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Yang R, Wu Z, Sun Y, Liu Y, Hang Y, Liu M, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu W, Fu C. miR156-PvSPL2 controls culm development by transcriptional repression of switchgrass CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2055-2067. [PMID: 38507513 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Culm development in grasses can be controlled by both miR156 and cytokinin. However, the crosstalk between the miR156-SPL module and the cytokinin metabolic pathway remains largely unknown. Here, we found CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 (PvCKX4) plays a negative regulatory role in culm development of the bioenergy grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Overexpression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the internode diameter and length without affecting tiller number. Interestingly, we also found that PvCKX4 was always upregulated in miR156 overexpressing (miR156OE) transgenic switchgrass lines. Additionally, upregulation of either miR156 or PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the content of isopentenyl adenine (iP) without affecting trans-zeatin (tZ) accumulation. It is consistent with the evidence that the recombinant PvCKX4 protein exhibited much higher catalytic activity against iP than tZ in vitro. Furthermore, our results showed that miR156-targeted SPL2 bound directly to the promoter of PvCKX4 to repress its expression. Thus, alleviating the SPL2-mediated transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 through miR156 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in cytokinin degradation and impaired culm development in switchgrass. On the contrary, suppressing PvCKX4 in miR156OE transgenic plants restored iP content, internode diameter, and length to wild-type levels. Most strikingly, the double transgenic lines retained the same increased tiller numbers as the miR156OE transgenic line, which yielded more biomass than the wild type. These findings indicate that the miR156-SPL module can control culm development through transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass, which provides a promising target for precise design of shoot architecture to yield more biomass from grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yuqing Hang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Min Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Wenwen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lv Z, Zhao W, Kong S, Li L, Lin S. Overview of molecular mechanisms of plant leaf development: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293424. [PMID: 38146273 PMCID: PMC10749370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth initiates in the peripheral region of the meristem at the apex of the stem, eventually forming flat structures. Leaves are pivotal organs in plants, serving as the primary sites for photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Their development is intricately governed by complex regulatory networks. Leaf development encompasses five processes: the leaf primordium initiation, the leaf polarity establishment, leaf size expansion, shaping of leaf, and leaf senescence. The leaf primordia starts from the side of the growth cone at the apex of the stem. Under the precise regulation of a series of genes, the leaf primordia establishes adaxial-abaxial axes, proximal-distal axes and medio-lateral axes polarity, guides the primordia cells to divide and differentiate in a specific direction, and finally develops into leaves of a certain shape and size. Leaf senescence is a kind of programmed cell death that occurs in plants, and as it is the last stage of leaf development. Each of these processes is meticulously coordinated through the intricate interplay among transcriptional regulatory factors, microRNAs, and plant hormones. This review is dedicated to examining the regulatory influences of major regulatory factors and plant hormones on these five developmental aspects of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lv
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxin Kong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Burgess AJ, Masclaux‐Daubresse C, Strittmatter G, Weber APM, Taylor SH, Harbinson J, Yin X, Long S, Paul MJ, Westhoff P, Loreto F, Ceriotti A, Saltenis VLR, Pribil M, Nacry P, Scharff LB, Jensen PE, Muller B, Cohan J, Foulkes J, Rogowsky P, Debaeke P, Meyer C, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Klein Lankhorst R, Parry MAJ, Murchie EH, Baekelandt A. Improving crop yield potential: Underlying biological processes and future prospects. Food Energy Secur 2022; 12:e435. [PMID: 37035025 PMCID: PMC10078444 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population and global increases in the standard of living both result in an increasing demand for food, feed and other plant-derived products. In the coming years, plant-based research will be among the major drivers ensuring food security and the expansion of the bio-based economy. Crop productivity is determined by several factors, including the available physical and agricultural resources, crop management, and the resource use efficiency, quality and intrinsic yield potential of the chosen crop. This review focuses on intrinsic yield potential, since understanding its determinants and their biological basis will allow to maximize the plant's potential in food and energy production. Yield potential is determined by a variety of complex traits that integrate strictly regulated processes and their underlying gene regulatory networks. Due to this inherent complexity, numerous potential targets have been identified that could be exploited to increase crop yield. These encompass diverse metabolic and physical processes at the cellular, organ and canopy level. We present an overview of some of the distinct biological processes considered to be crucial for yield determination that could further be exploited to improve future crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Burgess
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | | | - Günter Strittmatter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory for Biophysics Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Plant Biology and Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy and University of Naples Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR) Milan Italy
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bertrand Muller
- Université de Montpellier ‐ LEPSE – INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | | | - John Foulkes
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- INRAE UMR Plant Reproduction and Development Lyon France
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- IJPB UMR1318 INRAE‐AgroParisTech‐Université Paris Saclay Versailles France
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
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Wang H, Li X, Wolabu T, Wang Z, Liu Y, Tadesse D, Chen N, Xu A, Bi X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Tadege M. WOX family transcriptional regulators modulate cytokinin homeostasis during leaf blade development in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3737-3753. [PMID: 35766878 PMCID: PMC9516142 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific family of WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors is key regulators of embryogenesis, meristem maintenance, and lateral organ development in flowering plants. The modern/WUS clade transcriptional repressor STENOFOLIA/LAMINA1(LAM1), and the intermediate/WOX9 clade transcriptional activator MtWOX9/NsWOX9 antagonistically regulate leaf blade expansion, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. Using transcriptome profiling and biochemical methods, we determined that NsCKX3 is the common target of LAM1 and NsWOX9 in Nicotiana sylvestris. LAM1 and NsWOX9 directly recognize and bind to the same cis-elements in the NsCKX3 promoter to repress and activate its expression, respectively, thus controlling the levels of active cytokinins in vivo. Disruption of NsCKX3 in the lam1 background yielded a phenotype similar to the knockdown of NsWOX9 in lam1, while overexpressing NsCKX3 resulted in narrower and shorter lam1 leaf blades reminiscent of NsWOX9 overexpression in the lam1 mutant. Moreover, we established that LAM1 physically interacts with NsWOX9, and this interaction is required to regulate NsCKX3 transcription. Taken together, our results indicate that repressor and activator WOX members oppositely regulate a common downstream target to function in leaf blade outgrowth, offering a novel insight into the role of local cytokinins in balancing cell proliferation and differentiation during lateral organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Xue Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tezera Wolabu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Ziyao Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Naichong Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Aijiao Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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5
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Du L, Adkins S, Xu M. Leaf Development in Medicago truncatula. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071203. [PMID: 35885986 PMCID: PMC9321518 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Forage yield is largely dependent on leaf development, during which the number of leaves, leaflets, leaf size, and shape are determined. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize recent studies of leaf development in Medicago truncatula, a model plant for legumes, with a focus on factors that could affect biomass of leaves. These include: floral development and related genes, lateral organ boundary genes, auxin biosynthesis, transportation and signaling genes, and WOX related genes.
