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Lockshin ER, Calakos N. The integrated stress response in brain diseases: A double-edged sword for proteostasis and synapses. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 87:102886. [PMID: 38901329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a highly conserved biochemical pathway that regulates protein synthesis. The ISR is activated in response to diverse stressors to restore cellular homeostasis. As such, the ISR is implicated in a wide range of diseases, including brain disorders. However, in the brain, the ISR also has potent influence on processes beyond proteostasis, namely synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Thus, in the setting of brain diseases, ISR activity may have dual effects on proteostasis and synaptic function. In this review, we consider the ISR's contribution to brain disorders through the lens of its potential effects on synaptic plasticity. From these examples, we illustrate that at times ISR activity may be a "double-edged sword". We also highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to improve circuit function in brain diseases independent of its role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Lockshin
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Burnett SB, Culver AM, Simon TA, Rowson T, Frederick K, Palmer K, Murray SA, Davis SW, Patel RC. A frameshift mutation in the murine Prkra gene causes dystonia and exhibits abnormal cerebellar development and reduced eIF2α phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597421. [PMID: 38895245 PMCID: PMC11185611 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in Prkra gene, which encodes PACT/RAX cause early onset primary dystonia DYT-PRKRA, a movement disorder that disrupts coordinated muscle movements. PACT/RAX activates protein kinase R (PKR, aka EIF2AK2) by a direct interaction in response to cellular stressors to mediate phosphorylation of the α subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Mice homozygous for a naturally arisen, recessively inherited frameshift mutation, Prkra lear-5J exhibit progressive dystonia. In the present study, we investigate the biochemical and developmental consequences of the Prkra lear-5J mutation. Our results indicate that the truncated PACT/RAX protein retains its ability to interact with PKR, however, it inhibits PKR activation. Furthermore, mice homozygous for the mutation have abnormalities in the cerebellar development as well as a severe lack of dendritic arborization of Purkinje neurons. Additionally, reduced eIF2α phosphorylation is noted in the cerebellums and Purkinje neurons of the homozygous Prkra lear-5J mice. These results indicate that PACT/RAX mediated regulation of PKR activity and eIF2α phosphorylation plays a role in cerebellar development and contributes to the dystonia phenotype resulting from this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristina Palmer
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St., Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Courtin E, Poblete NH, Clot F, Guehl D, Burbaud P. Late-onset parkinsonism in a patient with a novel frameshift THAP1 variant. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 123:105900. [PMID: 37945392 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Courtin
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France; Institut des maladies neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Fabienne Clot
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Neurogenetics Functional Unit, AP-HP Sorbonne University Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France; Institut des maladies neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Burbaud
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France; Institut des maladies neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR, 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Lewis SA, Forstrom J, Tavani J, Schafer R, Tiede Z, Padilla-Lopez SR, Kruer MC. eIF2α phosphorylation evokes dystonia-like movements with D2-receptor and cholinergic origin and abnormal neuronal connectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594240. [PMID: 38798458 PMCID: PMC11118466 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dystonia is the 3rd most common movement disorder. Dystonia is acquired through either injury or genetic mutations, with poorly understood molecular and cellular mechanisms. Eukaryotic initiation factor alpha (eIF2α) controls cell state including neuronal plasticity via protein translation control and expression of ATF4. Dysregulated eIF2α phosphorylation (eIF2α-P) occurs in dystonia patients and models including DYT1, but the consequences are unknown. We increased/decreased eIF2α-P and tested motor control and neuronal properties in a Drosophila model. Bidirectionally altering eIF2α-P produced dystonia-like abnormal posturing and dyskinetic movements in flies. These movements were also observed with expression of the DYT1 risk allele. We identified cholinergic and D2-receptor neuroanatomical origins of these dyskinetic movements caused by genetic manipulations to dystonia molecular candidates eIF2α-P, ATF4, or DYT1, with evidence for decreased cholinergic release. In vivo, increased and decreased eIF2α-P increase synaptic connectivity at the NMJ with increased terminal size and bouton synaptic release sites. Long-term treatment of elevated eIF2α-P with ISRIB restored adult longevity, but not performance in a motor assay. Disrupted eIF2α-P signaling may alter neuronal connectivity, change synaptic release, and drive motor circuit changes in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Lewis
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jacob Forstrom
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Tavani
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Schafer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zach Tiede
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sergio R Padilla-Lopez
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Programs in Neuroscience, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
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Calakos N, Caffall ZF. The integrated stress response pathway and neuromodulator signaling in the brain: lessons learned from dystonia. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e177833. [PMID: 38557486 PMCID: PMC10977992 DOI: 10.1172/jci177833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a highly conserved biochemical pathway involved in maintaining proteostasis and cell health in the face of diverse stressors. In this Review, we discuss a relatively noncanonical role for the ISR in neuromodulatory neurons and its implications for synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Beyond its roles in stress response, the ISR has been extensively studied in the brain, where it potently influences learning and memory, and in the process of synaptic plasticity, which is a substrate for adaptive behavior. Recent findings demonstrate that some neuromodulatory neuron types engage the ISR in an "always-on" mode, rather than the more canonical "on-demand" response to transient perturbations. Atypical demand for the ISR in neuromodulatory neurons introduces an additional mechanism to consider when investigating ISR effects on synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. This basic science discovery emerged from a consideration of how the ISR might be contributing to human disease. To highlight how, in scientific discovery, the route from starting point to outcomes can often be circuitous and full of surprise, we begin by describing our group's initial introduction to the ISR, which arose from a desire to understand causes for a rare movement disorder, dystonia. Ultimately, the unexpected connection led to a deeper understanding of its fundamental role in the biology of neuromodulatory neurons, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Neurobiology, and
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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Diaw SH, Delcambre S, Much C, Ott F, Kostic VS, Gajos A, Münchau A, Zittel S, Busch H, Grünewald A, Klein C, Lohmann K. DYT-THAP1: exploring gene expression in fibroblasts for potential biomarker discovery. Neurogenetics 2024; 25:141-147. [PMID: 38498291 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Dystonia due to pathogenic variants in the THAP1 gene (DYT-THAP1) shows variable expressivity and reduced penetrance of ~ 50%. Since THAP1 encodes a transcription factor, modifiers influencing this variability likely operate at the gene expression level. This study aimed to assess the transferability of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in neuronal cells related to pathogenic variants in the THAP1 gene, which were previously identified by transcriptome analyses. For this, we performed quantitative (qPCR) and Digital PCR (dPCR) in cultured fibroblasts. RNA was extracted from THAP1 manifesting (MMCs) and non-manifesting mutation carriers (NMCs) as well as from healthy controls. The expression profiles of ten of 14 known neuronal DEGs demonstrated differences in fibroblasts between these three groups. This included transcription factors and targets (ATF4, CLN3, EIF2A, RRM1, YY1), genes involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling (BDKRB2, LPAR1), and a gene linked to apoptosis and DNA replication/repair (CRADD), which all showed higher expression levels in MMCs and NMCs than in controls. Moreover, the analysis of genes linked to neurological disorders (STXBP1, TOR1A) unveiled differences in expression patterns between MMCs and controls. Notably, the genes CUEDC2, DRD4, ECH1, and SIX2 were not statistically significantly differentially expressed in fibroblast cultures. With > 70% of the tested genes being DEGs also in fibroblasts, fibroblasts seem to be a suitable model for DYT-THAP1 research despite some restrictions. Furthermore, at least some of these DEGs may potentially also serve as biomarkers of DYT-THAP1 and influence its penetrance and expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Delcambre
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Much
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir S Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Agata Gajos
- Department of Extrapyramidal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, 90-647, Poland
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Thomsen M, Lange LM, Zech M, Lohmann K. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Dystonia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:99-131. [PMID: 37738511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
