propria core with matrix molecules, fibroblasts, nerves, and vessels. Because taste organs are dynamic in cell biology and sensory function, homeostasis requires tight regulation in specific compartments or niches. Recently, the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has emerged as an essential regulator that maintains lingual taste papillae, taste bud and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and neurophysiological function. Activating or suppressing Hh signaling, with genetic models or pharmacological agents used in cancer treatments, disrupts taste papilla and taste bud integrity and can eliminate responses from taste nerves to chemical stimuli but not to touch or temperature. Understanding Hh regulation of taste organ homeostasis contributes knowledge about the basic biology underlying taste disruptions in patients treated with Hh pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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29
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Teshima THN, Lourenco SV, Tucker AS. Multiple Cranial Organ Defects after Conditionally Knocking Out Fgf10 in the Neural Crest. Front Physiol 2016; 7:488. [PMID: 27826253 PMCID: PMC5078472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fgf10 is necessary for the development of a number of organs that fail to develop or are reduced in size in the null mutant. Here we have knocked out Fgf10 specifically in the neural crest driven by Wnt1cre. The Wnt1creFgf10fl/fl mouse phenocopies many of the null mutant defects, including cleft palate, loss of salivary glands, and ocular glands, highlighting the neural crest origin of the Fgf10 expressing mesenchyme surrounding these organs. In contrast tissues such as the limbs and lungs, where Fgf10 is expressed by the surrounding mesoderm, were unaffected, as was the pituitary gland where Fgf10 is expressed by the neuroepithelium. The circumvallate papilla of the tongue formed but was hypoplastic in the conditional and Fgf10 null embryos, suggesting that other sources of FGF can compensate in development of this structure. The tracheal cartilage rings showed normal patterning in the conditional knockout, indicating that the source of Fgf10 for this tissue is mesodermal, which was confirmed using Wnt1cre-dtTom to lineage trace the boundary of the neural crest in this region. The thyroid, thymus, and parathyroid glands surrounding the trachea were present but hypoplastic in the conditional mutant, indicating that a neighboring source of mesodermal Fgf10 might be able to partially compensate for loss of neural crest derived Fgf10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathyane H N Teshima
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia V Lourenco
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London London, UK
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30
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Grhl3 modulates epithelial structure formation of the circumvallate papilla during mouse development. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:5-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Joo A, Long R, Cheng Z, Alexander C, Chang W, Klein OD. Sprouty2 regulates endochondral bone formation by modulation of RTK and BMP signaling. Bone 2016; 88:170-179. [PMID: 27130872 PMCID: PMC4899137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is regulated by the coordinated activity of signaling molecules that are both produced locally by cartilage and bone cells and also circulate systemically. During embryonic development and postnatal bone remodeling, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily members play critical roles in the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other bone cells. Recently, several molecules that regulate RTK signaling have been identified, including the four members of the Sprouty (Spry) family (Spry1-4). We report that Spry2 plays an important role in regulation of endochondral bone formation. Mice in which the Spry2 gene has been deleted have defective chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation, with a postnatal decrease in skeletal size and trabecular bone mass. In these constitutive Spry2 mutants, both chondrocytes and osteoblasts undergo increased cell proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation. Tissue-specific Spry2 deletion by either osteoblast- (Col1-Cre) or chondrocyte- (Col2-Cre) specific drivers led to decreased relative bone mass, demonstrating the critical role of Spry2 in both cell types. Molecular analyses of signaling pathways in Spry2(-/-) mice revealed an unexpected upregulation of BMP signaling and decrease in RTK signaling. These results identify Spry2 as a critical regulator of endochondral bone formation that modulates signaling in both osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Joo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roger Long
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Courtney Alexander
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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32
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Abstract