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6
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Ren H, Chen S, Hou J, Li H. Genome-wide identification, expression analyses of Wuschel-related homeobox (WOX) genes in Brachypodium distachyon and functional characterization of BdWOX12. Gene X 2022; 836:146691. [PMID: 35738446 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As one kind of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs), WOX (Wuschel-related homeobox) plays an essential role in plant growth and development. In this study, 21 WOX TFs were identified in Brachypodium distachyon. They were divided into ancient, intermediate, and WUS clades based on phylogenetic analysis. These 21 BdWOX genes are mapped on 5 chromosomes unevenly. In the promoters, the most abundant cis-elements are ABRE, TGACG-motif, and G-box. qRT-PCR results showed that most BdWOX genes are expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs. Meanwhile, the expression of 14, 12, and 15 BdWOX genes are up-regulated by exogenous 6-BA, NAA, and GA, respectively. These results indicated that BdWOX genes participate in hormone signaling and regulate plant growth and development. Overexpression of BdWOX12 in Arabidopsis improved the root system, further indicating the functions of BdWOX genes in growth and development. This study provided a basis for the functional elucidation of BdWOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Shoukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Jiayuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China.
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7
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He Y, Li M, Wang Y, Shen S. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB44 modulates carotenoid biosynthesis in Ulva prolifera. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Yang R, Wu Z, Bai C, Sun Z, Wang M, Huo Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhou H, Dai S, Liu W, Fu C. Overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass promotes stem development and increases plant height. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:252. [PMID: 34848686 PMCID: PMC8633294 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important perennial, noninvasive, tall ornamental grass that adds color and texture to gardens and landscapes. Moreover, switchgrass has been considered a forage and bioenergy crop because of its vigorous growth, low-input requirements, and broad geography. Here, we identified PvWOX3a from switchgrass, which encodes a WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor. Transgenic overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass increased stem length, internode diameter, and leaf blade length and width, all of which contributed to a 95% average increase in dry weight biomass compared with control plants. Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase assays showed that PvWOX3a can repress the expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase through apparently direct interaction with their promoter sequences. These results suggested that overexpression of PvWOX3a could increase gibberellin and cytokinin levels in transgenic switchgrass plants, which promotes cell division, elongation, and vascular bundle development. We also overexpressed PvWOX3a in a transgenic miR156-overexpressing switchgrass line that characteristically exhibited more tillers, thinner internodes, and narrower leaf blades. Double transgenic switchgrass plants displayed significant increases in internode length and diameter, leaf blade width, and plant height but retained a tiller number comparable to that of plants expressing miR156 alone. Ultimately, the double transgenic switchgrass plants produced 174% more dry-weight biomass and 162% more solubilized sugars on average than control plants. These findings indicated that PvWOX3a is a viable potential genetic target for engineering improved shoot architecture and biomass yield of horticulture, fodder, and biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shanghai Normal University, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuzhu Huo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Grass and Science Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Shanghai Normal University, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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10
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Nakayama H, Rowland SD, Cheng Z, Zumstein K, Kang J, Kondo Y, Sinha NR. Leaf form diversification in an ornamental heirloom tomato results from alterations in two different HOMEOBOX genes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4788-4799.e5. [PMID: 34473947 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.08.287011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Domesticated plants display diverse phenotypic traits. However, the influence of breeding effort on this phenotypic diversity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a single nucleotide deletion in the homeobox motif of BIPINNATA, a BEL-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN gene, led to a highly complex leaf phenotype in an heirloom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Silvery Fir Tree (SiFT), which is used as a landscaping and ornamental plant. A comparative gene network analysis revealed that repression of SOLANIFOLIA, the ortholog of WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX 1, caused the narrow leaflet phenotype seen in SiFT. Comparative genomics indicated that the bip mutation in SiFT likely arose de novo and is unique to SiFT and not introgressed from other tomato genomes. These results provide new insights into the natural variation in phenotypic traits introduced into crops during improvement processes after domestication and establish homeobox genes as evolutionary hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven D Rowland
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zizhang Cheng
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristina Zumstein
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Julie Kang
- Biology Department, University of Northern Iowa, 144 McCollum Science Hall, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Yohei Kondo
- Division of Quantitative Biology, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Higashiyama 5-1, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Tian D, Tang J, Luo L, Zhang Z, Du K, Larkin RM, Shi X, Zheng B. Influence of Switchgrass TDIF-like Genes on Arabidopsis Vascular Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737219. [PMID: 34630487 PMCID: PMC8496505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family, the dodecapeptide tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) has a major impact on vascular development in plants. However, the influence of polymorphisms in the TDIF peptide motif on activity remains poorly understood. The model plant, Arabidopsis provides a fast and effective tool for assaying the activity of TDIF homologs. Five TDIF homologs from a group of 93 CLE genes in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a perennial biomass crop, named PvTDIF-like (PvTDIFL) genes were studied. The expression levels of PvTDIFL1, PvTDIFL3 MR3, and PvTDIFL3 MR2 were relatively high and all of them were expressed at the highest levels in the rachis of switchgrass. The precursor proteins for PvTDIFL1, PvTDIFL3MR3, and PvTDIFL3MR2 contained one, three, and two TDIFL motifs, respectively. Treatments with exogenous PvTDIFL peptides increased the number of stele cells in the hypocotyls of Arabidopsis seedlings, with the exception of PvTDIFL_4p. Heterologous expression of PvTDIFL1 in Arabidopsis strongly inhibited plant growth, increased cell division in the vascular tissue of the hypocotyl, and disrupted the cellular organization of the hypocotyl. Although heterologous expression of PvTDIFL3 MR3 and PvTDIFL3 MR2 also affected plant growth and vascular development, PvTDIFL activity was not enhanced by the multiple TDIFL motifs encoded by PvTDIFL3 MR3 and PvTDIFL3 MR2. These data indicate that in general, PvTDIFLs are functionally similar to Arabidopsis TDIF but that the processing and activities of the PvTDIFL peptides are more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kebing Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: From Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168554. [PMID: 34445260 PMCID: PMC8395325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a procedure commonly used for the in vitro regeneration of shoots from a variety of plant tissues. Shoot regeneration occurs on nutrient media supplemented with the plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and auxin, which play essential roles in this process, and genes involved in their signaling cascades act as master regulators of the different phases of shoot regeneration. In the last 20 years, the genetic regulation of DNSO has been characterized in detail. However, as of today, the CK and auxin signaling events associated with shoot regeneration are often interpreted as a consequence of these hormones simply being present in the regeneration media, whereas the roles for their prior uptake and transport into the cultivated plant tissues are generally overlooked. Additionally, sucrose, commonly added to the regeneration media as a carbon source, plays a signaling role and has been recently shown to interact with CK and auxin and to affect the efficiency of shoot regeneration. In this review, we provide an integrative interpretation of the roles for CK and auxin in the process of DNSO, adding emphasis on their uptake from the regeneration media and their interaction with sucrose present in the media to their complex signaling outputs that mediate shoot regeneration.