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Yellajoshyula D. Transcriptional regulatory network for neuron-glia interactions and its implication for DYT6 dystonia. DYSTONIA (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:11796. [PMID: 38737544 PMCID: PMC11087070 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have identified novel genes associated with inherited forms of dystonia, providing valuable insights into its genetic basis and revealing diverse genetic pathways and mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology. Since identifying genetic variation in the transcription factor coding THAP1 gene linked to isolated dystonia, numerous investigations have employed transcriptomic studies in DYT-THAP1 models to uncover pathogenic molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. This review examines key findings from transcriptomic studies conducted on in vivo and in vitro DYT-THAP1 models, which demonstrate that the THAP1-regulated transcriptome is diverse and cell-specific, yet it is bound and co-regulated by a common set of proteins. Prominent among its functions, THAP1 and its co-regulatory network target molecular pathways critical for generating myelinating oligodendrocytes that ensheath axons and generate white matter in the central nervous system. Several lines of investigation have demonstrated the importance of myelination and oligodendrogenesis in motor function during development and in adults, emphasizing the non-cell autonomous contributions of glial cells to neural circuits involved in motor function. Further research on the role of myelin abnormalities in motor deficits in DYT6 models will enhance our understanding of axon-glia interactions in dystonia pathophysiology and provide potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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Harrer P, Škorvánek M, Kittke V, Dzinovic I, Borngräber F, Thomsen M, Mandel V, Svorenova T, Ostrozovicova M, Kulcsarova K, Berutti R, Busch H, Ott F, Kopajtich R, Prokisch H, Kumar KR, Mencacci NE, Kurian MA, Di Fonzo A, Boesch S, Kühn AA, Blümlein U, Lohmann K, Haslinger B, Weise D, Jech R, Winkelmann J, Zech M. Dystonia Linked to EIF4A2 Haploinsufficiency: A Disorder of Protein Translation Dysfunction. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1914-1924. [PMID: 37485550 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein synthesis is a tightly controlled process, involving a host of translation-initiation factors and microRNA-associated repressors. Variants in the translational regulator EIF2AK2 were first linked to neurodevelopmental-delay phenotypes, followed by their implication in dystonia. Recently, de novo variants in EIF4A2, encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A isoform 2 (eIF4A2), have been described in pediatric cases with developmental delay and intellectual disability. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the role of EIF4A2 variants in dystonic conditions. METHODS We undertook an unbiased search for likely deleterious variants in mutation-constrained genes among 1100 families studied with dystonia. Independent cohorts were screened for EIF4A2 variants. Western blotting and immunocytochemical studies were performed in patient-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS We report the discovery of a novel heterozygous EIF4A2 frameshift deletion (c.896_897del) in seven patients from two unrelated families. The disease was characterized by adolescence- to adulthood-onset dystonia with tremor. In patient-derived fibroblasts, eIF4A2 production amounted to only 50% of the normal quantity. Reduction of eIF4A2 was associated with abnormally increased levels of IMP1, a target of Ccr4-Not, the complex that interacts with eIF4A2 to mediate microRNA-dependent translational repression. By complementing the analyses with fibroblasts bearing EIF4A2 biallelic mutations, we established a correlation between IMP1 expression alterations and eIF4A2 functional dosage. Moreover, eIF4A2 and Ccr4-Not displayed significantly diminished colocalization in dystonia patient cells. Review of international databases identified EIF4A2 deletion variants (c.470_472del, c.1144_1145del) in another two dystonia-affected pedigrees. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that EIF4A2 haploinsufficiency underlies a previously unrecognized dominant dystonia-tremor syndrome. The data imply that translational deregulation is more broadly linked to both early neurodevelopmental phenotypes and later-onset dystonic conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Harrer
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matej Škorvánek
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Volker Kittke
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Dzinovic
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Borngräber
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vanessa Mandel
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatiana Svorenova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Ostrozovicova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristina Kulcsarova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Kopajtich
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Translational Neurogenomics Group, Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Clinical School, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Niccolo E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Department of Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blümlein
- Department of Pediatrics, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - David Weise
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Fachklinikum Stadtroda, Stadtroda, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Fan Y, Si Z, Wang L, Zhang L. DYT- TOR1A dystonia: an update on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1216929. [PMID: 37638318 PMCID: PMC10448058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1216929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT-TOR1A dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal movements. It is a severe genetic form of dystonia caused by mutations in the TOR1A gene. TorsinA is a member of the AAA + family of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) involved in a variety of cellular functions, including protein folding, lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, and nucleocytoskeletal coupling. Almost all patients with TOR1A-related dystonia harbor the same mutation, an in-frame GAG deletion (ΔGAG) in the last of its 5 exons. This recurrent variant results in the deletion of one of two tandem glutamic acid residues (i.e., E302/303) in a protein named torsinA [torsinA(△E)]. Although the mutation is hereditary, not all carriers will develop DYT-TOR1A dystonia, indicating the involvement of other factors in the disease process. The current understanding of the pathophysiology of DYT-TOR1A dystonia involves multiple factors, including abnormal protein folding, signaling between neurons and glial cells, and dysfunction of the protein quality control system. As there are currently no curative treatments for DYT-TOR1A dystonia, progress in research provides insight into its pathogenesis, leading to potential therapeutic and preventative strategies. This review summarizes the latest research advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of DYT-TOR1A dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhibo Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Rey Hipolito AG, van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Physiology of Dystonia: Animal Studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:163-215. [PMID: 37482392 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is currently ranked as the third most prevalent motor disorder. It is typically characterized by involuntary muscle over- or co-contractions that can cause painful abnormal postures and jerky movements. Dystonia is a heterogenous disorder-across patients, dystonic symptoms vary in their severity, body distribution, temporal pattern, onset, and progression. There are also a growing number of genes that are associated with hereditary dystonia. In addition, multiple brain regions are associated with dystonic symptoms in both genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. The heterogeneity of dystonia has made it difficult to fully understand its underlying pathophysiology. However, the use of animal models has been used to uncover the complex circuit mechanisms that lead to dystonic behaviors. Here, we summarize findings from animal models harboring mutations in dystonia-associated genes and phenotypic animal models with overt dystonic motor signs resulting from spontaneous mutations, neural circuit perturbations, or pharmacological manipulations. Taken together, an emerging picture depicts dystonia as a result of brain-wide network dysfunction driven by basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction. In the basal ganglia, changes in dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic signaling are found across different animal models. In the cerebellum, abnormal burst firing activity is observed in multiple dystonia models. We are now beginning to unveil the extent to which these structures mechanistically interact with each other. Such mechanisms inspire the use of pre-clinical animal models that will be used to design new therapies including drug treatments and brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro G Rey Hipolito
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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12
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El Atiallah I, Bonsi P, Tassone A, Martella G, Biella G, Castagno AN, Pisani A, Ponterio G. Synaptic Dysfunction in Dystonia: Update From Experimental Models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2310-2322. [PMID: 37464831 PMCID: PMC10556390 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230718100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia, the third most common movement disorder, refers to a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases characterized by involuntary, sustained or intermittent muscle contractions resulting in repetitive twisting movements and abnormal postures. In the last few years, several studies on animal models helped expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. These findings have reinforced the notion that the synaptic alterations found mainly in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including the abnormal neurotransmitters signalling, receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity, are a common hallmark of different forms of dystonia. In this review, we focus on the major contribution provided by rodent models of DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT/ PARK-GCH1, DYT/PARK-TH and DYT-SGCE dystonia, which reveal that an abnormal motor network and synaptic dysfunction represent key elements in the pathophysiology of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham El Atiallah
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tassone
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Biella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio N. Castagno
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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13
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Bukhari-Parlakturk N, Frucht SJ. Isolated and combined dystonias: Update. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:425-442. [PMID: 37620082 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with a unique motor phenomenology that can manifest as an isolated clinical syndrome or combined with other neurological features. This chapter reviews the characteristic features of dystonia phenomenology and the syndromic approach to evaluating the disorders that may allow us to differentiate the isolated and combined syndromes. We also present the most common types of isolated and combined dystonia syndromes. Since accelerated gene discoveries have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dystonia pathogenesis, we also present isolated and combined dystonia syndromes by shared biological pathways. Examples of these converging mechanisms of the isolated and combined dystonia syndromes include (1) disruption of the integrated response pathway through eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha signaling, (2) disease of dopaminergic signaling, (3) alterations in the cerebello-thalamic pathway, and (4) disease of protein mislocalization and stability. The discoveries that isolated and combined dystonia syndromes converge in shared biological pathways will aid in the development of clinical trials and therapeutic strategies targeting these convergent molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Bukhari-Parlakturk
