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Abstract
The amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amebiasis, an enteropathic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. This ancient protozoan is an elementary example of how parasites evolve with humans, e.g. taking advantage of multiple mechanisms to evade immune responses, interacting with microbiota for nutritional and protective needs, utilizing host resources for growth, division, and encystation. These skills of E. histolytica perpetuate the species and incidence of infection. However, in 10% of infected cases, the parasite turns into a pathogen; the host-parasite equilibrium is then disorganized, and the simple lifecycle based on two cell forms, trophozoites and cysts, becomes unbalanced. Trophozoites acquire a virulent phenotype which, when non-controlled, leads to intestinal invasion with the onset of amoebiasis symptoms. Virulent E. histolytica must cross mucus, epithelium, connective tissue and possibly blood. This highly mobile parasite faces various stresses and a powerful host immune response, with oxidative stress being a challenge for its survival. New emerging research avenues and omics technologies target gene regulation to determine human or parasitic factors activated upon infection, their role in virulence activation, and in pathogenesis; this research bears in mind that E. histolytica is a resident of the complex intestinal ecosystem. The goal is to eradicate amoebiasis from the planet, but the parasitic life of E. histolytica is ancient and complex and will likely continue to evolve with humans. Advances in these topics are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillén
- Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS-ERM9195, Paris, France
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2
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Chauhan R, Tiwari M, Chaudhary A, Sharan Thakur R, Pande V, Das J. Chemokines: A key driver for inflammation in protozoan infection. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 43:211-228. [PMID: 37980574 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2281566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to the group of small proteins within the cytokine family having strong chemo-attractant properties. In most cases, the strong immuno-modulatory role of chemokines is crucial for generating the immune response against pathogens in various protozoan diseases. In this review, we have given a brief update on the classification, characterization, homeostasis, transcellular migration, and immuno-modulatory role of chemokines. Here we will evaluate the potential role of chemokines and their regulation in various protozoan diseases. There is a significant direct relationship between parasitic infection and the recruitment of effector cells of the immune response. Chemokines play an indispensable role in mediating several defense mechanisms against infection, such as leukocyte recruitment and the generation of innate and cell-mediated immunity that aids in controlling/eliminating the pathogen. This process is controlled by the chemotactic movement of chemokines induced as a primary host immune response. We have also addressed that chemokine expressions during infection are time-dependent and orchestrated in a systematic pattern that ultimately assists in generating a protective immune response. Taken together, this review provides a systematic understanding of the complexity of chemokines profiles during protozoan disease conditions and the rationale of targeting chemokines for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Chauhan
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Reva Sharan Thakur
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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3
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Watanabe N, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Molecular Dissection of Phagocytosis by Proteomic Analysis in Entamoeba histolytica. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020379. [PMID: 36833306 PMCID: PMC9957367 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the enteric protozoan parasite responsible for amebiasis. Trophozoites of E. histolytica ingest human cells in the intestine and other organs, which is the hallmark of its pathogenesis. Phagocytosis and trogocytosis are pivotal biological functions for its virulence and also contribute to the proliferation of nutrient uptake from the environment. We previously elucidated the role of a variety of proteins associated with phagocytosis and trogocytosis, including Rab small GTPases, Rab effectors, including retromer, phosphoinositide-binding proteins, lysosomal hydrolase receptors, protein kinases, and cytoskeletal proteins. However, a number of proteins involved in phagocytosis and trogocytosis remain to be identified, and mechanistic details of their involvement must be elucidated at the molecular level. To date, a number of studies in which a repertoire of proteins associated with phagosomes and potentially involved in phagocytosis have been conducted. In this review, we revisited all phagosome proteome studies we previously conducted in order to reiterate information on the proteome of phagosomes. We demonstrated the core set of constitutive phagosomal proteins and also the set of phagosomal proteins recruited only transiently or in condition-dependent fashions. The catalogs of phagosome proteomes resulting from such analyses can be a useful source of information for future mechanistic studies as well as for confirming or excluding a possibility of whether a protein of interest in various investigations is likely or is potentially involved in phagocytosis and phagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-3526
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Boquet-Pujadas A, Feaugas T, Petracchini A, Grassart A, Mary H, Manich M, Gobaa S, Olivo-Marin JC, Sauvonnet N, Labruyère E. 4D live imaging and computational modeling of a functional gut-on-a-chip evaluate how peristalsis facilitates enteric pathogen invasion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5767. [PMID: 36269830 PMCID: PMC9586479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces are essential to biological function, but their impact at the tissue level is not fully understood. The gut is under continuous mechanical stress because of peristalsis. To assess the influence of mechanical cues on enteropathogen invasion, we combine computational imaging with a mechanically active gut-on-a-chip. After infecting the device with either of two microbes, we image their behavior in real time while mapping the mechanical stress within the tissue. This is achieved by reconstructing three-dimensional videos of the ongoing invasion and leveraging on-manifold inverse problems together with viscoelastic rheology. Our results show that peristalsis accelerates the destruction and invasion of intestinal tissue by Entamoeba histolytica and colonization by Shigella flexneri. Local tension facilitates parasite penetration and activates virulence genes in the bacteria. Overall, our work highlights the fundamental role of physical cues during host-pathogen interactions and introduces a framework that opens the door to study mechanobiology on deformable tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feaugas
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alba Petracchini
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unit of Bioengineering and Microbiology, Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Héloïse Mary
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Manich
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Elmallawany MA, EL-Dardiry MA, Nahnoush RK, Akmal M, Afife AA, Badr MS. Structural and Genetic Diversity of Entamoeba gingivalis Trophozoites Isolated from Diseased and Healthy Periodontal Sites. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: At present, there is little documented about the variability aspects of Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) in relation to periodontal diseases. This is perhaps due to several specialists rejecting the notion that E. gingivalis can cause periodontal disease.
AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the morphological and genetic variability within trophozoites isolated from diseased (n = 26) and healthy periodontal sites (n = 14).
METHODS: Detailed microscopic analyses were performed, in addition to post real-time polymerase chain reaction 18S-SSU rRNA gene scanning technology, using reference synthetic genes to analyze melting curve features from different isolates.
RESULTS: All trophozoites isolated from diseased sites were significantly larger in size than those isolated from healthy sites. In addition, they were found in clusters, containing many leukophagocytosis and in a significantly higher number than those from healthy sites. Gene scanning revealed diversity within the isolates with a significantly higher number of mutant forms (18 out of 26) within the trophozoites isolated from diseased sites, 14 of them were of unknown origin. Four melting curves matched E. gingivalis H57 strain and the remaining eight were related to the wild strain (ATCC-30927). Isolates from healthy sites corresponded to the wild type (12 out of 14) with only two related to H57 strain.
CONCLUSION: The study confirmed morphological and genetic variability between different isolates; We still recommend further in-depth molecular studies to investigate the role of this oral protozoan in the pathogenicity of periodontal affection. The study highlighted the importance of real engagement of multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies, involving experts from variable medical fields to reach truthful scientific outcomes concerning the association of certain microorganism to particular diseases or disorders.
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The IL-33-ILC2 pathway protects from amebic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:165-175. [PMID: 34400793 PMCID: PMC8732277 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes intestinal colitis, diarrhea, and in some cases, liver abscess. Through transcriptomics analysis, we observed that E. histolytica infection was associated with increased expression of IL-33 mRNA in both the human and murine colon. IL-33, the IL-1 family cytokine, is released after cell injury to alert the immune system of tissue damage. Treatment with recombinant IL-33 protected mice from amebic infection and intestinal tissue damage; moreover, blocking IL-33 signaling made mice more susceptible to amebiasis. IL-33 limited the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the cecum. Type 2 immune responses were upregulated by IL-33 treatment during amebic infection. Interestingly, administration of IL-33 protected RAG2-/- mice but not RAG2-/-γc-/- mice, demonstrating that IL-33-mediated protection required the presence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). IL-33 induced recruitment of ILC2 but not ILC1 and ILC3 in RAG2-/- mice. At baseline and after amebic infection, there was a significantly higher IL13+ILC2s in C57BL/J mice, which are naturally resistant to amebiasis, than CBA/J mice. Adoptive transfer of ILC2s to RAG2-/-γc-/- mice restored IL-33-mediated protection. These data reveal that the IL-33-ILC2 pathway is an important host defense mechanism against amebic colitis.