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13
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Li W, Ma Q, Yin P, Wen J, Pei Y, Niu L, Lin H. The GA 20-Oxidase Encoding Gene MSD1 Controls the Main Stem Elongation in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709625. [PMID: 34421956 PMCID: PMC8371406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is an important agronomic trait that is closely related to biomass yield and crop production. Despite legumes comprise one of the largest monophyletic families that are second only to grasses in terms of economic and nutritional values, due to an ancient genome duplication event, most legume plants have complex genomes, thus the molecular mechanisms that determine plant height are less known in legumes. Here, we report the identification and characterization of MAIN STEM DWARF1 (MSD1), which is required for the plant height in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Loss of function of MSD1 leads to severely reduced main stem height but normal lateral branch elongation in M. truncatula. Histological analysis revealed that the msd1-1 main stem has shorter internodes with reduced cell size and number compared with the wild type, indicating that MSD1 affects cell elongation and cell proliferation. MSD1 encodes a putative GA 20-oxidase that is expressed at significantly higher levels in the main shoot apex than in the lateral shoot apices, suggesting that MSD1 expression is associated with its effect on the main stem elongation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that GA9 and GA4, two identified products of the GA 20-oxidase, were severely reduced in msd1-1, and the dwarf phenotype of msd1-1 could be rescued by supplementation with gibberellic acid GA3, confirming that MSD1 functions as a biologically active GA 20-oxidase. Moreover, we found that disruption of either MtGA20ox7 or MtGA20ox8, homologs of MSD1, has little effects on the elongation of the main stem, while the msd1-1 mtga20ox7-1 mtga20ox8 triple mutants exhibits a severe short main shoot and lateral branches, as well as reduced leaf size, suggesting that MSD1 and its homologs MtGA20ox7 and MtGA20ox8, redundantly regulate M. truncatula shoot elongation and leaf development. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of MSD1-mediated regulation of main stem elongation in M. truncatula and provide insights into understanding the functional diversity of GA 20-oxidases in optimizing plant architecture in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengcheng Yin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhang P, Liu H, Mysore KS, Wen J, Meng Y, Lin H, Niu L. MtFDa is essential for flowering control and inflorescence development in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153412. [PMID: 33845341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants display a vast diversity of flowering time and inflorescence architecture, which plays an important role in determining seed yield and fruit production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the flowering control and compound inflorescence development, especially in legumes, remain to be elucidated. Here, we reported the identification of MtFDa, an essential regulator of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Mutation of MtFDa, led to the late flowering, abnormal secondary inflorescences as well as severe floral organ defects. Biochemical and molecular analyses revealed that MtFDa physically interacts with M. truncaula FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog, MtFTa1, a key regulator of Medicago flowering time, and this interaction facilitates MtFDa's function in activating the expression of MtSOC1a. Moreover, we demonstrated that MtFDa may affect secondary inflorescence development via regulating MtFULc expression in M. truncatula. Our findings help elucidate the mechanism of MtFDa-mediated regulation of flowering time and inflorescence development and provide insights into understanding the genetic regulatory network underlying complex productive development in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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15
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Tvorogova VE, Krasnoperova EY, Potsenkovskaia EA, Kudriashov AA, Dodueva IE, Lutova LA. What Does the WOX Say? Review of Regulators, Targets, Partners. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332102031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Schneider M, Gonzalez N, Pauwels L, Inzé D, Baekelandt A. The PEAPOD Pathway and Its Potential To Improve Crop Yield. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:220-236. [PMID: 33309102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key strategy to increase plant productivity is to improve intrinsic organ growth. Some of the regulatory networks underlying organ growth and development, as well as the interconnections between these networks, are highly conserved. An example of such a growth-regulatory module with a highly conserved role in final organ size and shape determination in eudicot species is the PEAPOD (PPD)/KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING (KIX)/STERILE APETALA (SAP) module. We review the proteins constituting the PPD pathway and their roles in different plant developmental processes, and explore options for future research. We also speculate on strategies to exploit knowledge about the PPD pathway for targeted yield improvement to engineer crop traits of agronomic interest, such as leaf, fruit, and seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schneider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Wang C, Zhao B, He L, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhao W, Guo S, Wang R, Bai Q, Li Y, Wang D, Wu Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J. The WOX family transcriptional regulator SlLAM1 controls compound leaf and floral organ development in Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1822-1835. [PMID: 33277994 PMCID: PMC7921304 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific WOX family transcription factors play important roles ranging from embryogenesis to lateral organ development. The WOX1 transcription factors, which belong to the modern clade of the WOX family, are known to regulate outgrowth of the leaf blade specifically in the mediolateral axis; however, the role of WOX1 in compound leaf development remains unknown. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole WOX family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) indicates that there are 10 members that represent the modern, intermediate, and ancient clades. Using phylogenetic analysis and a reverse genetic approach, in this study we identified SlLAM1 in the modern clade and examined its function and tissue-specific expression pattern. We found that knocking out SlLAM1 via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing led to narrow leaves and a reduced number of secondary leaflets. Overexpression of tomato SlLAM1 could rescue the defects of the tobacco lam1 mutant. Anatomical and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that floral organ development, fruit size, secondary leaflet initiation, and leaf complexity were altered due to loss-of-function of SlLAM1. These findings demonstrate that tomato SlLAM1 plays an important role in the regulation of secondary leaflet initiation, in addition to its conserved function in blade expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiyue Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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18