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Division, Duke University (NBP), Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Steven J Frucht
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine (SJF), New York, NY, United States
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14
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Cheng F, Zheng W, Barbuti PA, Bonsi P, Liu C, Casadei N, Ponterio G, Meringolo M, Admard J, Dording CM, Yu-Taeger L, Nguyen HP, Grundmann-Hauser K, Ott T, Houlden H, Pisani A, Krüger R, Riess O. DYT6 mutated THAP1 is a cell type dependent regulator of the SP1 family. Brain 2022; 145:3968-3984. [PMID: 35015830 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT6 dystonia is caused by mutations in the transcription factor THAP1. THAP1 knock-out or knock-in mouse models revealed complex gene expression changes, which are potentially responsible for the pathogenesis of DYT6 dystonia. However, how THAP1 mutations lead to these gene expression alterations and whether the gene expression changes are also reflected in the brain of THAP1 patients are still unclear. In this study we used epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches combined with multiple model systems [THAP1 patients' frontal cortex, THAP1 patients' induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons, THAP1 heterozygous knock-out rat model, and THAP1 heterozygous knock-out SH-SY5Y cell lines] to uncover a novel function of THAP1 and the potential pathogenesis of DYT6 dystonia. We observed that THAP1 targeted only a minority of differentially expressed genes caused by its mutation. THAP1 mutations lead to dysregulation of genes mainly through regulation of SP1 family members, SP1 and SP4, in a cell type dependent manner. Comparing global differentially expressed genes detected in THAP1 patients' iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons and THAP1 heterozygous knock-out rat striatum, we observed many common dysregulated genes and 61 of them were involved in dystonic syndrome-related pathways, like synaptic transmission, nervous system development, and locomotor behaviour. Further behavioural and electrophysiological studies confirmed the involvement of these pathways in THAP1 knock-out rats. Taken together, our study characterized the function of THAP1 and contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of primary dystonia in humans and rats. As SP1 family members were dysregulated in some neurodegenerative diseases, our data may link THAP1 dystonia to multiple neurological diseases and may thus provide common treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Cheng
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Antony Barbuti
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claire Marie Dording
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Libo Yu-Taeger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Ott
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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15
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Salazar Leon LE, Sillitoe RV. Potential Interactions Between Cerebellar Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbances in Dystonia. DYSTONIA 2022; 1. [PMID: 37065094 PMCID: PMC10099477 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder. It causes debilitating twisting postures that are accompanied by repetitive and sometimes intermittent co- or over-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Historically diagnosed as a basal ganglia disorder, dystonia is increasingly considered a network disorder involving various brain regions including the cerebellum. In certain etiologies of dystonia, aberrant motor activity is generated in the cerebellum and the abnormal signals then propagate through a “dystonia circuit” that includes the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Importantly, it has been reported that non-motor defects can accompany the motor symptoms; while their severity is not always correlated, it is hypothesized that common pathways may nevertheless be disrupted. In particular, circadian dysfunction and disordered sleep are common non-motor patient complaints in dystonia. Given recent evidence suggesting that the cerebellum contains a circadian oscillator, displays sleep-stage-specific neuronal activity, and sends robust long-range projections to several subcortical regions involved in circadian rhythm regulation, disordered sleep in dystonia may result from cerebellum-mediated dysfunction of the dystonia circuit. Here, we review the evidence linking dystonia, cerebellar network dysfunction, and cerebellar involvement in sleep. Together, these ideas may form the basis for the development of improved pharmacological and surgical interventions that could take advantage of cerebellar circuitry to restore normal motor function as well as non-motor (sleep) behaviors in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Salazar Leon
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Roy V. Sillitoe, Tel: 832-824-8913, Fax: 832-825-1251,
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16
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Diaw SH, Ott F, Münchau A, Lohmann K, Busch H. Emerging role of a systems biology approach to elucidate factors of reduced penetrance: transcriptional changes in THAP1-linked dystonia as an example. MED GENET-BERLIN 2022; 34:131-141. [PMID: 38835919 PMCID: PMC11006298 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2022-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in THAP1 can cause dystonia with a penetrance of about 50 %. The underlying mechanisms are unknown and can be considered as means of endogenous disease protection. Since THAP1 encodes a transcription factor, drivers of this variability putatively act at the transcriptome level. Several transcriptome studies tried to elucidate THAP1 function in diverse cellular and mouse models, including mutation carrier-derived cells and iPSC-derived neurons, unveiling various differentially expressed genes and affected pathways. These include nervous system development, dopamine signalling, myelination, or cell-cell adhesion. A network diffusion analysis revealed mRNA splicing, mitochondria, DNA repair, and metabolism as significant pathways that may represent potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokhna Haissatou Diaw
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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17
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Genetic screening in patients of Meige syndrome and blepharospasm. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3683-3694. [PMID: 35044558 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia, including bilateral eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). Up to now, the pathogenic genes of MS and BSP are still unclear. METHODS We performed Sanger sequencing of GNAL, TOR1A, TOR2A, THAP1, and REEP4 exons on 78 patients, including 53 BSP and 25 MS and 96 healthy controls. RESULTS c.845G > C[R282P] of TOR1A, c.629delC[p.Gly210AlafsTer60] of TOR2A, c.1322A > G[N441S] of GNAL, c.446G > A[R149Q], and c.649C > T[R217C] of REEP4 were identified and predicated as deleterious probably damaging variants. Three potential alterations of splicing variants of TOR1A and TOR2A were identified in patients. The frequencies of TOR1A rs1435566780 and THAP1 rs545930392 were higher in patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS TOR1A rs1435566780 (c.*16G > C(G > A)) and THAP1 rs545930392 (c.192G > A[K64K]) may contribute to the etiology of MS and BSP. Other identified rare mutations predicted as deleterious probably damaging need further confirmation. Larger MS and BSP cohorts and functional studies will need to be performed further to elucidate the association between these genes and the diseases.
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18
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Kou L, Yang N, Dong B, Yang J, Song Y, Li Y, Qin Q. Circular RNA testis-expressed 14 overexpression induces apoptosis and suppresses migration of ox-LDL-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells via regulating the microRNA 6509-3p/thanatos-associated domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13150-13161. [PMID: 35635088 PMCID: PMC9275967 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Kou
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqiu Song
- Institute of Cardiology Research, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
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19
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Vaughn LS, Frederick K, Burnett SB, Sharma N, Bragg DC, Camargos S, Cardoso F, Patel RC. DYT- PRKRA Mutation P222L Enhances PACT's Stimulatory Activity on Type I Interferon Induction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:713. [PMID: 35625640 PMCID: PMC9138762 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT-PRKRA (dystonia 16 or DYT-PRKRA) is caused by mutations in the PRKRA gene that encodes PACT, the protein activator of interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). PACT participates in several cellular pathways, of which its role as a PKR activator protein during integrated stress response (ISR) is the best characterized. Previously, we have established that the DYT-PRKRA mutations cause enhanced activation of PKR during ISR to sensitize DYT-PRKRA cells to apoptosis. In this study, we evaluate if the most prevalent substitution mutation reported in DYT-PRKRA patients alters PACT's functional role in induction of type I IFNs via the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling. Our results indicate that the P222L mutation augments PACT's ability to induce IFN β in response to dsRNA and the basal expression of IFN β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is higher in DYT-PRKRA patient cells compared to cells from the unaffected controls. Additionally, IFN β and ISGs are also induced at higher levels in DYT-PRKRA cells in response to dsRNA. These results offer a new avenue for investigations directed towards understanding the underlying molecular pathomechanisms in DYT-PRKRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.S.V.); (K.F.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Kenneth Frederick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.S.V.); (K.F.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Samuel B. Burnett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.S.V.); (K.F.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.S.); (D.C.B.)
| | - D. Cristopher Bragg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (N.S.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Sarah Camargos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Francisco Cardoso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Rekha C. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (L.S.V.); (K.F.); (S.B.B.)