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Immune Response to the Enteric Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:244-260. [PMID: 32490746 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, a disease with a high prevalence in developing countries. Establishing an amoebic infection involves interplay between pathogenic factors for invasion and tissue damage, and immune responses for protecting the host. Here, we review the pathogenicity of E. histolytica and summarize the latest knowledge on immune response and immune evasion mechanisms during amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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König C, Honecker B, Wilson IW, Weedall GD, Hall N, Roeder T, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Taxon-Specific Proteins of the Pathogenic Entamoeba Species E. histolytica and E. nuttalli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641472. [PMID: 33816346 PMCID: PMC8017271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can live in the human intestine for months or years without generating any symptoms in the host. For unknown reasons, amoebae can suddenly destroy the intestinal mucosa and become invasive. This can lead to amoebic colitis or extraintestinal amoebiasis whereby the amoebae spread to other organs via the blood vessels, most commonly the liver where abscesses develop. Entamoeba nuttalli is the closest genetic relative of E. histolytica and is found in wild macaques. Another close relative is E. dispar, which asyptomatically infects the human intestine. Although all three species are closely related, only E. histolytica and E. nuttalli are able to penetrate their host’s intestinal epithelium. Lineage-specific genes and gene families may hold the key to understanding differences in virulence among species. Here we discuss those genes found in E. histolytica that have relatives in only one or neither of its sister species, with particular focus on the peptidase, AIG, Ariel, and BspA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian W Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoology, Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Guillen N. Signals and signal transduction pathways in Entamoeba histolytica during the life cycle and when interacting with bacteria or human cells. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:901-915. [PMID: 33249684 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis in humans. This ameba parasite resides as a commensal in the intestine where it shares intestinal resources with the bacterial microbiome. In the intestinal ecosystem, the ameba encysts and eventually develops disease by invading the tissues. E. histolytica possesses cell surface receptors for the proper sensing of signals involved in encystation or sustaining parasite interaction with bacteria and human cells. Among those receptors are the Gal/GalNAc lectin, G protein-coupled receptors, and transmembrane kinases. In addition there are recently discovered, promising proteins, including orthologs of Toll-type receptors and β trefoil lectins. These proteins trigger a wide variety of signal transduction pathways; however, most of the players involved in the signaling pathways evoked in this parasite are unknown. This review provides an overview of amoebic receptors and their role in encystation, adherence to bacteria or human cells, as well as the reported intracellular signal transduction processes that they can trigger. This knowledge is essential for understanding the lifestyle of E. histolytica and its cytopathic effect on bacteria and human cells that are responsible for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
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10
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Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Petri WA. Host Protective Mechanisms to Intestinal Amebiasis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:165-175. [PMID: 33502317 PMCID: PMC7840892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infection that manifests as colitis and, in some cases, liver abscess. A better understanding of host protective factors is key to developing an effective remedy. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of MUC2 production by goblet cells upon amebic infection, regulation of antimicrobial peptide production by Paneth cells, the interaction of commensal microbiota with immune stimulation, and host genetics in conferring protection from amebiasis. In addition to host pathways that may serve as potential therapeutic targets, significant progress has also been made with respect to development of a vaccine against amebiasis. Here, we aim to highlight the current understanding and knowledge gaps critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jashim Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jhansi L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Hasan MM, Teixeira JE, Lam YW, Huston CD. Coactosin Phosphorylation Controls Entamoeba histolytica Cell Membrane Protrusions and Cell Motility. mBio 2020; 11:e00660-20. [PMID: 32753489 PMCID: PMC7407079 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00660-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of the colon wall by Entamoeba histolytica during amoebic dysentery entails migration of trophozoites through tissue layers that are rich in extracellular matrix. Transcriptional silencing of the E. histolytica surface metalloprotease EhMSP-1 produces hyperadherent less-motile trophozoites that are deficient in forming invadosomes. Reversible protein phosphorylation is often implicated in regulation of cell motility and invadosome formation. To identify such intermediaries of the EhMSP-1-silenced phenotype, here we compared the phosphoproteomes of EhMSP-1-silenced and vector control trophozoites by using quantitative tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Six proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated in EhMSP-1-silenced and control cells, including EhCoactosin, a member of the ADF/cofilin family of actin-binding proteins, which was more frequently phosphorylated at serine 147. Regulated overexpression of wild-type, phosphomimetic, and nonphosphorylatable EhCoactosin variants was used to test if phosphorylation functions in control of E. histolytica actin dynamics. Each of the overexpressed proteins colocalized with F-actin during E. histolytica phagocytosis. Nonetheless, trophozoites overexpressing an EhCoactosin phosphomimetic mutant formed more and poorly coordinated cell membrane protrusions compared to those in control or cells expressing a nonphosphorylatable mutant, while trophozoites overexpressing nonphosphorylatable EhCoactosin were significantly more motile within a model of mammalian extracellular matrix. Therefore, although EhCoactosin's actin-binding ability appeared unaffected by phosphorylation, EhCoactosin phosphorylation helps to regulate amoebic motility. These data help to understand the mechanisms underlying altered adherence and motility in EhMSP-1-silenced trophozoites and lay the groundwork for identifying kinases and phosphatases critical for control of amoebic invasiveness.IMPORTANCE Invasive amoebiasis, caused by the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica, causes life-threatening diarrhea and liver abscesses, but, for unknown reasons, only approximately 10% of E. histolytica infections become symptomatic. A key requirement of invasion is the ability of the parasite to migrate through tissue layers. Here, we systematically looked for differences in protein phosphorylation between control parasites and a previously identified hyperadherent E. histolytica cell line that has reduced motility. We identified EhCoactosin, an actin-binding protein not previously known to be phosphoregulated, as one of the differentially phosphorylated proteins in E. histolytica and demonstrated that EhCoactosin phosphorylation functions in control of cell membrane dynamics and amoebic motility. This and the additional differentially phosphorylated proteins reported lay the groundwork for identifying kinases and phosphatases that regulate tissue invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - José E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Proteomics Facility, Vermont Genetics Network, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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12
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Rawat A, Singh P, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK. Averting transmission: A pivotal target to manage amoebiasis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:731-744. [PMID: 32356312 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a parasitic infectious disease caused by the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, a leading basis of deaths accounted to parasites, succeeding malaria and schistosomiasis. Conventional treatment methodologies used to deal with amoebiasis mainly rely on the administration of anti-amoebic compounds and vaccines but are often linked with substantial side-effects on the patient. Besides, cases of development of drug resistance in protozoans have been recorded, contributing further to the reduction in the efficiency of the treatment. Loopholes in the efficacious management of the disease call for the development of novel methodologies to manage amoebiasis. A way to achieve this is by targeting the essential metabolic processes of 'encystation' and 'excystation', and the associated biomolecules, thus interrupting the biphasic life cycle of the parasite. Technologies like the CRISPR-Cas9 system can efficiently be exploited to discover novel and essential molecules that regulate the protozoan's metabolism, while efficiently manipulating and managing the known drug targets, leading to an effective halt and forestall to the enteric infection. This review presents a perspective on these essential metabolic processes and the associated molecules that can be targeted efficaciously to prevent the transmission of amoebiasis, thus managing the disease and proving to be a fruitful endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadish Rawat