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Li Q, Chakrabarti M, Taitano NK, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Al-Abdallat AM, van der Knaap E. Differential expression of SlKLUH controlling fruit and seed weight is associated with changes in lipid metabolism and photosynthesis-related genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1225-1244. [PMID: 33159787 PMCID: PMC7904157 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The sizes of plant organs such as fruit and seed are crucial yield components. Tomato KLUH underlies the locus fw3.2, an important regulator of fruit and seed weight. However, the mechanism by which the expression levels of KLUH affect organ size is poorly understood. We found that higher expression of SlKLUH increased cell proliferation in the pericarp within 5 d post-anthesis in tomato near-isogenic lines. Differential gene expression analyses showed that lower expression of SlKLUH was associated with increased expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Lipidomic analysis revealed that repression of SlKLUH mainly increased the contents of certain non-phosphorus glycerolipids and phospholipids and decreased the contents of four unknown lipids. Co-expression network analyses revealed that lipid metabolism was possibly associated with but not directly controlled by SlKLUH, and that this gene instead controls photosynthesis-related processes. In addition, many transcription factors putatively involved in the KLUH pathway were identified. Collectively, we show that SlKLUH regulates fruit and seed weight which is associated with altered lipid metabolism. The results expand our understanding of fruit and seed weight regulation and offer a valuable resource for functional studies of candidate genes putatively involved in regulation of organ size in tomato and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Manohar Chakrabarti
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nathan K Taitano
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Wolabu TW, Wang H, Tadesse D, Zhang F, Behzadirad M, Tvorogova VE, Abdelmageed H, Liu Y, Chen N, Chen J, Allen RD, Tadege M. WOX9 functions antagonistic to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade expansion in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1582-1597. [PMID: 32964420 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
WOX family transcription factors regulate multiple developmental programs. The intermediate clade transcriptional activator WOX9 functions together with the modern clade transcriptional repressor WOX genes in embryogenesis and meristems maintenance, but the mechanism of this interaction is unclear. STF and LAM1 are WOX1 orthologs required for leaf blade outgrowth in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris, respectively. Using biochemical methods and genome editing technology, here we show that WOX9 is an abaxial factor and functions antagonistically to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade development. While NsWOX9 ectopic expression enhances the lam1 mutant phenotype, and antisense expression partially rescues the lam1 mutant, both overexpression and knockout of NsWOX9 in N. sylvestris resulted in a range of severe leaf blade distortions, indicating important role in blade development. Our results indicate that direct repression of WOX9 by WUS clade repressor STF/LAM1 is required for correct blade architecture and patterning in M. truncatula and N. sylvestris. These findings suggest that controlling transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms by direct interaction of activator and repressor WOX genes may be required for cell proliferation and differentiation homeostasis, and could be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the development of complex and diverse morphology in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezera W Wolabu
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8104, USA
| | - Marjan Behzadirad
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Varvara E Tvorogova
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Haggag Abdelmageed
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza,, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Randy D Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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20
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Ma X, Zhang L, Pei Z, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu D, Hao X, Jin Z, Pei Y. Hydrogen sulfide promotes flowering in heading Chinese cabbage by S-sulfhydration of BraFLCs. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:19. [PMID: 33518701 PMCID: PMC7848000 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. syn. B. campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino var. pekinensis (Rupr.) J. Cao et Sh. Cao) is a cruciferous Brassica vegetable that has a triplicate genome, owing to an ancient genome duplication event. It is unclear whether the duplicated homologs have conserved or diversified functions. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a plant gasotransmitter that plays important physiological roles in growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. The modification of cysteines through S-sulfhydration is an important mechanism of H2S, which regulates protein functions. H2S promotes flowering in Arabidopsis and heading Chinese cabbage. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms of H2S used to promote flowering in the latter. Four, five, and four BraFLC, BraSOC I, and BraFT homologs were identified in heading Chinese cabbage. Different BraFLC proteins were bound to different CArG boxes in the promoter regions of the BraSOC I and BraFT homologs, producing different binding patterns. Thus, there may be functionally diverse BraFLC homologs in heading Chinese cabbage. Exogenous H2S at 100 μmol L-1 significantly promoted flowering by compensating for insufficient vernalization. BraFLC 1 and BraFLC 3 underwent S-sulfhydration by H2S, after which their abilities to bind most BraSOC I or BraFT promoter probes weakened or even disappeared. These changes in binding ability were consistent with the expression pattern of the BraFT and BraSOC I homologs in seedlings treated with H2S. These results indicated that H2S signaling regulates flowering time. In summary, H2S signaling promoted plant flowering by weakening or eliminating the binding abilities of BraFLCs to downstream promoters through S-sulfhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Zhuoya Pei
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Xuefeng Hao
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Zhuping Jin
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China.
| | - Yanxi Pei
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China.