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20
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Yellajoshyula D, Rogers AE, Kim AJ, Kim S, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. A pathogenic DYT-THAP1 dystonia mutation causes hypomyelination and loss of YY1 binding. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1096-1104. [PMID: 34686877 PMCID: PMC8976427 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling disease that manifests as prolonged involuntary twisting movements. DYT-THAP1 is an inherited form of isolated dystonia caused by mutations in THAP1 encoding the transcription factor THAP1. The phe81leu (F81L) missense mutation is representative of a category of poorly understood mutations that do not occur on residues critical for DNA binding. Here, we demonstrate that the F81L mutation (THAP1F81L) impairs THAP1 transcriptional activity and disrupts CNS myelination. Strikingly, THAP1F81L exhibits normal DNA binding but causes a significantly reduced DNA binding of YY1, its transcriptional partner that also has an established role in oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Our results suggest a model of molecular pathogenesis whereby THAP1F81L normally binds DNA but is unable to efficiently organize an active transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail E Rogers
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Audrey J Kim
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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21
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Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Cirnaru MD, Creus-Muncunill J, Nelson S, Lewis TB, Watson J, Ellerby LM, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Ehrlich ME. Striatal Cholinergic Dysregulation after Neonatal Decrease in X-Linked Dystonia Parkinsonism-Related TAF1 Isoforms. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2780-2794. [PMID: 34403156 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked dystonia parkinsonism is a generalized, progressive dystonia followed by parkinsonism with onset in adulthood and accompanied by striatal neurodegeneration. Causative mutations are located in a noncoding region of the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 1 (TAF1) gene and result in aberrant splicing. There are 2 major TAF1 isoforms that may be decreased in symptomatic patients, including the ubiquitously expressed canonical cTAF1 and the neuronal-specific nTAF1. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the behavioral and transcriptomic effects of decreased cTAF1 and/or nTAF1 in vivo. METHODS We generated adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding microRNAs targeting Taf1 in a splice-isoform selective manner. We performed intracerebroventricular viral injections in newborn mice and rats and intrastriatal infusions in 3-week-old rats. The effects of Taf1 knockdown were assayed at 4 months of age with evaluation of motor function, histology, and RNA sequencing of the striatum, followed by its validation. RESULTS We report motor deficits in all cohorts, more pronounced in animals injected at P0, in which we also identified transcriptomic alterations in multiple neuronal pathways, including the cholinergic synapse. In both species, we show a reduced number of striatal cholinergic interneurons and their marker mRNAs after Taf1 knockdown in the newborn. CONCLUSION This study provides novel information regarding the requirement for TAF1 in the postnatal maintenance of striatal cholinergic neurons, the dysfunction of which is involved in other inherited forms of dystonia. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shareen Nelson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis B Lewis
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaime Watson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Domingo A, Yadav R, Shah S, Hendriks WT, Erdin S, Gao D, O'Keefe K, Currall B, Gusella JF, Sharma N, Ozelius LJ, Ehrlich ME, Talkowski ME, Bragg DC. Dystonia-specific mutations in THAP1 alter transcription of genes associated with neurodevelopment and myelin. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2145-2158. [PMID: 34672987 PMCID: PMC8595948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurologic disorder associated with an increasingly large number of genetic variants in many genes, resulting in characteristic disturbances in volitional movement. Dissecting the relationships between these mutations and their functional outcomes is critical in understanding the pathways that drive dystonia pathogenesis. Here we established a pipeline for characterizing an allelic series of dystonia-specific mutations. We used this strategy to investigate the molecular consequences of genetic variation in THAP1, which encodes a transcription factor linked to neural differentiation. Multiple pathogenic mutations associated with dystonia cluster within distinct THAP1 functional domains and are predicted to alter DNA-binding properties and/or protein interactions differently, yet the relative impact of these varied changes on molecular signatures and neural deficits is unclear. To determine the effects of these mutations on THAP1 transcriptional activity, we engineered an allelic series of eight alterations in a common induced pluripotent stem cell background and differentiated these lines into a panel of near-isogenic neural stem cells (n = 94 lines). Transcriptome profiling followed by joint analysis of the most robust signatures across mutations identified a convergent pattern of dysregulated genes functionally related to neurodevelopment, lysosomal lipid metabolism, and myelin. On the basis of these observations, we examined mice bearing Thap1-disruptive alleles and detected significant changes in myelin gene expression and reduction of myelin structural integrity relative to control mice. These results suggest that deficits in neurodevelopment and myelination are common consequences of dystonia-associated THAP1 mutations and highlight the potential role of neuron-glial interactions in the pathogenesis of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shivangi Shah
- The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William T Hendriks
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dadi Gao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn O'Keefe
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin Currall
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - D Cristopher Bragg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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24
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Caffall ZF, Wilkes BJ, Hernández-Martinez R, Rittiner JE, Fox JT, Wan KK, Shipman MK, Titus SA, Zhang YQ, Patnaik S, Hall MD, Boxer MB, Shen M, Li Z, Vaillancourt DE, Calakos N. The HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, corrects diverse brain phenotypes across development in mouse model of DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/607/eabd3904. [PMID: 34408078 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dystonias are a group of chronic movement-disabling disorders for which highly effective oral medications or disease-modifying therapies are lacking. The most effective treatments require invasive procedures such as deep brain stimulation. In this study, we used a high-throughput assay based on a monogenic form of dystonia, DYT1 (DYT-TOR1A), to screen a library of compounds approved for use in humans, the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection (NPC; 2816 compounds), and identify drugs able to correct mislocalization of the disease-causing protein variant, ∆E302/3 hTorsinA. The HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, was among 18 compounds found to normalize hTorsinA mislocalization. Using a DYT1 knock-in mouse model to test efficacy on brain pathologies, we found that ritonavir restored multiple brain abnormalities across development. Ritonavir acutely corrected striatal cholinergic interneuron physiology in the mature brain and yielded sustained correction of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging signals when delivered during a discrete early developmental window. Mechanistically, we found that, across the family of HIV protease inhibitors, efficacy correlated with integrated stress response activation. These preclinical results identify ritonavir as a drug candidate for dystonia with disease-modifying potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Caffall
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | - Bradley J Wilkes
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Joseph E Rittiner
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | - Jennifer T Fox
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kanny K Wan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Miranda K Shipman
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew B Boxer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Zhuyin Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27715, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27715, USA
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25
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DYT-TOR1A subcellular proteomics reveals selective vulnerability of the nuclear proteome to cell stress. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105464. [PMID: 34358617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase that shuttles between the ER lumen and outer nuclear envelope in an ATP-dependent manner and is functionally implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport. We hypothesized that the DYT-TOR1A dystonia disease-causing variant, ΔE TorsinA, may therefore disrupt the normal subcellular distribution of proteins between the nuclear and cytosolic compartments. To test this hypothesis, we performed proteomic analysis on nuclear and cytosolic subcellular fractions from DYT-TOR1A and wildtype mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We further examined the compartmental proteomes following exposure to thapsigargin (Tg), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor, because DYT-TOR1A dystonia models have previously shown abnormalities in cellular stress responses. Across both subcellular compartments, proteomes of DYT-TOR1A cells showed basal state disruptions consistent with an activated stress response, and in response to thapsigargin, a blunted stress response. However, the DYT-TOR1A nuclear proteome under Tg cell stress showed the most pronounced and disproportionate degree of protein disruptions - 3-fold greater than all other conditions. The affected proteins extended beyond those typically associated with stress responses, including enrichments for processes critical for neuronal synaptic function. These findings highlight the advantage of subcellular proteomics to reveal events that localize to discrete subcellular compartments and refine thinking about the mechanisms and significance of cell stress in DYT-TOR1A pathogenesis.