The sense of taste, or gustation, is mediated by taste buds, which are housed in specialized taste papillae found in a stereotyped pattern on the surface of the tongue. Each bud, regardless of its location, is a collection of ∼100 cells that belong to at least five different functional classes, which transduce sweet, bitter, salt, sour and umami (the taste of glutamate) signals. Taste receptor cells harbor functional similarities to neurons but, like epithelial cells, are rapidly and continuously renewed throughout adult life. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how the pattern of taste buds is established in embryos and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing taste cell turnover. I also highlight how these findings aid our understanding of how and why many cancer therapies result in taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado, School Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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33
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Insulin-Like Growth Factors Are Expressed in the Taste System, but Do Not Maintain Adult Taste Buds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148315. [PMID: 26901525 PMCID: PMC4762545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors regulate cell growth and differentiation in many tissues. In the taste system, as yet unknown growth factors are produced by neurons to maintain taste buds. A number of growth factor receptors are expressed at greater levels in taste buds than in the surrounding epithelium and may be receptors for candidate factors involved in taste bud maintenance. We determined that the ligands of eight of these receptors were expressed in the E14.5 geniculate ganglion and that four of these ligands were expressed in the adult geniculate ganglion. Of these, the insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2) were expressed in the ganglion and their receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), were expressed at the highest levels in taste buds. To determine whether IGF1R regulates taste bud number or structure, we conditionally eliminated IGF1R from the lingual epithelium of mice using the keratin 14 (K14) promoter (K14-Cre::Igf1rlox/lox). While K14-Cre::Igf1rlox/lox mice had significantly fewer taste buds at P30 compared with control mice (Igf1rlox/lox), this difference was not observed by P80. IGF1R removal did not affect taste bud size or cell number, and the number of phospholipase C β2- (PLCβ2) and carbonic anhydrase 4- (Car4) positive taste receptor cells did not differ between genotypes. Taste buds at the back of the tongue fungiform taste field were larger and contained more cells than those at the tongue tip, and these differences were diminished in K14-Cre::Igf1rlox/lox mice. The epithelium was thicker at the back versus the tip of the tongue, and this difference was also attenuated in K14-Cre::Igf1rlox/lox mice. We conclude that, although IGFs are expressed at high levels in the taste system, they likely play little or no role in maintaining adult taste bud structure. IGFs have a potential role in establishing the initial number of taste buds, and there may be limits on epithelial thickness in the absence of IGF1R signaling.
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34
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Marina S, Anna-Lila K, Benjamin M, Raquel L, Komisarczuk AZ, Alejo RS, Adrien J, Alicia L, Nicolas T, Shinji O, Keiko A, Becker TS, Marika K. Diversity in cell motility reveals the dynamic nature of the formation of zebrafish taste sensory organs. Development 2016; 143:2012-24. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taste buds are sensory organs in jawed vertebrates, composed of distinct cell types that detect and transduce specific taste qualities. Taste bud cells differentiate from oropharyngeal epithelial progenitors localized mainly in proximity of the forming organs. Despite recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions required for taste bud cell development and function, the cell behaviour underlying the organ assembly is poorly defined. Here, we used time-lapse imaging to observe the formation of taste buds in live zebrafish larvae. We found that tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells form taste buds and get rearranged within the forming organs. In addition, differentiating cells move from the epithelium to the forming organs and can be displaced between developing organs. During organ formation, taste bud tg(fgf8a.dr17) and Type-II cells are displaced in random, directed or confined mode relative to the taste bud they join or are maintained. Finally, ascl1a activity in the 5-HT/Type-III cell is required to direct and maintain tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells into the taste bud. We propose diversity in displacement modes of differentiating cells as a key mechanism for the highly dynamic process of taste bud assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulika Marina
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Kaushik Anna-Lila
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Benjamin
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Lourenço Raquel
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Anna Z. Komisarczuk