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21
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Wang C, Wang H, Zhu H, Ji W, Hou Y, Meng Y, Wen J, Mysore KS, Li X, Lin H. Genome-wide identification and characterization of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase family genes in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153308. [PMID: 33190018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases (CKXs) play a key role in the irreversible degradation of phytohormone cytokinin that is necessary for various plant growth and development processes. However, thus far, detailed investigations of the CKX gene family in the model legume Medicago truncatula are limited. In this study, we identified 9 putative CKX homologues with conserved FAD- and cytokinin-binding domains in the M. truncatula genome. We analyzed their phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, conserved domain, expression pattern, protein subcellular locations and other properties. The tissue-specific expression profiles of the MtCKX genes are different among different members and these MtCKXs also displayed different patterns in response to synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), suggesting their diverse roles in M. truncatula development. To further understand the biological function of MtCKXs, we identified and characterized mutants of each MtCKX by taking advantage of the Tnt1 mutant population in M. truncatula. Results indicated that M. truncatula plants harboring Tnt1 insertions in each single MtCKX genes showed no morphological changes in aerial parts, suggesting functional redundancy of MtCKXs in M. truncatula shoot development. However, disruption of Medtr4g126160, which is predominantly expressed in roots, leads to an obvious reduced primary root length and increased lateral root number, indicating the specific roles of cytokinin in regulating root architecture. We systematically analyzed the MtCKX gene family at the genome-wide level and revealed their possible roles in M. truncatula shoot and root development, which shed lights on understanding the biological function of CKX family genes in related legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongnan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Grassland Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wenkai Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaling Hou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Xuesen Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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22
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Zhang P, Wang R, Wang X, Mysore KS, Wen J, Meng Y, Gu X, Niu L, Lin H. MtFULc controls inflorescence development by directly repressing MtTFL1 in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153329. [PMID: 33310391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants display a vast diversity of inflorescence architecture, which plays an important role in determining seed yield and fruit production. Unlike the model eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana that has simple inflorescences, most legume plants have compound types of inflorescences. Recent studies in the model legume species Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula showed that the MADS-box transcription factors VEGETATIVE1/PsFRUITFULc/MtFRUITFULc (VEG1/PsFULc and MtFULc) are essential for the development of compound inflorescences by specifying the secondary inflorescence meristem identity. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of two new mtfulc alleles by screening the M. truncatula Tnt1 insertion mutant collection. We found that MtFULc specifies M. truncatula secondary inflorescence meristem identity in a dose-dependent manner. Biochemical analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that MtFULc acts as a transcriptional repressor to directly repress the expression of MtTFL1 through its promoter and 3' intergenic region. Comprehensive genetic analysis suggest MtFULc coordinates with the primary inflorescence meristem maintainer MtTFL1 and floral meristem regulator MtPIM to control M. truncatula inflorescence development. Our findings help to elucidate the mechanism of MtFULc-mediated regulation of secondary inflorescence meristem identity and provide insights into understanding the genetic regulatory network underlying compound inflorescence development in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruiliang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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23
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Tang Y, Li H, Guan Y, Li S, Xun C, Dong Y, Huo R, Guo Y, Bao X, Pei E, Shen Q, Zhou H, Liao J. Genome-Wide Identification of the Physic Nut WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family and Functional Analysis of the Abiotic Stress Responsive Gene JcWOX5. Front Genet 2020; 11:670. [PMID: 32655627 PMCID: PMC7325900 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-specific WOX transcription factors have important regulatory functions in plant development and response to abiotic stress. However, the identification and functional analysis of members of the WOX family have rarely been reported in the physic nut plant until now. Our research identified 12 WOX genes (JcWOXs) in physic nut, and these genes were divided into three groups corresponding to the ancient clade, WUS clade, and intermediate clade. Expression analysis based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR showed that most of the JcWOX genes were expressed in at least one of the tissues tested, whereas five genes were identified as being highly responsive to drought and salt stresses. Subcellular localization analysis in Arabidopsis protoplast cells showed that JcWOX5 encoded a nuclear-localized protein. JcWOX5-overexpression plants increased sensitivity to drought stress, and transgenic plants suggested a lower proline content and CAT activity, higher relative electrolyte leakage, higher MDA content, and higher rate of water loss under drought conditions. Expression of some stress-related genes was obviously lower in the transformed rice lines as compared to their expression in wild-type rice lines under drought stress. Further data on JcWOX5-overexpressing plants reducing drought tolerance verified the potential role of JcWOX genes in responsive to abiotic stress. Collectively, the study provides a foundation for further functional analysis of JcWOX genes and the improvement of physic nut crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yaxin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Shen Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Chunfei Xun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yanyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Rui Huo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Xinxin Bao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Enqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Qianmiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - He Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
| | - Jingjing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
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24
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Yin P, Ma Q, Wang H, Feng D, Wang X, Pei Y, Wen J, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 controls organ size and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1399-1412. [PMID: 31981419 PMCID: PMC7317789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organ size is a major agronomic trait that determines grain yield and biomass production in crops. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling organ size, especially in legumes, are poorly understood. Using forward genetic approaches in a Tnt1 insertion mutant population of the model legume Medicago truncatula, we identified SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1), which is required for the control of organ size and lateral branching. Loss of function of SLB1 led to reduced leaf and flower size but increased lateral branch formation in M. truncatula. SLB1 encodes an F-box protein, an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana STERILE APETALA (SAP), that forms part of an SKP1/Cullin/F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that SLB1 controls M. truncatula organ growth and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 (BS1). Moreover, the overexpression of SLB1 increased seed and leaf size in both M. truncatula and soybean (Glycine max), indicating functional conservation. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which SLB1 targets BS1 for degradation to regulate M. truncatula organ size and shoot branching, providing a new genetic tool for increasing seed yield and biomass production in crop and forage legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