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26
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Briscione MA, Dinasarapu AR, Bagchi P, Donsante Y, Roman KM, Downs AM, Fan X, Hoehner J, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Differential expression of striatal proteins in a mouse model of DOPA-responsive dystonia reveals shared mechanisms among dystonic disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 133:352-361. [PMID: 34092491 PMCID: PMC8292208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause debilitating twisting movements and postures. Although dysfunction of the basal ganglia, a brain region that mediates movement, is implicated in many forms of dystonia, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The inherited metabolic disorder DOPA-responsive dystonia is considered a prototype for understanding basal ganglia dysfunction in dystonia because it is caused by mutations in genes necessary for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which mediates the activity of the basal ganglia. Therefore, to reveal abnormal striatal cellular processes and pathways implicated in dystonia, we used an unbiased proteomic approach in a knockin mouse model of DOPA-responsive dystonia, a model in which the striatum is known to play a central role in the expression of dystonia. Fifty-seven of the 1805 proteins identified were differentially regulated in DOPA-responsive dystonia mice compared to control mice. Most differentially regulated proteins were associated with gene ontology terms that implicated either mitochondrial or synaptic dysfunction whereby proteins associated with mitochondrial function were generally over-represented and proteins associated with synaptic function were largely under-represented. Remarkably, nearly 20% of the differentially regulated striatal proteins identified in our screen are associated with pathogenic variants that cause inherited disorders with dystonia as a sign in humans suggesting shared mechanisms across many different forms of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Briscione
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Pritha Bagchi
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony M Downs
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Hoehner
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Sensorimotor Integration in Childhood Dystonia and Dystonic Cerebral Palsy-A Developmental Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:668081. [PMID: 34367047 PMCID: PMC8343097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.668081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration, involving dysfunction within the basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum, or their inter-connections as part of the sensorimotor network. Some forms of dystonia are also characterized by maladaptive or exaggerated plasticity. Development of the neuronal processes underlying sensorimotor integration is incompletely understood but involves activity-dependent modeling and refining of sensorimotor circuits through processes that are already taking place in utero and which continue through infancy, childhood, and into adolescence. Several genetic dystonias have clinical onset in early childhood, but there is evidence that sensorimotor circuit development may already be disrupted prenatally in these conditions. Dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) is a form of acquired dystonia with perinatal onset during a period of rapid neurodevelopment and activity-dependent refinement of sensorimotor networks. However, physiological studies of children with dystonia are sparse. This discussion paper addresses the role of neuroplasticity in the development of sensorimotor integration with particular focus on the relevance of these mechanisms for understanding childhood dystonia, DCP, and implications for therapy selection, including neuromodulation and timing of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Staege S, Kutschenko A, Baumann H, Glaß H, Henkel L, Gschwendtberger T, Kalmbach N, Klietz M, Hermann A, Lohmann K, Seibler P, Wegner F. Reduced Expression of GABA A Receptor Alpha2 Subunit Is Associated With Disinhibition of DYT-THAP1 Dystonia Patient-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650586. [PMID: 34095114 PMCID: PMC8176025 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT-THAP1 dystonia (formerly DYT6) is an adolescent-onset dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions usually involving the upper body. It is caused by mutations in the gene THAP1 encoding for the transcription factor Thanatos-associated protein (THAP) domain containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 and inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner with reduced penetrance. Alterations in the development of striatal neuronal projections and synaptic function are known from transgenic mice models. To investigate pathogenetic mechanisms, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from two patients and one family member with reduced penetrance carrying a mutation in the gene THAP1 (c.474delA and c.38G > A) were functionally characterized in comparison to healthy controls. Calcium imaging and quantitative PCR analysis revealed significantly lower Ca2+ amplitudes upon GABA applications and a marked downregulation of the gene encoding the GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit in THAP1 MSNs indicating a decreased GABAergic transmission. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed a significantly lower frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs), whereas the frequency of spontaneous action potentials (APs) was elevated in THAP1 MSNs suggesting that decreased synaptic activity might have resulted in enhanced generation of APs. Our molecular and functional data indicate that a reduced expression of GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit could eventually lead to limited GABAergic synaptic transmission, neuronal disinhibition, and hyperexcitability of THAP1 MSNs. These data give pathophysiological insight and may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies for DYT-THAP1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Staege
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lisa Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Norman Kalmbach
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Klietz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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29
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The dystonia gene THAP1 controls DNA double-strand break repair choice. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2611-2624.e10. [PMID: 33857404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Shieldin complex shields double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) from nucleolytic resection. Curiously, the penultimate Shieldin component, SHLD1, is one of the least abundant mammalian proteins. Here, we report that the transcription factors THAP1, YY1, and HCF1 bind directly to the SHLD1 promoter, where they cooperatively maintain the low basal expression of SHLD1, thereby ensuring a proper balance between end protection and resection during DSB repair. The loss of THAP1-dependent SHLD1 expression confers cross-resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor and cisplatin in BRCA1-deficient cells and shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, the embryonic lethality and PARPi sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mice is rescued by ablation of SHLD1. Our study uncovers a transcriptional network that directly controls DSB repair choice and suggests a potential link between DNA damage and pathogenic THAP1 mutations, found in patients with the neurodevelopmental movement disorder adult-onset torsion dystonia type 6.
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30
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van der Heijden ME, Kizek DJ, Perez R, Ruff EK, Ehrlich ME, Sillitoe RV. Abnormal cerebellar function and tremor in a mouse model for non-manifesting partially penetrant dystonia type 6. J Physiol 2021; 599:2037-2054. [PMID: 33369735 PMCID: PMC8559601 DOI: 10.1113/jp280978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Loss-of-function mutations in the Thap1 gene cause partially penetrant dystonia type 6 (DYT6). Some non-manifesting DYT6 mutation carriers have tremor and abnormal cerebello-thalamo-cortical signalling. We show that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor, a reduction in cerebellar neuron number, and abnormal electrophysiological signals in the remaining neurons. These results underscore the importance of Thap1 levels for cerebellar function. These results uncover how cerebellar abnormalities contribute to different dystonia-associated motor symptoms. ABSTRACT Loss-of-function mutations in the Thanatos-associated domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 (THAP1) gene cause partially penetrant autosomal dominant dystonia type 6 (DYT6). However, the neural abnormalities that promote the resultant motor dysfunctions remain elusive. Studies in humans show that some non-manifesting DYT6 carriers have altered cerebello-thalamo-cortical function with subtle but reproducible tremor. Here, we uncover that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor that rises above normal baseline values even though they do not exhibit overt dystonia-like twisting behaviour. At the neural circuit level, we show using in vivo recordings in awake Thap1+/- mice that Purkinje cells have abnormal firing patterns and that cerebellar nuclei neurons, which connect the cerebellum to the thalamus, fire at a lower frequency. Although the Thap1+/- mice have fewer Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei neurons, the number of long-range excitatory outflow projection neurons is unaltered. The preservation of interregional connectivity suggests that abnormal neural function rather than neuron loss instigates the network dysfunction and the tremor in Thap1+/- mice. Accordingly, we report an inverse correlation between the average firing rate of cerebellar nuclei neurons and tremor power. Our data show that cerebellar circuitry is vulnerable to Thap1 mutations and that cerebellar dysfunction may be a primary cause of tremor in non-manifesting DYT6 carriers and a trigger for the abnormal postures in manifesting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E. van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic J. Kizek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ross Perez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elena K. Ruff
