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Wang C, Li H, Long Y, Dong Z, Wang J, Liu C, Wei X, Wan X. A Systemic Investigation of Genetic Architecture and Gene Resources Controlling Kernel Size-Related Traits in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1025. [PMID: 36674545 PMCID: PMC9865405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain yield is the most critical and complex quantitative trait in maize. Kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel thickness (KT) and hundred-kernel weight (HKW) associated with kernel size are essential components of yield-related traits in maize. With the extensive use of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses, thousands of QTLs and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) have been discovered for controlling these traits. However, only some of them have been cloned and successfully utilized in breeding programs. In this study, we exhaustively collected reported genes, QTLs and QTNs associated with the four traits, performed cluster identification of QTLs and QTNs, then combined QTL and QTN clusters to detect consensus hotspot regions. In total, 31 hotspots were identified for kernel size-related traits. Their candidate genes were predicted to be related to well-known pathways regulating the kernel developmental process. The identified hotspots can be further explored for fine mapping and candidate gene validation. Finally, we provided a strategy for high yield and quality maize. This study will not only facilitate causal genes cloning, but also guide the breeding practice for maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Huangai Li
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
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2
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Retraction: Maize opaque10 Encodes a Cereal-Specific Protein That Is Essential for the Proper Distribution of Zeins in Endosperm Protein Bodies. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010501. [PMID: 36383521 PMCID: PMC9668117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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3
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Chen Q, Yang C, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Rossi V, Chen W, Xin M, Su Z, Du J, Guo W, Hu Z, Liu J, Peng H, Ni Z, Sun Q, Yao Y. Unprocessed wheat γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress and elevated cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:146-164. [PMID: 35714031 PMCID: PMC9544600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Along with increasing demands for high yield, elite processing quality and improved nutrient value in wheat, concerns have emerged around the effects of gluten in wheat-based foods on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms regulating gluten accumulation remains largely unexplored. Here we report the identification and characterization of a wheat low gluten protein 1 (lgp1) mutant that shows extremely low levels of gliadins and glutenins. The lgp1 mutation in a single γ-gliadin gene causes defective signal peptide cleavage, resulting in the accumulation of an excessive amount of unprocessed γ-gliadin and a reduced level of gluten, which alters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure, forms the autophagosome-like structures, leads to the delivery of seed storage proteins to the extracellular space and causes a reduction in starch biosynthesis. Physiologically, these effects trigger ER stress and cell death. This study unravels a unique mechanism that unprocessed γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with ER stress and elevated cell death in wheat. Moreover, the reduced gluten level in the lgp1 mutant makes it a good candidate for specific diets for patients with diabetes or kidney diease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Changfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaoheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial CropsI‐24126BergamoItaly
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinkun Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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4
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Tian Q, Wang G, Ma X, Shen Q, Ding M, Yang X, Luo X, Li R, Wang Z, Wang X, Fu Z, Yang Q, Tang J, Wang G. Riboflavin integrates cellular energetics and cell cycle to regulate maize seed development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1487-1501. [PMID: 35426230 PMCID: PMC9342611 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin is the precursor of essential cofactors for diverse metabolic processes. Unlike animals, plants can de novo produce riboflavin through an ancestrally conserved pathway, like bacteria and fungi. However, the mechanism by which riboflavin regulates seed development is poorly understood. Here, we report a novel maize (Zea mays L.) opaque mutant o18, which displays an increase in lysine accumulation, but impaired endosperm filling and embryo development. O18 encodes a rate-limiting bifunctional enzyme ZmRIBA1, targeted to plastid where to initiate riboflavin biosynthesis. Loss of function of O18 specifically disrupts respiratory complexes I and II, but also decreases SDH1 flavinylation, and in turn shifts the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to glycolysis. The deprivation of cellular energy leads to cell-cycle arrest at G1 and S phases in both mitosis and endoreduplication during endosperm development. The unexpected up-regulation of cell-cycle genes in o18 correlates with the increase of H3K4me3 levels, revealing a possible H3K4me-mediated epigenetic back-up mechanism for cell-cycle progression under unfavourable circumstances. Overexpression of O18 increases riboflavin production and confers osmotic tolerance. Altogether, our results substantiate a key role of riboflavin in coordinating cellular energy and cell cycle to modulate maize endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xuexia Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio‐Energy CropsSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingwen Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Mengli Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xueyi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Rongrong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qinghua Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- The Shennong LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
| | - Guifeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops ScienceCIMMYT‐Henan Joint Center for Wheat and Maize ImprovementCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain CropsCollege of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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5
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Liu J, Wu MW, Liu CM. Cereal Endosperms: Development and Storage Product Accumulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:255-291. [PMID: 35226815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070221-024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The persistent triploid endosperms of cereal crops are the most important source of human food and animal feed. The development of cereal endosperms progresses through coenocytic nuclear division, cellularization, aleurone and starchy endosperm differentiation, and storage product accumulation. In the past few decades, the cell biological processes involved in endosperm formation in most cereals have been described. Molecular genetic studies performed in recent years led to the identification of the genes underlying endosperm differentiation, regulatory network governing storage product accumulation, and epigenetic mechanism underlying imprinted gene expression. In this article, we outline recent progress in this area and propose hypothetical models to illustrate machineries that control aleurone and starchy endosperm differentiation, sugar loading, and storage product accumulations. A future challenge in this area is to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying coenocytic nuclear division, endosperm cellularization, and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Ming-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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6