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25
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Meng Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhu B, Liu H, Ji W, Wen J, Chu C, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. The MYB Activator WHITE PETAL1 Associates with MtTT8 and MtWD40-1 to Regulate Carotenoid-Derived Flower Pigmentation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2751-2767. [PMID: 31530734 PMCID: PMC6881138 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of natural tetraterpenoid pigments with indispensable roles in the plant life cycle and the human diet. Although the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, the regulatory mechanisms that control carotenoid metabolism, especially in floral organs, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified an anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB protein, WHITE PETAL1 (WP1), that plays a critical role in regulating floral carotenoid pigmentation in Medicago truncatula Carotenoid analyses showed that the yellow petals of the wild-type M. truncatula contained high concentrations of carotenoids that largely consisted of esterified lutein and that disruption of WP1 function via Tnt1 insertion led to substantially reduced lutein accumulation. WP1 mainly functions as a transcriptional activator and directly regulates the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes including MtLYCe and MtLYCb through its C-terminal acidic activation motif. Further molecular and genetic analyses revealed that WP1 physically interacts with MtTT8 and MtWD40-1 proteins and that this interaction facilitates WP1's function in the transcriptional activation of both carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Our findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of WP1-mediated regulation of floral carotenoid pigmentation and suggest that the conserved MYB-basic-helix-loop-helix-WD40 regulatory module functions in carotenoid biosynthesis in M. truncatula, with specificity imposed by the MYB partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zuoyi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chongnan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Butuo Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenkai Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Chengcai Chu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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26
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Gou J, Tang C, Chen N, Wang H, Debnath S, Sun L, Flanagan A, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Allen RD, Wang ZY. SPL7 and SPL8 represent a novel flowering regulation mechanism in switchgrass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1610-1623. [PMID: 30688366 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aging pathway in flowering regulation is controlled mainly by microRNA156 (miR156). Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal that nine miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) genes are involved in the control of flowering. However, the roles of SPLs in flowering remain elusive in grasses. Inflorescence development in switchgrass was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and EMSA were used to identify regulators of phase transition and flowering. Gene function was characterized by downregulation and overexpression of the target genes. Overexpression of SPL7 and SPL8 promotes flowering, whereas downregulation of individual genes moderately delays flowering. Simultaneous downregulation of SPL7/SPL8 results in extremely delayed or nonflowering plants. Furthermore, downregulation of both genes leads to a vegetative-to-reproductive reversion in the inflorescence, a phenomenon that has not been reported in any other grasses. Detailed analyses demonstrate that SPL7 and SPL8 induce phase transition and flowering in grasses by directly upregulating SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) and MADS32. Thus, the SPL7/8 pathway represents a novel regulatory mechanism in grasses that is largely different from that in Arabidopsis. Additionally, genetic modification of SPL7 and SPL8 results in much taller plants with significantly increased biomass yield and sugar release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Hainan University, Haiko, 570228, China
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Smriti Debnath
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Amy Flanagan
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Randy D Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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27
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Meng Y, Liu H, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhu B, Wang Z, Hou Y, Zhang P, Wen J, Yang H, Mysore KS, Chen J, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. HEADLESS, a WUSCHEL homolog, uncovers novel aspects of shoot meristem regulation and leaf blade development in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:149-163. [PMID: 30272208 PMCID: PMC6305195 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are critical for plant development. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of regulating meristematic cell activity is poorly understood in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Using forward genetic approaches, we identified HEADLESS (HDL), a homolog of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL, required for SAM maintenance and leaf development in M. truncatula. Disruption of HDL led to disorganized specification and arrest of the SAM and axillary meristems, resulting in the hdl mutant being locked in the vegetative phase without apparent stem elongation. hdl mutant leaves are shorter in the proximal-distal axis due to reduced leaf length elongation, which resulted in a higher blade width/length ratio and altered leaf shape, uncovering novel phenotypes undescribed in the Arabidopsis wus mutant. HDL functions as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting MtTPL through its conserved WUS-box and EAR-like motif. Further genetic analysis revealed that HDL and STENOFOLIA (STF), a key regulator of M. truncatula lamina outgrowth, act independently in leaf development although HDL could recruit MtTPL in the same manner as STF does. Our results indicate that HDL has conserved and novel functions in regulating shoot meristems and leaf shape in M. truncatula, providing new avenues for understanding meristem biology and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Butuo Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoyi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Hou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Hongshan Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | | | - Jianghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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28
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Yan J, Liu Y, Wang K, Li D, Hu Q, Zhang W. Overexpression of OsPIL1 enhanced biomass yield and saccharification efficiency in switchgrass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:143-151. [PMID: 30348312 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a herbaceous cellulosic biofuel plant with broad adaptability. However, the intrinsic recalcitrance of biomass and limited land for switchgrass planting hinder its utilization as feedstock for biofuel ethanol production. The OsPIL1 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 1) gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Its expression is induced by light, which facilitated the expression of cell wall-related genes, promoted cell elongation and resulted in longer internode in rice. Here, we introduced the OsPIL1 gene into switchgrass by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the aim of improving biomass yield of transgenic switchgrass plants. The transgenic plants were verified by PCR, Southern-blotting, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR tests, respectively. The transgenic plants overexpression of OsPIL1 showed increased plant height and biomass yield. Microscopy analysis showed that the length of epidermal cells of transgenic plants was longer than that of wild type. OsPIL1 overexpressed transgenic switchgrass plants also released more soluble sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis, indicating improved saccharification efficiency. The results suggest OsPIL1 can be used as a useful molecular tool in improving plant biomass and saccharification efficiency with the purpose of plant fiber biofuel ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Yan
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
| | - Qingquan Hu
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, PR China.