- Developmental Neurobiology and Genomics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jouary Adrien
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Lardennois Alicia
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
| | - Tissot Nicolas
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Okada Shinji
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abe Keiko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas S. Becker
- Developmental Neurobiology and Genomics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kapsimali Marika
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
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35
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Du W, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Klein OD. Expression of FGFs during early mouse tongue development. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 20:81-7. [PMID: 26748348 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute one of the largest growth factor families, and several ligands and receptors in this family are known to play critical roles during tongue development. In order to provide a comprehensive foundation for research into the role of FGFs during the process of tongue formation, we measured the transcript levels by quantitative PCR and mapped the expression patterns by in situ hybridization of all 22 Fgfs during mouse tongue development between embryonic days (E) 11.5 and E14.5. During this period, Fgf5, Fgf6, Fgf7, Fgf9, Fgf10, Fgf13, Fgf15, Fgf16 and Fgf18 could all be detected with various intensities in the mesenchyme, whereas Fgf1 and Fgf2 were expressed in both the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Our results indicate that FGF signaling regulates tongue development at multiple stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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36
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Bloomquist RF, Parnell NF, Phillips KA, Fowler TE, Yu TY, Sharpe PT, Streelman JT. Coevolutionary patterning of teeth and taste buds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5954-62. [PMID: 26483492 PMCID: PMC4640805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514298112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth and taste buds are iteratively patterned structures that line the oro-pharynx of vertebrates. Biologists do not fully understand how teeth and taste buds develop from undifferentiated epithelium or how variation in organ density is regulated. These organs are typically studied independently because of their separate anatomical location in mammals: teeth on the jaw margin and taste buds on the tongue. However, in many aquatic animals like bony fishes, teeth and taste buds are colocalized one next to the other. Using genetic mapping in cichlid fishes, we identified shared loci controlling a positive correlation between tooth and taste bud densities. Genome intervals contained candidate genes expressed in tooth and taste bud fields. sfrp5 and bmper, notable for roles in Wingless (Wnt) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, were differentially expressed across cichlid species with divergent tooth and taste bud density, and were expressed in the development of both organs in mice. Synexpression analysis and chemical manipulation of Wnt, BMP, and Hedgehog (Hh) pathways suggest that a common cichlid oral lamina is competent to form teeth or taste buds. Wnt signaling couples tooth and taste bud density and BMP and Hh mediate distinct organ identity. Synthesizing data from fish and mouse, we suggest that the Wnt-BMP-Hh regulatory hierarchy that configures teeth and taste buds on mammalian jaws and tongues may be an evolutionary remnant inherited from ancestors wherein these organs were copatterned from common epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Bloomquist
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912;
| | - Nicholas F Parnell
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Kristine A Phillips
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Teresa E Fowler
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Tian Y Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - J Todd Streelman
- School of Biology and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
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37
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Gaillard D, Xu M, Liu F, Millar SE, Barlow LA. β-Catenin Signaling Biases Multipotent Lingual Epithelial Progenitors to Differentiate and Acquire Specific Taste Cell Fates. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005208. [PMID: 26020789 PMCID: PMC4447363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous taste bud cell renewal is essential to maintain taste function in adults; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate taste cell turnover are unknown. Using inducible Cre-lox technology, we show that activation of β-catenin signaling in multipotent lingual epithelial progenitors outside of taste buds diverts daughter cells from a general epithelial to a taste bud fate. Moreover, while taste buds comprise 3 morphological types, β-catenin activation drives overproduction of primarily glial-like Type I taste cells in both anterior fungiform (FF) and posterior circumvallate (CV) taste buds, with a small increase in Type II receptor cells for sweet, bitter and umami, but does not alter Type III sour detector cells. Beta-catenin activation in post-mitotic taste bud precursors likewise regulates cell differentiation; forced activation of β-catenin in these Shh+ cells promotes Type I cell fate in both FF and CV taste buds, but likely does so non-cell autonomously. Our data are consistent with a model where β-catenin signaling levels within lingual epithelial progenitors dictate cell fate prior to or during entry of new cells into taste buds; high signaling induces Type I cells, intermediate levels drive Type II cell differentiation, while low levels may drive differentiation of Type III cells. Taste is a fundamental sense that helps the body determine whether food can be ingested. Taste dysfunction can be a side effect of cancer therapies, can result from an alteration of the renewal capacities of the taste buds, and is often associated with psychological distress and malnutrition. Thus, understanding how taste cells renew throughout adult life, i.e. how newly born cells replace old cells as they die, is essential to find potential therapeutic targets to improve taste sensitivity in patients suffering taste dysfunction. Here we show that a specific molecular pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, controls renewal of taste cells by regulating separate stages of taste cell turnover. We show that activating this pathway directs the newly born cells to become primarily a specific taste cell type whose role is to support the other taste cells and help them work efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mingang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White Hospital, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Millar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Taste is one of the fundamental senses, and it is essential for our ability to ingest nutritious substances and to detect and avoid potentially toxic ones. Taste buds, which are clusters of neuroepithelial receptor cells, are housed in highly organized structures called taste papillae in the oral cavity. Whereas the overall structure of the taste periphery is conserved in almost all vertebrates examined to date, the anatomical, histological, and cell biological, as well as potentially the molecular details of taste buds in the oral cavity are diverse across species and even among individuals. In mammals, several types of gustatory papillae reside on the tongue in highly ordered arrangements, and the patterning and distribution of the mature papillae depend on coordinated molecular events in embryogenesis. In this review, we highlight new findings in the field of taste development, including how taste buds are patterned and how taste cell fate is regulated. We discuss whether a specialized taste bud stem cell population exists and how extrinsic signals can define which cell lineages are generated. We also address the question of whether molecular regulation of taste cell renewal is analogous to that of taste bud development. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for future directions, including the potential influence of the maternal diet and maternal health on the sense of taste in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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During development intense Sox2 expression marks not only Prox1-expressing taste bud cell but also perigemmal cell lineages. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:743-53. [PMID: 25532873 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is proposed to regulate the differentiation of bipotential progenitor cells into taste bud cells. However, detailed expression of Sox2 remains unclear. In this report, Sox2 expression during taste bud development in the fungiform (FF), circumvallate (CV) and soft palate (SP) areas is examined together with Prox1. First, we immunohistochemically checked Prox1 expression in adults and found that almost all taste bud cells are Prox1-positive. During FF development, intense Sox2 expression was restricted to taste bud primordia expressing Prox1 at E12.5. However, at E14.5, Sox2 was intensely expressed outside the developing taste buds resolving to perigemmal Sox2 expression in adults. In the SP, at E14.5, taste bud primordia emerged as Prox1-expressing cell clusters. However, intense Sox2 expression was not restricted to taste bud primordia but was detected widely in the epithelium. During development, Sox2 expression outside developing taste buds was generally down-regulated but was retained in the perigemmal region similarly to that in the FF. In the CV, the initial stage of taste bud development remained unclear because of the lack of taste bud primordia comparable to that in the FF and SP. Here, we show that Prox1-expressing cells appear in the apical epithelium at E12.5, in the inner trench wall at E17.5 and in the outer trench wall at E18.5. Sox2 was again not restricted to developing taste bud cells expressing Prox1 during CV development. The expression patterns support that Sox2 does not serve as a cell fate selector between taste bud cells and surrounding keratinocytes but rather may contribute to them both.