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Li X, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Specialized endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles in plants: Functional diversity, evolution, and biotechnological exploitation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:821-835. [PMID: 35142108 PMCID: PMC9314129 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A central role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the synthesis, folding and quality control of secretory proteins. Secretory proteins usually exit the ER to enter the Golgi apparatus in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles before transport to different subcellular destinations. However, in plants there are specialized ER-derived vesicles (ERDVs) that carry specific proteins but, unlike COPII vesicles, can exist as independent organelles or travel to the vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. These specialized ERDVs include protein bodies and precursor-accumulating vesicles that accumulate storage proteins in the endosperm during seed development. Specialized ERDVs also include precursor protease vesicles that accumulate amino acid sequence KDEL-tailed cysteine proteases and ER bodies in Brassicales plants that accumulate myrosinases that hydrolyzes glucosinolates. These functionally specialized ERDVs act not only as storage organelles but also as platforms for signal-triggered processing, activation and deployment of specific proteins with important roles in plant growth, development and adaptive responses. Some specialized ERDVs have also been exploited to increase production of recombinant proteins and metabolites. Here we discuss our current understanding of the functional diversity, evolutionary mechanisms and biotechnological application of specialized ERDVs, which are associated with some of the highly remarkable characteristics important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
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7
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Ding X, Zhang X, Paez-Valencia J, McLoughlin F, Reyes FC, Morohashi K, Grotewold E, Vierstra RD, Otegui MS. Microautophagy Mediates Vacuolar Delivery of Storage Proteins in Maize Aleurone Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833612. [PMID: 35251104 PMCID: PMC8894768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular machinery orchestrating microautophagy, whereby eukaryotic cells sequester autophagic cargo by direct invagination of the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane, is still largely unknown, especially in plants. Here, we demonstrate microautophagy of storage proteins in the maize aleurone cells of the endosperm and analyzed proteins with potential regulatory roles in this process. Within the cereal endosperm, starchy endosperm cells accumulate storage proteins (mostly prolamins) and starch whereas the peripheral aleurone cells store oils, storage proteins, and specialized metabolites. Although both cell types synthesize prolamins, they employ different pathways for their subcellular trafficking. Starchy endosperm cells accumulate prolamins in protein bodies within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas aleurone cells deliver prolamins to vacuoles via an autophagic mechanism, which we show is by direct association of ER prolamin bodies with the tonoplast followed by engulfment via microautophagy. To identify candidate proteins regulating this process, we performed RNA-seq transcriptomic comparisons of aleurone and starchy endosperm tissues during seed development and proteomic analysis on tonoplast-enriched fractions of aleurone cells. From these datasets, we identified 10 candidate proteins with potential roles in membrane modification and/or microautophagy, including phospholipase-Dα5 and a possible EUL-like lectin. We found that both proteins increased the frequency of tonoplast invaginations when overexpressed in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts and are highly enriched at the tonoplast surface surrounding ER protein bodies in maize aleurone cells, thus supporting their potential connections to microautophagy. Collectively, this candidate list now provides useful tools to study microautophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Fionn McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Francisca C. Reyes
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Richard D. Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Luo B, Hu H, Zhong H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Gao J, Liu D, Wu L, Gao S, Gao D, Gao S. Identification of a new mutant allele of ZmYSL2 that regulates kernel development and nutritional quality in maize. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:7. [PMID: 37309320 PMCID: PMC10248714 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of the opaque endosperm gene provide ideas and resources for the production and application of maize. We found an o213 mutant whose phenotype was opaque and shrunken endosperm with semi-dwarf plant height. The protein, lipid, and starch contents in the o213 endosperm were significantly decreased, while the free amino acid content in the o213 endosperm significantly increased. The aspartic acid, asparagine, and lysine contents were raised in the o213 endosperm by 6.5-, 8.5-, and 1.7-fold, respectively. Genetic analysis showed that this o213 mutant is a recessive single-gene mutation. The position mapping indicated that o213 is located in a 468-kb region that contains 11 protein-encoding genes on the long arm of chromosome 5. The coding sequence analysis of candidate genes between the WT and o213 showed that ZmYSL2 had only a single-base substitution (A-G) in the fifth exon, which caused methionine substitution to valine. Sequence analysis and the allelic test showed that o213 is a new mutant allele of ZmYSL2. The qRT-PCR results indicated that o213 is highly expressed in the stalks and anthers. Subcellular localization studies showed that o213 is a membrane transporter. In the variation analysis of o213, the amplification of 65 inbred lines in GWAS showed that this 3-bp deletion of the first exon of o213 was found only in temperate inbred lines, implying that the gene was artificially affected in the selection process. Our results suggest that o213 is an important endosperm development gene and may serve as a genetic resource. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01278-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Bowen Luo
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Haixu Zhong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Dan Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Ling Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Duojiang Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shibin Gao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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9