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; National Energy R&D Center for Biomass (NECB), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Vatén A, Soyars CL, Tarr PT, Nimchuk ZL, Bergmann DC. Modulation of Asymmetric Division Diversity through Cytokinin and SPEECHLESS Regulatory Interactions in the Arabidopsis Stomatal Lineage. Dev Cell 2018; 47:53-66.e5. [PMID: 30197241 PMCID: PMC6177308 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated growth of organs requires communication among cells within and between tissues. In plants, leaf growth is largely dictated by the epidermis; here, asymmetric and self-renewing divisions of the stomatal lineage create two essential cell types-pavement cells and guard cells-in proportions reflecting inputs from local, systemic, and environmental cues. The transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH) is the prime regulator of divisions, but whether and how it is influenced by external cues to provide flexible development is enigmatic. Here, we show that the phytohormone cytokinin (CK) can act as an endogenous signal to affect the extent and types of stomatal lineage divisions and forms a regulatory circuit with SPCH. Local domains of low CK signaling are created by SPCH-dependent cell-type-specific activity of two repressive type-A ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs), ARR16 and ARR17, and two secreted peptides, CLE9 and CLE10, which, together with SPCH, can customize epidermal cell-type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Cara L Soyars
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Paul T Tarr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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30
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Zhang N, Yu H, Yu H, Cai Y, Huang L, Xu C, Xiong G, Meng X, Wang J, Chen H, Liu G, Jing Y, Yuan Y, Liang Y, Li S, Smith SM, Li J, Wang Y. A Core Regulatory Pathway Controlling Rice Tiller Angle Mediated by the LAZY1-Dependent Asymmetric Distribution of Auxin. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1461-1475. [PMID: 29915152 PMCID: PMC6096585 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tiller angle in cereals is a key shoot architecture trait that strongly influences grain yield. Studies in rice (Oryza sativa) have implicated shoot gravitropism in the regulation of tiller angle. However, the functional link between shoot gravitropism and tiller angle is unknown. Here, we conducted a large-scale transcriptome analysis of rice shoots in response to gravistimulation and identified two new nodes of a shoot gravitropism regulatory gene network that also controls rice tiller angle. We demonstrate that HEAT STRESS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2D (HSFA2D) is an upstream positive regulator of the LAZY1-mediated asymmetric auxin distribution pathway. We also show that two functionally redundant transcription factor genes, WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX6 (WOX6) and WOX11, are expressed asymmetrically in response to auxin to connect gravitropism responses with the control of rice tiller angle. These findings define upstream and downstream genetic components that link shoot gravitropism, asymmetric auxin distribution, and rice tiller angle. The results highlight the power of the high-temporal-resolution RNA-seq data set and its use to explore further genetic components controlling tiller angle. Collectively, these approaches will identify genes to improve grain yields by facilitating the optimization of plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yueyue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Linzhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanhui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yundong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Steven M Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Nakata MT, Tameshige T, Takahara M, Mitsuda N, Okada K. The functional balance between the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX1 gene and the phytohormone auxin is a key factor for cell proliferation in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:141-154. [PMID: 31819716 PMCID: PMC6879388 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX1 (WOX1) transcription factor and its homolog PRESSED FLOWER (PRS) are multifunctional regulators of leaf development that act as transcriptional repressors. These genes promote cell proliferation under certain conditions, but the related molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we present a new function for WOX1 in cell proliferation. To identify the WOX1 downstream genes, we performed a microarray analysis of shoot apices of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines harboring [35Sp::WOX1-glucocorticoid receptor (GR)] in which the WOX1 function was temporarily enhanced by dexamethasone. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched for the Gene Ontology term "response to auxin stimulus", whereas the significantly upregulated genes contained auxin transport-associated PIN1 and AUX1 and the auxin response factor MP, which are involved in formation of auxin response maxima. Simultaneous treatments of synthetic auxin and dexamethasone induced the formation of green compact calli and the unorganized proliferation of cells in the hypocotyl. A microarray analysis of 35Sp::WOX1-GR plants treated with indole-3-acetic acid and dexamethasone revealed that WOX1 and auxin additively influenced their common downstream genes. Furthermore, in the presence of an auxin-transport inhibitor, cell proliferation during leaf initiation was suppressed in the prs mutant but induced in a broad region of the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem in the ectopic WOX1-expressing line FILp::WOX1. Thus, our results clarify the additive effect of WOX1/PRS and auxin on their common downstream genes and highlight the importance of the balance between their functions in controlling cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki T. Nakata
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-29-861-2641 Fax: +81-29-861-3026
| | - Toshiaki Tameshige
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | | | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Minato, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
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32
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Chen N, Veerappan V, Abdelmageed H, Kang M, Allen RD. HSI2/VAL1 Silences AGL15 to Regulate the Developmental Transition from Seed Maturation to Vegetative Growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:600-619. [PMID: 29475938 PMCID: PMC5894832 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression during seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by transcription factors including LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and LEC2, ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3), known as LAFL proteins, and AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15). The transition from seed maturation to germination and seedling growth requires the transcriptional silencing of these seed maturation-specific factors leading to downregulation of structural genes including those that encode seed storage proteins, oleosins, and dehydrins. During seed germination and vegetative growth, B3-domain protein HSI2/VAL1 is required for the transcriptional silencing of LAFL genes. Here, we report chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicating that HSI2/VAL1 binds to the upstream sequences of the AGL15 gene but not at LEC1, ABI3, FUS3, or LEC2 loci. Functional analysis indicates that the HSI2/VAL1 B3 domain interacts with two RY elements upstream of the AGL15 coding region and at least one of them is required for HSI2/VAL1-dependent AGL15 repression. Expression analysis of the major seed maturation regulatory genes LEC1, ABI3, FUS3, and LEC2 in different genetic backgrounds demonstrates that HSI2/VAL1 is epistatic to AGL15 and represses the seed maturation regulatory program through downregulation of AGL15 by deposition of H3K27me3 at this locus. This hypothesis is further supported by results that show that HSI2/VAL1 physically interacts with the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 component protein MSI1, which is also enriched at the AGL15 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
| | - Vijaykumar Veerappan
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, Connecticut 06226
| | - Haggag Abdelmageed
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Miyoung Kang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
| | - Randy D Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
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33