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Kist R, Watson M, Crosier M, Robinson M, Fuchs J, Reichelt J, Peters H. The formation of endoderm-derived taste sensory organs requires a Pax9-dependent expansion of embryonic taste bud progenitor cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004709. [PMID: 25299669 PMCID: PMC4191947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, taste buds develop in different regions of the oral cavity. Small epithelial protrusions form fungiform papillae on the ectoderm-derived dorsum of the tongue and contain one or few taste buds, while taste buds in the soft palate develop without distinct papilla structures. In contrast, the endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located at the back of the tongue contain a large number of taste buds. These taste buds cluster in deep epithelial trenches, which are generated by intercalating a period of epithelial growth between initial placode formation and conversion of epithelial cells into sensory cells. How epithelial trench formation is genetically regulated during development is largely unknown. Here we show that Pax9 acts upstream of Pax1 and Sox9 in the expanding taste progenitor field of the mouse circumvallate papilla. While a reduced number of taste buds develop in a growth-retarded circumvallate papilla of Pax1 mutant mice, its development arrests completely in Pax9-deficient mice. In addition, the Pax9 mutant circumvallate papilla trenches lack expression of K8 and Prox1 in the taste bud progenitor cells, and gradually differentiate into an epidermal-like epithelium. We also demonstrate that taste placodes of the soft palate develop through a Pax9-dependent induction. Unexpectedly, Pax9 is dispensable for patterning, morphogenesis and maintenance of taste buds that develop in ectoderm-derived fungiform papillae. Collectively, our data reveal an endoderm-specific developmental program for the formation of taste buds and their associated papilla structures. In this pathway, Pax9 is essential to generate a pool of taste bud progenitors and to maintain their competence towards prosensory cell fate induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Watson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Crosier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fuchs
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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The interactions of TGF-beta signalling pathway and Jagged2/Notch1 pathway induce acanthosis in lingual epithelia. Pathology 2014; 46:555-65. [PMID: 25203837 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to distinguish between the primary and secondary effects of TGF-β signalling disruption by Dox treatment in NTPDase2+ cells; and to investigate the interactions between TGF-β signalling and Jagged2/Notch1 pathway in regulating the expansion of tongue epithelia stem cells.Transgenic mice expressing rtTA from the mouse NTPDase2 promoter or K14 promoter were used to generate an inducible dominant negative TGF-β receptor type II (Tgfbr2) mutant model.Disruption of TGF-β signalling in NTPDase2+ cells initially inhibited the formation of filiform papillae but led to their regeneration over time. In contrast, disruption of TGF-β signalling induced proliferation of lingual epithelia in the middle tongue. We also observed the proliferation of lingual epithelia in the posterior tongue near the circumvallate papillae. Interactions among the TGF-β signalling pathways, Jagged2/Notch1 signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications regulate the expansion of lingual epithelial stem cells. Different molecular mechanisms are involved in the developmental regulation of lingual epithelia and filiform papillae, dependent on the location along the whole tongue. The fluctuating phenotype of tongue epithelia, over time, may be the combined effects of signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications.
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Michailovici I, Harrington HA, Azogui HH, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Plotnikov A, Ching S, Stumpf MPH, Klein OD, Seger R, Tzahor E. Nuclear to cytoplasmic shuttling of ERK promotes differentiation of muscle stem/progenitor cells. Development 2014; 141:2611-20. [PMID: 24924195 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The transition between the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells is a key step in organogenesis, and alterations in this process can lead to developmental disorders. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) signaling pathway is one of the most intensively studied signaling mechanisms that regulates both proliferation and differentiation. How a single molecule (e.g. ERK) can regulate two opposing cellular outcomes is still a mystery. Using both chick and mouse models, we shed light on the mechanism responsible for the switch from proliferation to differentiation of head muscle progenitors and implicate ERK subcellular localization. Manipulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-ERK signaling pathway in chick embryos in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that blockage of this pathway accelerated myogenic differentiation, whereas its activation diminished it. We next examined whether the spatial subcellular localization of ERK could act as a switch between proliferation (nuclear ERK) and differentiation (cytoplasmic ERK) of muscle progenitors. A myristoylated peptide that blocks importin 7-mediated ERK nuclear translocation induced robust myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitor/stem cells in both head and trunk. In the mouse, analysis of Sprouty mutant embryos revealed that increased ERK signaling suppressed both head and trunk myogenesis. Our findings, corroborated by mathematical modeling, suggest that ERK shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm provides a switch-like transition between proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Michailovici
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Heather A Harrington
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hadar Hay Azogui
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Plotnikov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Saunders Ching