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Feng Y, Ma Y, Feng F, Chen X, Qi W, Ma Z, Song R. Accumulation of 22 kDa α-zein-mediated nonzein protein in protein body of maize endosperm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:265-281. [PMID: 34637530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein bodies (PBs), the major protein storage organelle in maize (Zea mays) endosperm, comprise zeins and numerous nonzein proteins (NZPs). Unlike zeins, how NZPs accumulate in PBs remains unclear. We characterized a maize miniature kernel mutant, mn*, that produces small kernels and is embryo-lethal. After cloning the Mn* locus, we determined that it encodes the mitochondrial 50S ribosomal protein L10 (mRPL10). MN* localized to mitochondria and PBs as an NZP; therefore, we renamed MN* Non-zein Protein 1 (NZP1). Like other mutations affecting mitochondrial proteins, mn* impaired mitochondrial function and morphology. To investigate its accumulation mechanism to PBs, we performed protein interaction assays between major zein proteins and NZP1, and found that NZP1 interacts with 22 kDa α-zein. Levels of NZP1 and 22 kDa α-zein in various opaque mutants were correlated. Furthermore, NZP1 accumulation in induced PBs depended on its interaction with 22 kDa α-zein. Comparative proteomic analysis of PBs between wild-type and opaque2 revealed additional NZPs. A new NZP with plastidial localization was also found to accumulate in induced PBs via interaction with 22 kDa α-zein. This study thus reveals a mechanism for accumulation of NZPs in PBs and suggests a potential application for the accumulation of foreign proteins in maize PBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yafei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinze Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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10
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Arcalis E, Mainieri D, Vitale A, Stöger E, Pedrazzini E. Progressive Aggregation of 16 kDa Gamma-Zein during Seed Maturation in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312671. [PMID: 34884476 PMCID: PMC8658034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolamins constitute a unique class of seed storage proteins, present only in grasses. In the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), prolamins form large, insoluble heteropolymers termed protein bodies (PB). In transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, the major maize (Zea mays) prolamin, 27 kDa γ-zein (27γz), assembles into insoluble disulfide-linked polymers, as in maize endosperm, forming homotypic PB. The 16 kDa γ-zein (16γz), evolved from 27γz, instead forms disulfide-bonded dispersed electron-dense threads that enlarge the ER lumen without assembling into PB. We have investigated whether the peculiar features of 16γz are also maintained during transgenic seed development. We show that 16γz progressively changes its electron microscopy appearance during transgenic Arabidopsis embryo maturation, from dispersed threads to PB-like, compact structures. In mature seeds, 16γz and 27γz PBs appear very similar. However, when mature embryos are treated with a reducing agent, 27γz is fully solubilized, as expected, whereas 16γz remains largely insoluble also in reducing conditions and drives insolubilization of the ER chaperone BiP. These results indicate that 16γz expressed in the absence of the other zein partners forms aggregates in a storage tissue, strongly supporting the view that 16γz behaves as the unassembled subunit of a large heteropolymer, the PB, and could have evolved successfully only following the emergence of the much more structurally self-sufficient 27γz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Arcalis
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Wien, Austria;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.P.)
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11
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Trihelix Transcription Factor ZmThx20 Is Required for Kernel Development in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212137. [PMID: 34830019 PMCID: PMC8624104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize kernels are the harvested portion of the plant and are related to the yield and quality of maize. The endosperm of maize is a large storage organ that constitutes 80–90% of the dry weight of mature kernels. Maize kernels have long been the study of cereal grain development to increase yield. In this study, a natural mutation that causes abnormal kernel development, and displays a shrunken kernel phenotype, was identified and named “shrunken 2008 (sh2008)”. The starch grains in sh2008 are loose and have a less proteinaceous matrix surrounding them. The total storage protein and the major storage protein zeins are ~70% of that in the wild-type control (WT); in particular, the 19 kDa and 22 kDa α-zeins. Map-based cloning revealed that sh2008 encodes a GT-2 trihelix transcription factor, ZmThx20. Using CRISPR/Cas9, two other alleles with mutated ZmThx20 were found to have the same abnormal kernel. Shrunken kernels can be rescued by overexpressing normal ZmThx20. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the kernels from sh2008 and WT showed that the GO terms of translation, ribosome, and nutrient reservoir activity were enriched in the down-regulated genes (sh2008/WT). In short, these changes can lead to defects in endosperm development and storage reserve filling in seeds.
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12
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Brocca L, Zuccaro M, Frugis G, Mainieri D, Marrano C, Ragni L, Klein EM, Vitale A, Pedrazzini E. Two γ-zeins induce the unfolded protein response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1428-1444. [PMID: 34618077 PMCID: PMC8566291 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid, massive synthesis of storage proteins that occurs during seed development stresses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, which activates the ER unfolded protein response (UPR). However, how different storage proteins contribute to UPR is not clear. We analyzed vegetative tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants constitutively expressing the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) soluble vacuolar storage protein PHASEOLIN (PHSL) or maize (Zea mays) prolamins (27-kDa γ-zein or 16-kDa γ-zein) that participate in forming insoluble protein bodies in the ER. We show that 16-kDa γ-zein significantly activates the INOSITOL REQUIRING ENZYME1/BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER 60 (bZIP60) UPR branch-but not the bZIP28 branch or autophagy-leading to induction of major UPR-controlled genes that encode folding helpers that function inside the ER. Protein blot analysis of IMMUNOGLOBULIN-BINDING PROTEIN (BIP) 1 and 2, BIP3, GLUCOSE REGULATED PROTEIN 94 (GRP94), and ER-localized DNAJ family 3A (ERDJ3A) polypeptides confirmed their higher accumulation in the plant expressing 16-kDa γ-zein. Expression of 27-kDa γ-zein significantly induced only BIP3 and ERDJ3A transcription even though an increase in GRP94 and BIP1/2 polypeptides also occurred in this plant. These results indicate a significant but weaker effect of 27-kDa γ-zein compared to 16-kDa γ-zein, which corresponds with the higher availability of 16-kDa γ-zein for BIP binding, and indicates subtle protein-specific modulations of plant UPR. None of the analyzed genes was significantly induced by PHSL or by a mutated, soluble form of 27-kDa γ-zein that traffics along the secretory pathway. Such variability in UPR induction may have influenced the evolution of storage proteins with different tissue and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brocca
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Melania Zuccaro
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma 00016, Italy
| | - Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Claudia Marrano
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Ragni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Eva Maria Klein
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
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13