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Parikshit Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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Aguilar-Rojas A, Castellanos-Castro S, Matondo M, Gianetto QG, Varet H, Sismeiro O, Legendre R, Fernandes J, Hardy D, Coppée JY, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Insights into amebiasis using a human 3D-intestinal model. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13203. [PMID: 32175652 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infectious disease targeting the intestine and the liver in humans. Two types of intestinal infection are caused by this parasite: silent infection, which occurs in the majority of cases, and invasive disease, which affects 10% of infected persons. To understand the intestinal pathogenic process, several in vitro models, such as cell cultures, human tissue explants or human intestine xenografts in mice, have been employed. Nevertheless, our knowledge on the early steps of amebic intestinal infection and the molecules involved during human-parasite interaction is scarce, in part due to limitations in the experimental settings. In the present work, we took advantage of tissue engineering approaches to build a three-dimensional (3D)-intestinal model that is able to replicate the general characteristics of the human colon. This system consists of an epithelial layer that develops tight and adherens junctions, a mucus layer and a lamina propria-like compartment made up of collagen containing macrophages and fibroblast. By means of microscopy imaging, omics assays and the evaluation of immune responses, we show a very dynamic interaction between E. histolytica and the 3D-intestinal model. Our data highlight the importance of several virulence markers occurring in patients or in experimental models, but they also demonstrate the involvement of under described molecules and regulatory factors in the amoebic invasive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Silvia Castellanos-Castro
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centrede Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centrede Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Odile Sismeiro
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Julien Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, UTechSPBI, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Transcriptome et EpiGenome, Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | | | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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14
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Whole genome sequencing of Entamoeba nuttalli reveals mammalian host-related molecular signatures and a novel octapeptide-repeat surface protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007923. [PMID: 31805050 PMCID: PMC6917348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric protozoa Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, which is one of the most common parasitic diseases in developed and developing countries. Entamoeba nuttalli is the genetically closest species to E. histolytica in current phylogenetic analyses of Entamoeba species, and is prevalent in wild macaques. Therefore, E. nuttalli may be a key organism in which to investigate molecules required for infection of human or non-human primates. To explore the molecular signatures of host-parasite interactions, we conducted de novo assembly of the E. nuttalli genome, utilizing self-correction of PacBio long reads and polishing corrected reads using Illumina short reads, followed by comparative genomic analysis with two other mammalian and a reptilian Entamoeba species. The final draft assembly of E. nuttalli included 395 contigs with a total length of approximately 23 Mb, and 9,647 predicted genes, of which 6,940 were conserved with E. histolytica. In addition, we found an E. histolytica-specific repeat known as ERE2 in the E. nuttalli genome. GO-term enrichment analysis of mammalian host-related molecules indicated diversification of transmembrane proteins, including AIG1 family and BspA-like proteins that may be involved in the host-parasite interaction. Furthermore, we identified an E. nuttalli-specific protein that contained 42 repeats of an octapeptide ([G,E]KPTDTPS). This protein was shown to be localized on the cell surface using immunofluorescence. Since many repeat-containing proteins in parasites play important roles in interactions with host cells, this unique octapeptide repeat-containing protein may be involved in colonization of E. nuttalli in the intestine of macaques. Overall, our draft assembly provides a valuable resource for studying Entamoeba evolution and host-parasite selection.
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15
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Carrero JC, Reyes-López M, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M, Unzueta J, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 310:151358. [PMID: 31587966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an extracellular enteric protozoan. This infection mainly affects people from developing countries with limited hygiene conditions, where it is endemic. Infective cysts are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, excysting in the terminal ileum and producing invasive trophozoites (amoebae). E. histolytica mainly lives in the large intestine without causing symptoms; however, possibly as a result of so far unknown signals, the amoebae invade the mucosa and epithelium causing intestinal amoebiasis. E. histolytica possesses different mechanisms of pathogenicity for the adherence to the intestinal epithelium and for degrading extracellular matrix proteins, producing tissue lesions that progress to abscesses and a host acute inflammatory response. Much information has been obtained regarding the virulence factors, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and the host immune response against this parasite; in addition, alternative treatments to metronidazole are continually emerging. An accesible and low-cost diagnostic method that can distinguish E. histolytica from the most nonpathogenic amoebae and an effective vaccine are necessary for protecting against amoebiasis. However, research about the disease and its prevention has been a challenge due to the relationship between E. histolytica and the host during the distinct stages of the disease is multifaceted. In this review, we analyze the interaction between the parasite, the human host, and the colon microbiota or pathogenic microorganisms, which together give rise to intestinal amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Magda Reyes-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Juan Unzueta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa México, Unidad de Investigación, CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico.
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16
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Rangel-Castañeda IA, Carranza-Rosales P, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Hernández-Hernández JM, González-Pozos S, Pérez-Rangel A, Castillo-Romero A. Curcumin Attenuates the Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica by Regulating the Expression of Virulence Factors in an Ex-Vivo Model Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030127. [PMID: 31443160 PMCID: PMC6789811 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is still a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of the amoebiasis, and it can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications in some people. ALA can be cured by metronidazole (MTZ); however, because it has poor activity against luminal trophozoites, 40–60% of treated patients get repeated episodes of invasive disease and require repeated treatments that can induce resistance to MTZ, this may emerge as an important public health problem. Anti-virulence strategies that impair the virulence of pathogens are one of the novel approaches to solving the problem. In this study, we found that low doses of curcumin (10 and 50 μM) attenuate the virulence of E. histolytica without affecting trophozoites growth or triggering liver injury. Curcumin (CUR) decreases the expression of genes associated with E. histolytica virulence (gal/galnac lectin, ehcp1, ehcp5, and amoebapore), and is correlated with significantly lower amoebic invasion. In addition, oxidative stress is critically involved in the etiopathology of amoebic liver abscess; our results show no changes in mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) after E. histolytica infection, with or without CUR. This study provides clear evidence that curcumin could be an anti-virulence agent against E. histolytica, and makes it an attractive potential starting point for effective treatments that reduce downstream amoebic liver abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzia Azucena Rangel-Castañeda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey 64720, Mexico
| | | | - José Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Sirenia González-Pozos
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica LaNSE, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Rangel
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Araceli Castillo-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico.