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0430, USA
| | - Michael P H Stumpf
- Theoretical Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0430, USA Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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43
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Gao Y, Toska E, Denmon D, Roberts SGE, Medler KF. WT1 regulates the development of the posterior taste field. Development 2014; 141:2271-8. [PMID: 24803588 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of taste in determining nutrient intake, our understanding of the processes that control the development of the peripheral taste system is lacking. Several early regulators of taste development have been identified, including sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein 4 and multiple members of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the regulation of these factors, including their induction, remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a crucial role for the Wilms' tumor 1 protein (WT1) in circumvallate (CV) papillae development. WT1 is a transcription factor that is important in the normal development of multiple tissues, including both the olfactory and visual systems. In mice, WT1 expression is detectable by E12.5, when the CV taste placode begins to form. In mice lacking WT1, the CV fails to develop normally and markers of early taste development are dysregulated compared with wild type. We demonstrate that expression of the WT1 target genes Lef1, Ptch1 and Bmp4 is significantly reduced in developing tongue tissue derived from Wt1 knockout mice and that, in normal tongue, WT1 is bound to the promoter regions of these genes. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of WT1 in cultured taste cells leads to a reduction in the expression of Lef1 and Ptch1. Our data identify WT1 as a crucial transcription factor in the development of the CV through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways that have established roles in the formation and patterning of taste placodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dane Denmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stefan G E Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kathryn F Medler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Ching ST, Cunha GR, Baskin LS, Basson MA, Klein OD. Coordinated activity of Spry1 and Spry2 is required for normal development of the external genitalia. Dev Biol 2013; 386:1-11. [PMID: 24361260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian external genitalia is controlled by a network of signaling molecules and transcription factors. Because FGF signaling plays a central role in this complicated morphogenetic process, we investigated the role of Sprouty genes, which are important intracellular modulators of FGF signaling, during embryonic development of the external genitalia in mice. We found that Sprouty genes are expressed by the urethral epithelium during embryogenesis, and that they have a critical function during urethral canalization and fusion. Development of the genital tubercle (GT), the anlage of the prepuce and glans penis in males and glans clitoris in females, was severely affected in male embryos carrying null alleles of both Spry1 and Spry2. In Spry1(-/-);Spry2(-/-) embryos, the internal tubular urethra was absent, and urothelial morphology and organization was abnormal. These effects were due, in part, to elevated levels of epithelial cell proliferation in Spry1(-/-);Spry2(-/-) embryos. Despite changes in overall organization, terminal differentiation of the urothelium was not significantly affected. Characterization of the molecular pathways that regulate normal GT development confirmed that deletion of Sprouty genes leads to elevated FGF signaling, whereas levels of signaling in other cascades were largely preserved. Together, these results show that levels of FGF signaling must be tightly regulated during embryonic development of the external genitalia in mice, and that this regulation is mediated in part through the activity of Sprouty gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saunders T Ching
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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45
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Feng P, Huang L, Wang H. Taste bud homeostasis in health, disease, and aging. Chem Senses 2013; 39:3-16. [PMID: 24287552 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian taste bud is an onion-shaped epithelial structure with 50-100 tightly packed cells, including taste receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. Taste receptor cells detect nutrients and toxins in the oral cavity and transmit the sensory information to gustatory nerve endings in the buds. Supporting cells may play a role in the clearance of excess neurotransmitters after their release from taste receptor cells. Basal cells are precursor cells that differentiate into mature taste cells. Similar to other epithelial cells, taste cells turn over continuously, with an average life span of about 8-12 days. To maintain structural homeostasis in taste buds, new cells are generated to replace dying cells. Several recent studies using genetic lineage tracing methods have identified populations of progenitor/stem cells for taste buds, although contributions of these progenitor/stem cell populations to taste bud homeostasis have yet to be fully determined. Some regulatory factors of taste cell differentiation and degeneration have been identified, but our understanding of these aspects of taste bud homoeostasis remains limited. Many patients with various diseases develop taste disorders, including taste loss and taste distortion. Decline in taste function also occurs during aging. Recent studies suggest that disruption or alteration of taste bud homeostasis may contribute to taste dysfunction associated with disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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46