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Zhao Y, Xu W, Zhang Y, Sun S, Wang L, Zhong S, Zhao X, Liu B. PPR647 Protein Is Required for Chloroplast RNA Editing, Splicing and Chloroplast Development in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011162. [PMID: 34681824 PMCID: PMC8537648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play an essential role in plant growth and development. Any factors affecting chloroplast development will lead to abnormal plant growth. Here, we characterized a new maize mutant, albino seedling mutant 81647 (as-81647), which exhibits an entirely albino phenotype in leaves and eventually died before the three-leaf stage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the chloroplast thylakoid membrane was impaired and the granum lamellae significantly decreased in as-81647. Map-based cloning and transgenic analysis confirmed that PPR647 encodes a new chloroplast protein consisting of 11 pentratricopeptide repeat domains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays and transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) showed that the PPR647 mutation significantly disrupted the expression of PEP-dependent plastid genes. In addition, RNA splicing and RNA editing of multiple chloroplast genes showed severe defects in as-81647. These results indicated that PPR647 is crucial for RNA editing, RNA splicing of chloroplast genes, and plays an essential role in chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yongzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shilei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Lijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shiyi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Baoshen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (L.W.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0538-8242226
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14
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Hurst P, Schnable JC, Holding DR. Tandem duplicate expression patterns are conserved between maize haplotypes of the α-zein gene family. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e346. [PMID: 34541444 PMCID: PMC8438537 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tandem duplication gives rise to copy number variation and subsequent functional novelty among genes as well as diversity between individuals in a species. Functional novelty can result from either divergence in coding sequence or divergence in patterns of gene transcriptional regulation. Here, we investigate conservation and divergence of both gene sequence and gene regulation between the copies of the α-zein gene family in maize inbreds B73 and W22. We used RNA-seq data generated from developing, self-pollinated kernels at three developmental stages timed to coincide with early and peak zein expression. The reference genome annotations for B73 and W22 were modified to ensure accurate inclusion of their respective α-zein gene models to accurately assess copy-specific expression. Expression analysis indicated that although the total expression of α-zeins is higher in W22, the pattern of expression in both lines is conserved. Additional analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data from a diverse population of maize inbreds also demonstrates variation in absolute expression, but conservation of expression patterns across a wide range of maize genotypes and α-zein haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston Hurst
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - James C. Schnable
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - David R. Holding
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
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15
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dos Santos-Donado PR, Donado-Pestana CM, Kawahara R, Rosa-Fernandes L, Palmisano G, Finardi-Filho F. Comparative analysis of the protein profile from biofortified cultivars of quality protein maize and conventional maize by gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Dai D, Ma Z, Song R. Maize kernel development. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:2. [PMID: 37309525 PMCID: PMC10231577 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-020-01195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a leading cereal crop in the world. The maize kernel is the storage organ and the harvest portion of this crop and is closely related to its yield and quality. The development of maize kernel is initiated by the double fertilization event, leading to the formation of a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. The embryo and endosperm are then undergone independent developmental programs, resulting in a mature maize kernel which is comprised of a persistent endosperm, a large embryo, and a maternal pericarp. Due to the well-characterized morphogenesis and powerful genetics, maize kernel has long been an excellent model for the study of cereal kernel development. In recent years, with the release of the maize reference genome and the development of new genomic technologies, there has been an explosive expansion of new knowledge for maize kernel development. In this review, we overviewed recent progress in the study of maize kernel development, with an emphasis on genetic mapping of kernel traits, transcriptome analysis during kernel development, functional gene cloning of kernel mutants, and genetic engineering of kernel traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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17
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Chen Y, Fu Z, Zhang H, Tian R, Yang H, Sun C, Wang L, Zhang W, Guo Z, Zhang X, Tang J. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 4 modulates cellular energetics and storage reserve accumulation in maize endosperm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2420-2435. [PMID: 32436613 PMCID: PMC7680550 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key enzyme that regulates the interconversion between malate and oxaloacetate (OAA). However, its role in modulating storage compound accumulation in maize endosperm is largely unknown. Here, we characterized a novel naturally occurring maize mdh4-1 mutant, which produces small, opaque kernels and exhibits reduced starch but enhanced lysine content. Map-based cloning, functional complementation and allelism analyses identified ZmMdh4 as the causal gene. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that ZmMDH4 predominantly catalyses the conversion from OAA to malate. In comparison, the activity of the mutant enzyme, which lacks one glutamic acid (Glu), was completed abolished, demonstrating that the Glu residue was essential for ZmMDH4 function. Knocking down ZmMdh4 in vivo led to a substantial metabolic shift towards glycolysis and a dramatic disruption in the activity of the mitochondrial complex I, which was correlated with transcriptomic alterations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ZmMdh4 regulates the balance between mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, ATP production and endosperm development, through a yet unknown feedback regulatory mechanism in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Runmiao Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Huili Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Canran Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lulin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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18