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17
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Wilson IW, Weedall GD, Lorenzi H, Howcroft T, Hon CC, Deloger M, Guillén N, Paterson S, Clark CG, Hall N. Genetic Diversity and Gene Family Expansions in Members of the Genus Entamoeba. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:688-705. [PMID: 30668670 PMCID: PMC6414313 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is the third-most common cause of mortality worldwide from a parasitic disease. Although the primary etiological agent of amoebiasis is the obligate human parasite Entamoeba histolytica, other members of the genus Entamoeba can infect humans and may be pathogenic. Here, we present the first annotated reference genome for Entamoeba moshkovskii, a species that has been associated with human infections, and compare the genomes of E. moshkovskii, E. histolytica, the human commensal Entamoeba dispar, and the nonhuman pathogen Entamoeba invadens. Gene clustering and phylogenetic analyses show differences in expansion and contraction of families of proteins associated with host or bacterial interactions. They intimate the importance to parasitic Entamoeba species of surface-bound proteins involved in adhesion to extracellular membranes, such as the Gal/GalNAc lectin and members of the BspA and Ariel1 families. Furthermore, E. dispar is the only one of the four species to lack a functional copy of the key virulence factor cysteine protease CP-A5, whereas the gene's presence in E. moshkovskii is consistent with the species' potentially pathogenic nature. Entamoeba moshkovskii was found to be more diverse than E. histolytica across all sequence classes. The former is ∼200 times more diverse than latter, with the four E. moshkovskii strains tested having a most recent common ancestor nearly 500 times more ancient than the tested E. histolytica strains. A four-haplotype test indicates that these E. moshkovskii strains are not the same species and should be regarded as a species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Wilson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy Howcroft
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Deloger
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Graham Clark
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
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18
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Development of a Novel Ex-vivo 3D Model to Screen Amoebicidal Activity on Infected Tissue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8396. [PMID: 31182753 PMCID: PMC6557822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease that causes thousands of deaths every year, its adverse effects and resistance to conventional treatments have led to the search of new treatment options, as well as the development of novel screening methods. In this work, we implemented a 3D model of intestine and liver slices from hamsters that were infected ex vivo with virulent E. histolytica trophozoites. Results show preserved histology in both uninfected tissues as well as ulcerations, destruction of the epithelial cells, and inflammatory reaction in intestine slices and formation of micro abscesses, and the presence of amoebae in the sinusoidal spaces and in the interior of central veins in liver slices. The three chemically synthetized compounds T-001, T-011, and T-016, which act as amoebicides in vitro, were active in both infected tissues, as they decreased the number of trophozoites, and provoked death by disintegration of the amoeba, similar to metronidazole. However, compound T-011 induced signs of cytotoxicity to liver slices. Our results suggest that ex vivo cultures of precision-cut intestinal and liver slices represent a reliable 3D approach to evaluate novel amoebicidal compounds, and to simultaneously detect their toxicity, while reducing the number of experimental animals commonly required by other model systems.
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19
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Royes LFF, Gomez-Pinilla F. Making sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:345-361. [PMID: 31102601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition which often initiates a sequel of neurological disorders that can last throughout lifespan. From metabolic perspective, TBI also compromises systemic physiology including the function of body organs with subsequent malfunctions in metabolism. The emerging panorama is that the effects of TBI on the periphery strike back on the brain and exacerbate the overall TBI pathogenesis. An increasing number of clinical reports are alarming to show that metabolic dysfunction is associated with incidence of long-term neurological and psychiatric disorders. The autonomic nervous system, associated hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the immune system are at the center of the interface between brain and body and are central to the regulation of overall homeostasis and disease. We review the strong association between mechanisms that regulate cell metabolism and inflammation which has important clinical implications for the communication between body and brain. We also discuss the integrative actions of lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise on promoting brain and body health and cognition after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative and Biology and Physiology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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20
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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21
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Fonseca Z, Uribe-Querol E, Díaz-Godínez C, Carrero JC, Rosales C. Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica, but not Entamoeba dispar, induce neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1167-1181. [PMID: 30913315 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0818-309rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is an infection of global importance, caused by the eukaryotic parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Pathogenic E. histolytica is associated worldwide with over a million cases of amoebic dysentery, colitis, and amoebic liver abscess. In contrast, the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar does not cause these diseases, although it is commonly found in the same areas as pathogenic amoeba. Entamoeba histolytica infection is usually associated with infiltrating neutrophils. These neutrophils appear to play a defensive role against this parasite, by mechanisms not completely understood. Recently, our group reported that neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) are produced in response to E. histolytica trophozoites. But, there is no information on whether nonpathogenic E. dispar can also induce NET formation. In this report, we explored the possibility that E. dispar leads to NET formation. Neutrophils were stimulated by E. histolytica trophozoites or by E. dispar trophozoites, and NET formation was assessed by video microscopy. NET induced by E. histolytica were important for trapping and killing amoebas. In contrast, E. dispar did not induce NET formation in any condition. Also E. dispar did not induce neutrophil degranulation or reactive oxygen species production. In addition, E. histolytica-induced NET formation required alive amoebas and it was inhibited by galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and lactose. These data show that only alive pathogenic E. histolytica activates neutrophils to produce NET, and suggest that recognition of the parasite involves a carbohydrate with an axial HO- group at carbon 4 of a hexose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayda Fonseca
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Díaz-Godínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Shahi P, Moreau F, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica Cyclooxygenase-Like Protein Regulates Cysteine Protease Expression and Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:447. [PMID: 30687644 PMCID: PMC6333869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) causes amebiasis associated with severe diarrhea and/or liver abscess. Eh pathogenesis is multifactorial requiring both parasite virulent molecules and host-induced innate immune responses. Eh-induced host pro-inflammatory responses plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis by causing damage to tissues allowing parasites access to systemic sites. Eh cyclooxygenase (EhCox) derived prostaglandin E2 stimulates the chemokine IL-8 from mucosal epithelial cells that recruits neutrophils to the site of infection to exacerbate disease. At present, it is not known how EhCox is regulated or whether it affects the expression of other proteins in Eh. In this study, we found that gene silencing of EhCox (EhCoxgs) markedly increased endogenous cysteine protease (CP) protein expression and virulence without altering CP gene transcripts. Live virulent Eh pretreated with arachidonic acid substrate to enhance PGE2 production or aspirin to inhibit EhCox enzyme activity or addition of exogenous PGE2 to Eh had no effect on EhCP activity. Increased CP enzyme activity in EhCoxgs was stable and significantly enhanced erythrophagocytosis, cytopathic effects on colonic epithelial cells and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice colonic loops. Acute infection with EhCoxgs in colonic loops increased inflammation associated with high levels of myeloperoxidase activity. This study has identified EhCox protein as one of the important endogenous regulators of cysteine protease activity. Alterations of CP activity in response to Cox gene silencing may be a negative feedback mechanism in Eh to limit proteolytic activity during colonization that can inadvertently trigger inflammation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Hernández‐Cuevas NA, Jhingan GD, Petropolis D, Vargas M, Guillen N. Acetylation is the most abundant actin modification in
Entamoeba histolytica
and modifications of actin's amino‐terminal domain change cytoskeleton activities. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12983. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debora Petropolis
- Institut Pasteur Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme Paris France
- INSERM Unit 786 Paris France
| | - Miguel Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CINVESTAV Mexico City Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme Paris France
- INSERM Unit 786 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL9195 Paris France
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24
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In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery. Biomaterials 2018; 198:228-249. [PMID: 30384974 PMCID: PMC7172914 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a growing problem over the past decade. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control predict more deaths resulting from microorganisms than all cancers combined by 2050. Currently, many traditional models used to study bacterial infections fail to precisely replicate the in vivo bacterial environment. These models often fail to incorporate fluid flow, bio-mechanical cues, intercellular interactions, host-bacteria interactions, and even the simple inclusion of relevant physiological proteins in culture media. As a result of these inadequate models, there is often a poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo assays, limiting therapeutic potential. Thus, the urgency to establish in vitro and ex vivo systems to investigate the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections and to discover new-age therapeutics against bacterial infections is dire. In this review, we present an update of current in vitro and ex vivo models that are comprehensively changing the landscape of traditional microbiology assays. Further, we provide a comparative analysis of previous research on various established organ-disease models. Lastly, we provide insight on future techniques that may more accurately test new formulations to meet the growing demand of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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25