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Duszynski RJ, Topczewski J, LeClair EE. Divergent requirements for fibroblast growth factor signaling in zebrafish maxillary barbel and caudal fin regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:282-300. [PMID: 23350700 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish maxillary barbel is an integumentary organ containing skin, glands, pigment cells, taste buds, nerves, and endothelial vessels. The maxillary barbel can regenerate (LeClair & Topczewski 2010); however, little is known about its molecular regulation. We have studied fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway molecules during barbel regeneration, comparing this system to a well-known regenerating appendage, the zebrafish caudal fin. Multiple FGF ligands (fgf20a, fgf24), receptors (fgfr1-4) and downstream targets (pea3, il17d) are expressed in normal and regenerating barbel tissue, confirming FGF activation. To test if specific FGF pathways were required for barbel regeneration, we performed simultaneous barbel and caudal fin amputations in two temperature-dependent zebrafish lines. Zebrafish homozygous for a point mutation in fgf20a, a factor essential for caudal fin blastema formation, regrew maxillary barbels normally, indicating that the requirement for this ligand is appendage-specific. Global overexpression of a dominant negative FGF receptor, Tg(hsp70l:dn-fgfr1:EGFP)(pd1) completely blocked fin outgrowth but only partially inhibited barbel outgrowth, suggesting reduced requirements for FGFs in barbel tissue. Maxillary barbels expressing dn-fgfr1 regenerated peripheral nerves, dermal connective tissue, endothelial tubes, and a glandular epithelium; in contrast to a recent report in which dn-fgfr1 overexpression blocks pharyngeal taste bud formation in zebrafish larvae (Kapsimali et al. 2011), we observed robust formation of calretinin-positive tastebuds. These are the first experiments to explore the molecular mechanisms of maxillary barbel regeneration. Our results suggest heterogeneous requirements for FGF signaling in the regeneration of different zebrafish appendages (caudal fin versus maxillary barbel) and taste buds of different embryonic origin (pharyngeal endoderm versus barbel ectoderm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Duszynski
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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47
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Abstract
Taste buds are found in a distributed array on the tongue surface, and are innervated by cranial nerves that convey taste information to the brain. For nearly a century, taste buds were thought to be induced by nerves late in embryonic development. However, this view has shifted dramatically. A host of studies now indicate that taste bud development is initiated and proceeds via processes that are nerve-independent, occur long before birth, and governed by cellular and molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the developing tongue. Here we review the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of taste bud development, incorporating important new data obtained through the use of two powerful genetic systems, mouse and zebrafish.
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48
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Wicher D. Functional and evolutionary aspects of chemoreceptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:48. [PMID: 23112762 PMCID: PMC3481119 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception and processing of chemical signals from the environment is essential for any living systems and is most probably the first sense developed in life. This perspective discusses the physical limits of chemoreception and gives an overview on the receptor types developed during evolution to detect chemical signals from the outside world of an organism. It discusses the interaction of chemoreceptors with downstream signaling elements, especially the interaction between electrical and chemical signaling. It is further considered how the primary chemosignal is appropriately amplified. Three examples of chemosensory systems illustrate different strategies of such amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wicher
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
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49
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Rothova M, Thompson H, Lickert H, Tucker AS. Lineage tracing of the endoderm during oral development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1183-91. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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50
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Purcell P, Jheon A, Vivero MP, Rahimi H, Joo A, Klein OD. Spry1 and spry2 are essential for development of the temporomandibular joint. J Dent Res 2012; 91:387-93. [PMID: 22328578 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512438401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a specialized synovial joint essential for the function of the mammalian jaw. The main components of the TMJ are the mandibular condyle, the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone, and a fibrocartilagenous disc interposed between them. The genetic program for the development of the TMJ remains poorly understood. Here we show the crucial role of sprouty (Spry) genes in TMJ development. Sprouty genes encode intracellular inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways, including those triggered by fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs). Using in situ hybridization, we show that Spry1 and Spry2 are highly expressed in muscles attached to the TMJ, including the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles. The combined inactivation of Spry1 and Spry2 results in overgrowth of these muscles, which disrupts normal development of the glenoid fossa. Remarkably, condyle and disc formation are not affected in these mutants, demonstrating that the glenoid fossa is not required for development of these structures. Our findings demonstrate the importance of regulated RTK signaling during TMJ development and suggest multiple skeletal origins for the fossa. Notably, our work provides the evidence that the TMJ condyle and disc develop independently of the mandibular fossa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Purcell
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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