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Li C, Qi W, Liang Z, Yang X, Ma Z, Song R. A SnRK1- ZmRFWD3-Opaque2 Signaling Axis Regulates Diurnal Nitrogen Accumulation in Maize Seeds. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2823-2841. [PMID: 32699171 PMCID: PMC7474302 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zeins are the predominant storage proteins in maize (Zea mays) seeds, while Opaque2 (O2) is a master transcription factor for zein-encoding genes. How the activity of O2 is regulated and responds to external signals is yet largely unknown. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase ZmRFWD3 interacts with O2 and positively regulates its activity by enhancing its nuclear localization. Ubiquitination of O2 enhances its interaction with maize importin1, the α-subunit of Importin-1 in maize, thus enhancing its nuclear localization ability. We further show that ZmRFWD3 can be phosphorylated by a Suc-responsive protein kinase, ZmSnRK1, which leads to its degradation. We demonstrated that the activity of O2 responds to Suc levels through the ZmSnRK1-ZmRFWD3-O2 signaling axis. Intriguingly, we found that Suc levels, as well as ZmRFWD3 levels and the cytonuclear distribution of O2, exhibit diurnal patterns in developing endosperm, leading to the diurnal transcription of O2-regulated zein genes. Loss of function in ZmRFWD3 disrupts the diurnal patterns of O2 cytonuclear distribution and zein biosynthesis, and consequently changes the C/N ratio in mature seeds. We therefore identify a SnRK1-ZmRFWD3-O2 signaling axis that transduces source-to-sink signals and coordinates C and N assimilation in developing maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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European maize genomes highlight intraspecies variation in repeat and gene content. Nat Genet 2020; 52:950-957. [PMID: 32719517 PMCID: PMC7467862 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of maize (Zea mays) is the backbone of modern heterotic patterns and hybrid breeding. Historically, US farmers exploited this variability to establish today’s highly productive Corn Belt inbred lines from blends of dent and flint germplasm pools. Here, we report de novo genome sequences of four European flint lines assembled to pseudomolecules with scaffold N50 ranging from 6.1 to 10.4 Mb. Comparative analyses with two US Corn Belt lines explains the pronounced differences between both germplasms. While overall syntenic order and consolidated gene annotations reveal only moderate pangenomic differences, whole-genome alignments delineating the core and dispensable genome, and the analysis of heterochromatic knobs and orthologous long terminal repeat retrotransposons unveil the dynamics of the maize genome. The high-quality genome sequences of the flint pool complement the maize pangenome and provide an important tool to study maize improvement at a genome scale and to enhance modern hybrid breeding. De novo genome assemblies of four European flint maize lines and comparison with two US Corn Belt genomes provide insights into the dynamics of intraspecies variation in repeat and gene content in maize genomes.
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20
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Zhang K, Guo L, Cheng W, Liu B, Li W, Wang F, Xu C, Zhao X, Ding Z, Zhang K, Li K. SH1-dependent maize seed development and starch synthesis via modulating carbohydrate flow and osmotic potential balance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:264. [PMID: 32513104 PMCID: PMC7282075 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the main form of photoassimilates transported from vegetative tissues to the reproductive organs, sucrose and its degradation products are crucial for cell fate determination and development of maize kernels. Despite the relevance of sucrose synthase SH1 (shrunken 1)-mediated release of hexoses for kernel development, the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms are not yet well understood in maize (Zea mays). RESULTS Here, we identified a new allelic mutant of SH1 generated by EMS mutagenesis, designated as sh1*. The mutation of SH1 caused more than 90% loss of sucrose synthase activity in sh1* endosperm, which resulted in a significant reduction in starch contents while a dramatic increase in soluble sugars. As a result, an extremely high osmolality in endosperm cells of sh1* was generated, which caused kernel swelling and affected the seed development. Quantitative measurement of phosphorylated sugars showed that Glc-1-P in endosperm of sh1* (17 μg g- 1 FW) was only 5.2% of that of wild-type (326 μg g- 1 FW). As a direct source of starch synthesis, the decrease of Glc-1-P may cause a significant reduction in carbohydrates that flow to starch synthesis, ultimately contributing to the defects in starch granule development and reduction of starch content. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that SH1-mediated sucrose degradation is critical for maize kernel development and starch synthesis by regulating the flow of carbohydrates and maintaining the balance of osmotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Li Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Baiyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Wendi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Zhaohua Ding
- Maize Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
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Li C, Song R. The regulation of zein biosynthesis in maize endosperm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1443-1453. [PMID: 31897513 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We review the current knowledge regarding the regulation of zein storage proteins biosynthesis and protein body formation, which are crucial processes for the successful accumulation of nutrients in maize kernels. Storage proteins in the seeds of crops in the grass family (Poaceae) are a major source of dietary protein for humans. In maize (Zea mays), proteins are the second largest nutrient component in the kernels, accounting for ~ 10% of the kernel weight. Over half of the storage proteins in maize kernels are zeins, which lack two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. This deficiency limits the use of maize proteins in the food and feed industries. Zeins are encoded by a large super-gene family. During endosperm development, zeins accumulate in protein bodies, which are derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In recent years, our knowledge of the pathways of zein biosynthesis and their deposition within the endosperm has been greatly expanded. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of zeins, including the genes encoding these proteins, their expression patterns and transcriptional regulation, the process of protein body formation, and other biological processes affecting zein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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22
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Long-read sequencing reveals genomic structural variations that underlie creation of quality protein maize. Nat Commun 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 31911615 PMCID: PMC6946643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of o2 doubles maize endosperm lysine content, but it causes an inferior kernel phenotype. Developing quality protein maize (QPM) by introgressing o2 modifiers (Mo2s) into the o2 mutant benefits millions of people in developing countries where maize is a primary protein source. Here, we report genome sequence and annotation of a South African QPM line K0326Y, which is assembled from single-molecule, real-time shotgun sequencing reads collinear with an optical map. We achieve a N50 contig length of 7.7 million bases (Mb) directly from long-read assembly, compared to those of 1.04 Mb for B73 and 1.48 Mb for Mo17. To characterize Mo2s, we map QTLs to chromosomes 1, 6, 7, and 9 using an F2 population derived from crossing K0326Y and W64Ao2. RNA-seq analysis of QPM and o2 endosperms reveals a group of differentially expressed genes that coincide with Mo2 QTLs, suggesting a potential role in vitreous endosperm formation. The South African quality protein maize (QPM) cultivars have the desired high lysine content and kernel hardness due to o2 mutation and the introgression of modifiers of o2 (Mo2) QTLs, respectively. Here, the authors assemble the genome of a QPM line and identify candidate genes underlying Mo2 QTLs.