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Sierra-López F, Baylón-Pacheco L, Espíritu-Gordillo P, Lagunes-Guillén A, Chávez-Munguía B, Rosales-Encina JL. Influence of Micropatterned Grill Lines on Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites Morphology and Migration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:295. [PMID: 30197879 PMCID: PMC6117912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causal agent of human amoebiasis, has two morphologically different phases: a resistant cyst and a trophozoite responsible for the invasion of the host tissues such as the colonic mucosa and the intestinal epithelium. During in vitro migration, trophozoites usually produce protuberances such as pseudopods and rarely filopodia, structures that have been observed in the interaction of trophozoites with human colonic epithelial tissue. To study the different membrane projections produced by the trophozoites, including pseudopods, filopodia, uropods, blebs, and others, we designed an induction system using erythrocyte extract or fibronectin (FN) in micropatterned grill lines (each micro-line containing multiple micro-portions of FN or erythrocyte extract) on which the trophozoites were placed in culture for migration assays. Using light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy, we established that E. histolytica trophozoites frequently produce short and long filopodia, large retractile uropods in the rear, pseudopods, blebs, and others structures, also showing continuous migration periods. The present study provides a simple migration method to induce trophozoites to generate abundant membrane protrusion structures that are rarely obtained in normal or induced cultures, such as long filopodia; this method will allow a–better understanding of the interactions of trophozoites with FN and cell debris. E. histolytica trophozoites motility plays an important role in invasive amoebiasis. It has been proposed that both physical forces and chemical signals are involved in the trophozoite motility and migration. However, the in vivo molecules that drive the chemotactic migration remain to be determined. We propose the present assay to study host molecules that guide chemotactic behavior because the method is highly reproducible, and a live image of cell movement and migration can be quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sierra-López
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lidia Baylón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Espíritu-Gordillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anel Lagunes-Guillén
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Rosales-Encina
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Sekizuka T, Sato-Ebine E, Escueta-de Cadiz A, Ji DD, Tomii K, Kuroda M, Nozaki T. AIG1 affects in vitro and in vivo virulence in clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006882. [PMID: 29554130 PMCID: PMC5884625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease state of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, varies from asymptomatic to severe manifestations that include dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses. The virulence factors of the pathogen, and host defense mechanisms, contribute to the outcomes of infection; however, the underlying genetic factors, which affect clinical outcomes, remain to be fully elucidated. To identify these genetic factors in E. histolytica, we used Illumina next-generation sequencing to conduct a comparative genomic analysis of two clinical isolates obtained from diarrheal and asymptomatic patients (strains KU50 and KU27, respectively). By mapping KU50 and KU27 reads to the genome of a reference HM-1:IMSS strain, we identified two genes (EHI_089440 and EHI_176590) that were absent in strain KU27. In KU27, a single AIG1 (avrRpt2-induced gene 1) family gene (EHI_176590) was found to be deleted, from a tandem array of three AIG1 genes, by homologous recombination between the two flanking genes. Overexpression of the EHI_176590 gene, in strain HM-1:IMSS cl6, resulted in increased formation of cell-surface protrusions and enhanced adhesion to human erythrocytes. The EHI_176590 gene was detected by PCR in 56% of stool samples from symptomatic patients infected with E. histolytica, but only in 15% of stool samples from asymptomatic individuals. This suggests that the presence of the EHI_176590 gene is correlated with the outcomes of infection. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the AIG1 family protein plays a pivotal role in E. histolytica virulence via regulation of host cell adhesion. Our in-vivo experiments, using a hamster liver abscess model, showed that overexpression or gene silencing of EHI_176590 reduced and increased liver abscess formation, respectively. This suggests that the AIG1 genes may have contrasting roles in virulence depending on the genetic background of the parasite and host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sato-Ebine
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dar-der Ji
- Center for Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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El-Ashram S, Li C, Abouhajer F, Mehmood R, Al Nasr I, Zhang Y, Lu T, Yili D, Suo X, Haoji Z, Li Z, Huang S. An ex vivo abomasal ovine model to study the immediate immune response in the context of Haemonchus contortus larval-stage. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:105-113. [PMID: 29656994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have set up an ex vivo ovine abomasal model, which can mimic the multicellular process to explore the early steps in haemonchine nematode infection using RNA-seq technology. Ovine abomasal explants were collected for histological and transcriptional analysis and supernatants collected to quantitate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. Atotal of 233 were substantially induced genes between L4-inoculated and uninoculated-control tissues, respectively. However, a total of 14 were considerably down-regulated genes between the 51 aforementioned tissues. Fifteen pathways were annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes pathway analysis accounted for the significant percentage in immediate response to larval-stage of H. contortus. Key genes upregulated in response to the addition of L4-inoculum of H. contortus were IL-6, IL-8, C1q, Atypical chemokine receptor-3, chemokine ligand-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, integrin alpha-7, -8, -9, integrin subunit beta-1, integrin subunit beta 6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and actin alpha-1. This study shows for the first time that galectin-1 is up-regulated in an ex vivo abomasal segment model exposed to L4-inoculum of H. contortus following 6 h of incubation. The abomasal segment model has been shown to be a suitable tool to study the haemonchine larval-stage effects on the ovine abomasal tissues prior to in vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Science, Kafr ElSheikh University, Kafr ElSheikh, Egypt.
| | - Cuiping Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fathi Abouhajer
- Faculty of Education, Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences, Zliten, Libya
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Kotli, AJ&K Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Al Nasr
- College of Science and Arts in Unaizah, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia; College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University (Northern Campus), Shishan, Naihai district of Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528231, China
| | - Tang Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University (Northern Campus), Shishan, Naihai district of Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528231, China
| | - Ding Yili
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhang Haoji
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China.
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28
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Abouhajer F, El-Ashram S, Karama M, Huang S, Liu JF. An ex vivo ruminal ovine model to study the immediate immune response in the context of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:277-285. [PMID: 29429072 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have set up an ex vivo ovine ruminal model, which can mimic the multicellular process to explore the early steps in Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation using RNA-seq technology. Ovine ruminal explants were collected for histological and transcriptional analysis and supernatants collected to quantitate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. A total of 8 and 523 genes were significantly over-expressed between LPS-treated and control tissues at 6 and 12 h, respectively. However, six and seven hundred and thirteen genes were substantially repressed between the aforementioned tissues, correspondingly. Key genes up-regulated in response to the addition of LPS were tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interlukin (IL)-1 beta(b), IL-6, IL-8, IL-17B, IL-19, MMP-1, MMP-3, and integrin alpha 2 (ITGA8, 9). This study shows for the first time that galectin-1 is up-regulated in an ex vivo ruminal segment model exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide following 6 h of incubation. The ruminal segment model has been shown to be a suitable tool to study the bacterial lipopolysaccharide effects on the ovine ruminal tissues prior to in vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Abouhajer
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Faculty of Education, Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences, Zliten, Libya
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China.
- Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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29
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Baydoun M, Vanneste SB, Creusy C, Guyot K, Gantois N, Chabe M, Delaire B, Mouray A, Baydoun A, Forzy G, Chieux V, Gosset P, Senez V, Viscogliosi E, Follet J, Certad G. Three-dimensional (3D) culture of adult murine colon as an in vitro model of cryptosporidiosis: Proof of concept. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17288. [PMID: 29230047 PMCID: PMC5725449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrheal illness and was recently potentially associated with digestive carcinogenesis. Despite its impact on human health, Cryptosporidium pathogenesis remains poorly known, mainly due to the lack of a long-term culture method for this parasite. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) culture model from adult murine colon allowing biological investigations of the host-parasite interactions in an in vivo-like environment and, in particular, the development of parasite-induced neoplasia. Colonic explants were cultured and preserved ex vivo for 35 days and co-culturing was performed with C. parvum. Strikingly, the resulting system allowed the reproduction of neoplastic lesions in vitro at 27 days post-infection (PI), providing new evidence of the role of the parasite in the induction of carcinogenesis. This promising model could facilitate the study of host-pathogen interactions and the investigation of the process involved in Cryptosporidium-induced cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Baydoun
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.,ISA-YNCREA Hauts-de-France, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz Vanneste
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Ecologie et Biodiversité, Faculté de Gestion Economie et Sciences, Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hopitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Karine Guyot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Magali Chabe
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ. de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Delaire
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hopitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Anthony Mouray
- Plateforme d'Expérimentations et de Hautes Technologies Animales, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Atallah Baydoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gerard Forzy
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Groupement des Hospitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Vincent Chieux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Groupement des Hospitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.,Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hopitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Vincent Senez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- ISA-YNCREA Hauts-de-France, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France. .,Département de la Recherche Médicale, Groupement des Hopitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Faculté de Médecine et Maïeutique, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.