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Yang J, Udvardi M. Senescence and nitrogen use efficiency in perennial grasses for forage and biofuel production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:855-865. [PMID: 29444307 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organ senescence is an important developmental process in plants that enables recycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, to maximize reproductive success. Nitrogen is the mineral nutrient required in greatest amount by plants, although soil-N limits plant productivity in many natural and agricultural systems, especially systems that receive little or no fertilizer-N. Use of industrial N-fertilizers in agriculture increased crop yields several fold over the past century, although at substantial cost to fossil energy reserves and the environment. Therefore, it is important to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in agricultural systems. Organ senescence contributes to NUE in plants and manipulation of senescence in plant breeding programs is a promising approach to improve NUE in agriculture. Much of what we know about plant senescence comes from research on annual plants, which provide most of the food for humans. Relatively little work has been done on senescence in perennial plants, especially perennial grasses, which provide much of the forage for grazing animals and promise to supply much of the biomass required by the future biofuel industry. Here, we review briefly what is known about senescence from studies of annual plants, before presenting current knowledge about senescence in perennial grasses and its relationship to yield, quality, and NUE. While higher yield is a common target, desired N-content diverges between forage and biofuel crops. We discuss how senescence programs might be altered to produce high-yielding, stress-tolerant perennial grasses with high-N (protein) for forage or low-N for biofuels in systems optimized for NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiading Yang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, USA
- Bioenergy Sciences Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, USA
- Bioenergy Sciences Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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34
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Honda E, Yew CL, Yoshikawa T, Sato Y, Hibara KI, Itoh JI. LEAF LATERAL SYMMETRY1, a Member of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX3 Gene Family, Regulates Lateral Organ Development Differentially from Other Paralogs, NARROW LEAF2 and NARROW LEAF3 in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:376-391. [PMID: 29272531 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In several eudicot species, one copy of each member of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) gene family, WOX1 and WOX3, is redundantly or differentially involved in lateral leaf outgrowth, whereas only the WOX3 gene regulating the lateral domain of leaf development has been reported in grass. In this study, we show that a WOX3 gene, LEAF LATERAL SYMMETRY1 (LSY1), regulates lateral leaf development in a different manner ftom that of other duplicated paralogs of WOX3, NARROW LEAF2 (NAL2)/NAL3, in rice. A loss-of-function mutant of LSY1 exhibited an asymmetrical defect from early leaf development, which is different from a symmetric defect in a double loss-of-function mutant of NAL2/3, whereas the expression of both genes was observed in a similar domain in the margins of leaf primordia. Unlike NAL2/3, overexpression of LSY1 produced malformed leaves whose margins were curled adaxially. Expression domains and the level of adaxial/abaxial marker genes were affected in the LSY1-overexpressing plants, indicating that LSY1 is involved in regulation of adaxial-abaxial patterning at the margins of the leaf primordia. Additive phenotypes in some leaf traits of lsy1 nal2/3 triple mutants and the unchanged level of NAL2/3 expression in the lsy1 background suggested that LSY1 regulates lateral leaf development independently of NAL2/3. Our results indicated that all of the rice WOX3 genes are involved in leaf lateral outgrowth, but the functions of LSY1 and NAL2/3 have diverged. We propose that the function of WOX3 and the regulatory mode of leaf development in rice are comparable with those of WOX1/WOX3 in eudicot species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Chow-Lih Yew
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hibara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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35
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Zhao J, Chen L, Zhao T, Gai J. Chicken Toes-Like Leaf and Petalody Flower (CTP) is a novel regulator that controls leaf and flower development in soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5565-5581. [PMID: 29077868 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A soybean mutant displaying chicken toes-like leaves and petalody flowers was identified as being caused by a single recessive gene, termed ctp. Using heterozygous-inbred recombinants, this gene was fine-mapped to a 37-kb region harbouring three predicted genes on chromosome 5. The gene Glyma05g022400.1 was detected to have a 33-bp deletion in its first exon that was responsible for ctp. Validation for this gene was provided by the fact that the 33-bp deletion-derived marker I2 completely co-segregated with the phenotypes of 96 F10-derived residual heterozygous lines and 2200 fine-mapping individuals, and by the fact that the orthologue NbCTP in Nicotiana benthamiana also influenced leaf and flower development under virus-induced gene silencing. In terms of characterization, the CTPs shared highly conserved domains specifically in higher plants, GmCTP was alternatively spliced, and it was expressed in multiple organs, especially in lateral meristems. GmCTP was localized to the nucleus and other regions and performed transcriptional activity. In ctp, the expression levels and splicing patterns were dramatically disrupted, and many key regulators in leaf and/or floral developmental pathways were interrupted. Thus, CTP is a novel and critical pleiotropic regulator of leaf and flower development that participates in multiple regulation pathways, and may play key roles in lateral organ differentiation as a putative novel transcription regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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36
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Identification and Functional Divergence Analysis of WOX Gene Family in Paper Mulberry. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081782. [PMID: 28813005 PMCID: PMC5578171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) is a plant-specific transcription factor involved in plant development and stress response. However, few studies have been reported on the WOX gene in woody plants. In this study, 10 BpWOX genes were isolated from paper mulberry by RACE-PCR and categorized into three clades through phylogenetic analysis, ancient, intermediate and WUS clade. Among them, five members had the transcriptional activity detected by yeast one-hybrid and seven were uniquely localized to the nucleus through green fluorescent protein (GFP) observation. The expression patterns of BpWOX genes in different tissues and under diverse treatments were quantified by the qRT-PCR method. Results showed that BpWUS was expressed in the apical bud, stem and root, BpWOX5 and BpWOX7 functioned only in the root tip, and three BpWOXs regulated leaf development redundantly. BpWOX9 and BpWOX10 were induced by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or jasmonic acid (JA), while BpWOX2 was repressed by five phytohormones. Interestingly, most BpWOX genes were responsive to the abiotic stress stimuli of drought, salt, cold, and cadmium (CdCl2). Together, our study revealed that BpWOXs were functionally divergent during paper mulberry development and environmental adaptation, which might be related to their evolutionary relationships. Our work will benefit the systematic understanding of the precise function of WOX in plant development and environmental stress responses.
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37
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Guo J, Cao K, Li Y, Yao JL, Deng C, Wang Q, Zhu G, Fang W, Chen C, Wang X, Guan L, Ding T, Wang L. Comparative Transcriptome and Microscopy Analyses Provide Insights into Flat Shape Formation in Peach ( Prunus persica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2215. [PMID: 29354151 PMCID: PMC5758543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit shape is an important external characteristic that consumers use to select preferred fruit cultivars. In peach, the flat fruit cultivars have become more and more popular worldwide. Genetic markers closely linking to the flat fruit trait have been identified and are useful for marker-assisted breeding. However, the cellular and genetic mechanisms underpinning flat fruit formation are still poorly understood. In this study, we have revealed the differences in fruit cell number, cell size, and in gene expression pattern between the traditional round fruit and modern flat fruit cultivars. Flat peach cultivars possessed significantly lower number of cells in the vertical axis because cell division in the vertical direction stopped early in the flat fruit cultivars at 15 DAFB (day after full bloom) than in round fruit cultivars at 35 DAFB. This resulted in the reduction in vertical development in the flat fruit. Significant linear relationship was observed between fruit vertical diameter and cell number in vertical axis for the four examined peach cultivars (R2 = 0.9964) at maturation stage, and was also observed between fruit vertical diameter and fruit weight (R2 = 0.9605), which indicated that cell number in vertical direction contributed to the flat shape formation. Furthermore, in RNA-seq analysis, 4165 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by comparing RNA-seq data between flat and round peach cultivars at different fruit development stages. In contrast to previous studies, we discovered 28 candidate genes potentially responsible for the flat shape formation, including 19 located in the mapping site and 9 downstream genes. Our study indicates that flat and round fruit shape in peach is primarily determined by the regulation of cell production in the vertical direction during early fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gengrui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weichao Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changwen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiyu Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lirong Wang,
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