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23
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Khan NU, Sheteiwy M, Lihua N, Khan MMU, Han Z. An update on the maize zein-gene family in the post-genomics era. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-019-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaize (Zea mays) is a cereal crop of global food importance. However, the deficiency of essential amino acids, more importantly lysine, methionine and tryptophan, in the major seed storage zein proteins makes corn nutritionally of low value for human consumption. The idea of improving maize nutritional value prompted the search for maize natural mutants harboring low zein contents and higher amount of lysine. These studies resulted in the identification of more than dozens of maize opaque mutants in the previous few decades,o2mutant being the most extensively studied one. However, the high lysine contents but soft kernel texture and chalky endosperm halted the widespread application and commercial success of maize opaque mutants, which ultimately paved the way for the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) by modifying the soft endosperm ofo2 mutant into lysine-rich hard endosperm. The previous few decades have witnessed a marked progress in maize zein research. It includes elucidation of molecular mechanism underlying the role of different zein genes in seed endosperm development by cloning different components of zein family, exploring the general organization, function and evolution of zein family members within maize species and among other cereals, and elucidating the cis- and trans-regulatory elements modulating the regulation of different molecular players of maize seed endosperm development. The current advances in high quality reference genomes of maize lines B73 and Mo17 plus the completion of ongoing pan genome sequencing projects of more maize lines with NGS technologies are expected to revolutionize maize zein gene research in near future. This review highlights the recent advances in QPM development and its practical application in the post genomic era, genomic and physical composition and evolution of zein family, and expression, regulation and downstream role of zein genes in endosperm development. Moreover, recent genomic tools and methods developed for functional validation of maize zein genes are also discussed.Graphical abstract
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Dai D, Tong H, Cheng L, Peng F, Zhang T, Qi W, Song R. Maize Dek33 encodes a pyrimidine reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis that is essential for oil-body formation and ABA biosynthesis during seed development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5173-5187. [PMID: 31173102 PMCID: PMC6793443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) defective kernel 33 (dek33) mutant produces defective and occasionally viviparous kernel phenotypes. In this study, we cloned Dek33 by positional cloning and found that it encodes a pyrimidine reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis. In dek33, a single-base mutation (G to A) in the C-terminal COG3236 domain caused a premature stop codon (TGA), producing a weak mutant allele with only a truncated form of the DEK33 protein that occurred at much lower levels that the completed WT form, and with a reduced riboflavin content. The dek33 mutation significantly affected oil-body formation and suppressed endoreduplication. It also disrupted ABA biosynthesis, resulting in lower ABA content that might be responsible for the viviparous embryo. In addition, our results indicated that the COG3236 domain is important for the protein stability of DEK33. Yeast two-hybrid experiments identified several proteins that interacted with DEK33, including RGLG2 and SnRK1, suggesting possible post-translational regulation of DEK33 stability. The interaction between DEK33 and these proteins was further confirmed by luciferase complementation image assays. This study provides a weak mutant allele that can be utilized to explore cellular responses to impaired riboflavin biosynthesis during seed development. Our findings indicate that the COG3236 domain might be an essential regulatory structure for DEK33 stability in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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25
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Song W, Zhu J, Zhao H, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Huang L, Lai J. OS1 functions in the allocation of nutrients between the endosperm and embryo in maize seeds. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:706-727. [PMID: 30506638 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic basis of seed development will provide useful tools for improving both crop yield and nutritional value. However, the genetic regulatory networks of maize (Zea mays) seed development remain largely unknown. The maize opaque endosperm and small germ 1 (os1) mutant has opaque endosperm and a small embryo. Here, we cloned OS1 and show that it encodes a putative transcription factor containing an RWP-RK domain. Transcriptional analysis indicated that OS1 expression is elevated in early endosperm development, especially in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL), conducting zone (CZ), and central starch endosperm (CSE) cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the os1 mutant revealed sharp downregulation of certain genes in specific cell types, including ZmMRP-1 and Meg1 in BETL cells and a majority of zein- and starch-related genes in CSE cells. Using a haploid induction system, we show that wild-type endosperm could rescue the smaller size of os1 embryo, which suggests that nutrients are allocated by the wild-type endosperm. Therefore, our data imply that the network regulated by OS1 accomplishes a key step in nutrient allocation between endosperm and embryo within maize seeds. Identification of this network will help uncover the mechanisms regulating the nutritional balance between endosperm and embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jinjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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26
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Zuo Y, Feng F, Qi W, Song R. Dek42 encodes an RNA-binding protein that affects alternative pre-mRNA splicing and maize kernel development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:728-748. [PMID: 30839161 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. However, the functions of RBPs in plants remain poorly understood. Maize kernel mutant dek42 has small defective kernels and lethal seedlings. Dek42 was cloned by Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by an independent mutant allele and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 materials. Dek42 encodes an RRM_RBM48 type RNA-binding protein that localizes to the nucleus. Dek42 is constitutively expressed in various maize tissues. The dek42 mutation caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK42 protein in mutant kernels. RNA-seq analysis showed that the dek42 mutation significantly disturbed the expression of thousands of genes during maize kernel development. Sequence analysis also showed that the dek42 mutation significantly changed alternative splicing in expressed genes, which were especially enriched for the U12-type intron-retained type. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified SF3a1 as a DEK42-interacting protein. DEK42 also interacts with the spliceosome component U1-70K. These results suggested that DEK42 participates in the regulation of pre-messenger RNA splicing through its interaction with other spliceosome components. This study showed the function of a newly identified RBP and provided insights into alternative splicing regulation during maize kernel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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27