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Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the microbial agent of amoebiasis - an infection that is endemic worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As the disease develops, virulent E. histolytica deplete the mucus layer, interact with the intestinal epithelium, and then degrade the colonic mucosa and disrupt the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our research demonstrated that virulent parasites with an invasive phenotype display rapid, highly specific changes in their transcriptome (notably for essential factors involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the processing of glycosylated residues). Moreover, combined activation of parasite and host lytic enzymes leads to the destruction of the intestinal parenchyma. Together, these enzymes degrade the mucus layer and the ECM, and trigger the inflammatory response essential to the development of amoebiasis.
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31
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Pineda E, Perdomo D. Entamoeba histolytica under Oxidative Stress: What Countermeasure Mechanisms Are in Place? Cells 2017; 6:cells6040044. [PMID: 29160807 PMCID: PMC5755502 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis; it affects 50 million people worldwide and causes approximately 100,000 deaths per year. Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasite that is primarily found in the colon; however, for unknown reasons, it can become invasive, breaching the gut barrier and migrating toward the liver causing amoebic liver abscesses. During the invasive process, it must maintain intracellular hypoxia within the oxygenated human tissues and cellular homeostasis during the host immune defense attack when it is confronted with nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. But how? This review will address the described and potential mechanisms available to counter the oxidative stress generated during invasion and the possible role that E. histolytica’s continuous endoplasmic reticulum (Eh-ER) plays during these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity (MFP), University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Doranda Perdomo
- Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity (MFP), University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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32
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Impact of Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica on Sera of Leukotreins D4, Interleukin -6, Acid phosphatase and other Some Trace Elements. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Zhang Q, Eicher SD, Ajuwon KM, Applegate TJ. Development of a chicken ileal explant culture model for measurement of gut inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Poult Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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34
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Ximénez C, González E, Nieves M, Magaña U, Morán P, Gudiño-Zayas M, Partida O, Hernández E, Rojas-Velázquez L, García de León MC, Maldonado H. Differential expression of pathogenic genes of Entamoeba histolytica vs E. dispar in a model of infection using human liver tissue explants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181962. [PMID: 28771523 PMCID: PMC5542602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish an ex vivo model for examining the interaction of E. histolytica with human tissue, using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from donated organs. E. histolytica- or E. dispar-infected PCLS were analyzed at different post-infection times (0, 1, 3, 24 and 48 h) to evaluate the relation between tissue damage and the expression of genes associated with three factors: a) parasite survival (peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and 70 kDa heat shock protein), b) parasite virulence (EhGal/GalNAc lectin, amoebapore, cysteine proteases and calreticulin), and c) the host inflammatory response (various cytokines). Unlike E. dispar (non-pathogenic), E. histolytica produced some damage to the structure of hepatic parenchyma. Overall, greater expression of virulence genes existed in E. histolytica-infected versus E. dispar-infected tissue. Accordingly, there was an increased expression of EhGal/GalNAc lectin, Ehap-a and Ehcp-5, Ehcp-2, ehcp-1 genes with E. histolytica, and a decreased or lack of expression of Ehcp-2, and Ehap-a genes with E. dispar. E. histolytica-infected tissue also exhibited an elevated expression of genes linked to survival, principally peroxiredoxin, superoxide dismutase and Ehhsp-70. Moreover, E. histolytica-infected tissue showed an overexpression of some genes encoding for pro-inflammatory interleukins (ILs), such as il-8, ifn-γ and tnf-α. Contrarily, E. dispar-infected tissue displayed higher levels of il-10, the gene for the corresponding anti-inflammatory cytokine. Additionally, other genes were investigated that are important in the host-parasite relationship, including those encoding for the 20 kDa heat shock protein (HSP-20), the AIG-1 protein, and immune dominant variable surface antigen, as well as for proteins apparently involved in mechanisms for the protection of the trophozoites in different environments (e.g., thioredoxin-reductase, oxido-reductase, and 9 hypothetical proteins). Some of the hypothetical proteins evidenced interesting overexpression rates, however we should wait to their characterization. This finding suggest that the present model could be advantageous for exploring the complex interaction between trophozoites and hepatocytes during the development of ALA, particularly in the initial stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ximénez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Enrique González
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Miriam Nieves
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Ulises Magaña
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Patricia Morán
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Oswaldo Partida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Eric Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | - Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, México
| | | | - Héctor Maldonado
- Sub direction of Pathology, National Institute of Cancerology, México City, México
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35
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Weber C, Koutero M, Dillies MA, Varet H, Lopez-Camarillo C, Coppée JY, Hon CC, Guillén N. Extensive transcriptome analysis correlates the plasticity of Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis to rapid phenotype changes depending on the environment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35852. [PMID: 27767091 PMCID: PMC5073345 DOI: 10.1038/srep35852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a human infectious disease due to the amoeba parasite Entamoeba histolytica. The disease appears in only 20% of the infections. Diversity in phenotypes may occur within the same infectious strain in the gut; for instance, parasites can be commensal (in the intestinal lumen) or pathogenic (inside the tissue). The degree of pathogenesis of clinical isolates varies greatly. These findings raise the hypothesis that genetic derivation may account for amoebic diverse phenotypes. The main goal of this study was to analyse gene expression changes of a single virulent amoebic strain in different environmental contexts where it exhibit different degrees of virulence, namely isolated from humans and maintained through animal liver passages, in contact with the human colon and short or prolonged in vitro culture. The study reveals major transcriptome changes in virulent parasites upon contact with human colon explants, including genes related to sugar metabolism, cytoskeleton rearrangement, stress responses and DNA repair. Furthermore, in long-term cultured parasites, drastic changes in gene expression for proteins with functions for proteasome and tRNA activities were found. Globally we conclude that rapid changes in gene expression rather than genetic derivation can sustain the invasive phenotype of a single virulent isolate of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Mikael Koutero
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnes Dillies
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS) - F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS) - F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cesar Lopez-Camarillo
- Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Genomics Sciences Program, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jean Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and EpiGenome, BioMics, Center for Innovation and Technological Research, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, F-75015 Paris, France.,Inserm, U786, F-75015 Paris, France
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Meyer M, Fehling H, Matthiesen J, Lorenzen S, Schuldt K, Bernin H, Zaruba M, Lender C, Ernst T, Ittrich H, Roeder T, Tannich E, Lotter H, Bruchhaus I. Overexpression of Differentially Expressed Genes Identified in Non-pathogenic and Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica Clones Allow Identification of New Pathogenicity Factors Involved in Amoebic Liver Abscess Formation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005853. [PMID: 27575775 PMCID: PMC5004846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We here compared pathogenic (p) and non-pathogenic (np) isolates of Entamoeba histolytica to identify molecules involved in the ability of this parasite to induce amoebic liver abscess (ALA)-like lesions in two rodent models for the disease. We performed a comprehensive analysis of 12 clones (A1–A12) derived from a non-pathogenic isolate HM-1:IMSS-A and 12 clones (B1–B12) derived from a pathogenic isolate HM-1:IMSS-B. “Non-pathogenicity” included the induction of small and quickly resolved lesions while “pathogenicity” comprised larger abscess development that overstayed day 7 post infection. All A-clones were designated as non-pathogenic, whereas 4 out of 12 B-clones lost their ability to induce ALAs in gerbils. No correlation between ALA formation and cysteine peptidase (CP) activity, haemolytic activity, erythrophagocytosis, motility or cytopathic activity was found. To identify the molecular framework underlying different pathogenic phenotypes, three clones were selected for in-depth transcriptome analyses. Comparison