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Ma H, Qu J, Ye L, Shu Y, Qu Q. Blepharospasm, Oromandibular Dystonia, and Meige Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Update. Front Neurol 2021; 12:630221. [PMID: 33854473 PMCID: PMC8039296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia characterized by the combination of upper and lower cranial involvement and including binocular eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder of the extrapyramidal system are not well-understood. Neurologic and ophthalmic examinations often reveal no abnormalities, making diagnosis difficult and often resulting in misdiagnosis. A small proportion of patients have a family history of the disease, but to date no causative genes have been identified to date and no cure is available, although botulinum toxin A therapy effectively mitigates the symptoms and deep brain stimulation is gaining increasing attention as a viable alternative treatment option. Here we review the history and progress of research on MS, BSP, and OMD, as well as the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjun Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Mencacci NE, Reynolds R, Ruiz SG, Vandrovcova J, Forabosco P, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Volpato V, Weale ME, Bhatia KP, Webber C, Hardy J, Botía JA, Ryten M. Dystonia genes functionally converge in specific neurons and share neurobiology with psychiatric disorders. Brain 2021; 143:2771-2787. [PMID: 32889528 PMCID: PMC8354373 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and postures, often occurring in absence of any structural brain abnormality. Psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, are frequent in patients with dystonia. While mutations in a fast-growing number of genes have been linked to Mendelian forms of dystonia, the cellular, anatomical, and molecular basis remains unknown for most genetic forms of dystonia, as does its genetic and biological relationship to neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we applied an unbiased systems-biology approach to explore the cellular specificity of all currently known dystonia-associated genes, predict their functional relationships, and test whether dystonia and neuropsychiatric disorders share a genetic relationship. To determine the cellular specificity of dystonia-associated genes in the brain, single-nuclear transcriptomic data derived from mouse brain was used together with expression-weighted cell-type enrichment. To identify functional relationships among dystonia-associated genes, we determined the enrichment of these genes in co-expression networks constructed from 10 human brain regions. Stratified linkage-disequilibrium score regression was used to test whether co-expression modules enriched for dystonia-associated genes significantly contribute to the heritability of anxiety, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Dystonia-associated genes were significantly enriched in adult nigral dopaminergic neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons. Furthermore, 4 of 220 gene co-expression modules tested were significantly enriched for the dystonia-associated genes. The identified modules were derived from the substantia nigra, putamen, frontal cortex, and white matter, and were all significantly enriched for genes associated with synaptic function. Finally, we demonstrate significant enrichments of the heritability of major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia within the putamen and white matter modules, and a significant enrichment of the heritability of Parkinson's disease within the substantia nigra module. In conclusion, multiple dystonia-associated genes interact and contribute to pathogenesis likely through dysregulation of synaptic signalling in striatal medium spiny neurons, adult nigral dopaminergic neurons and frontal cortical neurons. Furthermore, the enrichment of the heritability of psychiatric disorders in the co-expression modules enriched for dystonia-associated genes indicates that psychiatric symptoms associated with dystonia are likely to be intrinsic to its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò E Mencacci
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Regina Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Garcia Ruiz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Alvaro Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.,Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Viola Volpato
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | | | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.,Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juan A Botía
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Baumann H, Ott F, Weber J, Trilck-Winkler M, Münchau A, Zittel S, Kostić VS, Kaiser FJ, Klein C, Busch H, Seibler P, Lohmann K. Linking Penetrance and Transcription in DYT-THAP1: Insights From a Human iPSC-Derived Cortical Model. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1381-1391. [PMID: 33547842 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The THAP1 gene encodes a transcription factor, and pathogenic variants cause a form of autosomal dominant, isolated dystonia (DYT-THAP1) with reduced penetrance. Factors underlying both reduced penetrance and the disease mechanism of DYT-THAP1 are largely unknown. METHODS We performed transcriptome analysis on 29 cortical neuronal precursors derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cell lines generated from manifesting and nonmanifesting THAP1 mutation carriers and control individuals. RESULTS Whole transcriptome analysis showed a penetrance-linked signature with expressional changes more pronounced in the group of manifesting (MMCs) than in nonmanifesting mutation carriers (NMCs) when compared to controls. A direct comparison of the transcriptomes in MMCs versus NMCs showed significant upregulation of the DRD4 gene in MMCs. A gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated alterations in various neurotransmitter release cycle pathways, extracellular matrix organization, and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation between MMCs and NMCs. When specifically considering transcription factors, the expression of YY1 and SIX2 differed in MMCs versus NMCs. Further, THAP1 was upregulated in the group of MMCs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report systematically analyzing reduced penetrance in DYT-THAP1 in a human model using transcriptomes. Our findings indicate that transcriptional alterations during cortical development influence DYT-THAP1 pathogenesis and penetrance. We reinforce previously linked pathways including dopamine and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha signaling in the pathogenesis of dystonia including DYT-THAP1 and suggest extracellular matrix organization and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation as mediators of disease protection. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabian Ott
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joachim Weber
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank J Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Melis C, Beauvais G, Muntean BS, Cirnaru MD, Otrimski G, Creus-Muncunill J, Martemyanov KA, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Ehrlich ME. Striatal Dopamine Induced ERK Phosphorylation Is Altered in Mouse Models of Monogenic Dystonia. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1147-1157. [PMID: 33458877 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to some monogenic forms of dystonia, levodopa-induced dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with abnormal nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Molecularly, it is characterized by hyper-induction of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase in response to dopamine in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if mouse models of monogenic dystonia exhibit molecular features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. METHODS Western blotting and quantitative immunofluorescence was used to assay baseline and/or dopamine-induced levels of the phosphorylated kinase in the striatum in mouse models of DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25 expressing a reporter in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing projection neurons. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay and adenylyl cyclase activity assays were also performed. RESULTS In DYT1 and DYT6 models, blocking dopamine reuptake with cocaine leads to enhanced extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in dorsomedial striatal medium spiny neurons in the direct pathway, which is abolished by pretreatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. Phosphorylation is decreased in a model of DYT25. Levels of basal and stimulated cAMP and adenylyl cyclase activity were normal in the DYT1 and DYT6 mice and decreased in the DYT25 mice. Oxotremorine induced increased abnormal movements in the DYT1 knock-in mice. CONCLUSIONS The increased dopamine induction of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in 2 genetic types of dystonia, similar to what occurs in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and its decrease in a third, suggests that abnormal signal transduction in response to dopamine in the postsynaptic nigrostriatal pathway might be a point of convergence for dystonia and other hyperkinetic movement disorders, potentially offering common therapeutic targets. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Melis
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genevieve Beauvais
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Garrett Otrimski
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Marotta N, Mencacci NE. Emerging and converging molecular mechanisms in dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:483-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kuipers DJS, Mandemakers W, Lu CS, Olgiati S, Breedveld GJ, Fevga C, Tadic V, Carecchio M, Osterman B, Sagi-Dain L, Wu-Chou YH, Chen CC, Chang HC, Wu SL, Yeh TH, Weng YH, Elia AE, Panteghini C, Marotta N, Pauly MG, Kühn AA, Volkmann J, Lace B, Meijer IA, Kandaswamy K, Quadri M, Garavaglia B, Lohmann K, Bauer P, Mencacci NE, Lubbe SJ, Klein C, Bertoli-Avella AM, Bonifati V. EIF2AK2 Missense Variants Associated with Early Onset Generalized Dystonia. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:485-497. [PMID: 33236446 PMCID: PMC7986743 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study was undertaken to identify a monogenic cause of early onset, generalized dystonia. Methods Methods consisted of genome‐wide linkage analysis, exome and Sanger sequencing, clinical neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and protein expression studies in skin fibroblasts from patients. Results We identified a heterozygous variant, c.388G>A, p.Gly130Arg, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) gene, segregating with early onset isolated generalized dystonia in 5 patients of a Taiwanese family. EIF2AK2 sequencing in 191 unrelated patients with unexplained dystonia yielded 2 unrelated Caucasian patients with an identical heterozygous c.388G>A, p.Gly130Arg variant, occurring de novo in one case, another patient carrying a different heterozygous variant, c.413G>C, p.Gly138Ala, and one last patient, born from consanguineous parents, carrying a third, homozygous variant c.95A>C, p.Asn32Thr. These 3 missense variants are absent from gnomAD, and are located in functional domains of the encoded protein. In 3 patients, additional neurological manifestations were present, including intellectual disability and spasticity. EIF2AK2 encodes a kinase (protein kinase R [PKR]) that phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), which orchestrates the cellular stress response. Our expression studies showed abnormally enhanced activation of the cellular stress response, monitored by PKR‐mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α, in fibroblasts from patients with EIF2AK2 variants. Intriguingly, PKR can also be regulated by PRKRA (protein interferon‐inducible double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase activator A), the product of another gene causing monogenic dystonia. Interpretation We identified EIF2AK2 variants implicated in early onset generalized dystonia, which can be dominantly or recessively inherited, or occur de novo. Our findings provide direct evidence for a key role of a dysfunctional eIF2α pathway in the pathogenesis of dystonia. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:485–497
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Affiliation(s)
- Demy J S Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Professor Lu Neurological Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Fevga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Bradley Osterman
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung C Chen
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chang
- Professor Lu Neurological Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Lin Wu
- Department Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Chunghua, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Antonio E Elia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Marotta
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martje G Pauly
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität of Berlin and Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Baiba Lace