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Vanous A, Gardner C, Blanco M, Martin-Schwarze A, Wang J, Li X, Lipka AE, Flint-Garcia S, Bohn M, Edwards J, Lübberstedt T. Stability Analysis of Kernel Quality Traits in Exotic-Derived Doubled Haploid Maize Lines. THE PLANT GENOME 2019; 12. [PMID: 30951103 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2017.12.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Variation in kernel composition across maize ( L.) germplasm is affected by a combination of the plant's genotype, the environment in which it is grown, and the interaction between these two elements. Adapting exotic germplasm to the US Corn Belt is highly dependent on the plant's genotype, the environment where it is grown, and the interaction between these components. Phenotypic plasticity is ill-defined when specific exotic germplasm is moved over large latitudinal distances and for the adapted variants being created. Reduced plasticity (or stability) is desired for the adapted variants, as it allows for a more rapid implementation into breeding programs throughout the Corn Belt. Here, doubled haploid lines derived from exotic maize and adapted through backcrossing exotic germplasm to elite adapted lines were used in conjunction with genome-wide association studies to explore stability in four kernel composition traits. Genotypes demonstrated a response to environments that paralleled the mean response of all genotypes used across all traits, with protein content and kernel density exhibiting the highest levels of Type II stability. Genes such as , , and were identified as potential candidates within quantitative trait locus regions. The findings within this study aid in validating previously identified genomic regions and identified novel genomic regions affecting kernel quality traits.
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Mainieri D, Marrano CA, Prinsi B, Maffi D, Tschofen M, Espen L, Stöger E, Faoro F, Pedrazzini E, Vitale A. Maize 16-kD γ-zein forms very unusual disulfide-bonded polymers in the endoplasmic reticulum: implications for prolamin evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5013-5027. [PMID: 30085182 PMCID: PMC6184761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), prolamin storage proteins of cereal seeds form very large, ordered heteropolymers termed protein bodies (PBs), which are insoluble unless treated with alcohol or reducing agents. In maize PBs, 16-kD γ-zein locates at the interface between a core of alcohol-soluble α-zeins and the outermost layer mainly composed of the reduced-soluble 27-kD γ-zein. 16-kD γ-zein originates from 27-kD γ-zein upon whole-genome duplication and is mainly characterized by deletions in the N-terminal domain that eliminate most Pro-rich repeats and part of the Cys residues involved in inter-chain bonds. 27-kD γ-zein also forms insoluble PBs when expressed in transgenic vegetative tissues. We show that in Arabidopsis leaves, 16-kD γ-zein assembles into disulfide-linked polymers that fail to efficiently become insoluble. Instead of forming PBs, these polymers accumulate as very unusual threads that markedly enlarge the ER lumen, resembling amyloid-like fibers. Domain-swapping between the two γ-zeins indicates that the N-terminal region of 16-kD γ-zein has a dominant effect in preventing full insolubilization. Therefore, a newly evolved prolamin has lost the ability to form homotypic PBs, and has acquired a new function in the assembly of natural, heteropolymeric PBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Bhakti Prinsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Maffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marc Tschofen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Espen
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franco Faoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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29
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Li C, Yue Y, Chen H, Qi W, Song R. The ZmbZIP22 Transcription Factor Regulates 27-kD γ-Zein Gene Transcription during Maize Endosperm Development. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2402-2424. [PMID: 30242039 PMCID: PMC6241260 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zeins are the most abundant storage proteins in maize (Zea mays) kernels, thereby affecting the nutritional quality and texture of this crop. 27-kD γ-zein is highly expressed and plays a crucial role in protein body formation. Several transcription factors (TFs) (O2, PBF1, OHP1, and OHP2) regulate the expression of the 27-kD γ-zein gene, but the complexity of its transcriptional regulation is not fully understood. Here, using probe affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified ZmbZIP22, a TF that binds to the 27-kD γ-zein promoter. ZmbZIP22 is a bZIP-type TF that is specifically expressed in endosperm. ZmbZIP22 bound directly to the ACAGCTCA box in the 27-kD γ-zein promoter and activated its expression in wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) cells. 27-kD γ-zein gene expression was significantly reduced in CRISPR/Cas9-generated zmbzip22 mutants. ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing) confirmed that ZmbZIP22 binds to the 27-kD γ-zein promoter in vivo and identified additional direct targets of ZmbZIP22. ZmbZIP22 can interact with PBF1, OHP1, and OHP2, but not O2. Transactivation assays using various combinations of these TFs revealed multiple interaction modes for the transcriptional activity of the 27-kD γ-zein promoter. Therefore, ZmbZIP22 regulates 27-kD γ-zein gene expression together with other known TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Li
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihong Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hanjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rentao Song
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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30
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Zhang S, Zhan J, Yadegari R. Maize opaque mutants are no longer so opaque. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:319-326. [PMID: 29978299 PMCID: PMC6105308 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm of angiosperms is a zygotic seed organ that stores nutrient reserves to support embryogenesis and seed germination. Cereal endosperm is also a major source of human calories and an industrial feedstock. Maize opaque endosperm mutants commonly exhibit opaque, floury kernels, along with other abnormal seed and/or non-seed phenotypes. The opaque endosperm phenotype is sometimes accompanied by a soft kernel texture and increased nutritional quality, including a higher lysine content, which are valuable agronomic traits that have drawn attention of maize breeders. Recently, an increasing number of genes that underlie opaque mutants have been cloned, and their characterization has begun to shed light on the molecular basis of the opaque endosperm phenotype. These mutants are categorized by disruption of genes encoding zein or non-zein proteins localized to protein bodies, enzymes involved in endosperm metabolic processes, or transcriptional regulatory proteins associated with endosperm storage programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Junpeng Zhan