of a non-pathogenic clone A1np with pathogenic clone B2p revealed 76 differentially expressed genes, whereas comparison of a non-pathogenic clone B8np with B2p revealed only 19 differentially expressed genes. Only six genes were found to be similarly regulated in the two non-pathogenic clones A1np and B8np in comparison with the pathogenic clone B2p. Based on these analyses, we chose 20 candidate genes and evaluated their roles in ALA formation using the respective gene-overexpressing transfectants. We conclude that different mechanisms lead to loss of pathogenicity. In total, we identified eight proteins, comprising a metallopeptidase, C2 domain proteins, alcohol dehydrogenases and hypothetical proteins, that affect the pathogenicity of E. histolytica. The pathogen Entamoeba histolytica can live asymptomatically in the human gut, or it can disrupt the intestinal barrier and induce life-threatening abscesses in different organs, most often in the liver. The molecular framework that enables this invasive, highly pathogenic phenotype is still not well understood. In order to identify factors that are positively or negatively correlated for invasion and destruction of the liver, we used a unique tool, E. histolytica clones that differ dramatically in their pathogenicity, while sharing almost identical genetic background. Based on comprehensive transcriptome studies of these clones, we identified a set of candidate genes that are potentially involved in pathogenicity. Using ectopic overexpression of the most promising candidates, either in pathogenic or in non-pathogenic Entamoeba clones, we identified genes where high expression reduced pathogenicity and only one gene that increased pathogenicity to a certain extend. Taken together, the current study identifies novel pathogenicity factors of E. histolytica and highlights the observation that various different genes contribute to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Fehling
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Matthiesen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schuldt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Bernin
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareen Zaruba
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Molecular Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Ajjampur SSR, Png CW, Chia WN, Zhang Y, Tan KSW. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Mice Models to Study Blastocystis spp. Adhesion, Colonization and Pathology: Closer to Proving Koch's Postulates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160458. [PMID: 27508942 PMCID: PMC4979897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. are widely prevalent extra cellular, non-motile anerobic protists that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Although Blastocystis spp. have been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, irritable bowel syndrome and urticaria, their clinical significance has remained controversial. We established an ex vivo mouse explant model to characterize adhesion in the context of tissue architecture and presence of the mucin layer. Using confocal microscopy with tissue whole mounts and two axenic isolates of Blastocystis spp., subtype 7 with notable differences in adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), isolate B (ST7-B) and isolate H (more adhesive, ST7-H), we showed that adhesion is both isolate dependent and tissue trophic. The more adhesive isolate, ST7-H was found to bind preferentially to the colon tissue than caecum and terminal ileum. Both isolates were also found to have mucinolytic effects. We then adapted a DSS colitis mouse model as a susceptible model to study colonization and acute infection by intra-caecal inoculation of trophic Blastocystis spp.cells. We found that the more adhesive isolate ST7-H was also a better colonizer with more mice shedding parasites and for a longer duration than ST7-B. Adhesion and colonization was also associated with increased virulence as ST7-H infected mice showed greater tissue damage than ST7-B. Both the ex vivo and in vivo models used in this study showed that Blastocystis spp. remain luminal and predominantly associated with mucin. This was further confirmed using colonic loop experiments. We were also successfully able to re-infect a second batch of mice with ST7-H isolates obtained from fecal cultures and demonstrated similar histopathological findings and tissue damage thereby coming closer to proving Koch’s postulates for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara S. R. Ajjampur
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
- * E-mail:
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The motility of Entamoeba histolytica: finding ways to understand intestinal amoebiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34:24-30. [PMID: 27497052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica is able to migrate within various compartments of the human body. The present article reviews progress in understanding the mechanisms of cell motility in E. histolytica during human intestinal invasion and, in particular, how the three-dimensional characteristics of the environment regulate the parasite's behaviour. The amoeboid mode of migration that applies to E. histolytica's displacements on two-dimensional surfaces is also expected to apply to the three-dimensional environment in the human intestine although several unknown, distinct modalities may be involved. Recent advances in the field of tissue engineering have provided clues on how the construction of a human colon model could help us to understand the host's intestinal physiology and its changes following amoebic infection.
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Song H, Ahmad Nor Y, Yu M, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xu C, Mitter N, Yu C. Silica Nanopollens Enhance Adhesion for Long-Term Bacterial Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6455-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yusilawati Ahmad Nor
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Meihua Yu
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yannan Yang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Chun Xu
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland
Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Immune Response of Amebiasis and Immune Evasion by Entamoeba histolytica. Front Immunol 2016; 7:175. [PMID: 27242782 PMCID: PMC4863898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of amebiasis. It is estimated approximately 1% of humans are infected with E. histolytica, resulting in an estimate of 100,000 deaths annually. Clinical manifestations of amebic infection range widely from asymptomatic to severe symptoms, including dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses. Like other infectious diseases, it is assumed that only ~20% of infected individuals develop symptoms, and genetic factors of both the parasite and humans as well as the environmental factors, e.g., microbiota, determine outcome of infection. There are multiple essential steps in amebic infection: degradation of and invasion into the mucosal layer, adherence to the intestinal epithelium, invasion into the tissues, and dissemination to other organs. While the mechanisms of invasion and destruction of the host tissues by the amebae during infection have been elucidated at the molecular levels, it remains largely uncharacterized how the parasite survive in the host by evading and attacking host immune system. Recently, the strategies for immune evasion by the parasite have been unraveled, including immunomodulation to suppress IFN-γ production, elimination of immune cells and soluble immune mediators, and metabolic alterations against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to fend off the attack from immune system. In this review, we summarized the latest knowledge on immune reaction and immune evasion during amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Entamoeba histolytica Cysteine Proteinase 5 Evokes Mucin Exocytosis from Colonic Goblet Cells via αvβ3 Integrin. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005579. [PMID: 27073869 PMCID: PMC4830554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical to the pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) induces mucus hypersecretion and degrades the colonic mucus layer at the site of invasion. The parasite component(s) responsible for hypersecretion are poorly defined, as are regulators of mucin secretion within the host. In this study, we have identified the key virulence factor in live Eh that elicits the fast release of mucin by goblets cells as cysteine protease 5 (EhCP5) whereas, modest mucus secretion occurred with secreted soluble EhCP5 and recombinant CP5. Coupling of EhCP5-αvβ3 integrin on goblet cells facilitated outside-in signaling by activating SRC family kinases (SFK) and focal adhesion kinase that resulted in the activation/phosphorlyation of PI3K at the site of Eh contact and production of PIP3. PKCδ was activated at the EhCP5-αvβ3 integrin contact site that specifically regulated mucin secretion though the trafficking vesicle marker myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS). This study has identified that EhCP5 coupling with goblet cell αvβ3 receptors can initiate a signal cascade involving PI3K, PKCδ and MARCKS to drive mucin secretion from goblet cells critical in disease pathogenesis. An interesting facet to the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the ability to cause disease in a very limited subset of individuals, subject to first overcoming the intestinal mucus barrier within the gastrointestinal tract. Mucins, which are the primary constituent of the mucus layer are secreted basally to maintain the barrier and also in response to a variety of pathogens and noxious threats to protect the sensitive epithelium. Unfortunately, the mechanisms and signal cascades that regulate this secretion event are largely unknown. Here we describe how one such pathogen targets a specific host receptor on mucin-secreted cells to elicit secretion by activating distinct signaling pathways. Further, we have identified the parasite component responsible for this event. Our study provides insight in the pathogenesis of E. histolytica along laying the foundation for a broader understanding of how mucin secretion is regulated. We believe the pathways and mechanisms identified here can be applied to a wide-array of pathogens to understand how pathogens are kept away from the epithelium and how exploitation of this may lead to disease.