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querry Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Domingo A, Yadav R, Ozelius LJ. Isolated dystonia: clinical and genetic updates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:405-416. [PMID: 33247415 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four genes associated with isolated dystonia are currently well replicated and validated. DYT-THAP1 manifests as young-onset generalized dystonia with predominant craniocervical symptoms; and is associated with mostly deleterious missense variation in the THAP1 gene. De novo and inherited missense and protein truncating variation in GNAL as well as primarily missense variation in ANO3 cause isolated focal and/or segmental dystonia with preference for the upper half of the body and older ages at onset. The GAG deletion in TOR1A is associated with generalized dystonia with onset in childhood in the lower limbs. Rare variation in these genes causes monogenic sporadic and inherited forms of isolated dystonia; common variation may confer risk and imply that dystonia is a polygenic trait in a subset of cases. Although candidate gene screens have been successful in the past in detecting gene-disease associations, recent application of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing methods enable unbiased capture of all genetic variation that may explain the phenotype. However, careful variant-level evaluation is necessary in every case, even in genes that have previously been associated with disease. We review the genetic architecture and phenotype of DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT-ANO3, and DYT-TOR1A by collecting case reports from the literature and performing variant classification using pathogenicity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Sherry T, Handley A, Nicholas HR, Pocock R. Harmonization of L1CAM expression facilitates axon outgrowth and guidance of a motor neuron. Development 2020; 147:dev.193805. [PMID: 32994172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain development requires precise regulation of axon outgrowth, guidance and termination by multiple signaling and adhesion molecules. How the expression of these neurodevelopmental regulators is transcriptionally controlled is poorly understood. The Caenorhabditis elegans SMD motor neurons terminate axon outgrowth upon sexual maturity and partially retract their axons during early adulthood. Here we show that C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP-1), a transcriptional corepressor, is required for correct SMD axonal development. Loss of CTBP-1 causes multiple defects in SMD axon development: premature outgrowth, defective guidance, delayed termination and absence of retraction. CTBP-1 controls SMD axon guidance by repressing the expression of SAX-7, an L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM). CTBP-1-regulated repression is crucial because deregulated SAX-7/L1CAM causes severely aberrant SMD axons. We found that axonal defects caused by deregulated SAX-7/L1CAM are dependent on a distinct L1CAM, called LAD-2, which itself plays a parallel role in SMD axon guidance. Our results reveal that harmonization of L1CAM expression controls the development and maturation of a single neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Sherry
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ava Handley
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hannah R Nicholas
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Ma Q, Matsunaga A, Ho B, Oksenberg JR, Didonna A. Oligodendrocyte-specific Argonaute profiling identifies microRNAs associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:297. [PMID: 33046105 PMCID: PMC7552381 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of evolutionary conserved, non-coding small RNAs with regulatory functions on gene expression. They negatively affect the expression of target genes by promoting either RNA degradation or translational inhibition. In recent years, converging studies have identified miRNAs as key regulators of oligodendrocyte (OL) functions. OLs are the cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) and represent a principal target of the autoimmune injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS MiRAP is a novel cell-specific miRNA affinity-purification technique which relies on genetically tagging Argonaut 2 (AGO2), an enzyme involved in miRNA processing. Here, we exploited miRAP potentiality to characterize OL-specific miRNA dynamics in the MS model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). RESULTS We show that 20 miRNAs are differentially regulated in OLs upon transition from pre-symptomatic EAE stages to disease peak. Subsequent in vitro differentiation experiments demonstrated that a sub-group of them affects the OL maturation process, mediating either protective or detrimental signals. Lastly, transcriptome profiling highlighted the endocytosis, ferroptosis, and FoxO cascades as the pathways associated with miRNAs mediating or inhibiting OL maturation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our work supports a dual role for miRNAs in autoimmune demyelination. In particular, the enrichment in miRNAs mediating pro-myelinating signals suggests an active involvement of these non-coding RNAs in the homeostatic response toward neuroinflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ma
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Atsuko Matsunaga
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Brenda Ho
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alessandro Didonna
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Dystonia 16 (DYT16) mutations in PACT cause dysregulated PKR activation and eIF2α signaling leading to a compromised stress response. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105135. [PMID: 33049316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia 16 (DYT16) is caused by mutations in PACT, the protein activator of interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). PKR regulates the integrated stress response (ISR) via phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α. This post-translational modification attenuates general protein synthesis while concomitantly triggering enhanced translation of a few specific transcripts leading either to recovery and homeostasis or cellular apoptosis depending on the intensity and duration of stress signals. PKR plays a regulatory role in determining the cellular response to viral infections, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and growth factor deprivation. In the absence of stress, both PACT and PKR are bound by their inhibitor transactivation RNA-binding protein (TRBP) thereby keeping PKR inactive. Under conditions of cellular stress these inhibitory interactions dissociate facilitating PACT-PACT interactions critical for PKR activation. While both PACT-TRBP and PKR-TRBP interactions are pro-survival, PACT-PACT and PACT-PKR interactions are pro-apoptotic. In this study we evaluate if five DYT16 substitution mutations alter PKR activation and ISR. Our results indicate that the mutant DYT16 proteins show stronger PACT-PACT interactions and enhanced PKR activation. In DYT16 patient derived lymphoblasts the enhanced PACT-PKR interactions and heightened PKR activation leads to a dysregulation of ISR and increased apoptosis. More importantly, this enhanced sensitivity to ER stress can be rescued by luteolin, which disrupts PACT-PKR interactions. Our results not only demonstrate the impact of DYT16 mutations on regulation of ISR and DYT16 etiology but indicate that therapeutic interventions could be possible after a further evaluation of such strategies.
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Identifying Cattle Breed-Specific Partner Choice of Transcription Factors during the African Trypanosomiasis Disease Progression Using Bioinformatics Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020246. [PMID: 32456126 PMCID: PMC7350023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which affects millions of livestock every year causing huge economic losses in agricultural production especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is spread by the tsetse fly which carries the parasite in its saliva. During the disease progression, the cattle are prominently subjected to anaemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, chills, neuronal degeneration, congestive heart failure, and finally death. According to their different genetic programs governing the level of tolerance to AAT, cattle breeds are classified as either resistant or susceptible. In this study, we focus on the cattle breeds N’Dama and Boran which are known to be resistant and susceptible to trypanosomiasis, respectively. Despite the rich literature on both breeds, the gene regulatory mechanisms of the underlying biological processes for their resistance and susceptibility have not been extensively studied. To address the limited knowledge about the tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) cooperations associated with trypanosomiasis, we investigated gene expression data from these cattle breeds computationally. Consequently, we identified significant cooperative TF pairs (especially DBP−PPARA and DBP−THAP1 in N’Dama and DBP−PAX8 in Boran liver tissue) which could help understand the underlying AAT tolerance/susceptibility mechanism in both cattle breeds.
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Tian R, Huang Y, Balakrishnan B, Chen M. Gene Expression Profiling Indicated Diverse Functions and Characteristics of Core Genes in Pea Aphid. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030186. [PMID: 32183501 PMCID: PMC7142545 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pea aphid is a global insect pest, and variable phenotypes can be produced by pea aphids in the same genotype in response to changes in external environmental factors. However, detailed dynamic gene regulation networks and the core markers involved in different biological processes of pea aphids have not yet been reported. In this study, we obtained the published genomic and transcriptomic data, and performed transcriptome profiling of five pea aphid morphs (winged asexual female, wingless asexual female, wingless sexual female, winged male and wingless male) from each of three pea aphid genotypes, i.e., the transcriptomes from a total of 15 types of pea aphids were analyzed and the type-specific expression of genes in five different morphs was identified. The expression profiling was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Moreover, we determined the expression features and co-expression networks of highly variable genes. We also used the ARACNe method to obtain 263 core genes related to different biological pathways. Additionally, eight of the identified genes were aligned with transcription factor families, indicating that they act as transcription factors and regulate downstream genes. Furthermore, we found reliable markers using random forest methodology to distinguish different morphs of pea aphids. Our study provides a systematic and comprehensive approach for analyzing the core genes that may play important roles in a multitude of biological processes from the insect transcriptomes.
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Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms of THAP1 Missense Mutations in DYT6 Dystonia. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:999-1008. [PMID: 32112337 PMCID: PMC7334247 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in THAP1 (THAP domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein 1) are responsible for DYT6 dystonia. Until now, more than eighty different mutations in THAP1 gene have been found in patients with primary dystonia, and two third of them are missense mutations. The potential pathogeneses of these missense mutations in human are largely elusive. In the present study, we generated stable transfected human neuronal cell lines expressing wild-type or mutated THAP1 proteins found in DYT6 patients. Transcriptional profiling using microarrays revealed a set of 28 common genes dysregulated in two mutated THAP1 (S21T and F81L) overexpression cell lines suggesting a common mechanism of these mutations. ChIP-seq showed that THAP1 can bind to the promoter of one of these genes, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). Overexpression of THAP1 in SK-N-AS cells resulted in increased SOD2 protein expression, whereas fibroblasts from THAP1 patients have less SOD2 expression, which indicates that SOD2 is a direct target gene of THAP1. In addition, we show that some THAP1 mutations (C54Y and F81L) decrease the protein stability which might also be responsible for altered transcription regulation due to dosage insufficiency. Taking together, the current study showed different potential pathogenic mechanisms of THAP1 mutations which lead to the same consequence of DYT6 dystonia.