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ramin Yadegari
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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31
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Brew-Appiah RAT, York ZB, Krishnan V, Roalson EH, Sanguinet KA. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE gene family in diploid and hexaploid wheat. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201439. [PMID: 30074999 PMCID: PMC6075773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of wheat responses to environmental stress will contribute to the long-term goal of feeding the planet. ALERNATIVE OXIDASE (AOX) genes encode proteins involved in a bypass of the electron transport chain and are also known to be involved in stress tolerance in multiple species. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the AOX gene family in diploid and hexaploid wheat. Four genes each were found in the diploid ancestors Triticum urartu, and Aegilops tauschii, and three in Aegilops speltoides. In hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), 20 genes were identified, some with multiple splice variants, corresponding to a total of 24 proteins for those with observed transcription and translation. These proteins were classified as AOX1a, AOX1c, AOX1e or AOX1d via phylogenetic analysis. Proteins lacking most or all signature AOX motifs were assigned to putative regulatory roles. Analysis of protein-targeting sequences suggests mixed localization to the mitochondria and other organelles. In comparison to the most studied AOX from Trypanosoma brucei, there were amino acid substitutions at critical functional domains indicating possible role divergence in wheat or grasses in general. In hexaploid wheat, AOX genes were expressed at specific developmental stages as well as in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses such as fungal pathogens, heat and drought. These AOX expression patterns suggest a highly regulated and diverse transcription and expression system. The insights gained provide a framework for the continued and expanded study of AOX genes in wheat for stress tolerance through breeding new varieties, as well as resistance to AOX-targeted herbicides, all of which can ultimately be used synergistically to improve crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda A. T. Brew-Appiah
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zara B. York
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vandhana Krishnan
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Roalson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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Feng F, Qi W, Lv Y, Yan S, Xu L, Yang W, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Zhao H, Song R. OPAQUE11 Is a Central Hub of the Regulatory Network for Maize Endosperm Development and Nutrient Metabolism. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:375-396. [PMID: 29436476 PMCID: PMC5868688 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) endosperm is a primary tissue for nutrient storage and is highly differentiated during development. However, the regulatory networks of endosperm development and nutrient metabolism remain largely unknown. Maize opaque11 (o11) is a classic seed mutant with a small and opaque endosperm showing decreased starch and protein accumulation. We cloned O11 and found that it encodes an endosperm-specific bHLH transcription factor (TF). Loss of function of O11 significantly affected transcription of carbohydrate/amino acid metabolism and stress response genes. Genome-wide binding site analysis revealed 9885 O11 binding sites distributed over 6033 genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) coupled with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) assays, we identified 259 O11-modulated target genes. O11 was found to directly regulate key TFs in endosperm development (NKD2 and ZmDOF3) and nutrient metabolism (O2 and PBF). Moreover, O11 directly regulates cyPPDKs and multiple carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. O11 is an activator of ZmYoda, suggesting its regulatory function through the MAPK pathway in endosperm development. Many stress-response genes are also direct targets of O11. In addition, 11 O11-interacting proteins were identified, including ZmIce1, which coregulates stress response targets and ZmYoda with O11. Therefore, this study reveals an endosperm regulatory network centered around O11, which coordinates endosperm development, metabolism and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shumei Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenyao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Li Q, Wang J, Ye J, Zheng X, Xiang X, Li C, Fu M, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wu Y. The Maize Imprinted Gene Floury3 Encodes a PLATZ Protein Required for tRNA and 5S rRNA Transcription through Interaction with RNA Polymerase III. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2661-2675. [PMID: 28874509 PMCID: PMC5774582 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) floury3 (fl3) is a classic semidominant negative mutant that exhibits severe defects in the endosperm but fl3 plants otherwise appear normal. We cloned the fl3 gene and determined that it encodes a PLATZ (plant AT-rich sequence and zinc binding) protein. The mutation in fl3 resulted in an Asn-to-His replacement in the conserved PLATZ domain, creating a dominant allele. Fl3 is specifically expressed in starchy endosperm cells and regulated by genomic imprinting, which leads to the suppressed expression of fl3 when transmitted through the male, perhaps as a consequence the semidominant behavior. Yeast two-hybrid screening and bimolecular luciferase complementation experiments revealed that FL3 interacts with the RNA polymerase III subunit 53 (RPC53) and transcription factor class C 1 (TFC1), two critical factors of the RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcription complex. In the fl3 endosperm, the levels of many tRNAs and 5S rRNA that are transcribed by RNAPIII are significantly reduced, suggesting that the incorrectly folded fl3 protein may impair the function of RNAPIII. The transcriptome is dramatically altered in fl3 mutants, in which the downregulated genes are primarily enriched in pathways related to translation, ribosome, misfolded protein responses, and nutrient reservoir activity. Collectively, these changes may lead to defects in endosperm development and storage reserve filling in fl3 seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianwei Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xixi Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Miaomiao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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