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Dufour AC, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Amoeboid movement in protozoan pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:128-34. [PMID: 26459974 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, is a protozoan parasite characterised by its amoeboid motility, which is essential to its survival and invasion of the human host. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms leading to invasion of human tissues by E. histolytica requires a quantitative understanding of how its cytoskeleton deforms and tailors its mode of migration to the local microenvironment. Here we review the wide range of methods available to extract biophysical information from amoeboid cells, from interventional techniques to computational modelling approaches, and discuss how recent developments in bioimaging and bioimage informatics can complement our understanding of cellular morphodynamics at the intracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3691 "Pathological and Physiological Cell Dynamics", Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3691 "Pathological and Physiological Cell Dynamics", Paris, France.
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; INSERM U786, Paris, France.
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43
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Talamás-Lara D, Talamás-Rohana P, Fragoso-Soriano RJ, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Chávez-Munguía B, González-Robles A, Martínez-Palomo A. Cell-matrix interactions of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. A comparative study by electron-, atomic force- and confocal microscopy. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Watanabe K, Petri WA. Molecular biology research to benefit patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:208-17. [PMID: 26173474 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of molecular microbiology has made it possible for us to deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of amebiasis. Research using the trophozoite form of Entamoeba histolytica has clearly shown us the importance of the interface between the parasite and host cells in vitro. Immuno-pathogenesis after excystation was similarly well advanced by the use of a novel murine model of amebic colitis. However, it is still challenging to apply these findings to clinical and epidemiological settings. This is mainly because of the lack of a complete infection animal model of amebiasis by oral-fecal infection. Moreover, in vitro experiments have predominantly been performed using the same axenic cultured strain HM-1: IMSS isolated about 50 years ago, whereas highly diverse strains are prevalent all over the world. Translational research informed by clinical observations has the greatest potential for the development of effective interventions. Here, we highlight discoveries of the experiments designed from cohort observation and discuss remaining problems to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Watanabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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46
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Ralston KS. Taking a bite: Amoebic trogocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica and beyond. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:26-35. [PMID: 26277085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a diarrheal pathogen with the ability to cause profound host tissue damage. This organism possesses contact-dependent cell killing activity, which is likely to be a major contributor to tissue damage. E. histolytica trophozoites were recently shown to ingest fragments of living human cells. It was demonstrated that this process, termed amoebic trogocytosis, contributes to cell killing. Recent advances in ex vivo and 3-D cell culture approaches have shed light on mechanisms for tissue destruction by E. histolytica, allowing amoebic trogocytosis to be placed in the context of additional host and pathogen mediators of tissue damage. In addition to its relevance to pathogenesis of amoebiasis, an appreciation is emerging that intercellular nibbling occurs in many organisms, from protozoa to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ralston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
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47
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Silvestre A, Plaze A, Berthon P, Thibeaux R, Guillen N, Labruyère E. In Entamoeba histolytica, a BspA family protein is required for chemotaxis toward tumour necrosis factor. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2015; 2:235-246. [PMID: 28357299 PMCID: PMC5349171 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica cell migration is essential for the development of human amoebiasis (an infectious disease characterized by tissue invasion and destruction). The tissue inflammation associated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by host cells is a well-documented feature of amoebiasis. Tumour necrosis factor is a chemoattractant for E. histolytica, and the parasite may have a TNF receptor at its cell surface. METHODS confocal microscopy, RNA Sequencing, bioinformatics, RNA antisense techniques and histological analysis of human colon explants were used to characterize the interplay between TNF and E. histolytica. RESULTS an antibody against human TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) stained the E. histolytica trophozoite surface and (on immunoblots) binds to a 150-kDa protein. Proteome screening with the TNFR1 sequence revealed a BspA family protein in E. histolytica that carries a TNFR signature domain and six leucine-rich repeats (named here as "cell surface protein", CSP, in view of its cellular location). Cell surface protein shares structural homologies with Toll-Like receptors, colocalizes with TNF and is internalized in TNF-containing vesicles. Reduction of cellular CSP levels abolished chemotaxis toward TNF and blocked parasite invasion of human colon. CONCLUSIONS there is a clear link between TNF chemotaxis, CSP and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Silvestre
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Plaze
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Berthon
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - Roman Thibeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, F-75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U786, F-75015 Paris, France
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Ralston KS. Chew on this: amoebic trogocytosis and host cell killing by Entamoeba histolytica. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:442-52. [PMID: 26070402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica was named 'histolytica' (from histo-, 'tissue'; lytic-, 'dissolving') for its ability to destroy host tissues. Direct killing of host cells by the amoebae is likely to be the driving factor that underlies tissue destruction, but the mechanism was unclear. We recently showed that, after attaching to host cells, amoebae bite off and ingest distinct host cell fragments, and that this contributes to cell killing. We review this process, termed 'amoebic trogocytosis' (trogo-, 'nibble'), and how this process interplays with phagocytosis, or whole cell ingestion, in this organism. 'Nibbling' processes have been described in other microbes and in multicellular organisms. The discovery of amoebic trogocytosis in E. histolytica may also shed light on an evolutionarily conserved process for intercellular exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ralston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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49
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Kim KA, Min A, Lee YA, Shin MH. Degradation of the transcription factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 is involved in Entamoeba histolytica-induced cell death in Caco-2 colonic epithelial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:459-69. [PMID: 25352693 PMCID: PMC4210727 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a tissue-invasive protozoan parasite causing dysentery in humans. During infection of colonic tissues, amoebic trophozoites are able to kill host cells via apoptosis or necrosis, both of which trigger IL-8-mediated acute inflammatory responses. However, the signaling pathways involved in host cell death induced by E. histolytica have not yet been fully defined. In this study, we examined whether calpain plays a role in the cleavage of pro-survival transcription factors during cell death of colonic epithelial cells, induced by live E. histolytica trophozoites. Incubation with amoebic trophozoites induced activation of m-calpain in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with amoebae resulted in marked degradation of STAT proteins (STAT3 and STAT5) and NF-κB (p65) in Caco-2 cells. However, IκB, an inhibitor of NF-κB, was not cleaved in Caco-2 cells following adherence of E. histolytica. Entamoeba-induced cleavage of STAT proteins and NF-κB was partially inhibited by pretreatment of cells with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. In contrast, E. histolytica did not induce cleavage of caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with a calpain inhibitor, calpeptin (but not the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk) or m-calpain siRNA partially reduced Entamoeba-induced DNA fragmentation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that calpain plays an important role in E. histolytica-induced degradation of NF-κB and STATs in colonic epithelial cells, which ultimately accelerates cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Ah Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Arim Min
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Myeong Heon Shin
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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The parasite Entamoeba histolytica exploits the activities of human matrix metalloproteinases to invade colonic tissue. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5142. [PMID: 25291063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal invasion by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is characterized by remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The parasite cysteine proteinase A5 (CP-A5) is thought to cooperate with human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in ECM degradation. Here, we investigate the role CP-A5 plays in the regulation of MMPs upon mucosal invasion. We use human colon explants to determine whether CP-A5 activates human MMPs. Inhibition of the MMPs' proteolytic activities abolishes remodelling of the fibrillar collagen structure and prevents trophozoite invasion of the mucosa. In the presence of trophozoites, MMPs-1 and -3 are overexpressed and are associated with fibrillar collagen remodelling. In vitro, CP-A5 performs the catalytic cleavage needed to activate pro-MMP-3, which in turn activates pro-MMP-1. Ex vivo, incubation with recombinant CP-A5 was enough to rescue CP-A5-defective trophozoites. Our results suggest that MMP-3 and/or CP-A5 inhibitors may be of value in further studies aiming to treat intestinal amoebiasis.
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