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Lungu C, Ozelius L, Standaert D, Hallett M, Sieber BA, Swanson-Fisher C, Berman BD, Calakos N, Moore JC, Perlmutter JS, Pirio Richardson SE, Saunders-Pullman R, Scheinfeldt L, Sharma N, Sillitoe R, Simonyan K, Starr PA, Taylor A, Vitek J. Defining research priorities in dystonia. Neurology 2020; 94:526-537. [PMID: 32098856 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystonia is a complex movement disorder. Research progress has been difficult, particularly in developing widely effective therapies. This is a review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and proposed research priorities. METHODS The NIH convened leaders in the field for a 2-day workshop. The participants addressed the natural history of the disease, the underlying etiology, the pathophysiology, relevant research technologies, research resources, and therapeutic approaches and attempted to prioritize dystonia research recommendations. RESULTS The heterogeneity of dystonia poses challenges to research and therapy development. Much can be learned from specific genetic subtypes, and the disorder can be conceptualized along clinical, etiology, and pathophysiology axes. Advances in research technology and pooled resources can accelerate progress. Although etiologically based therapies would be optimal, a focus on circuit abnormalities can provide a convergent common target for symptomatic therapies across dystonia subtypes. The discussions have been integrated into a comprehensive review of all aspects of dystonia. CONCLUSION Overall research priorities include the generation and integration of high-quality phenotypic and genotypic data, reproducing key features in cellular and animal models, both of basic cellular mechanisms and phenotypes, leveraging new research technologies, and targeting circuit-level dysfunction with therapeutic interventions. Collaboration is necessary both for collection of large data sets and integration of different research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codrin Lungu
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Laurie Ozelius
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Standaert
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Hallett
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beth-Anne Sieber
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christine Swanson-Fisher
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian D Berman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicole Calakos
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sarah E Pirio Richardson
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nutan Sharma
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Roy Sillitoe
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Philip A Starr
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anna Taylor
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jerrold Vitek
- From the Division of Clinical Research (C.L.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; Harvard Medical School (L.O., N.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; University of Alabama, Birmingham (D.S.), Birmingham, AL; Medical Neurology Branch (M.H.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Division of Neuroscience (B.-A.S., C.S.-F.), NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; RUCDR/Infinite Biologics (J.C.M.), Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ; Washington University School of Medicine (J.S.P.), St Louis, MO; Department of Neurology (S.E.P.R.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM; Department of Neurology (R.S.-P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Coriell Institute for Medical Research (L.S.), Camden, NJ; Department of Neuroscience (R.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Harvard Medical School (K.S.), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Neurological Surgery (P.A.S.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Division of Extramural Activities (A.T.), NINDS, NIH, Rockville, MD; and Department of Neurology (J.V.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Gilbertson T, Humphries M, Steele JD. Maladaptive striatal plasticity and abnormal reward-learning in cervical dystonia. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3191-3204. [PMID: 30955204 PMCID: PMC6900037 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In monogenetic generalized forms of dystonia, in vitro neurophysiological recordings have demonstrated direct evidence for abnormal plasticity at the level of the cortico-striatal synapse. It is unclear whether similar abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of cervical dystonia, the most common type of focal dystonia. We investigated whether abnormal cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity contributes to abnormal reward-learning behavior in patients with focal dystonia. Forty patients and 40 controls performed a reward gain and loss avoidance reversal learning task. Participant's behavior was fitted to a computational model of the basal ganglia incorporating detailed cortico-striatal synaptic learning rules. Model comparisons were performed to assess the ability of four hypothesized receptor specific abnormalities of cortico-striatal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD): increased or decreased D1:LTP/LTD and increased or decreased D2: LTP/LTD to explain abnormal behavior in patients. Patients were selectively impaired in the post-reversal phase of the reward task. Individual learning rates in the reward reversal task correlated with the severity of the patient's motor symptoms. A model of the striatum with decreased D2:LTP/ LTD best explained the patient's behavior, suggesting excessive D2 cortico-striatal synaptic depotentiation could underpin biased reward-learning in patients with cervical dystonia. Reversal learning impairment in cervical dystonia may be a behavioral correlate of D2-specific abnormalities in cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity. Reinforcement learning tasks with computational modeling could allow the identification of molecular targets for novel treatments based on their ability to restore normal reward-learning behavior in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gilbertson
- Department of NeurologyNinewells Hospital & Medical SchoolDundeeUK
- Division of Imaging Science and TechnologyMedical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Mark Humphries
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental PsychologyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - J. Douglas Steele
- Division of Imaging Science and TechnologyMedical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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Diverse Mechanisms Lead to Common Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Distinct Genetic Mouse Models of Dystonia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7195-7205. [PMID: 31320448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0407-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate striatal cholinergic dysfunction in dystonia, a movement disorder typically resulting in twisted postures via abnormal muscle contraction. Three forms of isolated human dystonia result from mutations in the TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6), and GNAL (DYT25) genes. Experimental models carrying these mutations facilitate identification of possible shared cellular mechanisms. Recently, we reported elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine by in vivo microdialysis and paradoxical excitation of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) by dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonism using ex vivo slice electrophysiology in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice. The paradoxical excitation was caused by overactive muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), leading to a switch in D2R coupling from canonical Gi/o to noncanonical β-arrestin signaling. We sought to determine whether these mechanisms in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice are shared with Thap1 C54Y/+ knock-in and Gnal +/- knock-out dystonia models and to determine the impact of sex. We found Thap1 C54Y/+ mice of both sexes have elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine and D2R-induced paradoxical ChI excitation, which was reversed by mAChR inhibition. Elevated extracellular acetylcholine was absent in male and female Gnal +/- mice, but the paradoxical D2R-mediated ChI excitation was retained and only reversed by inhibition of adenosine A2ARs. The Gi/o-preferring D2R agonist failed to increase ChI excitability, suggesting a possible switch in coupling of D2Rs to β-arrestin, as seen previously in a DYT1 model. These data show that, whereas elevated extracellular acetylcholine levels are not always detected across these genetic models of human dystonia, the D2R-mediated paradoxical excitation of ChIs is shared and is caused by altered function of distinct G-protein-coupled receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dystonia is a common and often disabling movement disorder. The usual medical treatment of dystonia is pharmacotherapy with nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which have many undesirable side effects. Development of new therapeutics is a top priority for dystonia research. The current findings, considered in context with our previous investigations, establish a role for cholinergic dysfunction across three mouse models of human genetic dystonia: DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25. The commonality of cholinergic dysfunction in these models arising from diverse molecular etiologies points the way to new approaches for cholinergic modulation that may be broadly applicable in dystonia.
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The neurobiological basis for novel experimental therapeutics in dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104526. [PMID: 31279827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, twisting movements, and abnormal postures that may affect one or multiple body regions. Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder after Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Despite its relative frequency, small molecule therapeutics for dystonia are limited. Development of new therapeutics is further hampered by the heterogeneity of both clinical symptoms and etiologies in dystonia. Recent advances in both animal and cell-based models have helped clarify divergent etiologies in dystonia and have facilitated the identification of new therapeutic targets. Advances in medicinal chemistry have also made available novel compounds for testing in biochemical, physiological, and behavioral models of dystonia. Here, we briefly review motor circuit anatomy and the anatomical and functional abnormalities in dystonia. We then discuss recently identified therapeutic targets in dystonia based on recent preclinical animal studies and clinical trials investigating novel therapeutics.
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Gonzalez-Alegre P. Advances in molecular and cell biology of dystonia: Focus on torsinA. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:233-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Frederick NM, Shah PV, Didonna A, Langley MR, Kanthasamy AG, Opal P. Loss of the dystonia gene Thap1 leads to transcriptional deficits that converge on common pathogenic pathways in dystonic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1343-1356. [PMID: 30590536 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Dystonia 6 (DYT6) is an autosomal dominant dystonia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor THAP1. We have generated Thap1 knock-out mice with a view to understanding its transcriptional role. While germ-line deletion of Thap1 is embryonic lethal, mice lacking one Thap1 allele-which in principle should recapitulate the haploinsufficiency of the human syndrome-do not show a discernable phenotype. This is because mice show autoregulation of Thap1 mRNA levels with upregulation at the non-affected locus. We then deleted Thap1 in glial and neuronal precursors using a nestin-conditional approach. Although these mice do not exhibit dystonia, they show pronounced locomotor deficits reflecting derangements in the cerebellar and basal ganglia circuitry. These behavioral features are associated with alterations in the expression of genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton, gliosis and dopamine signaling that link DYT6 to other primary and secondary dystonic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Burnett SB, Vaughn LS, Strom JM, Francois A, Patel RC. A truncated PACT protein resulting from a frameshift mutation reported in movement disorder DYT16 triggers caspase activation and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19004-19018. [PMID: 31246344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein Activator (PACT) activates the interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in response to stress signals. Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes PACT-mediated PKR activation, which leads to phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α, inhibition of protein synthesis, and apoptosis. A dominantly inherited form of early-onset dystonia 16 (DYT16) has been identified to arise due to a frameshift (FS) mutation in PACT. To examine the effect of the resulting truncated mutant PACT protein on the PKR pathway, we examined the biochemical properties of the mutant protein and its effect on mammalian cells. Our results indicate that the FS mutant protein loses its ability to bind dsRNA as well as its ability to interact with PKR while surprisingly retaining the ability to interact with PACT and PKR-inhibitory protein TRBP. The truncated FS mutant protein, when expressed as a fusion protein with a N-terminal fluorescent mCherry tag aggregates in mammalian cells to induce apoptosis via activation of caspases both in a PKR- and PACT-dependent as well as independent manner. Our results indicate that interaction of FS mutant protein with PKR inhibitor TRBP can dissociate PACT from the TRBP-PACT complex resulting in PKR activation and consequent apoptosis. These findings are relevant to diseases resulting from protein aggregation especially since the PKR activation is a characteristic of several neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Burnett
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Lauren S Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Joelle M Strom
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ashley Francois
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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